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Chapter Introduction
Section 1 Communist China
Section 2 Independent States in South
and Southeast Asia
Section 3 Japan and the Pacific
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
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Key Events
As you read, look for the key events in the
history of postwar Asia. 
• Communists in China introduced socialist
measures and drastic reforms under the
leadership of Mao Zedong. 
• After World War II, India gained its
independence from Britain and divided
into two separate countries–India and
Pakistan. 
• Japan modernized its economy and
society after 1945 and became one of
the world’s economic giants.
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The Impact Today
The events that occurred during this time
period still impact our lives today. 
• Today China and Japan play significant
roles in world affairs: China for political
and military reasons, Japan for economic
reasons. 
• India and Pakistan remain rivals. In 1998,
India carried out nuclear tests and
Pakistan responded by testing its own
nuclear weapons. 
• Although the people of Taiwan favor
independence, China remains committed
to eventual unification.
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Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be
able to: 
• describe economic and political changes
in China. 
• describe the Chinese culture. 
• describe China’s role in the Cold War and
the Korean War. 
• identify and describe India and Pakistan’s
formation and evolution. 
• explain religious, social, and cultural life in
India.
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Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be
able to:
• identify and describe the independent
states of Southeast Asia. 
• explain the allied occupation of Japan. 
• describe Japan’s transformation since
1945.
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Communist China
Main Ideas
• Mao Zedong established a socialist society in
China. 
• After Mao’s death, modified capitalist
techniques were used to encourage growth
in industry and farming. 
Key Terms
• commune 
• permanent revolution 
• per capita
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Communist China
People to Identify
• Deng Xiaoping

• Richard Nixon 
Places to Locate
• Taiwan 
• South Korea 
• North Korea
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Communist China
Preview Questions
• How did the Great Leap Forward and the Great
Proletarian Cultural Revolution affect China? 
• What were the major economic, social, and
political developments in China after the death
of Mao Zedong?
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Communist China
Preview of Events
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Today, English is the most widely studied
foreign language in China.
Civil War and the Great Leap
Forward
• By 1945, China had two governments. 
• The United States supported the
Nationalist government of Chiang
Kai-shek, based in southern and central
China. 
• The Communist government led by Mao
Zedong was based in North China.
(pages 941–942)
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Civil War and the Great Leap
Forward (cont.)
• In 1945, war between the Nationalists and
the Communists broke out. 
• Millions of peasants joined Mao’s
People’s Liberation Army because they
were promised land. 
• Mao’s Communist army defeated the
Nationalist army. 
• Chiang and his followers fled to Taiwan. 
• The Communist Party, led by Mao
Zedong, now ruled China.
(pages 941–942)
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Civil War and the Great Leap
Forward (cont.)
• In 1955, the Chinese government started
a program to build a socialist society. 
• Most private farmland was collectivized,
and most industry and commerce was
nationalized.
(pages 941–942)
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Civil War and the Great Leap
Forward (cont.)
• In 1958, Mao introduced the Great Leap
Forward. 
• This program combined collective farms
into large communes. 
• The program failed miserably, and millions
of Chinese died of starvation. 
• In 1960, the government began to break
up the communes and return to collective
farms.
(pages 941–942)
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Civil War and the Great Leap
Forward (cont.)
Why did the Great Leap Forward fail?
Bad weather and the peasants’ hatred of
the new system drove food production
down. As a result, millions of Chinese
died of starvation.
(pages 941–942)
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The Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution
• Mao believed that only permanent
revolution, an atmosphere of constant
revolutionary fervor, could produce the
final stage of communism, a classless
society. 
• In 1966, Mao started the Great
Proletarian Cultural Revolution
to create a working class culture.
(pages 942–943)
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The Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution (cont.)
• The Little Red Book, a collection of
Mao’s thoughts, provided knowledge in all
areas. 
• The Red Guards were formed to eliminate
the “Four Olds”–old ideas, old culture, old
customs, and old habits. 
• People who did not follow Mao’s program
were viciously attacked. 
• Intellectuals and artists, accused of being
pro-Western, were especially targeted.
(pages 942–943)
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The Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution (cont.)
• Key groups of Chinese, disgusted by the
actions of the Red Guard, began to turn
against the Cultural Revolution.
