Story Elements
Characters
A dynamic character is one who
goes through a personality
change due to the events in the
story.
A static character is one whose
personality does not change
throughout the story.
Round Characters
A round character is one whose
personality, background, motives,
and other features are fully described
or explained by the author. In
general, main characters are round
because many insights are given.
Flat Characters
A flat character is one who is not
fully described but is useful in
carrying out some narrative purpose
of the author. They tend to be minor
characters.
Dynamic and Round
In most books the main character is
both dynamic and round.
Round and Static
Characters can be round and static.
For example, think about the
character James Bond. We know a
great deal about this character’s
personality (round), yet he does not
go through an inner personality
change from the beginning to the
end of the story (static). Often the
side-kick in a story is round and
static.
Dynamic and Flat
Characters cannot be dynamic and
flat, because in a flat character we
do not know enough about them to
recognize a change.
Dynamic or Static
Round or Flat
Ebenezer Scrooge
from Charles Dickens's
A Christmas Carol
Dynamic and Round
Dynamic or Static
Round or Flat
Billy Coleman
from Wilson Rawls
Where the Red Fern Grows
Dynamic and Round
Dynamic or Static
Round or Flat
Will Coleman (Billy’s dad)
from Wilson Rawls’
Where the Red Fern Grows
Static and Flat
Dynamic or Static
Round or Flat
Mayor Cole
from Jeanne DuPrau’s
The City of Ember
Static and Flat
Dynamic or Static
Round or Flat
Lina Mayfleet
from Jeanne DuPrau’s
The City of Ember
Dynamic and Round
Dynamic or Static
Round or Flat
Robin
from Batman
Static and Round
Setting
The setting of a story
includes the time and
place in which the story
takes place. Some stories may
have more than one setting.
Setting
What is the setting for
Where the Red Fern Grows?
Setting
Where the Red Fern Grows
Where the Red Fern Grows is
set in the Ozark Mountains on
Cherokee land in northeastern
Oklahoma during the Great
Depression.
Setting
What is the setting for The City of
Ember?
Setting
The City of Ember is set in an
underground city in the future.
First-Person Point of View
In the first-person point of view one
character tells the story. This character reveals
only personal thoughts and feelings of what
s/he sees. The writer uses pronouns such as
"I“, "me“, “mine”, or "my".
Example:
I woke up this morning feeling terrific. I
hopped out of bed excited to start the new
day. I knew that today was the day my big
surprise would come.
Second-Person Point of View
With the second-person point of view the
narrator tells the story using the pronoun
"you". The character is someone similar to
you.
Example:
You wake up feeling really terrific. Then you
hop out of bed excited to start the new day.
You know that today is the day that your big
surprise will come.
This is rarely used in literature. It can be seen
in Choose Your Own Adventure books.
Third-Person Point of View
The third-person point of view is the most
commonly used in fiction. When writing in the
third-person you will use pronouns such as
"he", "she", or "it".
Example:
Brian woke up feeling terrific. He hopped out
of bed excited to start the new day. He knew
that today was the day that his big surprise
would come.
Group Practice
Determine if each of the following
excerpts are written in first, second, or
third-point of view.
1st, 2nd, or 3rd Point of View
Excerpt from Woodsong by Gary Paulsen
I go up to the front of the team in the
darkness and drag them around, realizing we
are lost. My clothes have been ripped on tree
limbs and my face is bleeding from cuts, and
when I look back down the side of the
mountain we have just climbed I see twentyseven head lamps bobbing up the trail.
Twenty-seven teams have taken our smell as
the valid trail and are following us. Twentyseven teams must be met head on in the
narrow brush and passed and told to turn
around.
Excerpt from Woodsong
by Gary Paulsen
First-Person Point of View
Excerptedstfromnd
Soldier'srd
Heart by Gary Paulsen
There would be a shooting war. There were rebels who
had violated the law and fired on Fort Sumter and the
only thing they'd respect was steel, it was said, and he
knew they were right, and the Union was right, and one
other thing they said as well--if a man didn't hurry he'd
miss it. The only shooting war to come in a man's life and
if a man didn't step right along he'd miss the whole thing.
1 , 2 , or 3 Point of View
Charley didn't figure to miss it. The only problem was that
Charley wasn't rightly a man yet, at least not to the army.
He was fifteen and while he worked as a man worked, in
the fields all of a day and into night, and looked like a
man standing tall and just a bit thin with hands so big
they covered a stove lid, he didn't make a beard yet and
his voice had only just dropped enough so he could talk
with men.
