MALAYSIA POWER SYSTEM OVERVIEW NATIONAL GRID • HV electric power transmission in Peninsular Malaysia, operated and owned by TNB. • Malaysia’s electric utility companies with state grids: (a) Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) – National Grid (b) Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd. (SESB) (c) Sarawak Electricity Sdn. Bhd (SESCO) • Electricity generation stations: (a) TNB (b) Independent Power Producer (IPP) HV=high voltage HISTORY 1964 1965 1980 • Bangsar Power Station was connected to the Connaught Bridge Power Station, with the line subsequently extended to Malacca • Connaught Bridge Power Station in Klang was the precursor of the energy grid • A plan was set to connect the electricity generating plants that were spread out all over the country. • Perak - Temengor, Kenering, Bersia, Batang Padang • Selangor - Connaught Bridge, Kapar , Serdang • PAKA (Terengganu), Cameron Highlands (Pahang), Perai (Penang), Port Dickson (Negeri Sembilan), Pergau (Kelantan), Pasir Gudang (Johor and Malacca) • The loop was complete with the placement of Kota Bharu within the grid. GENERATION All figures are in megawatts Source: Suruhanjaya Tenega (Energy Commission) Annual Report GENERATION 9.5 7 GAS COAL 20.9 62.6 HYDRO OTHERS TRANSMISSION • 132kV, 275kV and 500kV • The 500 kV transmission system is the single largest transmission system to be ever developed in Malaysia. • The National Grid is linked via 132 kV HVAC and 300 kV HVDC interconnection to Thailand (300MW) and 230 kV submarine cables to Singapore (200MW). DISTRIBUTION • 33 kV, 22 kV, 11 kV, 6.6 kV and 415V/240V ENERGY POLICIES • The energy policy of Malaysia is determined by the Malaysian Government, which address issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption. • Government-linked companies PETRONAS and TNB are major players in Malaysia's energy sector. • Governmental agencies are: (a) Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (b) Energy Commission (Suruhanjaya Tenaga) (c) Malaysia Energy Centre (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia). GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY Importance of Electricity • Convenient energy form -It can be converted from one energy form into any other form. -Eg: bulb glows when electricity passes through it (conversion of electrical energy into light energy) • Easiness to control -An electric motor can be started or stopped by turning ON or OFF a switch. • Flexibility -It can be easily transported from one place to another by using conductor. Importance of Electricity • Cheapness -It is much cheaper than other forms of energy and economical to use for domestic, commercial, and industrial purposes. • Cleanliness -It has no smoke, fumes, and poisonous gases. • High transmission efficiency -It can be transmitted efficiently from the centre of generation to the consumers by using transmission lines. ENERGY SOURCES FOR GENERATION Sun Renewable Energy Wind Water ENERGY SOURCES Fuel Non-renewable Energy Coal Nuclear SUN (SOLAR) • Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). • This heat can be used to produce steam and then electrical energy with the combination of turbinegenerator. • Limitations: -It is not economical because it requires a large area for the generation of small amount of electrical power. -It cannot be used in cloudy days or night. CSP & PV The PS10 concentrates sunlight from a field of heliostats on a central tower. The PS10 concentrates sunlight from a field of heliostats on a central power. Nellis Solar Power Plant in US, one of the largest PV power plants in North America. • The conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy. • Eg: wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, wind-pumps for water pumping, or sails to propel ships. • Limitations: -Unreliable because of uncertainty about wind pressure. -Power generated is quite small. Aerial view of Lillgrund Wind Farm, Sweden Wind power generators in Spain, near an Osborne bull. • The kinetic energy of flowing water can also be used to spin turbines to generate electricity. • Limitations: -It involves high capital cost due to construction dam. -There is uncertainty about the availability of huge amount of water due to dependence on weather conditions. The Gordon Dam in Tasmania is a large hydro facility, with an installed capacity of 430 MW. Bakun Dam • The main sources of energy are fuels, solid fuel as coal, liquid fuel as oil and gas fuel as nature gas. • When the fuels are