(pages 942–943)
The Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution (cont.)
Why were the Red Guards formed in
China?
These revolutionary groups, composed
largely of young people, were formed to
eliminate the “Four Olds”–old ideas, old
culture, old customs, and old habits. They
did this by destroying temples, books
written by foreigners, and foreign music.
Street signs were changed to ones
carrying revolutionary names.
(pages 942–943)
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China After Mao
• After Mao Zedong’s death in 1976, Deng
Xiaoping and his practical-minded reform
group gained control of China. 
• They ended the Cultural Revolution. 
• Deng Xiaoping’s government followed a
policy called the Four Modernizations,
focusing on industry, agriculture,
technology, and national defense. 
• Overall, modernization worked. 
• Per capita income and the standard of
living of most Chinese rose.
(pages 942–943)
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China After Mao (cont.)
• In the late 1980s, as many Chinese began
to study abroad, information about
Western society reached educated people
in China. 
• They called for democracy. 
• In 1989, student protesters called for an
end to corruption and demanded the
resignation of Communist Party leaders. 
• Demonstrators in Tiananmen Square
in Beijing were crushed by Chinese tanks
and troops.
(pages 942–943)
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China After Mao (cont.)
• In the 1990s, China’s human rights
violations, its desire to unify with Taiwan,
and its increasing military power created
strained relations with the West.
(pages 942–943)
China After Mao (cont.)
What happened to the democracy
movement in China in the 1980s?
The democracy movement was
crushed by Chinese tanks and
troops at Tiananmen Square in
1989.
(pages 942–943)
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Chinese Society Under Communism
• Under Communist Party rule, women were
allowed to take part in politics and were
given equal rights with men. 
• The Communist regime tried to destroy
the influence of the traditional family
system. 
• After the death of Mao Zedong, China
experienced a return to family traditions. 
• Today, many young Chinese have
adopted Western styles.
(page 944)
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Chinese Society Under Communism
(cont.)
Why did China’s Communist regime try to
eliminate the traditional family system?
To Communists, loyalty to the family
undercut the state and was against the
basic principle of Marxism–dedication to
society at large.
(page 944)
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China and the World : The Cold
War in Asia
• In August 1945, the Soviet Union and the
United States agreed to divide Korea into
two zones at the 38th parallel. 
• After the war, Korea was to hold elections
to reunify the country. 
• As American-Soviet relations grew worse,
however, two separate governments
emerged in Korea–a Communist one in
the north and an anti-Communist one in
the south.
(pages 945–946)
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China and the World : The Cold
War in Asia (cont.)
• In 1950, North Korean troops invaded
South Korea. 
• President Truman, with the support of
the UN, sent U.S. troops to repel the
invaders. 
• The Chinese sent troops into North
Korea and pushed the UN forces back,
south of the 38th parallel.
(pages 945–946)
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China and the World : The Cold
War in Asia (cont.)
• An armistice was signed in 1953. 
• The 38th parallel remains the border
between North Korea and South Korea.
(pages 945–946)
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China and the World : The Cold
War in Asia (cont.)
• In the late 1950s and 1960s, relations
between China and the Soviet Union
deteriorated. 
• In 1972, President Richard Nixon
became the first United States president
to visit the People’s Republic of China. 
• In 1979, China and the United States
established diplomatic ties. 
• Chinese relations with the Soviet Union
improved in the 1980s.
(pages 945–946)
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China and the World : The Cold
War in Asia (cont.)
• By the 1990s, China was playing an
increasingly active role in Asian affairs.
• By the 2002, trade relations with the
United States were normalized, and China
joined the World Trade Organization.
(pages 945–946)
China and the World : The Cold
War in Asia (cont.)
What caused the Cold War in Asia?
In 1950, China signed a pact with the
Soviet Union. Some Americans began to
worry about a Communist desire for
world domination. The outbreak of war
in Korea made it clear that the Cold War
had arrived in Asia.
