Module 27
模組27
Animal protection
legislation (1)
動物保護立法(1)
This module will enable you to
此模組將使你能夠
• Understand aspects of different models of
legal system了解各種不同的法律系統
• Categorise different types of law分類不同種的法律
• Identify enforcement provisions in statute
辨別執行的法條
• Understand methods of enforcement in
practice瞭解實際上執行的方法
• Highlight reasons why legislation may be
ineffective in practice強調為何實行不彰的理由
The basis of legislation
立法基礎
Bernard Rollin說：「很清楚，法條通常影響公眾道德，且公
眾道德決定法條“Quite obviously, laws often do affect public
morality, and public morality determines laws”」
Definitions定義
Law(法律): a rule established in the community by authority or
custom; a body of such rules法律:是一個社群靠著權威跟傳
統建立的規則；一個具有這種規則的主體
Legislation(立法): law making; the body of law立法:建立法律，
法律的主體
Statute(成文法): a specific law passed by a legislative body 成
文法: 一個經過立法單位通過的法律
Offence(犯法): an act contrary to the law 反對法律的行為
Defendant(被告): a person accused of an offence in a court of
law被告: 一人在法庭被控告犯法
Plaintiff(原告): a person or body bringing an action in a court
of law 原告: 一個人或主體在法庭提出告訴
A model law 法律規格
• Identify aspects of the legal system within
which it must work 從立法系統之各層面去確認
法律的規格。例如歐盟之法規(directive)是由歐盟各
會員國執行，但亦同時屬於歐盟聯邦之法律系統。
聯邦和各國政府共同決定立法責任的歸屬，由此可
知法律系統的效果。
• Understand the different types of legislation
瞭解不同種的立法形式。(next slide)
• Identify characteristics of different types of
statute 辨別不同成文法的特色。
Legal system characteristics
法律系統特性
• Courts use both Statute and Case
(Common) Law法院使用成文法與判例(普通)法
– E.g. UK, Commonwealth & former
Commonwealth countries 例如英國, 英國聯邦
• Romano-Germanic Law, using solely
Statute Law大陸(日耳曼)法系, 僅使用成文法
– E.g., Continental European countries 例如
歐洲大陸的國家
• Theocratic Law, derived purely from
religious texts 神權法條的取得來自信仰
– E.g. Saudi Arabia and Iran 如阿拉伯、伊朗。
Legal system - basic principles
法律系統之基本原則 (1)
• Status of the accused – presumption of
innocence or guilt 控告的狀況–無罪或有罪之
假設(定罪之原則)
• 在英屬殖民地的國家裡，被告在被證明有罪之
前，都可能被視為無罪；
• 而日耳曼法系之原則則是，被告在被證明無罪
之前，都可能被視為有罪。
Legal system - basic principles
法律系統之基本原則 (2)
• 在刑法中之條文，其證明原則是「超越合理的
懷疑beyond reasonable doubt」；
• 在民法，則採「可能性的平衡on the balance
of probability」的證明方式。
• 何種證據是可接受的，從第三者而來的證據是
可接受的嗎？
• 何種身分的人(如從小孩或婦女)提供的證據方
可接受？法律上幾歲才算是成年？
Interpreting statute: the basis
of statute條文解釋：法條基礎
• Prohibitive e.g. The Animal Welfare Act 1966, USA what you must not do 禁止性的條文，如美國之動物福利法
(1966) -什麼是你不能做的。
• Prescriptive e.g. The Laying Hens Directive
99/74/EC, EU - what you must provide 規定性的，如歐盟
蛋雞指令(99/74/EC, EU) -你應提供什麼給動物。
• Cost/Benefit e.g. The Animals (Scientific
Procedures) Act 1986, UK - is the likely benefit
justified by the harm caused 成本/利益性的，如美國之科學
程序法(1986) – 因造成之傷害反過來證成可能的利益
Interpreting statute: identify the
offence 條文解釋(1)：犯罪之認定
• The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960, India “to cause unnecessary pain or suffering” 印度之動物
防虐法：導致不必要的痛苦或傷害
• Code of Federal Regulations Chapter III, Part 313,
USA - “cause inhumane treatment”美國聯邦法第三章
313款：導致不人道對待
• Council Directive 91/630/EEC – the “Pigs Directive” “Member States shall ensure that conditions for
rearing pigs comply with….” 歐盟指令91/630/EEC：
會員國要確保該國之養豬業者需遵守…
Interpreting statute: to which animals is it
applicable and where?
