OVERVIEW
NOVA’S CRISIS INTERVENTION MODEL
National Organization for Victim Assistance
NOVA’S Crisis Intervention
Model
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Psychological First Aid
Resiliencey
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Services of crisis team:
– Family Assistance Center (FAC) set-up
– Companions
– Individual Crisis Intervention (ICI)
– Group Crisis Intervention (GCI)
– Educational Sessions
– Memorial Planning and Assistance
– Death Notification
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Diagramming a Disaster
Determine cause: natural, human,
technological
Determine elements involved: earth,
wind, fire, water, people
Determine issues of concern: sensorial,
duration, conceptual
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Diagramming a Disaster
Chronology
Pre-disaster Equilibrium
Previous disaster history
Cultural/economic tensions
Warning
Characterized by anxiety
Disaster subcultures
Credible vs. non-credible
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Diagramming a Disaster
Chronology
Threat
Responses vary:
emotional
problem-solving
disengagement or “blunting”
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Diagramming a Disaster
Chronology
Impact
Timing may add to sense of unreality
Time warp
Duration
Survival issues
Community pre-occupation
Low point vs. no low point
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Diagramming a Disaster
Chronology
Inventory
Disorientation
Silence
Assessment/triage
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Diagramming a Disaster
Chronology
Rescue
Remedy/Mitigation
Disaster euphoria
Disillusionment
Adjustment Stages
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Diagramming a Disaster
Spatial Dimensions
Convergence
Proximity
Remoteness
Geographic Spread
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Diagramming a Disaster
Role Dimensions
Assessment of Social Disruption
Practical
Emotional
Distinguishing Features of Community
Tragedy
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CRISIS REACTION
PHYSICAL
Immobilization (“frozen fright”)
Mobilization (fight, flight, or adapt)
Exhaustion (problem of sleep)
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CRISIS REACTION
EMOTIONAL
Shock, Disbelief, Denial, Regression
Cataclysmic emotions
Fear, Anger, Confusion,
Frustration, Guilt, Shame, Grief
Reconstruction of (new) equilibrium
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Elements of Crisis Intervention
Safety and Security
Ventilation and Validation
Prediction and Preparation
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Group Crisis Intervention(GCI)
Techniques
Purpose:
Address large numbers
Provide peer validation
Provide written validation through
scribe
Begin repair of community’s social
fabric
Educate community members
Affirm hope for the future
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Group Crisis Intervention
Logistics
Who and How Many?
Where?
When?
How Long?
Setup
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Group Crisis Intervention
Roles
Lead Facilitator
Support Facilitator – “Scribe”
Other GCI Supporters
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NOVA Basic GCI Process
Introduction
Ground Rules
Questions
Ventilation
Validation
Education/Summary
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Special Issues
Death
Emotions:
Fear, Anger, Guilt, Shame
Loss
Grief
Death Notification
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Special Issues
Long Term Stress
Post-Trauma Character Changes
Trigger Events
Secondary Injuries
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Special Issues
Spirituality
Trauma Impacts Faith
Power of Prayer in Crisis
Power of Ritual in Crisis
Ethical Guidelines for Helpers
Survivors are Vulnerable
Respect Ritual and Practices
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Special Issues
Culture
Matrix of Influences
Cultural Action Plan
Education
Geography, History, Rituals and
Routines
Entrance into a Different Culture
Respect and Good Will
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Special Issues
Children
Developmental Stages
Spasmodic Crisis Reactions
Death Issues
Lack of Denial
Grief
Impact of Parent Loss
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Special Issues
Elders
Challenges of Aging
Season of Losses
Trauma Shatters Beliefs
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Organizing Crisis Response
Teams
Goals
Assist local caregivers in planning
Support local caregivers
Train local caregivers
Provide crisis intervention
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Organizing Crisis Response
Teams
Levels of Service
Team Member Roles:
HQ Staff, Team Leader, Team
Manager, Others (“Worker Bees”)
Local Host
Flow of Activities
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CONCLUSION
“I have always depended on the kindness
of strangers.” Blanche DuBois
― Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar
Named Desire
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