(pages 945–946)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
C 1. per person
A. commune
__
B 2. an atmosphere of constant
revolutionary fervor favored
by Mao Zedong to enable
China to overcome the past
and achieve the final stage
of communism
B. permanent
revolution
__
A 3. in China during the 1950s,
a group of collective farms,
each of which contained
more than 30,000 people
who lived and worked
together
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C. per capita
Checking for Understanding
Explain the original plan developed by
the United States and the Soviet
Union for the future of Korea.
The original plan was to hold elections
after World War II to reunify Korea.
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Checking for Understanding
List the actions the Chinese
government took to promote
technological development.
The Chinese government invited
foreign investors and sent students
abroad to study science, technology,
and business.
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Critical Thinking
Compare and Contrast Identify the
changes the Communist takeover
brought to China during the 1950s.
Then, compare and contrast how
policies have changed in China since
the 1970s.
In the1950s, the Communist takeover
collectivized and nationalized industry
and maintained ties to the Soviet
Union. Since the 1970s, relations with
the United States have improved, and
industry has been modernized.
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Analyzing Visuals
Compare the photographs on pages
940 and 941of your textbook. Imagine
you are in each photo. What are you
expressing? Is more than one point of
view being expressed in each photo?
What are some of the things that
might happen to you after the event
shown in each photo? How will you be
remembered by historians?
The photo on page 940 expresses the
desire for democracy. The photo on
page 941expresses support for Mao
and communism.
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Close
Review events in the Great Leap
Forward and the Cultural Revolution.
Describe what changes took place
after Mao’s death. Summarize
significant events related to the spread
of communism, including worldwide
political and economic effects.
Independent States in South
and Southeast Asia
Main Ideas
• British India was divided into two states: India,
mostly Hindu, and Pakistan, mostly Muslim. 
• Many of the newly independent states of
Southeast Asia attempted to form democratic
governments but often fell subject to military
regimes. 
Key Terms
• stalemate 
• discrimination
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Independent States in South
and Southeast Asia
People to Identify
• Pol Pot 
• Ferdinand Marcos 
Places to Locate
• Punjab 
• Bangladesh
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Independent States in South
and Southeast Asia
Preview Questions
• What policies did Jawaharlal Nehru put into
effect in India? 
• What internal and external problems did the
Southeast Asian nations face after 1945?
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Independent States in South
and Southeast Asia
Preview of Events
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In 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi won the Nobel
Peace Prize for her work in trying to
establish democracy in Burma. She could
not accept the prize because she was
under house arrest by the military
government there. The government
offered to free her if she would leave the
country. She refused to leave until Burma
had a civilian government.
India Divided
• After World War II, British India was
divided into two countries based on
religion–(Hindu) India and (Muslim)
Pakistan. 
• Pakistan consisted of two regions
separated by India–West Pakistan and
East Pakistan.
(pages 952–953)
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India Divided (cont.)
• In 1947, India and Pakistan became
independent. 
• Muslims fled to Pakistan, Hindus to
India. 
• The mass migrations led to great
violence. 
• Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated
by a Hindu militant.
(pages 952–953)
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India Divided (cont.)
Why did India’s leaders decide to divide
British India into India and Pakistan?
British India’s Muslims and Hindus were
bitterly divided.
(pages 952–953)
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The New India
• The newly independent India had a
parliamentary form of government led by
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the
Congress Party. 
• Nehru wanted India to have a moderate
socialist economic structure. 
• India developed a large industrial sector. 
• Industrial production almost tripled
between 1950 and 1965.
(pages 953–954)
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The New India (cont.)
• Indira Gandhi became prime minister of
India after the death of Nehru, her father. 
• She ruled for most of the time from 1966
to 1984. 
• India’s growing population, high poverty
rates, and ethnic and religious differences
caused problems.
(pages 953–954)
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The New India (cont.)
• Militant Sikhs demanded that Punjab
become independent from India. 
• Gandhi used military force against Sikh
rebels, killing many of them. 
• She was assassinated in retaliation.
(pages 953–954)
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The New India (cont.)
• Indira Gandhi’s son, Rajiv Gandhi,
became prime minister after his mother’s
death. 
• He encouraged private enterprise and
foreign investment. 
• There was a growth in India’s middle
class. 
• He was assassinated in 1991 while
campaigning for reelection.
(pages 953–954)
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The New India (cont.)
• Tension between Hindus and Muslims
continues to threaten India’s stability. 
