云里雾里
In the Cloud
in the mist
Cloud Computing Basics
云计算概览
Nie Hua
聂华
2010-04-25
• Why we talk about it? 为什么要谈云计算？
– Background & Trends
背景与趋势
• What is it?
云计算是什么？
– Definitions & Features & More 定义与特点
• What do we do with it? 云计算与我们
– Cloud Computing @ Daily life 日常生活
– Cloud Computing @ Libraries 图书馆
• Exercises
练习
Computing Paradigm:
Distributed computing, Parallel Computing and grid computing; even P2P……
分布式计算，并行计算，网格计算，还有P2P等等……
Via Google Search Trends
Via Google Search Trends
Forecasts: from business perspective
• IDC: “spending on IT cloud services will triple in the
next 5 years, reaching $42 billion & capturing 25% of
IT spending growth in 2012 and nearly a third of
growth the following year. With the overall IT market
spend being $383 billion, this kind of growth
validates that the opportunity deserves the attention
it is getting”
--2008
• 到2012年云服务支出将增长三倍达到$420亿，占
IT增长的1/4；证实了一种我们必须关注的机会。
• Merrill Lynch: by 2011, $160 billion ($1600亿)
Forecast: From Technology Perspective
Peak of the
inflated
expectation
=
期望膨胀顶峰期
#1 Strategic Technology Area for 2010
Source: Gartner’s Hype Cycle for 2009
• Forrester: “……that cloud computing is one of the Top 15
Technology Trends and that it warrants investment now so
you can gain the experience necessary to take advantage of it
in its many forms to transform your organization into a more
efficient and responsive service provider to the business.”
-Forrester Research, October 13, 2009
• 云计算是前十五个重要的技术发展趋势之一；
• 尽快开始对云计算的投入可以保证你获得必要的经验去享
用云计算带来的各个方面的多种多样的好处；
• 最终使得你所负责的机构成为一个更有效率的和反应迅速
的服务提供者。
Major Players’
Cloud Computing Services
Google
Cordys
Microsoft
Force.com
Amazon
MOSSO
IBM
• Why we talk about it?
为什么要谈云计算？
– Background & Trends
背景与趋势
Good Luck!
• What is it?
云计算是什么？
– Definitions & Features & More 定义/特点
• What do we do with it? 云计算与我们
– Cloud Computing @ Daily life 日常生活
– Cloud Computing @ Libraries 图书馆
• Exercises
练习
Anonymous: “[…] unfortunately the marketing guys got hold of the
term before the technicians had known what Cloud Computing is[…]
What is cloud computing?
--Wikipedia Definition
•
Why it is called “Cloud”? --The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet,
based on the cloud drawing used to depict the Internet in computer network
diagrams as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it represents.
•
云是Internet的比喻。计算机网络图中使用云图形来抽象表现底层架构。
•
Cloud Computing: .... Internet- ("cloud-") based development and use of computer
technology ("computing"). In concept, it is a paradigm shift whereby details are
abstracted from the users who no longer have need of, expertise in, or control
over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them. Cloud
computing describes a new supplement, consumption and delivery model for IT
services based on the Internet, and it typically involves the provision of
dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources as a service over the Internet.
•
维基百科：云计算是一种计算架构转型，用户不再需要在云中的技术架构层面的专家
和控制。云计算描述了一种新的，基于网络的IT服务的供应、消费和传递模式。这种模
式的特点是动态地组织并做为一种服务供应可扩展的，通常是虚拟化的网络资源。
Resource (all kinds of IT services over the Internet) as a service
•
资源（基于网络的各种IT资源）即服务
What is cloud computing?
--Some more serious definitions
• McKinsey: “Clouds are hardware-based services offering compute, network
and storage capacity where: Hardware management is highly abstracted from
the buyer, Buyers incur infrastructure costs as variable OPEX(operational
expenditure), and Infrastructure capacity is highly elastic”
……Concept: hardware/infrastructure as a service 硬件/架构即服务
……Keywords：abstract, elastic, 抽象的，有弹性的
• FZI (Jens Nimis)：”Building on compute and storage virtualization, cloud
computing provides scalable, network-centric, abstracted IT infrastructure,
platforms, and applications as on-demand services that are billed by
consumption.”
