and the emergence of the Third World

 As the Cold War began to polarize the world, many of the major European powers of the 19 th and early 20 th centuries began to focus on domestic issues, as foreign affairs were dominated by the U.S. and the Soviets.
 Many states in the Middle East, Asia and Africa attained independent status and sought to develop a national identity, while protecting themselves from what seemed to be an inevitable envelopment into the spheres of one of the two superpowers.

 In 1954, Indian PM Nehru made a famous speech in Columbo,
India discussing Sino-Indian relations
 He stated 5 pillars that should guide relations between the two nations
 Respect for territorial integrity
 Mutual non-aggression
 Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
 Equality and mutual benefit
 Peaceful co-existence
 These 5 pillars are established as the Panchscheel, or five principles of peaceful coexistence

• In 1955, 29 states from Asian and African countries representing more than half of the world’s population met in Bandung,
Indonesia, hosted by PM Sukarno, to promote economic and cultural cooperation so that they could…
• attempt to stay out of the Cold War
• oppose colonialism

 Issues discussed:
 France’s control in N. Africa
 Conflict between Netherlands and Indonesia in New
Guinea
 Rights of Arab peoples in Palestine
 Soviet control in E. Europe
 N.B. Chinese PM Zhou Enlai played a major role as a sympathetic leader

 Bandung declaration condemned “colonialism in all of its manifestations”
 It also called for the equitable redistribution of resources for the benefit of poorer states.

NAM
At the invitation of Josip Tito, the members of the Bandung
Conference were invited to
Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961, for a summit, where the Nonaligned Movement (NAM) was officially established.
Key individuals:
Sukarno – Indonesia
Gamal Abdul Nasser – Egypt
Jawaharlal Nehru – India
Kwame Nkrumah – Ghana
Josip Broz Tito - Yugoslavia
Tito, Nasser and Nehru at summit meeting in 1956

 Three major focal issues emerged from Belgrade:
 In relation to the superpowers, the NAM seeks to find a
“third way”
 Protest against colonial rule in Africa and Asia
 The establishment of a new economic order and how to equitably distribute resources around the world
 This agenda was to be known as the “Initiative of Five,” named for the five key individuals

 After the UN Conference on Trade and Development in
Geneva in 1964, the “The Group of 77” was formed.
 These non-aligned states attempted to exert some influence over global affairs in
 The Korean War (1950-1953)
 The Suez Crisis (1956)
 The crisis in the Congo (1960)
 The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
 The Falklands War (1982)
 The Iran/Iraq War (1980-1984)

 Since its founding, there have been over a dozen summits, member nations have swelled to well over 100.
 It has been called “histories’ biggest peace movement”
 It was recognized as a new “voice” in the world.
 French historian, Alfred Sauvy, coined the term the “Third
World” as representative of the non-aligned countries of the world, which he likened to the Third Estate prior to the French
Revolution
 Like the third estate, the Third World has nothing, and wants to be
something. Sauvy in L’Observateur 1952

What impact does the Non-aligned Movement really have?

• Lacked economic and military apparatus to carry out resolutions
• Many member states WERE aligned with one of the two superpowers (e.g. Cuba w/ U.S.S.R.), usually the East
• There were many divisions within the NAM that stymied their progress

 In 1962, Sino-Indian border war breaks out
 In 1963, PM Nehru dies
 In 1970, Nasser dies
 In 1979, Soviets invade Afghanistan

 In 1979, Soviet Foreign Minister, Andrei Gromyko, argued against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by stating, “All the non-aligned countries will be against us.”
 The concept of North-South relations and the responsibility of richer countries towards the Third
World (e.g. Brandt Report in 1980)

 With the end of the Cold War, the term “Third World” is now obsolete.
 In 1992, founding member Yugoslavia broke apart and was expelled from the movement.
 A couple of members withdrew and joined the EU, with
Belarus the only European member remaining
 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Iran) is the current General
Secretary!
 So…

 Resistance to a uni-polar world that controls the machinery of international politics and imposes its will *
 Puerto Rican self-determination
 Anti-Zionism
 Sustainable development, debt relief & fair trade practices
 UN reforms
 South-South cooperation
 Cultural diversity and human rights