burnt, they release the heat energy to produce mechanical energy and later electrical energy. • Limitations: -Can contribute the air and water pollution. -High maintenance cost Coal-fired power plants in Jewett, Texas. Montana's Natural Gas & Coal Fired Generation. • Nuclear energy means the part of the energy released by fusion or fission of URANIUM generate steam which drives the steam turbine-generator to produce electricity. • Limitations: -High cost of nuclear plant -Problem of disposal of radioactive waste -Dearth of trained personnel to handle the plant. Nuclear power plants often have huge cooling towers. No Particular Water-power Fuels Nuclear energy 1 Initial cost High Low Highest 2 Running cost Less High Least 3 Reserves Permanent Exhaustible Inexhaustible 4 Cleanliness Cleanest Dirtiest Clean 5 Simplicity (Cooling system) Simplest Complex Most complex 6 Reliability Most reliable Less reliable More reliable Outflow during a test at the hydropower plant at the Hoover Dam, located on the NevadaArizona border. Russian “Sayano-Shushenskoe” (yep it’s hard to read name) hydro electric power plant is the biggest hydro power plant in Russia DAM was built on a large river that has a large drop in elevation. It stores lots of water behind it in the RESERVOIR. WATER INTAKE is near the bottom of the dam. Electricity is generated and passed through the power lines to consumers. The water turns the TURBINE which then turns the SHAFT of the generator. Gravity causes the water to fall through the PENSTOCK inside the dam. A turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. A generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity according to Faraday’s Law. When the rotor turns, it causes the field poles to move past the conductors mounted in the stator. This, in turn, causes electricity to flow and a voltage to develop at the generator output terminals." The heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity. The coal in the COAL STORAGE is delivered to the coal handling plant to crushed it into small pieces. The coal is fed to the BOILER by belt conveyors. The coal is burnt in the boiler and the ash produced after the combustion is delivered to the ash pond for disposal. The heat of combustion convert water into steam at high temperature and pressure. The dry and superheated steam from the super heater is fed to the steam turbine through the valve. The heat energy of steam when passing over the blades of turbine is converted into mechanical energy. The turbine is coupled to a generator which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in the condenser and recycled to where it was heated (Rankine Cycle). SCHEMATIC LAYOUT OPERATION Nuclear power station use a fuel called URANIUM It is formed into LONG RODS and submerge in water to kept them cool. When they are removed from water, the uranium atom is split into two and released RADIATION and HEAT. STEAM is produced and then fed to a steam turbine. The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condense d in the condenser The water is then pumped again into nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS POWER PLANT N o 1 Item Steam power station Site/ location 2 Initial cost Located at a place where ample supply of water and coal is available, transportation facilities are adequate Lower than hydroelectric and nuclear power plant 3 Running Higher than hydroelectric and cost nuclear power plant Limit of Limited reserves source of power 4 5 Cooling system 6 Environme ntal pollution Hydro-electric power plant Located where large reservoirs can e obtained by constructing a dam such as in hilly areas high Diesel power plant Nuclear power plant Located at any place Located away from because they require thickly populated less space and small areas to avoid radio quantity of water active pollution Less as compared to highest other plant Highest among all plants Not dependable Limited reserves because of wide variations in the rainfall every year Need more water to cooling Need less water to the system and need a big cooling the system system to cooling the system because just cooling for the oil only Air pollution because of ash and sulfur dioxide low Water and pollution Minimum cost Available in sufficient quantity Use the gas reactor cooler noise Pollution cause the radio active GENERATION OF 3-PHASE EMF GENERATION OF 3-PHASE EMF • 3 coils RR1, YY1 and BB1 are fixed 1200 apart. • Ends of each coil are connected to the slip rings. • The coils rotated