……Concept: Infrastructure, Platform and Applications (software) as a
services
……架构，平台，应用（软件）即服务
……Keywords：scalable, network centric, abstracted, on-demand, billed by
consumption
……可扩展的，网络为中心的，抽象的，按需付费的
So……A new way to play with computer
and Internet
Some Simplified Concepts to remember:
• Cloud=Internet
• Cloud Computing=Everything as a Service(XaaS)
– Standard Layers:
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• Software as a Service (SaaS)
– Extra Layers:
• Human as a Service
• Administration/Business Support
More:
DaaS, VaaS,
IDaas, FWaaS,
And more……
7 types of Cloud Services
1. IaaS
XaaS
2. PaaS
3. SaaS
4. Cloud web service（云端web服务）
5. MPS (Management Service Provider, 管理服务
提供商)
6. BSP (Business Service Platform,商务服务平台)
7. Network Integration （网络集成）
IaaS /Utility Computing
基础设施即服务/按需计算
• To provide user computing resources and storage comprised
with many servers as an on-demand and “pay per use” service:
Data Center, Bandwidth, Private Line Access, Servers and Server
Room, Firewall, Storage space …..
• 将多台服务器组成的“云端”计算资源和存储，作为计量
服务提供给用户。它将内存、I/O、存储和计算能力整合成
一个虚拟的资源池向业界用户提供存储资源和虚拟化服务
器等服务。
• Examples:
– Amazon：EC2 (ElasticComputeCloud)
– Rackspace: cheaper than EC2 www.rackspace.com
– 世纪互联： www.21vianet.com
世纪互联
Benefits of IaaS:
• Reduce capital expense – Less upfront hardware
costs 减少硬件资金投入
• Reduce operational expense – Free your IT
resources from infrastructure administration
减少IT管理的运维成本，释放IT资源
• Improve security – worry free 提升安全性
• Pay per use – no extra investment
按需付费，避免多余投资
PaaS : Platform as a Service
中间件/平台即服务
• Bundles all stack components (hardware, infrastructure,
storage) together with database, security, workflow, user
interface, and other tools that allow users to create and host
powerful business applications, web sites, and mobile apps.
• 提供开发环境，包括服务器平台、硬件资源等。用户在服
务提供商的基础架构上开发程序并通过网络传送给其他用
户（最终用户）。
• Examples：
– Sales force：http://www.force.com
– 800APP(八百客)： http://www.800app.com
Benefits of PaaS
• Reduce capital expense– No upfront hardware or
software infrastructure costs 无需软硬件平台资金投入
• Reduce operational expense – Free your IT resources
from infrastructure administration 减少IT运维投入
• Faster time to value – Rapid development and instant
deployment
快速评估和即时部署
• Improve resource productivity – Build more apps, more quickly,
and free up developers for new projects
提高资源产出，项目产出，更多，更快，解放开发人员
• Reduce integration costs – Every new app built on the platform is
designed for easy Web services integration
降低整合价格，采用易用的web服务整合设计应用平台
SaaS：Software as a Service
软件/应用即服务
• A model of software deployment over the internet. Provider licenses an
application to customers as a service on demand, either through a time
subscription or a “pay-as-you-go” model. It allows vendors to develop, host
and operate software for customer use. Rather than purchase the hardware
and software to run an application, customers need only to download the
application to run it.
• 将应用软件统一部署于服务器（集群），通过网络向用户提供软件。用户
根据实际需求定制或者租用应用软件。消除了企业或者机构购买、构建和
维护基础设施和应用程序的投入。
• SaaS deployed initially for sales force automation and customer relationship
management (CRM), its use has become commonplace by businesses for tasks
such as computerized billing, invoicing, human resource management, service
desk management, and sales pipeline management, even Library management
applications.
• SaaS developed rapidly and brought big challenges for the traditional software
industry. 扩展到很多传统软件业领域，给其带来巨大的压力。
$50 per user
per year
Benefits of SaaS:
• From general people: We want to deal with an application or a
service, not software. We want those applications and services to
be as intuitive as possible, and we want to have to know only as
much as we need in order to use them. We don't want to have to
worry about extraneous error messages we don't understand or
new software releases we don't know what to do with. We want a
quality experience, as we do with other things in work and life we
enjoy using.
