Maori and Pakeha relationship and Te
Tiriti o Waitangi
Part One
Nina Pelling
Maia Maori Development Centre
Activity
With the person next to you
Recap on what we have covered
In class in relation to the Maori
World view.
Write up on board.
Kupe 950
Settlement > 1200
Abel Tasman 1642
Captain Cook 1769
1792 – 1814 Sealers,
Timber traders,
Whalers,
Missionaries
Declaration of Independence
1935
Treaty 1840
Maori social organisation
Kinship groups, whanau, hapu and iwi
Kaumatua and kuia, male and female elders of
the whanau group
Hapu: 200 to 300 people, main political unit,
controlled defined tribal territory
Iwi: largest effective political group.
Composed of related hapu from a common
ancestor
Waka: Largest social grouping of Maori
society
Imperialism
Imperialism in its broad meaning is the
imposition of the power of one state over
the territories of another, normally by
military means, in order to exploit
subjugated populations and to extract
economic and political advantages
(Abercrombie et al 1984)
Different expressions of Imperialism
Ecological Imperialism:
Colonisers transform the landscape to
replicate home.
Legal Imperialism:
The conversion of colonial political power
into intrinsically valid and abstract legal
principles
Cultural Imperialism:
The replacing of indigenous spiritual beliefs
and cultural values
Colonisation
• Colonisation is the establishment of
formal political authority by developed
countries (Spain, Britain, France )
usually accompanied by settling white
populations in these territories;
exploitation of local economic for
metropolitian use.
What is metropolitan use?
• Metropolitan use is when a territory is taken under
control of another group that is peripherised or
marginalised.
• NZ, Aust and North America colonised by large
scale settlement
• South Africa and Zimbabwe – white rule minority
• British West Indies, Carribean, India and latin
America – governed as colonial possessions.
What is the Treaty
of Waitangi ?
© Unitec New Zealand
“I say – we really must
look after those natives,
old chap!”
MR BUSBY! We are not
happy with what some of
your people are doing. Let’s
do something about it.
What was happening at the
time?
Petition sent to King of England 1813
The Elizabeth Affair
Avengence of Marion du Fresne 1772
Creation of NZ first flag 1834
The Alligator Affair
Baron Charles De Thierry
The Declaration of
Independence 1835
rangatira tanga = independence
political leader
It was raised with the British flag and given a 21 gun salute by the
Alligator
It was recognised by King William 1V of Britain. This indicated to
the chiefs that Britain recognised the tino rangatiratanga of the chiefs
It gave NZ built ships a flag to fly which let their cargo go duty free
into foreign ports. Busby arranged for these ships to be registered in
the name of the independence tribes of NZ
It was also flown on land at the Bay of Islands.
After the signing of the TOW the Union Jack took its place.
•No Maori central government because of strong tribal differences
•It was acknowledged by the Colonial office
•Chiefs guaranteed it as a guarantee of their independence
•It meant a formal treaty with all chiefs would be needed if Britain
ever wanted to have NZ as a colony and apply British law.
•Maori tribes controlled all the resources and power in NZ
•To survive the early settlers needed the protection and friendships of
local tribes
•In 1835 British recognised the Maori chiefs sovereignty and
Independence when it accepted the Declaration of Independence
Henry Williams
•
•
•
•
Missionary
Peace-maker
Translator
Interpreter
What motivated his
translation decisions?
Differences in the
English version.
Differences in the English
Differences in the Maori
version.
version.
Article 1
Article 1
Article 1
• Maori gave the Queen
‘te kawanatanga katoa’.
complete governance or
government over their
lands.
Maori leaders
Maori leaders gave the
gave‘all
the
Queen
Queen
rights
and power
of ‘all
sovereignty’
rightsover
andtheir
territories.
power of
•
Article 2
Maori version
English version
• Maori leaders and Maori
• Maori were confirmed
and guaranteed “te tino
collectively and
rangatiratanga’ – the
individually, were
unqualified exercise of
confirmed in and
their chieftainship – over
guaranteed ‘exclusive and
their lands, villages and
undisturbed possession of
all their treasures –
their lands, estates, forests,
taonga.
fisheries and other
properties.
Article Three
Maori version
English version
• Recognises the
continuing right of Maori
as Tangata Whenua to
enjoy parallel laws,
customs and lifestyle just
as British citizens
enjoyed their own.
Individual citizenship
rights – also entail a right
to equitable outcomes i.e.
similar expectations for
Maori and non-Maori.
Concept of active
protection
Article Four
Maori Version
• Safeguards the right
for Maori to practice
their own beliefs and
values.
The context for Colonisation in
Aotearoa NZ
• The settlement of foreign territories
• The separation of foreign and indigenous
peoples by legal means
• The growth of racialism
• (Abercombie et al 1984)
Colonisation
• Colonisation occurs
when control is taken by
the colonising power
from the indigenous
peoples.
• The indigenous peoples
then struggle to maintain
their own institutions.
Learning outcomes
• Identify strategies which promote equitable outcomes for
all students
– Examine the Treaty of Waitangi as it relates to Education
– Discuss key current issues for modern Maori society
– Discuss the concept of cultural identity
27
What did Maori get?
• An imposed British government, making laws
without reference to Treaty or Maori needs.
• A gradual destruction of Maori authority and
social system
• Minority status
• Alienation of vast areas of land by confiscation,
illegal agreements and transfers of land and
resources
• The destruction of Maori enterprise and decision
making
Maori Text
Maori expectations were:
Governor to maintain peace and order
•Rangatiratanga (absolute control) over their
taonga
•Royal protection
•The same rights and privileges as all British
subjects
Rule of law
Essential tool of Maori colonisation to
marginalise Maori post treaty
Extension of hegemony of the West – 0n the
same foundation as God in the community.
Hegemony impartial and value free.
Maori and Pakeha in the short term were
supported but reality of British justice
worked to isolate Maori from Maori
sovereignty movements
Native land court established
• No more than 10 owners, regardless of
block size, thus effectively dispossessing all
other tribal members who may have been
owners
• The newly designed owners held their land
individually not communally as part of
trustees for a tribal group. And could deal
with it , including selling it as individuals
for their own benefit.