COMP7790
Web 2.0 & 3.0
Original by: Freek Bijl
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It takes 10 years for Web 2.0 to reshape the
Web
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Might be the same for Web 3.0
Web 3.0 still not mature
Both are evolving technology frameworks
Dickson Chiu 2011 COMP7790 Web-2

www.digitalrhetoric.org/course/web1to3.jpg
Dickson Chiu 2011 COMP7790 Web-3

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When the web was in its early days, we didn’t know exactly what to show on a computer screen
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A company card?
A button?
A shop?
Web 1.0 was all about our search for online viability
Characterized by info-centric
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 separate static websites one-way broadcasting.
Widely used between 1998 and 2001, and it is still used beside Web 2.0 in almost all web sites.
Dickson Chiu 2011 COMP7790 Web-4

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When we got a grip on the technical part, the real possibilities of the web became more clear.
We discovered the power of networks.
Web 2.0 has no single definition but can be explained through a series of Internet trends, one being the empowerment of the user.
However, to meet the requirements of the general public, it should be people-centric
Web treated as a
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Rich Internet Application (RIA)
 graphical point of view or usability point of view
 e.g., AJAX and Flash
Social Networking - Anyone can participate in the content creation
User-generated content, collaboration, & community
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Content isn’t fixed publication—it changes daily
Service orientation & Mashups (see next slide)
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More companies enter the emerging SaaS
Dickson Chiu 2011 COMP7790 Web-10

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Development and utilization of Web services
Most sites you visit have web services running in the background
These services allow you to integrate data between sites through API’s such as you see on Flickr and Amazon
A web application combines data from more than one source into a single integrated tool.
Example is the use of cartographic data from Google
Maps to add location information to restaurant data
(Openrice.com), thereby creating a new and distinct web service that was not originally provided by either source
Dickson Chiu 2011 COMP7790 Web-11

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Social networking sites: Facebook, MySpace, Hi5, … etc.
Tagging or Labeling Content: Del.icio.us.
Wikis: Wikipedia.
Community-generated content: eBay.
Open Services: Google.
P2P: Bit Torrent.
New Web technologies: XML, RSS, Ajax.
Open Source Software: Sourceforge
Dickson Chiu 2011 COMP7790 Web-12

hinchcliffe.org/img/web2tree.jpg
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Harnessing the collective intelligence and taking advantage of network effects
Google: the link structure of the web
Amazon: our reviews of their products
Ebay: our willingness to engage in commerce
Flikr and de.li.cious: our ability to classify artifacts
Wikipedia: our desire to exchange knowledge
Dickson Chiu 2011 COMP7790 Web-14

hinchcliffe.org/img/web2tough.jpg
Dickson Chiu 2011 COMP7790 Web-15

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Web 2.0 is all about the power of networks
Basically, web 2.0 is a social change. The technical part of the web hasn’t changed very much.
But, web 3.0 will be driven by technological changes
Web 3.0 - the semantic web - is about the meaning of information.
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Web 3.0 – By Spalding 2007
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 highly specialized information silos, moderated by personality , validated by community and inclusion of meta data through widgets
The evolutionary stage of Web 2.0
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Lack of standards and unified framework
Share some attributes with Web 2.0
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Transformation
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Ubiquitous computing
Openness
Intelligence
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Tagging
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Adding meta data to index and describe resource
Web 3.0 allows not only text search, but also images, audio and video
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Sub-search engine pull feeds automatically for you
High level of personalized vocabularies and structure
Microformats
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Define semantic vocabularies by user
Variety of options: RDF, XML, XFN
Bridge the gap between understandings by human and machine
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Different meanings are intended to describe the evolution of Web usage
Emphasize a machine-facilitated understanding of information on the Web.
Interaction between the many possible evolutionary paths:
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Semantic Web (main starting point)
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Video Web
Web 3D
Ubiquitous and Pervasive Web
Expansion of SaaS
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Refer to our earlier lectures
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Spatial Media Fragments Video Content
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Reed Hasting, the founder and CEO of Netflix, described Web 3.0 as being the full-video Web that will be made possible by the increasing growth in bandwidth available to customers that will allow transmission of full movies over the Web.
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Thousands of users worldwide linger in
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3D-worlds like Second Life or
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3D-Games such as Entropiauniverse and Active worlds.
Philip Rosedale, founder of Second Life, believes that one day 1500 million people will have a second existence.
The adding of the third dimension will shift the internet into a hyper-realistic parallel world
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http://www.internet3d.org
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“Our Vision of Web 3.0 is to link data and devices in new ways to achieve new insights, greater efficiencies, economic benefits and improved quality of life”
Steve Bratt.
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“The Web 3.0 will see applications that are pieced together, fast, customizable, run on any device, and most importantly, disseminate virally–through social networks”
Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google
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10 years coming – client-server to SaaS
User contributed code /omni-functions
Multi-tenant Internet super applications
Super apps utilized by enterprises
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Building massively scalable data centers that are secure, reliable, and highly available is very complex and expensive.
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Traditional client-server software development is still a painful and complex process
Deployment of applications is still difficult and the cost of maintenance is expensive
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No need to purchase application servers and a small army to fine tune and maintain them
Software developers won’t have to build a security and sharing model. The cloud provides these items
Ease of deployment, and depth of functionality
More time given to functionality and meeting client needs
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Suppose, I am a stamp collector...
Over the years I’ve collected a lot of stamps.
About every stamp, I made a document
That’s a lot of documents
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How can I find a specific stamp?
Google?
This is the web we have today: a huge collection of documents
The words of all those documents are indexed. We can search for keywords.
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Now, suppose I Google for all red stamps
Not very intelligent…
Red stamps
Stamps from Cambodia (Khmer
Rouge)
Stamps from the Red Sea
Stamps from the 140th anniversary of the Red Cross
Stamps with red dragons
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Not very intelligent, but how can a computer know what I mean?
When we structurally describe that a stamp is a stamp and red is a color.
Describing data in a structured way can best be done in a database.
Different databases can be connected.
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In 1980 you could buy this stamp for 1 cent
Now it’s worth 3 euros
This is a stamp
This stamp is from the United Kingdom
This stamp is used between 1978 - 1981
The picture on the stamp is a PO Box
This stamp is designed by John Bryan Dunmore
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A database with stamps
A database with countries
A database with colours
A database with stamp traders
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One view of Web 3.0 is the web being a big collection of databases which can be connected on demand.
Agreements are made on the structure of data and the way data is described . Where the data is located is irrelevant.
Linking data is the power of web 3.0.
So, “I want all the red stamps, designed in
Europe, but used in the U.S.A., between 1980 and 1990” is a question that will get a better answer with web 3.0
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The previous view of Web 3.0 is a ‘narrow’ one. Like Web 2.0, Web 3.0 stands for a range of developments. E.g.:
A fast broadband connection to the Internet, always and everywhere.
Open source techniques and free data (Data as a Service)
Open identities
Software as a Service (e.g., Google docs)
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When a computer understands what data means, it can do intelligent search, reasoning and combining .
This makes our life easier.
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RDF
XML
URI
SPARQL
XDI
XRI
SWRL
XFN
OWL
API
OAUTH
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Meaning is about understanding .
To understand we need a language .
A language starts with words.
Things mean something in words.
Online, we describe things with XML.
Dickson Chiu 2011 COMP7790 Web-37