• 对于大众而言： 相对于使用软件来说，人们更愿意接触应用，
使用服务。人们希望应用和服务尽量直观易学，只知道怎样使
用它即可，而不需要为那些像天书似的错误信息和令人无所适
从的软件新版本升级操作而担忧。人们需要的是愉悦地体验，
就像体验日常工作和生活中地其它事物一样。
Summary：Qualities of a Cloud
• On-Demand
• Lowered requirement to call-ahead forecasts
• Demand trends are predicted by the provider
• Self service
• Resources directly/indirectly reserved with a GUI or API
• Measured Service or Usage-metered (i.e. an operating
expense)
• Pay-by-the-drink or over time, not up front
• Elastic Scalability
• Grow or shrink resources as required rapidly
• Mandatory and Ubiquitous Network
• The network is essential to consume the service
• Why we talk about it?
– Background & Trends
• What is it?
– Terminologies & Definitions & More
• What do we do with it?
– Cloud Computing @ Daily life
– Cloud Computing @ Libraries
• Exercises
69% of Americans
use cloud computing
Services
Source “Cloud Computing Gains in Currency”, Pew Research, May 2008
http://pewresearch.org/pubs/948/cloud-computing-gains-in-currency
Cloud Computing @ Daily life
Cloud Computing @ Libraries：
IaaS from Commercial Services
• OhioLINK library consortium：
Amazon’s Web Services to host Digital Resource Commons
repository instances Kent State’s Centennial Collection
使用Amazon Web Services云服务托管部分数字资源
• District of Columbia Public Library:
Amazon’s EC2 service to host website; Amazon’s S3 service to
backup ILS, Flickr and Amazon EC2 for upcoming digital
repository, and the District adopts the GAPE version of Gmail as
its mail platform.
使用Amazon EC2云服务托管网站，Amazon S3服务备份图书
馆集成系统，还计划用Flickr和Amazon EC2服务做未来的数
字馆藏，
Cloud Computing @ Libraries：
SaaS & PaaS from Commercial Services
• The Eastern Kentucky University Library: Google Docs to
collect responses to web forms, Google Calendar for
instruction and meeting rooms, and Google Analytics to
collect statistics about their website, catalog and blogs.
……SaaS
Google Docs收集网站表格的回复，Google Calendar当作培
训和会议的日历，Google Analytics收集网站、目录和博客
的使用统计
• Western State College in Gunnison, Colorado: Google’s App
Engine for ELibrary, also migrated other databases to this
service.
……PaaS
其ELibrary使用Google的App Engine，并把两个基于
Microsoft Access的数据库迁移过来
Cloud Computing @ Libraries：
DaaS from Publishers & Aggregators
SaaS from Traditional ILS Vendors
• SirsiDynix:
– Symphony－ILS system
ILS集成管理系统
– Federated search
联邦检索
– Authentication and access
认证和访问
– Digital collections
数字特藏
– Electronic Reserves Management
电子教参管理
• Exlibris:
– Alaphe－ILS system
ILS集成管理系统
– Primo Discovery & Delivery Interface 发现获取界面
– Primo Central
基于元数据聚合整合检索
– ……
SaaS From Non-Traditional Library Vendors
• Serials Solution
– Federated Search: 360 Search/WebFeat 联邦检索
– Discovery Interface: Aquabrowser
发现界面
• Launch SaaS version on March 2010
• ……While Current customers will continue to be supported, new
customers will be offered SaaS ONLY…..
– Web-Scale Discovery (Layer): Summon
• Launch on July 2009, hosted SaaS service ONLY
• Architect it like Google and other Open Web solutions
• 6,200+ publishers represented；96,000+ journals at the article-level,
most full-text searchable；500,000,000+ items indexed
SaaS ?
DaaS ?