Excerpted from Soldier's Heart
by Gary Paulsen
Third-Person Point of View
1st, 2nd, or 3rd Point of View
Excerpted from Father Water, Mother Woods
by Gary Paulsen
It started that simply. At the courthouse or the
library there was a large bulletin board, and for a
dollar you could sign the board and write down
your guess to win the car-through-the-ice
raffle. Of course, you never met anyone who had
won, but only those who knew somebody who
had won, and therein, in the winning, the
simplicity was lost.
Excerpted from
Father Water, Mother Woods
by Gary Paulsen
Second-Peron Point of View
st, 2nd, or 3rd Point of View
1
Excerpted from Nightjohn by Gary Paulsen
A
"Tonight we just do A." He sat back on his heels and pointed.
"There it be."
it?"
I looked at it, wondered how it stood. "Where's the bottom to
"There it stands on two feet, just like you."
"What does it mean?"
"It means A--just like I said. It's the first letter in the alphabet.
And when you see it you make a sound like this: ayyy, or ahhhh."
"That's reading? To make that sound?"
He nodded. "When you see that letter on paper or a sack or in
the dirt you make one of those sounds. That's reading."
Excerpted from Nightjohn
by Gary Paulsen
Third-Person Point of View
1st, 2nd, or 3rd Point of View
Excerpted from Caught by the Sea by Gary
Paulsen
I drove to California that very day, straight to the
coast, then north, away from people, to a small
town named Guadalupe, near Santa Maria. There
I bought some cans of beans and bread and
Spam and fruit cocktail and a cheap sleeping bag
and then walked out through the sand dunes,
where I could hear the surf crashing. I walked
until I could see the water coming in, rolling in
from the vastness, and I sat down and let the sea
heal me.
Excerpted from Caught by the Sea
by Gary Paulsen
First-Person Point of View
1st, 2nd, or 3rd Point of View
Excerpted from Guts by Gary Paulsen
I have spent an inordinate amount of time in
wilderness woods, much of it in northern
Minnesota, some in Canada and some in the
Alaskan wilds. I have hunted and trapped and
fished and have been exposed to almost all kinds
of wilderness animals; I’ve had bear come at me,
been stalked by a mountain lion, been bitten by
snakes and punctured by porcupines and torn by
foxes and once pecked by an attacking raven, but
I have never seen anything rivaling the madness
that seems to infect a large portion of the moose
family.
Excerpted from Guts
by Gary Paulsen
First-Person Point of View
1st, 2nd, or 3rd Point of View
Excerpted from Winterkill by Gary Paulsen
And I would like to stop the story of Duda here
and tell how he got his divorce and married
Bonnie and they adopted me and we bought a
farm . . . . That's how it would end in a movie,
with Rock Hudson playing Duda and Doris Day
playing Bonnie, and that's how it should end, and
that's how I dream of it ending almost every
night, until I wake up sweating and remember
that it isn't a movie and it doesn't end that way.
Excerpted from Winterkill
by Gary Paulsen
First-Person Point of View
Third-Person Point of View
Third-person point of view may be written
using several variations.
In the third-person objective the story is
told without describing any character's
thoughts, opinions, or feelings. Think of
this as seeing what a camera can see. A
camera can not see what is going on inside
someone’s mind.
Third-Person Objective
Third-person objective is rarely used except in
easy picture books.
Example
The alarm clock sounded. Brian cut off the
clock and jumped out of bed. He had a smile
on his face.
Third-Person Point of View
In the third-person omniscient, the reader
knows exactly what is going on inside various
characters’ heads in regards to their thoughts
and feelings.
Rob is
Joe is
sad.
Tim is
sneaky.
surprised.
Pete is
in love.
Third-Person Omniscient
Example from Woods Runner by Gary Paulsen
Although Samuel's parents lived in the wilderness,
they were not a part of it. They had been raised in
towns and had been educated in schools where they'd
been taught to read and write and play musical
instruments. They moved west when Samuel was a
baby, so that they could devote themselves to a quiet
life of hard physical work and contemplation. They
loved the woods, but they did not understand
them. Not like Samuel.
(Here the reader knows both the parents’ and
Samuel’s feelings.)
Third-Person Point of View
In third-person limited, the reader knows
only one character's mind, either throughout
the entire work or in a specific section. The
narration is limited to what can be known,
seen, thought, or judged from a single
character's perspective.