條文解釋(2)：[哪些動物] 與 [哪裡之動物]
• [哪些動物][哪裡之動物] The Agriculture
(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1968, UK, applies
only to farmed livestock on agricultural land 英國
1968農業(其他規範)法案，只施行在農場的家畜
• [哪些動物] The Animal Welfare Act 1966, USA, does
not apply to farmed animals 美國1966動福法：不實
施在農場動物
• [哪些動物] The ‘Laying Hens Directive’, 99/74/EC,
EU, does not apply to: 歐盟蛋雞指令不實施於：
(1)establishments with<350 hens 低於350隻之規模；
(2)breeding laying hens 種用母雞
Interpreting statute: the nature of the
offence條文解釋(3)：犯罪的性質
• Defendant’s mental state? 被告的心理狀態?
– Subjective mens rea 主觀的犯罪意圖
– Objective mens rea 客觀的犯罪意圖
• Strict liability 嚴格義務
– Mental state is not considered
心理狀態不列入考慮
(後續幻燈片)
The nature of the offence
- Subjective mens rea
犯罪的性質(1)：主觀意圖
• The UK’s 1996 Wild Mammals Protection Act英
國1996年野生哺乳動物保護法案：
– ‘If any person mutilates, kicks, ….any wild
animal WITH INTENT to inflict unnecessary
suffering’假如任何人意圖殺傷、踢任何野生
動物導致不必要的受苦。
• The offence is tested in terms of the intention of
the defendant 此罪行將 [以被告的意圖定罪]。
The nature of the offence
- Objective mens rea
犯罪的性質(2)：客觀意圖
• 以社會行為準則的比較來決定他是否犯罪(whether an
offence has been committed)
• The Animal Welfare Act 2006 (England and Wales).英
格蘭和威爾斯的新動物福利法案(2006)
– An offence to cause ‘unnecessary suffering’ 導致沒
有必要痛苦的犯罪
• The offence is tested against 5 points including定罪準
則五點包括：Whether the conduct was that “… of a
reasonably competent and humane person” 此行為是
否是 [一個具有理性的人，在任何情況下都不會做的。]
The nature of the offence
- Objective mens rea
犯罪的性質(3)：客觀意圖
– Was the conduct for a legitimate purpose? 如
果行為有合法之目的?
• To benefit the animal? 對動物有利?
• To protect a person, property or another
animal? 保護個人、財產或另一個動物?
– Was the suffering proportionate to the
purpose of the conduct concerned? 動物所受
的苦楚是否與此人的行為之目的一致？
The nature of the offence
- Objective mens rea
犯罪的性質(4)：客觀意圖
• Additional legal tests of “unnecessary suffering”
under the Animal Welfare Act 2006 (England and
Wales).英格蘭和威爾斯的新動物福利法案(2006)指出
的增加合法試驗的不必要痛苦
– Could the suffering have been avoided or reduced?
這個痛苦是否是可以避免或是減低的
– Was the conduct which caused the suffering in
compliance with any relevant enactment?這個行為
所導致的痛苦是否遵守了相關的法令
The nature of the offence
- Strict liability犯罪的性質(5)：嚴格的義務
• The UK’s 1997 Welfare of Animals
(Transport) Order英國1997動物運輸規定
– An offence to transport an animal “in a
way which causes, or is likely to cause,
injury or unnecessary suffering”運送途中
發生或可能導致不必要的傷害或痛苦之罪
– The views of the defendant and society
are irrelevant被告和社會的觀點不一致
– If an animal is injured an offence has
been committed動物受傷則可確定犯罪
Interpreting legislation:
the status of the legislation
法律之解釋(1)：法律狀況
• Primary legislation基本立法
– enacted through repeated debates in the
National Legislative body經過反覆的辯論制
訂國家立法主體
• Secondary legislation次要立法
– enacted by a Department of Government
with authority from primary legislation由政府
機關依照基本立法制訂
• Guidance documents指令文件
• Codes of Practice法規執行
Interpreting legislation:
relevance of status to effective protection
法律之解釋(2)：有效保護之相關狀況
• Primary legislation 被列入基本立法
– Expensive and time-consuming to amend
in the light of new scientific evidence and
changing public attitudes to welfare當科學
新知與公眾態度改變時需要耗時耗資修訂
• Secondary legislation 被列入次要立法
– Readily amended可以節省時間立即修正
Interpreting legislation:
relevance of status to effective protection
法律之解釋(3)：有效保護之相關狀況
• Guidance documents and Codes of Practice指令
文件和法規習慣
– May be used in the interpretation of statute but
failure to comply does not constitute an offence
可用在法條的解釋但不遵守並不構成犯罪
Interpreting legislation:
what powers are authorised?
