Warm-up 8/7 or 8/8
1.
In 1916, as the Democratic Party’s national
convention met in St. Louis, Missouri, to get its next
candidate.
a. No change
b. while
c. when
d. Omit the underlined word
2. Rewrite the sentence to remove the RIP word.
Today’s agenda
Peer review- homework
Top terms- Thank You for Arguing
What is rhetoric?
Schemes, tropes, appeals, devices,
strategies
Creating a toolbox
Peer review
 Use the criteria below to “grade” the
paragraph. Give a grade and a one-sentence
explanation of the grade.
Criteria:
Each sentence= 2 points (1 point for grammar
and flow, one point for accuracy of required
info)= 8 points. Two more points for overall
impression and depth of analysis, for a total of
10.
Thank You for Arguing
 What are the terms you remember from
the book? Which terms were
emphasized more than others?
Brainstorm a list with a partner.
 Discuss with class. Why do you think
these terms are most important?
Rhetorical Appeals
RHETORICAL APPEALS refer to one of the three appeals to the
audience writers develop and make. "Of the [modes of
persuasion] provided through speech there are three species: for
some are in the character of the speaker, and some are in
disposing the listener in some way, and some in the argument
itself, by showing or seeming to show something" --Aristotle, On
Rhetoric, 1356b (trans. George A. Kennedy).
In other words, Aristotle argues that there are three elements to the art
of persuasion:
1. ethos: The rhetor is perceived by the audience as credible (or not).
Usually related to the speaker
2. pathos: The rhetor attempts to persuade the audience by making
them feel certain emotions. Often related to audience.
3. logos: The rhetor attempts to persuade the audience by the use of
arguments that they will perceive as logical. Closely tied to subject and
occasion.
Rhetorical Devices
 RHETORICAL DEVICES refers to the stylistic
language choices (schemes, tropes -- diction,
syntax) the writer makes to convey the
message. Rhetorical appeals are developed
through the deliberate use of these devices.
Examples: anaphora, polysyndeton, chiasmus
Rhetorical Strategies
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES refer to overall
characteristics or elements of a text that create the
rhetoric/argument. The STRATEGY the author uses is
the combination of the structure of text and the use of
devices to develop the appeals.
 Rhetorical strategies encompass the full rhetorical
triangle (or SOAPS) inclusive of the writer's intention
or purpose, the audience, the occasion for writing the
text, and subject. The strategy might be to structure a
text with examples, using specific devices to explain
the examples developing appeals to logic and
emotions, in order to achieve the purpose.
More on rhetorical devices
Tropes and Schemes: In classical rhetoric, the tropes and schemes fall
under the canon of style. These stylistic features certainly do add spice to
writing and speaking. And they are commonly thought to be persuasive
because they dress up otherwise mundane language; the idea being that
we are persuaded by the imagery and artistry because we find it
entertaining.
There is much more to tropes and schemes than surface considerations.
Indeed, politicians and pundits use these language forms to create
specific social and political effects by playing on our emotions.
Trope: The use of a word, phrase, or image in a way not intended by its
normal signification. (figures of speech, variation of diction)
Scheme: A change in standard word order or pattern. (syntax variation)
The basic devices
TROPESFigurative
Language:
language
without literal
meaning (you
don't "really"
mean it).
1. Simile
2. Metaphor
3. Hyperbole
4. Personification
5. Alliteration
6. Onomatopoeia
7. Oxymoron
8. Idiom
9. Allusion
10. Imagery
More tropes
Tropes involving...
...comparison
a. metaphor: implied comparison between two dissimliar
things
b. simile: resembles metaphor except uses the word like or as
c. personification/Anthropomorphism: inanimate objects are
given human characteristics
d. synecdoche: a part of something is used to refer to the
whole – We decided we could rearrange the gym equipment if
everyone would lend a hand. (the part "hand" refers to the
whole body of the people helping. A form of an idiom)
More comparison tropes
e. metonymy: an entity is referred to by one of its
attributes - a form of personification. The central office
announced today new regulations for sports night. ("The
central office" can't speak, of course, but the noun is an
attribute of the person or company with the person who
works in the office - a form of personification).
f. periphrasis: a descriptive word or phrase is used to
refer to a proper name. The New York Rangers and the
New York Islanders vie to be the best hockey team in the
Big Apple.