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<collection name=”My stamp collection">
<stamp>
<title>Red dragon</title>
<country>China</country>
<year>1984</year>
</stamp>
<stamp>
<title>PO Box</title>
<country>England</country>
<year>1992</year>
</stamp>
</collection>
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Resource Description Framework (RDF)
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We can’t understand words alone
RDF is a data model for objects and relations between them
RDF Schema is a vocabulary description language
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In addition, online grammar is required
Describes classes and properties of RDF resources
Provides semantics for generalization hierarchies of properties and classes
With RDF Schema we can define concepts and make simple relations between them.
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Predicate subject object hence from Europe.
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from in
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But, RDF schema is limited.
A language needs more expression and logic to make good reasoning possible.
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 relations between classes
 e.g., disjointness cardinality
 e.g. “exactly one” richer typing of properties
That’s why OWL (The Web Ontology Language) was invented.
characteristics of properties (e.g., symmetry)
BOTH OWL and RDF are standards of www.w3.org
Ontology Dickson Chiu - update 2011 Metadata - 42

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Finally, to reason you need rules.
Rules are formulated in SWRL (Semantic Web
Rule Language)
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I got this stamp from my uncle.
The rule for calling someone my uncle is that one of my parents has a brother.
son of
<ruleml:imp>
<ruleml:_rlab ruleml:href="#example1"/>
<ruleml:_body>
<swrlx:individualPropertyAtom swrlx:property="hasParent">
<ruleml:var>x1</ruleml:var>
<ruleml:var>x2</ruleml:var>
</swrlx:individualPropertyAtom>
<swrlx:individualPropertyAtom swrlx:property="hasBrother">
<ruleml:var>x2</ruleml:var>
<ruleml:var>x3</ruleml:var>
</swrlx:individualPropertyAtom>
</ruleml:_body>
<ruleml:_head>
<swrlx:individualPropertyAtom swrlx:property="hasUncle">
<ruleml:var>x1</ruleml:var>
<ruleml:var>x3</ruleml:var>
</swrlx:individualPropertyAtom>
</ruleml:_head>
</ruleml:imp> brother
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Suppose, I want to search for a specific stamp.
“I want all the red stamps, designed in Europe, but used in the U.S.A., between 1980 and 1990”
We can use SPARQL (Protocol and RDF Query
Language).
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Because the web is decentralized and data is in many places, not only language is important.
Exchange of data between different machines is key.
To make a connection a machine needs a source. For this, we use resource identifiers .
Best known resource identifier is the URI
 which consists of a name (urn) and a location (url)
URI
URN
URL
Red PO Box http://www.mystampcollection.com/redpobox
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URIs have international limitations and the need for data-exchange between machines is rapidly growing.
There is a successor: XRI (Extensible
Resource Identifier)
There is a standard for sharing, linking and synchronizing data.
This standard is called XDI (XRI Data
Interchange).
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However, data is often protected.
We need consent and a key to gain access.
The key to certain data is described in an API
(an application programming interface).
An open standard for accessing
(authentication) the API is OAuth.
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A
and honestly.
friend who is able to lead, advice, negotiate and support the user
Could be embedded in the smart devices, enabling the user to use his home, car or mobile remotely, safely and correctly.
Affect our daily life and blur our real life with a virtual web site applications and services as
Ubiquitous Web.
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Freebase
• http://www.freebase.com
Amazon (“If you liked this, you will like this!”
• http://www.amazon.com
Netvibes (pull your Web 2.0 apps together!)
• http://www.netvibes.com
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Shift from traditional information broadcast medium to service channels
Satisfy needs of customers:
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Autonomy
Independence
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Relatedness
Feedback
Entertainment
Examples: IBM, BMW create virtual communities for customers
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Web 3.0 shifts the Web from informational medium into service oriented, community based, intelligent medium
Semantics help integrate anything (people, computers, and systems), anywhere, anytime
Web 3.0 takes years to be fully-fledged
Forces E-business to restructure their business process
Web 3.0 applications help to retain customers and gain competitive advantages
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