法律之解釋(4)：有效保護
•
•
•
•
•
•
Use of force 權力(主管機關)
Access 進入他人產權
Stop and search 停止和尋找
Seizure 扣押
Detention 拘留
Arrest 逮捕
Interpreting legislation:
what penalties are available on
conviction?法律解釋(5)：定罪時如何罰？
• Monetary fine - what level? 罰款-罰多少?
• Imprisonment 監禁
• Prohibition of ownership 禁止所有權
• Prohibition of care 禁止照護
• Prohibition of production 禁止生產
Interpreting legislation:The legal status of
animals? 法律解釋(6)：動物之法律狀況
• Property in all countries所有國家視為 [物 / 財產]
• EU Protocol on Protection & Welfare of Animals歐盟的
動物保護和福利協議
– Recognises animals as ‘sentient beings’承認動物為”有
感知存在體”
– Requires Member States to “pay full regard to the
welfare requirements of animals” when formulating and
implementing legislation要求會員國在制定及實行法律時
盡全力關切動物福利之需求
– No requirement to take account of economics不體諒經
濟因素
– Enforceable in law可實施之法律
歐洲國家規定，豬隻運輸的最高合法乘載密度是每
100公斤0.42平方公尺。The reality - pigs packed
into lorries at less than 0.35 m2 per 100kg 事實是：
豬被塞入貨車裝在每100公斤不到0.35平方公尺的擁
擠狀況
最高29小時之運輸規定：運輸14小時(包括上下車)後
休息一小時，然後繼續14小時之運輸。倘若運輸時數
超過24小時，牛隻必須要在獲認可的驛站休息與供應
食物及飲水，在休息24小後方可繼續運輸。事實是：
很多國家都不理，造成疲憊的牛
Reproduced with permission of CBS Press
Reasons why animal welfare
legislation may not be effective動物
福利法律可能無效的理由 - 1
• Legal status of animals as property 法律視
動物為財產(沒有生命的物品)
• Prohibitive legislation not indicating the
provisions expected 禁止性的法律未指出應
該做到的指標
• Dependence on the status and
circumstances of the animal 保護動物要看動
物的地位和情況而定
Reasons why animal welfare
legislation may not be effective動物
福利法律可能無效的理由- 1
寵物兔地位高待遇佳
實驗兔可憐
Reasons why animal welfare
legislation may not be effective動物
福利法律可能無效的理由 - 2
• Compromises in wording of text due to
single interest lobbying during consultation
– For example, "a lying area which is
clean….., and either has wellmaintained dry bedding or is well
drained"由於單方面之利益遊說，使法律
用語妥協 – 例如：躺的地方要乾淨…，
且床要維持乾燥抑或排水良好
Reasons why animal welfare
legislation may not be effective
動物福利法律可能無效的理由 - 3
• Reinterpretation of terms by industry
bodies企業團體曲解法律條文：
– 在丹麥有一條法律，當被重新解釋後立即扭
轉了當初立法的本意。顯然，法律原本是打
算給母豬實心的躺臥地。豬商藉著重新定義，
將”實心”解釋成為包括”開口”，創造法律漏
洞讓老舊的封條狀地版豬舍可以繼續使用。
Danish ‘Enlandsgriseproduktion’ Scheme
Reasons why animal welfare
legislation may not be effective
動物福利法律可能無效的理由 - 4
• Responsibility for enforcement being spread
between government departments, so
reducing co-ordination 執法責任分散至很多政
府部門，減少力量
• Poor statute enacted in haste in response to
political pressure, e.g. 匆忙的立法只為了回應
政治壓力The Dangerous Dogs Act, UK (1991)
如英國之危險狗法律
Reasons why animal welfare
legislation may not be effective
動物福利法律可能無效的理由 - 5
• The subjective nature of the offences
causing different interpretations
between courts 犯法之主觀性質造成各
法院不同之解釋
• 如：農村出身與都市出身的陪審團與法
官對例行豬隻的閹割看法不同
Reasons why animal welfare
legislation may not be effective
動物福利法律可能無效的理由-6
• Poor enforcement due to 執法不力之無效之可能原因：
– Limited resources 動保員不足資源有限
– Variable enforcement 畜牧生產與動物福利衝突
– Enforcement body sharing interests with those
policed 執法主體與警方分享利益
– Limits to powers of access, stop and search, seizure
