Ukrainian National Revolution
1648 – 1676
 In the middle of the XVII century lack of their own
state, progressive loss of the national elite, the church
split, Polonization, stick a catholic faith, the growing
enslavement of the peasantry led people on the
Ukrainian lands to popular uprising.
 The weakness of royal power, the expand of the
influence of Zaporozhian Sich, loss of control on the
part of Poland did this uprising possible.
 A Cossack rebellion in 1648 on the Ukrainian lands under
the leadership of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, turned into the
National War of Liberation from Poland, was later
transformed into the Ukrainian National Revolution 1648 1676.
 In the process of national liberation movement into the
outlook of the Cossack elite was some evolution of the idea
of Cossack autonomy to the creation of an independent
state.
 The basis of state building was the military model of
territorial division and organization of public power of
Zaporozhian Sich.
 Under
the command of Hetman Bohdan
Khmelnytsky, the Zaporozhian Cossacks allied with
the Crimean Tatars and local peasantry and fought
several
battles
against
the
armies
and
paramilitary forces of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth.
 The result was an eradication of the control of the
Polish szlachta and their Jewish intermediaries, and
the end of ecclesiastical jurisdiction for the Latin Rite
Catholics over the country.
 The Ukrainian National Revolution 1648-1676 resulted
in the incorporation of Ukraine (lands located eastward
from the river Dnieper) into the Tsardom of Russia at
the Pereiaslav Agreement, where the Cossacks swore an
oath of allegiance to the tsar.
 This, according to poet Taras Shevchenko, brought
about his people's "enslavement" under Russia.
 The Ukrainian National Revolution 1648 - 1676 started as the
rebellion of the Cossacks, but as other Orthodox
Christian classes (peasants, burghers, petty nobility) of the
Ukrainian lands joined them, the ultimate aim became a
creation of the Ukrainian Cossack Autonomous State.
 The Ukrainian National Revolution succeeded in ending Polish
influence over those Cossack lands that were eventually taken
by the Tsardom of Russia.
 These events, along with internal conflicts and hostilities
with Sweden and Russia, resulted in severely diminished Polish
power during this period (referred to in Polish history as The
Deluge).
The reasons of the Ukrainian National Revolution
 Religious oppression
 National oppression
 Social oppression
Purpose of the Ukrainian National
Revolution
 Ending of Polish rule
 The creation of the Ukrainian state in its ethnic
boundaries
 Abolition of serfdom
 Abolition of feudal land
The nature of the Ukrainian National Revolution
 Antireligious
 National Liberation
 Antifeudal
The Ukrainian National Revolution participants
 Cossacks
 Villagers
 Townsfolk
 Part of the Ukrainian
clergy
 Small and middle gentry
The main provisions of the Treaty of Zboriv
 Rzeczpospolita recognizes the existence of the Ukrainian




Cossack State, the head of which is the Hetman.
Recognition of the Orthodox Church. It was granted
privileges.
Governmental offices in the Cossack Hetmanate could be
held only by Cossack leaders.
There are three province in Ukraine: Kiev Voivodeship,
Bratslav Voivodeship, and Chernihiv Voivodeship.
The number of Registered Cossacks increased up to 40
thousand.
The main provisions of
the Treaty of Bila Tserkva
 The number of Registered Cossacks was reduced to
20,000 and their residence restricted to the area of the
Kiev Voivodeship.
 Additionally, the Brastlav and Chernihiv palatinates
were given back to Polish governmental administrators,
and the noblemen were permitted to return to their
properties.
Recent events of the Ukrainian National Revolution
 After approval of the Treaty of Bila Tserkva Khmelnytsky
increasingly aware that their own efforts to break out
against Polish rule, with only an unreliable ally - Tatars
fails.
 As a result, Khmelnytsky seek to conclude an alliance
through dynastic marriage, but in 1653 his son Tymish
tragically dies.
 And after a series of unfulfilled attempts Hetman goes
Pereyaslav Treaty, which concluded in 1654.
The aftermath
 Within a few months almost all Polish nobles, officials
and priests had been wiped out or driven from the lands
of present-day Ukraine.
 The Commonwealth population losses in the uprising
were over one million.
 In addition, Jews had substantial losses because they
were the most numerous and accessible representatives
of the szlachta regime.
 The uprising began a period in Polish history known
as The Deluge (which included the Swedish invasion of
the Commonwealth during the Second Northern War),
that temporarily freed the Ukrainians from Polish
domination but in a short time subjected it to Russian
domination.
 Weakened by wars, in 1654 Khmelnytsky persuaded the
Cossacks to ally with the Russian tsar in the Treaty of
Pereyaslav, which led to the Russo-Polish War (16541667).
• When Poland-Lithuania and Russia agreed
on to truce and anti-Swedish alliance in
1657, Khmelnytski's Cossacks supported
the invasion of the Commonwealth by
Sweden's Transylvanian allies instead.
• Although the Commonwealth tried to
regain influence over Cossacks (of note is
the Treaty of Hadiach of 1658), the new
Cossack subjects became even more loyal to
Russia.
• With the Commonwealth becoming increasingly weak,
Cossacks became more and more integrated into
the Russian Empire, with their autonomy and privileges
eroded.
• The remnants of these privileges were gradually
abolished in the aftermath of the Great Northern
War in which hetman Ivan Mazepa sided with Sweden.
• By the time the partitions of Poland ended the existence
of the Commonwealth in 1795, many Cossacks had
already left Ukraine to colonize the Kuban.
Historical significance
The Ukrainian National Revolution 1648–1676 had
considerable importance in the history of
Ukraine:
 It led to the creation of the National Ukrainian State -
Hetmanate which existed on the territory of the Left Bank in
the Russian Empire until the last quarter of the XVII
century.
 During its development formed National State Idea,
fluttering in the Ukrainian people a Sense of National
Identity, which later played an important role in the struggle
for independence.
 Strengthened the tradition of struggle against the
national religious and social oppression, awakened
the people's will to self-assertion and self-expression
in the form of the nation-state.
 Led to the consolidation of the state lie within the
name "Ukraine" and started changing the name "Rus
people" for "Ukrainian people".
 Among the Cossack elite for the first time in the history
of Ukrainian political thought was clearly formulated
the fundamentals of the National State Idea:
- the right of the Ukrainian people to establish their own
state in the ethnic boundaries of residence;
- Independence and unity of the Ukrainian state;
- genetic link of the Cossack State with the Kyivan Rus’,
the continuity of borders, traditions and culture of the
Middle Ages.