Lecture 14, conclusion
October 23, 2014
Persistent Poverty &
Risding Inequality
SOCIAL STRUCTURAL EXPLANATIONS OF
INEQUALITY AND POVERTY
1. Marginalization: Exclusion from labor markets
2. Inequality processes within labor markets
3. Processes which generate inequality in wealth
Social Structural causes of inequality and poverty:
#1 Marginalization
Definition: the process of being excluded from stable
participation in the labor force.
Three issues:
a)
Simple observation: lack of adequate employment for people with
low skills or with outmoded skills.
b)
This is NOT just a problem of inadequate skill formation. It is equally
a problem of inadequate job creation.
c)
The consequences of marginalization are intensified because of lack
of real safety-net.
Poverty Rates before & after income transfers
Pre-transfer poverty rate
Post-transfer poverty rate
Social Structural causes of inequality:
#2. Inequalities within labor markets
a) Two possible ways of organizing the process of connecting wages to jobs:
1. Individualized competition
2. Labor market governed by rules which dampen competition
b) Why does intensification of competitiveness (deregulation) lead to increasing
inequality?
c) Explanation for intensification of competition in the U.S.A.:
• Decline of unions
• Decline of government regulation
• Increased global competition
d) Technological change
Social Structural causes of inequality:
#3 Wealth inequality
1. Difficult for average person to accumulate much wealth
through savings.
2. Stagnation of household income since the early 1970s
means that discretionary income for most people has not
grown much.
3. Fantastic rise in employment earnings at high end of
market has allowed professionals and managers to turn
surplus earnings into capitalist wealth (stocks, bonds, etc.)
Lecture 15
October 23, 2014
Solutions to
Poverty & Excessive Inequality
What is Government “Welfare”?
Government Welfare is any government subsidy to a
particular group of people which provides them with
an economic benefit that they would not have had if
things were just left to the market.
What is Government “Welfare”?
Government Welfare is any government subsidy to a
particular group of people which provides them with
an economic benefit that they would not have had if
things were just left to the market.
Two main forms of welfare spending
1. Direct government spending: food stamps, public
housing, cash transfers
2. Tax Subsidies: mortgage deductions, earned
income tax credit for working poor, tax
deductions for business expenses
Examples of welfare for already
privileged social groups
Examples of welfare for already
privileged social groups
• Students: tuition subsidies
Examples of welfare for already
privileged social groups
• Students: tuition subsidies
• Homeowners: mortgage deduction – 48% of
mortgage subsidies go to top 20% of income distribution.
Mortgage subsidy is more than 4 times the spending on
public housing for the poor.
Examples of welfare for already
privileged social groups
• Students: tuition subsidies
• Homeowners: mortgage deduction – 48% of
mortgage subsidies go to top 20% of income distribution.
Mortgage subsidy is more than 4 times the spending on
public housing for the poor.
• Farm subsidies: Around $30 billion a year: 80%
goes to corporate agriculture, NOT family farmers.
• Corporations: “Corporate welfare” = $75 Billion/year
Examples of “Corporate Welfare”
(from the conservative Cato Institute’s
“Handbook for Congress”)
• The Energy Department's Energy Supply Research and
Development Program ($2.7 billion a year) aims to develop new
energy technologies and improve on existing technologies.
• Commerce Department's Advanced Technology Program ($200
million a year) gives research grants to consortiums of some of the
nation's largest high-tech companies.
• The Export-Import Bank ($700 million a year) provides subsidized
financing to foreign purchasers of U.S. goods.
• Overseas Private Investment Corporation ($70 million a year)
provides direct loans, guaranteed loans, and political risk
insurance to U.S. firms that invest in developing countries.
Solutions to Poverty:
3 kinds of structural proposals
1. Partially decouple standards of living from
market earnings by increasing the social wage:
Universal health care, good public day care, public libraries
and swimming pools, free universities, etc.
2. Partially decouple paid employment from
capitalist market: public sector jobs.
3. Partially decouple income from earnings:
• Asset development accounts
• Basic Income Grants
BASIC INCOME GRANTS (BIG)
Central principles:
1. Basic income: provides for a decent, no frills
standard of living above the poverty line
2. Universal: given to all citizens
3. Unconditional: no restrictions, no work
requirements
Means-tested vs Universal Programs
Means-tested = a person only gets a benefit if they fall
below some level of income. Example: food stamps.
Universal programs = everyone gets the benefit
regardless of income. Examples: public education,
Medicare.
Problems with means-tested programs
1. Stigma: recipients are labeled negatively
2. Weak basis of public support: universal programs
build bridges across groups; means-tested
programs create cleavages between groups
3. Universal programs become rights; means-tested
programs viewed as charity
4. Result: universal programs usually do more to help
the poor than means tested programs.
Potential Consequences of BIG
1. Eliminates extreme poverty without stigma
2. Facilitates nonmarket activity: in the arts,
caregiving, community activism
3. Gives everyone a measure of “real freedom”
(positive freedom)
4. Unpleasant work becomes more costly
5. Puts pressure on employers to innovate to eliminate
unpleasant, boring work because it is costly
Will it Work?
Two pragmatic arguments against BIG:
1. Too many people will stop working for pay and thus
not enough income will be generated to sustain the
system.
2. Taxes to pay for BIG will be so high that there will be
huge disincentives to invest and to work.