OSS & SaaS:
LibLime
• Koha：OSS ILS
开源图书馆集成管理系统
– $299 per year, installation and hosting, up to 75,000 records 年
租299美元，含安装和托管，相对于7.5万条记录
– Free OSS community support, based on 1000+ Koha library and
LibLime created documentations
免费开源社区维护支持
– Free 30 days trial 30天免费使用
• ‡Biblios.net：编目服务
– browser-based cataloging service
基于浏览器的编目服务
– data store containing over thirty-million records，
the world's largest repository of freely-licensed library records
世界最大的免费图书馆记录（元数据）仓储
– Social Cataloging? DaaS? Free!
基于社会网络的编目，免费！
IR:
“Open technologies for durable digital content”
• To Libraries, universities, research centers, cultural heritage
orgs 面向图书馆，大学，文化遗产组织；
• Ensure digital heritage accessible over long term, durable &
Usable 保证数字遗产的永久可获取长期保存
• It applies Open source & cloud-based
technologies & hosted service (SaaS)
基于开源和云计算技术
• LC sponsored pilot program, from July 2009-Spr. 2010, 3
partners (NYPL), provide data includes images, video,
text in many formats, to test the cloud storage capability
Key design features
• Leave pure storage in the cloud：
Amazon, Atmos, Sun, Rackspace
将存储交给云服务
• Overlay additional functionality to
ensuring long-term access & easy use,
such as ability to replicate and
distribute content across multiple
cloud providers
在云存储之上增加诸如复制或者跨
云发布内容等功能，确保长期获取
和易用性
• Add value above storage by enabling
the deployment of services to support
access, preservation, re-use, and
sharing of content stored in the cloud
在云存储之上实现服务分发，支持
获取，保存，再用和云内容的分享
OCLC Web-Scale
• The end of ILS era ?
……We will know soon in half hour.
The Philosophy of Cloud Computing
• 大方无隅，大象无形。～～《道德经》by 老子 Lao Zi
There‘s no way to describe the transcendence, like there’s no
limits to a universe.
• 大人物其实没有时间去做任何琐事，他仅仅坐在那里，成
就大业。
A big man has no time really to do anything but just sit and be
big.
～～By F. Scott Fitzgerald
• 云计算将之归于无形，一切皆隐于云中，无形，无音，无
象，却实乃至大之象，之强之音，之激之流。
Cloud Computing：everything in the cloud, no shape, no
sound, no image, but actually the biggest image, strongest
sound, and rapidest wave.
Exercise: A Library in the Cloud?
• Chooses a role：
–
–
–
–
Library Director
Heads of library departments
IT professional, Cataloger
…..Or you may be just yourself
• Think about the questions on the last page
• Formulate/image a library in the cloud
Questions:
• What will Cloud Computing bring to our library?
云计算会给图书馆带来怎样的变化?
• Should each individual library pay attention to it?
是不是每一个具体的图书馆都应关注这一新的技术趋势？
• How will the library information infrastructure change？
图书馆IT架构是否将会发生质的变化？
• How will the library workflow and management change?
图书馆业务流程与管理方式是否会发生变化？
• How will the IT, Cataloging or other units change? And the overall
library staffing environment?
图书馆IT部门运作方式，人员结构的变化是否收到影响?
• How will the library services change?
最终，图书馆对读者的服务方式是否会改变？
More…….
Some References：
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
http://www.serialssolutions.com/news-detail/serials-solutions-launches-aquabrowser-saasversion/
http://www.liblime.com/products
http://duraspace.org/duracloud.php
http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA669577.html#
Cloud Computing Use Cases, A white paper produced by the Cloud Computing Use Case
Discussion Group, 31 July 2009, Dustin Amrhein, et al. http://www.cloudbook.net/cloudcomputing-use-cases-group
Katarina Stanoevska-Slabeva, Thomas Wozniak, and Santi Ristol, Grid and Cloud Computing,
a Business Perspective on Technology and Applications, Springer, 2010
Michael Miller, Cloud Computing, Web-based Applications that change the Way You Work
and Collaborate Online. 云计算，姜进磊等译，机械工业出版社，2009
Peter Finger， Dot Cloud, the 21st Century Bussiness Platform Built on Cloud Computing, 云
计算，21世纪的商业平台，王灵俊译， 电子工业出版社，2009
王鹏，《云计算的关键技术与应用实例》，人民邮电出版社，2010
胡晓箐，云计算@图书馆，PPT，
http://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dcgrp5vd_787grctcrm