The impact of the thermal power industries from the BeijingTianjin-Hebei regions on Beijing haze studied by the two-way
coupled WRF-CMAQ model (Preliminary results)
Shaocai Yu1, Qingyu Zhang1, Renchang Yan1, Pengfei Li1, Bixin Chen1, Yanqun
Li1, Weiping Liu1, David Wong2, Kiran Alapaty2, Jon Pleim2 and Rohit Mathur2
1
Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Natural
Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China.
2Atmospheric
USA
Modeling and Analysis Division, NERL, U.S. EPA, RTP, NC 27711,
Introduction (Motivation)
Air pollution and heavy haze have become China’s biggest environmental problem
Hazy days in 2012:
103-225 day
Xian
Taiyuan
Beijing
Tianjin
Chengdu
Chongqing
Nanjing
2012
Shanghai
Nanchang
Guangzhou
Fuzhou
Number of haze days in 2013 are the biggest since 1960
Wenzhou
Introduction (Motivation)
Air pollution and heavy haze have become China’s biggest environmental problem
AQI on 10/24/2014, 8:00,
major pollutant is PM2.5
Beijing-TianjinHebei (BTH) regions
Superior (green), good (yellow), slight（Orange),
moderate (red), severe (purple), serious (maroon)
Objectives
 Study the impact of the thermal power industries from
the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions on Beijing haze
formation by the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ
model.
Evaluations of model performance on PM2.5, PM10, O3,
SO2, NO2, CO, AQI and aerosol optical depth (AOD)
by comparing with surface and satellite observation
over the eastern China.
Model Description (Configuration)
WRF, CMAQ models
 Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model
 Most popular meteorological model (V3.4)
 U.S. EPA CMAQ: (public release)
most popular air quality CTM model (V5.0)
 Aerosol indirect effects on grid-scale clouds have been
implemented in the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ model:

“Aerosol indirect effect on the grid-scale clouds in the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ: model
description, development, evaluation and regional analysis” by Yu et al., (2014)
Model Description (Configuration)
Two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ modeling System
(Interaction and feedback) (Yu et al., 2014)
Meteorological Model
WRF modeling System:
x=36, 12 km, 4km
29 layers
Land-Surface: PX LSM
PBL: ACM2
Cloud Physics: Morrison
Cumulus: Kain-Fritsch,
not for 4km
Shortwave: RRTMg,
or CAM
Longwave: RRTMg,
or CAM
AQPREP
Prepares virtual CMAQ
compatible input met. files
Chemical Transport Model
CMAQ Modeling System:
Photochemistry: CB05
59 organic and inorganic species,
156 chemical reactions
Coupler
CMAQ-mixactivate:
cloud drop, ice number conc.
Direct forcing:
Aerosol size, composition, conc.
Aerosol module: AE6
3 lognormal modes,
organic and inorganic
Emission: SMOKE
In-line emission
for biogenic species
Model Description (Configuration)
 China WRF-CMAQ simulations and emissions
 WPS runs: NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis
 Surface analysis nudging:
 NCEP ADP Operational Global Surface Obs
 Emissions over the eastern Asia:
 Anthropogenic: Emissions Database for Global
Atmospheric Research (EDGAR): HTAP V2 (0.10*0.10)
 Biogenic VOC: GEIA (Global Emission Inventory Activity)
Observations
 National Surface Observation network
 PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, NO2, O3
 Satellite observations
 CERES data:
• COD, cloud fraction, cloud and ice effective radius
 MODIS, MISR, CALIOP data:
• AOD, LWC, cloud effective radius, COD, ice particle size
Model domain
36 km domain
over eastern Asia
12 km domain
over eastern China
4 km domain
over BTH region
Simulation period: 2013
Results (Preliminary)
PMfine, CO and SO2, and NO2missions over the domain
SO2
PMfine
CO
NO2
Results (Preliminary)
Model simulation results over the domain (1/2/2013)
PM2.5
CO
SO2
NOx
Results (Preliminary)
Observations of PM2.5 in Beijing
PM2.5 observations at 10 sites in Beijing:
1/20/2013-5/27/2014
Weekly heavy haze: 2/20-2/27/2014
-3
(g m )
PM
2.5
Results (Preliminary)
Observations of PM2.5 in Beijing
PM2.5
800
PM10
PM
600
400
200
200
SO2
2
-3
SO (g m )
0
250
150
100
50
0
12
-3
CO (mg m )
10
CO
8
6
4
2
0
300
2
-3
NO (g m )
250
NO2
200
150
100
50
0
100
3
-3
O (g m )
Weekly heavy haze: 2/20-2/27/2014
10
-3
(g m )
Study period: 2/8-2/27/2014
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1000
O3
80
60
40
20
0
Feb/8
Feb/12
Feb/16
Feb/20
Time (local time, 2014)
Feb/24
Feb/28
Results (Preliminary)
Impact of local and transport sources on the haze formation in Beijing
The results of PM2.5 in Beijing (Preliminary)
Air mass back trajectory cluster analysis
Study period: 2/8-2/27/2014
Weekly heavy haze: 2/20-2/27/2014
Clean (PM2.5<75 g m-3)
Five clusters: S (South), E (East), W-NW (WestNouthWest), NW (NorthWest) and N (North).
All Data
Haze (PM2.5:75-200 g m-3)
Heavy Haze (PM2.5>200 g m-3)
The results of PM2.5 in Beijing (HYSPLIT)
Air mass back trajectory cluster analysis
All data
Clean
PM2.5<75 g m-3
Haze
PM2.5:75-200 g m-3
Heavy Haze
PM2.5>200g m-3
Percent Mean_PM2.5 P_Percent WS
(%)
(μg m−3)
(%)
(m s-1)
N
8.7
16.1
15.93
0.1
N-NW
4.2
7.0
64.16
2.9
NW
15.4
3.6
18.33
0.1
E
1.3
30.1
170.91
36.7
S
2
42.5
268.4
60.2
N
74.2
15.26
1
9.1
N-NW
7.5
54.32
1
5.6
NW
18.3
18.33
1
15.4
N
4.3
22.55
0
4
N-NW
16.4
66.77
9.0
3.8
E
43.5
95.31
41.9
1.3
S
35.8
142.57
49.1
2.5
E
34.4
318.56
34.4
1.3
S
65.6
291.81
65.6
1.8
The results of PM2.5 in Beijing: PSCF and CWT analyses
CWT
PSCF
Clean
PM2.5<75 g m-3
Haze
PM2.5:75-200 g m-3
Heavy Haze
PM2.5>200g m-3
Conclusions (Preliminary)

Two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ has been set up to simulate
air pollution over the eastern Asia for some days but has some
problems with “NaN”

Based on the trajectory cluster, PSCF and CWT analysis for
weekly
haze
(2/20-2/27/2014) at Beijing
Brian K.
Eder
 Five clusters: S, E, W-NW, NW, and N
 Heavy haze email:
from SW
province (such as Handan, Baoding
eder@hpcc.epa.gov
etc., Hebei)
 Haze from S and SW provinces (such as Heze, Liaocheng
www.arl.noaa.gov/
etc., Shandong,
Baoding etc., Hebei)
 Clean air from NW and N with very fast air masses
Therefor, needwww.epa.gov/asmdnerl
control emissions in Hebei and Shandong

We will continue model test and use the model to explain the sources and
formation of haze in BTH region in the future
Contacts:
Hope to finish the China simulations for 2013 soon