Ch. 21 PPT Notes
The Furnace of Civil War
Bull Run Ends the “Ninety-Day War”
• July 1861 - Battle of Bull Run: At first, battle went
well for the Union, but Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
stood firm. Confederate reinforcements arrived –
Union army fled.
• Significance: Overconfidence in the South – Soldiers
deserted; some feeling the war was over.
• North – Realized the war wasn’t going to be over
quickly
“Tardy George” McClellan and the
Peninsula Campaign
• General McClellan: Commander of Army of Potomac
• Great organizer and morale booster, but overcautious
–continued to drill troops and didn’t move, so Lincoln
ordered him to advance.
• Peninsula Campaign- McClellan approaches
Richmond via rivers – captures Yorktown; continues
toward Richmond, but driven back by Robert E. Lee in
the Seven Days’ Battle (Summer 1862)
• Significance: If Union had captured Richmond, South
wouldn’t have lost much of their way of life.
• However, Lincoln decided that South can’t try to break
apart the govt., then come back into the Union without
consequences. So Lincoln began to draft an
Emancipation Proclamation.
Peninsula Campaign 1862
Name that General!
Name that General!
Name that General!
Name that General!
What was the North’s Military Plan
to win the Civil War?
Northern Military Plan: 6 Parts
• Suffocate South by sea blockade.
• Free slaves to undermine South’s economy.
• Seize control of Mississippi River to cut the
Confederacy in half.
• Send troops to Georgia and the Carolinas.
• Capture Richmond.
• Engage the South’s main strength and overtake
them.
The War at Sea
• Blockade wasn’t complete, but focused on South’s
main ports. (coast too large to cover all)
• Blockade running occurred using swift steamers–
risky but large profits; exchanged arms for cotton.
• Northern Navy enforced blockade by seizing British
freighters.
• Southerners plated the sides of the Merrimack
(renamed Virginia) with iron railroad rails. Merrimack
destroyed two wooden Union ships.
• North Response: Union sent the ironclad Monitor to
attack the Merrimack. Confederates eventually
destroyed the Merrimack so the Union wouldn’t get a
hold of it.
Blockade
Pivotal Point: Antietam
• Aug. 1862: Second Battle of Bull Run – Gen. Robert
E. Lee against Union Gen. John Pope. South won!
• Battle of Antietam, Maryland: General Lee against
Union General McClellan. Lee’s battle plan was found
so General McClellan successful in stopping General
Lee’s march on Border State of Maryland. (battle was
a draw). Lee went South, and McClellan didn’t go
after him. McClellan lost his command.
• Significance: This “victory” for the North became the
springboard for Lincoln to launch a preliminary
Emancipation Proclamation in Sept. 1862.
“After Jan. 1, 1863, the character of the war will be
changed…the South is to be destroyed and replaced…”
A Proclamation Without Emancipation
• Sept. 1862 – Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
• Jan. 1, 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation: Declared
“forever free” the slaves in the Confederates states in
rebellion.
• Slaves in Border States weren’t affected since
Lincoln concerned they would break away. “Thus the
Emancipation Proclamation was stronger on
proclamation than emancipation.”
• Thousands of slaves flocked to Union armies. 1 in 7
slaves ran away to Union camps.
• Strengthened moral cause of the Union and removed
any chance of negotiated settlement.
• Military desertions increased sharply as not everyone
agreed with the Proclamation.
Emancipation Proclamation
Blacks Battle Bondage
• North: Beginning of war – no Blacks in the army.
Union Navy had Blacks as cooks, stewards, and
firemen.
• Need for manpower – Blacks eventually accepted and
by end of war about 180,000 Blacks served in the
Union army.
• High casualties – more than 38,000 died. If captured,
many were put to death as slaves in revolt.
Blacks in the South
• South: Didn’t enlist Blacks until a month before war
ended. However, tens of thousands of Blacks
forced into war related labor.
• Slave resistance: slowdowns, strikes, defiance, and
undermined discipline.
• Slaves served as: Union spies, guides, scouts, or
provided shelter to war prisoners.
• At end of war: half million slaves fled from the
plantations.
• Many who stayed negotiated new working
conditions in factories or on farms.