Sally wondered
what the boys
were thinking.
Practice with Point of View
http://mrshatzi.com/files/pointofview-ws.pdf
http://www.tusd1.org/resources/curriculum/hs/9R2C1PO1_3.doc
Answer Key with Point of View
Guided Practice
1. first person
2. third person limited
3. third person omniscient
Answer Key with Point of View
1. From Maniac Magee by Jerry Spinelli - third person limited
2. From From the Mixed-Up files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler, by E. L.
Konigsburg - third person limited
3. From The Twenty-One Balloons by William Pene du Bois - first person
4. From Number the Stars by Lois Lowry - third person limited
5. From Missing May by Cynthia Rylant - first person
6. From The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis - third person
omniscient
7. From I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou - first person
8. From The Olympic Games by Theodore Knight - third person limited
9. From “Through the Tunnel” by Doris Lessing - third person omniscient
10. From “Pictures on a Rock” by Brent Ashabranner - third person limited
Conflict
Conflict is the struggle between the
opposing forces on which the action in a
work of literature depends.
In short stories, there is usually one
major conflict. In longer stories, there
could be several conflicts.
Conflict
Some forms of conflict include the
following:
•Person vs. Person
•Person vs. Self
•Person vs. the Environment
•Person vs. Technology
Person vs. Person
A person vs. person conflict is between two forms
of like beings.
Examples
From Where the Red Fern Grows Billy and his dogs are attacked by a mountain
lion, and they must do everything they can to
survive.
From Weasel Nathan is captured by Weasel, an Indian fighter.
Earlier in the book, Weasel had attacked
Nathan's pa, had taken away Pa’s riffle, and had
killed the farm animals.
Person vs. Self
In a person vs. self conflict the main
character has a problem within him/herself.
Examples
From Weasel
Nathan spends the winter months struggling
with his conscious. Should he go back to
Weasel’s cabin to seek revenge or forget
about Weasel?
Person vs. the Environment
In a person vs. the environment conflict a character
is struggling against the forces of nature.
Example:
From Where the Red Fern Grows Little Ann and Old Dan tree a coon in the tallest tree
in the river bottoms.
From Where the Red Fern Grows Billy enters the championship coon hunt and
encounters the snowstorm.
Person vs. Technology
In a person vs. technology conflict, a
character has a problem with robots or
machines.
Example
From Hatchet Brian flying the airplane after the pilot
dies.
Response Cards
Determine the central conflict in each of
the following slides.
Person vs. Person
Person vs. Technology
Person vs. Person
Person vs. Person
Person vs. Self
Person vs. Technology
Person vs. Person
Person vs. Nature
Person vs. Nature
Person vs. Person
Person vs. Nature
Person vs. Person
Person vs. Nature
Person vs. Person
Person vs. Self
Person vs. Person
Person vs. Person
Person vs. Nature
Plot
The plot is the story that is told in a novel, play,
or movie. The plot has five components.
Plot Structure Components
Exposition
Rising Action
Climax
Falling Action
Resolution
Exposition
The exposition is the introduction of the story.
It contains the setting, introduces the main
characters, and gives background information.
It is the information needed to understand a
story.
Rising Action
The rising action is the portion of the story
where a character tries to solve the conflict.
This is the longest part of the story.
Climax
The climax is the tensest moment of the story.
It is the turning point in the story that occurs
when characters try to resolve the
complication.
Falling Action
The falling action is where the characters
begin to apply a solution to the conflict and tie
up loose ends.
Resolution
The resolution is how everything turns out in
the story. It is the set of events that bring the
story to a close.
Plot Structure Components
Plot Structure Components
http://www.kanedlive.org/files/Plot%20Resourc
es.pdf (View page 4.)
Example with Cinderella
http://www.learningthroughlistening.org/Clas
sroom-Teaching-Tools/Strategies-andActivities/Graphic-Organizers/PlotStructure/419/
Theme
The theme is the insight about life or human
nature that the writer shares with the reader.
It is usually not stated directly, but must be
inferred.
The theme is the message of a story. Ask
yourself this question. What should you learn
from the story?
Theme Using Hatchet
Theme
Never give up - Determination
Proof (Evidence)
Brian kept flying the plane and
radioing for help after the pilot died.
Brian hunted and searched for food.
Brian built a shelter to protect himself
from the elements.
Brian kept working until he was able
to get inside the plane to get the
emergency pack.
Theme Using The Maze Runner
Theme
Proof (Evidence)