• Tensions between India and Pakistan
escalated when each country became a
nuclear power.
(pages 953–954)
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The New India (cont.)
What problems have faced India since its
independence?
India has faced a growing population, a
worsening poverty for many people,
growing ethnic and religious strife, and
assassinations of government leaders.
(pages 953–954)
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Pakistan
• East Pakistan and West Pakistan are very
different in nature. 
• West Pakistan is a dry and mountainous
area. 
• East Pakistan has marshy land densely
populated with rice farmers.
(page 954)
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Pakistan (cont.)
• East Pakistanis felt that the government
located in West Pakistan ignored their
needs. 
• After a brief civil war, East Pakistan
became the new nation of Bangladesh. 
• Pakistan (as West Pakistan is now called)
and Bangladesh have had difficulty
establishing stable governments.
(page 954)
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Pakistan (cont.)
Why did Pakistan have intense internal
conflicts after it gained independence?
There was a growing division between
East and West Pakistan. East Pakistanis
felt that the government located in West
Pakistan ignored their needs.
(page 954)
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Southeast Asia
• Colonies in Southeast Asia gained their
independence after World War II. 
• In 1946, the United States granted total
independence to the Philippines. 
• Great Britain granted independence to
Burma in 1948 and to Malaya in 1957. 
• In 1949, the United States pressured the
Netherlands into granting independence
to Indonesia and the non-Communist
government set up by Achmed Sukarno.
(pages 954–956)
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Southeast Asia (cont.)
• The local Communist Party and Ho Chi
Minh led the independence movement
against France in Vietnam. 
• In 1945, the Vietminh–an alliance of
forces under Communist leadership–took
control of most of Vietnam. 
• The French, however, refused to accept
the new government and took control of
the southern part of the country.
(pages 954–956)
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Southeast Asia (cont.)
• France fought Ho Chi Minh’s Vietminh for
control of Vietnam. 
• In 1954, France agreed to a peace
settlement. 
• Vietnam was divided–the Communists
were based in Hanoi in the north and the
non-Communists were based in Saigon in
the south. 
• By early 1965, the South Vietnamese
Communist guerrillas known as Viet Cong
were ready to seize control of the entire
country.
(pages 954–956)
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Southeast Asia (cont.)
• The United States had been providing aid
to South Vietnam, but in March 1965,
President Lyndon Johnson decided to
send U.S. troops there to prevent a
Communist victory. 
• By the end of the 1960s, the Vietnam War
reached a stalemate–neither side was
able to make significant gains. 
• In 1973, President Nixon reached an
agreement with North Vietnam that
allowed the United States to withdraw
its forces.
(pages 954–956)
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Southeast Asia (cont.)
• Within two years, Vietnam was forcibly
reunited by Communist armies. 
• By the end of 1975, Laos and Cambodia
also had Communist regimes. 
• The dictator Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer
Rouge, established a brutal revolutionary
regime in Cambodia. 
• The Communist victory in Indochina did
not lead to the “falling dominoes” that
many U.S. policy makers had feared.
(pages 954–956)
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Southeast Asia (cont.)
• At first, many of the newly independent
states in Southeast Asia hoped to form
democratic, capitalist states. 
• By the end of the 1950s, rapid economic
growth had not occurred. 
• This weakened newly democratic
countries and opened the way for military
and one-party autocratic regimes.
(pages 954–956)
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Southeast Asia (cont.)
• Recently, some Southeast Asian countries
have again moved toward more
democratic governments. 
• In the Philippines, President Ferdinand
Marcos came to power in 1965. 
• After Marcos was forced from office in
1986, Corazon Aquino became president
and worked for democratic reforms. 
• In 2001, Gloria Arroyo was elected. She
focused on the economy and terrorism.
(pages 954–956)
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Southeast Asia (cont.)
• Women’s roles have changed in South
and Southeast Asia. 
• In India, the 1950 constitution forbade
discrimination, or prejudice, based on
gender and called for equal pay for equal
work.
(pages 954–956)
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Southeast Asia (cont.)
What were the effects of France’s refusal to grant
independence to Vietnam?