Battles Continue
• Lincoln replaced McClellan as commander of the Army
of the Potomac with General Burnside
• Dec. 1862: Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia – Union
General Burnside attacked General Lee’s position.
Union lost the battle - about 12,000 casualties.
• May 1863: Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia –
General Lee divided his forces and sent “Stonewall”
Jackson to attack much larger Union force lead by
General Joseph Hooker. Lee won a brilliant victory,
but unfortunately “Stonewall” Jackson was mistakenly
shot by his own men and died.
• General Lee: “I have lost my right arm.”
Rest in Peace
Great General: Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
Battle of Gettysburg
• July 1863: Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
(Northernmost point reached by Confederate Army)
For 3 days, Union troops led by General George
Meade fought Confederate troops led by Gen. Lee
and General George Pickett. On 3rd day, Confederate
General Pickett’s brave charge up Cemetery Ridge
failed. Confederate army retreated.
• Significance: Last real chance for Confederacy to win
the war, but this loss broke the heart and back of the
Confederate cause.
• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address: invoked principles of
human equality and to ensure that democracy would
remain a possible form of government
The War in the West
• Feb. 1862, General Ulysses S. Grant: 1st success in
Tennessee – Captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson.
• Significance: Kentucky more secured to the Union and
opened gateway to Tennessee and Georgia.
• April 1862: Battle of Shiloh, TN – Confederate forces
launched surprise attack on Gen. Grant. North won!
• May 1863: Battle of Vicksburg, Miss. - Grant’s best
fought campaign; Union General Grant and his Army
of the Tennessee crossed the Miss. River - drove
Confederate army & Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into
defensive lines surrounding city of Vicksburg: 5 days
later Port Hudson fell - South loses control of Miss.
River.
Election of 1864
The Election of 1864
• Lincoln’s re-election depended on keeping Republican support
and defeating the threat from Peace Democrats and
Copperheads. VP running mate = Andrew Johnson.
• Republican party joined with War Democrats to become the
Union party.
• Democrat candidate: Gen. George McClellan
• Lincoln benefited from Northern victories in battle, plus
Northern soldiers were furloughed home to vote for Lincoln.
 Peace Democrats and Copperheads: Northern Democrats who
opposed Civil War, wanting immediate peace settlement with
Confederates. Most famous Copperhead was Ohio's Clement
L. Vallandigham, a Congressman.
Grant Outlasts Lee
• After Gettysburg, General Grant replaced Meade.
• General Lee had fewer men.
• April 1865: Northern troops captured Richmond
and cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in
Virginia.
• Gen. Grant met with Gen. Lee - made terms and
signed surrender document
• Confederate Gen Joseph
Johnston's army was still fighting
the Union Army
General
Grant
Lincoln Assassinated
• April 14, 1865 – only 5 days after Gen. Lee’s
surrender: pro-Southern stage actor, John Wilkes
Booth fatally shot Pres. Lincoln at Ford’s Theater.
• Southerners realize Lincoln’s death was a calamity
for them. Lincoln’s moderation would have been
better than viewpoint of the Congress.
• Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes president.
• Booth was shot less than
2 weeks later by a union
soldier
Aftermath of Civil War
• Over 600,000 killed and over 400,000 wounded. Cost
about $15 billion.
• Nation was re-united politically, though for generations
still divided by the war.
• South collapsed - both economically and socially.
• 13 Amendment: passed by Senate, April 8, 1864;
passed by the House on Jan. 31, 1865; and adopted
Dec. 6, 1865.
What does the Federal government
need to do to re-unite North and South?
• (What does North and South need to do to
re-unite politically?
Why is Antietam considered the
turning point in the Civil War?
Why did Lincoln declare his
Emancipation Proclamation? What
did it really achieve?
Essential Questions
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Why did both the North and the South believe that it would be a
short war?
Why is Antietam considered the turning point in the Civil War?
Why did Lincoln declare his Emancipation Proclamation? What
did it really achieve?
To what extent did both free and enslaved blacks contribute to the
war effort?
What was the significance of Gettysburg?
How did General Sherman’s military strategy presage modern
warfare of the 20th century?
What finally led to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox?
How did Lincoln’s assassination change the outcome of the Civil
War?
What are some of the long-term influences of the Civil War?
To what extent did the Civil War benefit the freed slaves?