More tropes
Tropes involving...
...word play
a. anthimeria: one part of speech, usually a verb, substitutes
for another, usually a noun - When the Little Leaguers lost the
championship, they need just to have a good cry before they
could feel okay about their season.
b. onomatopoeia: words or phrases related to their meaning.
...overstatement or understatement
a. litotes: understatement in which an affirmative is
expressed by negating its opposite. ("I'm not doing this for
my health.")
b. hyperbole: overstatement
More tropes
...management of meaning
a. irony: words are meant to convey the opposite of
their literal meaning (sarcasm).
b. oxymoron: words that have apparently contradictory
meanings
c. paradox: statement or situation that leads to a
contradiction.
e. rhetorical question: question designed not to secure
an answer but to move idea forward or suggest a point.
Schemes!
Schemes (sentence structure/ syntax) involving...
...balance:
a. parallelism of words, phrases, clauses:
Exercise physiologists argue that body-pump aerobics sessions
benefit a person's heart and lungs, muscles and nerves, and
joints and cartilage.
b. Exercise physiologists argue that body-pump aerobic
sessions help a person breathe more effectively, move with less
discomfort, and avoid injury.
c. Exercise physiologists argue that body-pump aerobics is the
most efficient exercise class, that body-pump participants show
greater gains in stamina than participants in comparable
programs, and that body-pump aerobics is less expensive in
terms of equipment and training needed to lead or take
classes.
More schemes
ZEUGMA: A rhetorical term for the use of a word to
modify or govern two or more words, although its use
may be grammatically or logically correct with only one.
• "You are free to execute your laws, and your citizens,
as you see fit."(Star Trek: The Next Generation)
• "Kill the boys and the luggage!"(Fluellen in William
Shakespeare's Henry V)
• "He carried a strobe light and the responsibility for
the lives of his men."(Tim O'Brien, The Things They
Carried)
More schemes
ANTITHESIS:A rhetorical term for the juxtaposition( the act
of placing or dealing with close together for contrasting
effect) of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases or clauses.
Plural: antitheses.
 "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was
the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the
epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the
season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the
spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had
everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were
all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the
other way." (Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities)
More schemes
Schemes involving...
...interruption
a. parenthesis: (use of dash or parentheses)
Sports night at the school always brings out the would be jocks--who would
expect
any different--ready to show that they're potentially as good as the varsity
players.
b. appositive: renaming
Joe Weider, a pioneer in personal weight training, would marvel at the facilities
open
to today's student athletes.
...omission: leaving out
a. ellipsis: In a hockey power play, if you pass the puck to the wing, and he to
you,
then you can close in on the goal. (also a form of zeugma)
b. asyndeton: I skated, I shot, I scored, I cheered--what a glorious moment of
sport!
More schemes
Schemes involving...
...repetition
a. polysyndeton: repetition of conjunctions within clauses.
"I skated, and I shot, and I scored, and I cheered."
b. alliteration: repetition of beginning sounds of two or more
adjacent words.
c. assonance: repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed
syllables of two or more adjacent words.
d. consonance: repetition of the same consonant two or more
times in short succession
e. anaphora: repetition of same group of words at the
beginning of successive clauses
f. epistrophe: repetition of the same group of words at the
end of successive clauses
More schemes
g. anadiplosis: repetition of the last word of the
clause at the beginning of the following clause:
mental preparation leads to training.
h. climax: repetition of words, phrases, or clauses
in order of increasing number or importance.
"Excellent athletes need to be respectful of
themselves, their teammates, their schools, and
their communities"