France fought Communist Ho Chi Minh’s Vietminh
for control of Vietnam. In 1954, France agreed to a
peace settlement in which Vietnam was divided into
two parts, with the Communist government in the
north and a non-Communist government in the
south. In 1965, the United States sent troops to
Vietnam to stop the spread of communism. By the
end of the 1960s, the war reached a stalemate. In
1973, the United States reached an agreement with
North Vietnam to withdraw its forces. Within two
years, Vietnam was forcefully reunited under a
Communist government.
(pages 954–956)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
B 1. prejudice, usually based
on race, religion, class, sex,
or age
A. stalemate
B. discrimination
__
A 2. the condition that exists
when neither of two opposing
sides is able to make significant
gains
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Checking for Understanding
Explain how the reunification of
Vietnam under Communist rule
affected the region.
The reunification of Vietnam under
Communist rule contributed to
Communist rule in Laos and Cambodia.
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Checking for Understanding
Summarize Nehru’s vision of the new
India.
It combined a parliamentary form of
government led by a prime minister
with a moderate socialist economic
structure.
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Critical Thinking
Evaluate Has the division of British
India into two countries been
beneficial? Explain your answer.
The division allowed groups more
autonomy but left a legacy of conflict.
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Analyzing Visuals
Examine the photograph on page 953
of your textbook, then locate Amritsar
on the map. How does Amritsar’s
location support the statement that
Sikhism has been influenced by both
Hinduism and Islam?
The city is located in Hindu-dominated
India but is near a traditionally Muslim
region.
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Close
Discuss the problems that ethnic,
religious, economic, and social forces
create when countries become
independent.
Japan and the Pacific
Main Ideas
• Japan and the “Asian tigers” have created
successful industrial societies. 
• Although Australia and New Zealand have
identified themselves culturally and politically
with Europe, in recent years they have been
drawing closer to their Asian neighbors. 
Key Terms
• occupied 
• state capitalism
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Japan and the Pacific
People to Identify
• Douglas MacArthur 
• Kim Il Sung 
• Syngman Rhee 
Places to Locate
• Singapore 
• Hong Kong
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Japan and the Pacific
Preview Questions
• What important political, economic, and social
changes have occurred in Japan since 1945? 
• What did the “Asian tigers” accomplish in Asia?
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Japan and the Pacific
Preview of Events
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listen to the audio again.
The Sony Corporation of Japan bought the
rights to manufacture transistors–the basis
for all electronic equipment–from an
American company.
The Allied Occupation
• From 1945 to 1952, Japan was an
occupied country. 
• Its lands were held and controlled by
Allied military forces. 
• United States general Douglas
MacArthur was commander of the
occupation administration, which
instituted reforms in Japan. 
• In September 1951, Japanese
independence was restored in a peace
treaty signed by the World War II allies,
except the Soviet Union.
(pages 957–958)
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The Allied Occupation (cont.)
How did Japanese society change as an
occupied country under the direction of
General MacArthur?
Japanese society was remodeled along
Western lines. A new constitution renounced
war as a national policy. Japan agreed to
maintain armed forces at levels that were only
sufficient for self-defense. The constitution
established a parliamentary system,
guaranteed basic civil and political rights, and
gave women the right to vote.
(pages 957–958)
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The Japanese Miracle
• After World War II, Japan rapidly emerged
as an economic giant. 
• Japan’s new constitution included the
principles of universal suffrage and
balance of power among the three
branches of government. 
• Japan today is a stable democratic
society. 
• Japan’s political system also retains some
of Japan’s nineteenth-century political
system under the Meiji.
(pages 958–960)
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The Japanese Miracle (cont.)
• Japan’s economic system has been
described as “state capitalism.” 
• The central government establishes price
and wage policies and subsidizes vital
industries. 
• During Japan’s occupation, Allied officials
had planned to dismantle the zaibatsu–
Japan’s large business conglomerations. 
• The rise of the Cold War caused this plan
to be scaled back.
(pages 958–960)
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The Japanese Miracle (cont.)
• Under the land-reform program, the
occupation administration was able to
create a strong class of independent
farmers. 
• Today, Japan is the greatest exporter in
the world and has a per capita income
equal to or greater than most Western
countries.
(pages 958–960)
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The Japanese Miracle (cont.)