and detention 限制公權力進入、停止和尋找，逮捕和
拘留的權力
– Commercial confidentiality商業機密
Reasons why animal welfare
legislation may not be effective
動物福利法律可能無效的理由-7
• Statute has no provision for:法律沒有提供
– Power of seizure - defendants keep ownership of
animals during proceedings扣押的權力：被告在審判
過程中仍有動物之所有權
– Prohibition of ownership - convicted party permitted
to retain animals所有權的禁止：已經被判有罪者仍准
許保留動物
– Prohibition of care - ownership may be transferred
but care is still by convicted party照護權的禁止：所
有權可能轉移但已經被判有罪者仍有照護權
Reasons why animal welfare
legislation may not be effective
動物福利法律可能無效的理由- 8
• May have to accommodate可能受制於：
– Domestic, economic and political pressures
國內政治經濟壓力
– International agreements on trade
國際貿易約定
– Other, conflicting legislation
其他法律不協調
• See Module 28看模組8
Summary: A model welfare law
摘要：一個模範法律
• A single Statute, single Department 單一法律，
單一主管機關
•
•
•
•
Strict liability offences 嚴格義務之犯罪
Prescriptive 遠見
Comprehensive and coherent 整合協調
Powers of stop, search, seizure, detention制止，
尋找，扣押，拘留的權力
• Penalties of prohibition of ownership and care
禁止所有權和照顧的處罰
• National enforcement body國家級執法主體
• In a form most readily enacted and amended
立即實行和修正之精神
Further Reading進修書目
• Animal Welfare Act 2006. Available at:
http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/ukpga_20060045_en.pdf
• Defra 2006. Animal Health and Welfare: The Control of Dogs.
Available at:
http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/domestic/dogs.htm
• European Commission 2004. Overview of a series of missions
carried out in 2003 concerning animal welfare during transport
and at the time of slaughter. Available at:
http://ec.europa.eu/food/fvo/specialreports/sr_rep_85062004_en.pdf
• European Community Council Directive 2001/88/EC—Welfare
of Pigs. Available at: http://europa.eu.int/eurlex/pri/en/oj/dat/2001/l_316/l_31620011201en00010004.pdf
Further Reading進修書目
• Grandin T. 1992 Meat Focus International (July 1992) pp.124126 Effect of genetics on handling and CO2 stunning of pigs
Available at: www.grandin.com/humane/meatfocus7-92.html
•
•
Grandin The Welfare of Pigs During Transport and Slaughter.
Available at:
www.grandin.com/references/pig.welfare.during.transport.slaughter.ht
ml
Radford, M., 2001: Animal Welfare Law in Britain: Regulation and
Responsibility. Oxford University Press, New York
• Welfare of Farmed Animals (England) Regulations 2000.
Statutory Instrument 2000 No. 1870. Available at:
http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si2000/20001870.htm
• The Welfare of Farmed Animals (England) (Amendment)
Regulations 2003 Statutory Instrument 2003 No. 299. Available
at: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si2003/20030299.htm
Further Reading: Websites
進修書目:網址
• US legislation
– http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/index.s
html
• EU legislation
– http://www.europa.eu.int/
• Swedish legislation
– http://www.risksdagen.se/debatt/sfsr/index.asp
• UK legislation
– http://www.defra.gov.uk