Maatschappelijke Innovatie
2013-2014
Sociaal Ondernemerschap: schets van
het veld
Niels Bosma
Stefan Panhuijsen (Social Enterprise NL)
Sandra Ballij (ctaste)
Recap: Sociaal ondernemen en
maatschappelijke innovatie
Sociaal ondernemen
Maatschappelijke
innovatie
Reikwijdte
Onderneming
Maatschappelijk
probleem
Accent
Koppeling financiële en
maatschappelijke
waarde
Innovatieve aanpak
•  Boek: focus op maatschappelijke innovatie
•  Dit college: focus op sociaal ondernemen
Vandaag
•  Economisch perspectief
–  Begripsbepaling
–  Economische relevantie
•  Positieve externaliteiten
•  Economisch surplus
•  Instituties & marktfalen
•  Social Enterprises in Nederland – Stefan
Panhuijsen (Social Enterprise NL)
•  Social Entrepreneurs: Sandra Ballij
(ctaste)
•  “Social enterprises are, by definition,
social in their ends and means: their
primary objective is to achieve social
impact rather than generate profits for
owners and stakeholders”
Belang van begripsbepaling
voor theoretische ontwikkeling
Bron: Christensen, C.M. & Sundahl, D.M. (2001). The process of
building theory. Mimeo, Harvard Business School
Andere definities
Dees (1998) Social entrepreneurs play the role of change
agents in the social sector, by:
• Adopting a mission to create and sustain social value (not just private value),
• Recognizing and relentlessly pursuing new opportunities to serve that mission,
• Engaging in a process of continuous innovation, adaptation, and learning,
• Acting boldly without being limited by resources currently in hand, and
• Exhibiting heightened accountability to the constituencies served and for the
outcomes created.
Santos (2012): “Social entrepreneurs provide a distributed
mechanism for society to identify neglected problems with positive
externalities, develop innovative solutions to address them and, often,
change institutional arrangements so that the externality becomes
visible and is internalized by other social actors”
Newbert & Hill (2014): “Social entrepreneurship is novel activity
intended to generate producer surplus via the creation of positive
externalities and/or the reduction of negative externalities”
Risico’s van non-conforme
begripsbepaling
•  Onduidelijkheid à onderwerp ‘gekaapt’
door anderen zonder dat dit concrete
oplossingen biedt
•  Te breed à diffuus begrip (‘big tent’)
Business for social solutions:
business as usual?
•  http://www.ted.com/talks/
michael_porter_why_business_can_be_go
od_at_solving_social_problems.html
A big tent?
Drie dimensies voor kleinere tenten
•  Social
•  Profit
•  Newness/Innovation
Ø Maatschappelijke innovatie
Ø Filantropie
Ø Cooperatieven
Ø Workplace integration
Ø Sociaal ondernemerschap?
Utrecht University Social
Entrepreneurship Initiative
Social entrepreneurship comprises the
recognition of a social problem, with regard
to which opportunities for the creation of
goods and services are explored, evaluated
and developed, with the primary goal of
establishing a social change in an innovative
way.
(www.uu.nl/se-initiative)
Economische Relevantie
•  Value creation & value capture; positieve
externaliteiten (Santos 2012)
•  Creating real value for society in an
entrepreneurial manner, economisch
surplus (Newbert & Hill 2014)
•  Rol van institutionele omgeving:
institutional void & institutional support
Value Creation vs. Value
Capture
•  Santos (2012): Tradeoff tussen ‘value
creation’ en ‘value capture’: netto social
value wordt gecompenseerd door
producer surplus
•  Newbert & Hill (2014): social surplus
(public benefit), buyer surplus (private
benefit) en producer surplus
Value Creation & Destruction
Positive externality
Social surplus
(public benefit)
Buyer’s willingness to pay
Economic value
Buyer surplus
(private benefit)
Value creation
Price
Producer surplus
(private benefit)
Producer’s willingness to accept
Producer cost
(private cost)
$0
Social cost
(public cost)
Value destruction
Negative externality
Bron: Newbert, S.L. & Hill, R.P. (2014). Setting the stage for paradigm development: a “small tent”
approach to social entrepreneurship. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, te verschijnen
Terug naar Adam Smith
De onzichtbare hand
Santos’ proposities
1.  The distinctive domain of action of social
entrepreneurship is addressing neglected problems in
society involving positive externalities.
Ø  Jullie voorbeelden?
Introducing a positive externality
Bron: Newbert, S.L. & Hill, R.P. (2014). Setting the stage for paradigm development: a “small tent”
approach to social entrepreneurship. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, te verschijnen
Reducing a negative externality
Bron: Newbert, S.L. & Hill, R.P. (2014). Setting the stage for paradigm development: a “small tent”
approach to social entrepreneurship. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, te verschijnen
Santos’ proposities
1.  The distinctive domain of action of social
entrepreneurship is addressing neglected problems in
society involving positive externalities.
2.  Social entrepreneurs are more likely to operate in
areas with localized positive externalities that benefit
a powerless segment of the population
3.  Social entrepreneurs are more likely to seek
sustainable solutions than to seek sustainable
advantages.
4.  Social entrepreneurs are more likely to develop a
solution built on the logic of empowerment than on
the logic of control.
Instituties en (sociaal )
ondernemerschap
Welfare
Institutions
Rule of law,
taxes, anti-trust,
labour market regulation,
environmental regulation
Entrepreneurial
Talents
Entrepreneurial
Behaviour
- self-employment / employee
- self-employed / employer
- independent entrepreneurship / intrapreneurship
- traditional/ sustainable/social entrepreneurship
Welfare
Institutions
Formal: education
Informal: culture
+
-
Entrepreneurial
Entrepreneurial
Talents /
Behaviour
Preferences (entrepreneurial culture)?!
Institutions affect both the supply and the allocation of entrepreneurial talent
Acs et al. (2012, p. 794): “Entrepreneurial innovation is the dynamic interactions of a variety
of institutions and structures, such as markets, political institutions and culture.”
Ins$tu$ons and Social Entrepreneurship •  Two (seemingly?) contras$ng perspec$ves –  Ins$tu$onal void perspec$ve: lack of strong (formal) ins$tu$ons à social entrepreneurship (Kerlin, 2009; Mair and MarI, 2009; Dacin et al., 2010; Dorado and Ventresca, 2012). –  Ins$tu$onal support perspec$ve: social entrepreneurs prosper by the presence of strong and predictable (formal) ins$tu$ons (Kerlin 2009; Estrin et al. 2011; Nissan et al. 2012). è  What societal mechanisms are at play? •  Recent empirical contribu$ons support this laRer perspec$ve (Estrin et al., 2013; Nissan et al., 2012). Economische Relevantie
•  Value creation & value capture; positieve
externaliteiten (Santos 2012)
•  Creating real value for society in an
entrepreneurial manner, economisch
surplus (Newbert & Hill 2014)
•  Rol van institutionele omgeving:
institutional void & institutional support