• Allied planners hoped to eliminate the
aggressive behavior of the Japanese by
creating a new educational system that
removed references to patriotism and
loyalty to the emperor. 
• This new system stressed individualism.

• However, Japanese society retained
much of its distinctive traditional
characteristics, including a strong work
ethic.
(pages 958–960)
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The Japanese Miracle (cont.)
• Japanese women are legally protected
against employment discrimination, yet
few have reached senior levels in
business or politics.
(pages 958–960)
The Japanese Miracle (cont.)
• After the Japanese defeat in World War II,
many Japanese writers feared the
Americanization of Japan. 
• Today Japanese writers deal with the
common concerns of all the wealthy
industrialized nations.
(pages 958–960)
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The Japanese Miracle (cont.)
Why has Japan’s economy been so
successful?
(pages 958–960)
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The Japanese Miracle (cont.)
The Japanese are group oriented and cooperate
with one another. They are hardworking and
frugal. They are more likely to save than spend
their money. This boosts the savings rate and
labor productivity. The labor force is highly skilled.
The Japanese have common values and respond
in similar ways to challenges. Also, since Japan’s
industries were destroyed in World War II, the
country was forced to build new, modern factories.
Japanese workers spend longer amounts of time
at their jobs than do workers in other industrial
societies. Innovations are rewarded. Corporations
maintain good management-labor relations.
(pages 958–960)
The “Asian Tigers”
• Besides Japan, the Asian countries of
South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and the
region of Hong Kong have become
economic powerhouses. 
• After the Korean War, the Communist Kim
Il Sung ruled North Korea, and Syngman
Rhee ruled South Korea. 
• In 1960, South Korea experienced
demonstrations against harsh rule
and government corruption.
(pages 961–962)
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The “Asian Tigers” (cont.)
• In 1961, General Chung Hee Park was put
in power. 
• In 1963, he was elected president and
began to strengthen South Korea’s
economy through land reform and new
industries. 
• Demonstrations against military rule
began to develop however. 
• Democracy came to South Korea in 1997,
when reformer Kim Tae-jung was elected
president.
(pages 961–962)
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The “Asian Tigers” (cont.)
• After being defeated by the Communists
in mainland China, Chiang Kai-shek and
his followers established the capital of the
Republic of China at Taipei, Taiwan. 
• American military forces protected
Chiang’s government. 
• This, along with foreign aid and the efforts
of its people, enabled the country to build
a modern industrialized society. 
• By 2000, free elections had enabled
opposition parties to win control of the
presidency and the legislature.
(pages 961–962)
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The “Asian Tigers” (cont.)
• The People’s Republic of China is
determined to unite Taiwan with mainland
China.
(pages 961–962)
The “Asian Tigers” (cont.)
• Singapore is an independent state. 
• Under Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew,
Singapore developed an industrial
society. 
• It is also the banking center of the region. 
• Singapore has an authoritarian political
system, but many citizens are beginning
to demand more political freedoms.
(pages 961–962)
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The “Asian Tigers” (cont.)
• Hong Kong is an industrial powerhouse
with a very high standard of living. 
• In 1997, Great Britain returned control of
Hong Kong to mainland China.
(pages 961–962)
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The “Asian Tigers” (cont.)
Why are South Korea, Taiwan,
Singapore, and Hong Kong called the
“Asian tigers”?
These countries imitated Japan in
creating successful industrial societies.
(pages 961–962)
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Australia and New Zealand
• Australia and New Zealand align culturally
and politically with Europe rather than with
Asia. 
• Both are members of the British
Commonwealth. 
• Recently both Australia and New Zealand
have been drawn closer to Asia. 
• Immigration from East and Southeast Asia
has increased rapidly. 
• Also, trade relations with Asia are rapidly
increasing.
(pages 962)
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Australia and New Zealand (cont.)
Why do Australia and New Zealand
identify themselves with Europe rather
than Asia?
The political institutions and values of
Australia and New Zealand are derived
from European models. Their
economies resemble those of
industrialized countries. They are
members of the British Commonwealth.