anti-clockwise in a uniform magnetic field between the poles “N” and “S”. • EMF generation depends upon the position of the coil with respect to the magnetic field. • For the position in the above figure, EMFRR1=0V. • When moved by 900, EMFRR1= max . EMFYY1 and EMFBB1 have same magnitude as EMFRR1 but lag by 1200 and 2400 respectively. VECTOR DIAGRAM OF 3ϕ SYSTEM SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM (SLD) • SLD is a graphical representation of electrical circuit drawn using single line instead of drawing 3 separate lines for 3 phases. • Elements on the diagram do not represent the physical size or location of the electrical equipment. SLD SYMBOLS SLD SLDDIAGRAM DIAGRAM Step down transformer G Load Step up transformer Transmission line Figure 1.7 : Single line diagram of simple electrical power system IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM FOR 3Φ GENERATOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY DEMAND • Energy Demand is the maximum amount of electrical energy that is being consumed at a given time. • It is measured in kilowatts (kW) and kilovolt ampere (kVA). • Energy Consumption is the total electricity used for a period of time. • It is measured in kilowatts hour (kWh). • Eg: A 1000W loads used for one hour consumes one kilowatts hour. ENERGY DEMAND vs ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY DEMAND vs ENERGY CONSUMPTION LIGHTING EXAMPLE : -One 100W light bulb burning for 10 hours consumes 1,000 Wh @ 1 kWh. -The entire time it is on, it requires or "demands" 100W @ 0.1 kW from the utility. -That means the utility must have that 0.1 kW ready whenever the customer turns the lamp on. ENERGY DEMAND vs ENERGY CONSUMPTION - Similarly, ten 100W light bulbs burning for 1 hour consume 1,000 Wh @ 1 kWh. -In both examples, the consumption is 1 kWh, however, look how differently the second situation impacts the utility from a demand perspective. -The serving utility must now be prepared to provide ten times as much 'capacity' in response to the "demand" of the 10 light bulbs operating all at once. VARIABLE LOAD ON POWER STATION • A device which taps electrical energy from electric power system is called a LOAD on the system. • The load may be resistive, inductive, capacitive or some combination of them. VARIABLE LOAD ON POWER STATION Domestic Load Commercial Load Industrial Load Types of Loads Municipal Load Irrigation Load Traction Load LOAD CURVE TERMS • Connected Load - It is the sum of continuous ratings of all the equipments connected to supply system. • Maximum Demand - It is the greatest demand of load on the power station during a given period. • Demand Factor - It is the ratio of maximum demand on the power station to its connected load. Demand Factor Max . Demand Connected Load TERMS • Average Load / Average Demand - The average of loads occurring on the power station in a given period (day or month or year). TERMS • Load Factor - The ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period. TERMS • Diversity Factor - The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to the maximum demand on power station. POWER QUALITY • DEFINITION - A term that used to discuss the events in electric power grids that can damage or disrupt sensitive electronic devices. • Occur due to the increased use of power electronic devices in industrial and commercial sector which are more sensitive to voltage variations. FACTORS AFFECTING POWER QUALITY • Variations in the peak or RMS voltage. - When the rms voltage exceeds the nominal voltage, the event is called “VOLTAGE SWELL”. - when the rms voltage is below the nominal voltage, the event is called “VOLTAGE SAG”. • Undervoltage - occurs when the nominal voltage drops below 90% for more than 1 minute. • Overvoltage - occurs when the nominal voltage rises above 110% for more than 1 minute. • Random or repetitive variations in the RMS voltage between 90% and 110% of nominal can produce a phenomenon known as "flicker" in lighting equipment. FACTORS AFFECTING POWER QUALITY • Variations in the frequency • Variations in the wave shape – usually described as harmonics. • Nonzero low-frequency impedance - when a load draws more power, the voltage drops. • Nonzero high-frequency impedance - when a load demands a large amount of current, then stops demanding it suddenly, there will be a dip or spike in the voltage due to the inductances in the power supply line. VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS METHODS TO ENHANCE PQ METHODS TO ENHANCE PQ