(pages 962)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
A. occupied
A 1. held by a foreign power
__
B. state capitalism
B 2. an economic system in
which the central
government plays an active role in the economy,
establishing price and wage policies and
subsidizing vital industries
Click the mouse button or press the
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Checking for Understanding
Explain the impact of Japan’s landreform program. What other programs
or policies did the occupation
administration implement in Japan?
It created a strong class of independent
farmers. The occupation administration
also implemented the armed forces for
self-defense only and the parliamentary
system.
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Checking for Understanding
List the ways in which Australia and
New Zealand are similar to European
nations.
The majority of their population is of
European origin. Their political
institutions and values were derived
from European models.
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Critical Thinking
Predict Consequences What further
impact do you think the return of Hong
Kong to China will have on either
country?
Hong Kong’s economic power may
open China to outside influences, or
China may limit Hong Kong’s liberties.
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Analyzing Visuals
Locate the photo of Douglas MacArthur
on page 958 of your textbook. What
military rank did he hold? Why did the
Allies choose a military leader instead
of a politician or diplomat to command
postwar Japan? What were some of
MacArthur’s responsibilities in Japan?
MacArthur was a general. The Allies
chose a military leader because Japan
was an occupied country and tasks
were militarily oriented, i.e., dismantling
the Japanese war machine.
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Close
Discuss the Allied occupation of Japan
and the country’s transformation since
1945. Describe how women’s roles
have changed and how Japan has
influenced other “Asian tigers.”
Chapter Summary
Since 1945, Asia and the Pacific region
have seen many changes, as shown on
the following slide.
Chapter Summary
Using Key Terms
Insert the key term that best completes each of the following
sentences.
State capitalism is an economic system in which
1. _______________
the central government plays an active role in the
country’s economy.
occupied
2. A country is _______________
when its lands are
held and controlled by a foreign military force.
3. The amount of income earned by each person in a
per capita
country is called _______________
income.
4. A _______________
stalemate
is reached when neither side in
a conflict is able to achieve significant gains.
5. Many governments now have laws that forbid acts
discrimination from being
of prejudice or _______________
committed against people in their countries.
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Reviewing Key Facts
Geography What nations are called
the “Asian tigers” and why?
South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and
Hong Kong are called the “Asian tigers”
because they have become economic
powers.
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Reviewing Key Facts
History What were the consequences
of Great Britain’s withdrawal from India?
The consequences of Great Britain’s
withdrawal were violence between
Hindus and Muslims and the division
of British India into two countries, India
and Pakistan.
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Reviewing Key Facts
Government What policy did the
Khmer Rouge follow toward the people
they regarded as enemies after they
gained control of Cambodia?
They massacred them.
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Reviewing Key Facts
Economics What help did China
require to improve its economy after
the Cultural Revolution?
China invited foreign investors and sent
thousands of students abroad to study
science, technology, and modern
business techniques.
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Reviewing Key Facts
Government Who was Indira
Gandhi?
She was the daughter of Jawaharlal
Nehru who succeeded him as prime
minister of India. She was assassinated
in 1984.
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Critical Thinking
Making Predictions Analyze what
conditions in India contributed to the
assassinations of political leaders.
Do you believe it is possible for India
to maintain a stable democratic
government?
Ethnic and religious strife contributed to
the assassinations.
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Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Evaluate the
impact Japan’s recovery has had on
global affairs since World War II.
Japan’s creation of an economy geared
for exports has made Japan one of the
world’s economic giants.
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Analyzing Maps and Charts
Study the map below and answer the questions on the
following slides.
Analyzing Maps and Charts
Approximately
how much of
Vietnam was
controlled by
the Communists
between 1946
and 1954?
Approximately
seventy-five
percent was
controlled by
Communists between
1946 and 1954.
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Analyzing Maps and Charts
Which countries
separated North
and South
Vietnam from
Thailand?
Cambodia and
Laos separated
North and South
Vietnam from
Thailand.
Click the mouse button or press the
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Analyzing Maps and Charts
What river runs
from China to the
Gulf of Tonkin?
The Red River runs
from China to the
Gulf of Tonkin.
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Standardized Test Practice
Directions: Choose the best answer to the following
question.
Between 1966 and 1976, the destruction of many temples, the
seizure of many books, and the imprisonment of some artists
and intellectuals were closely related to which movement?
A China’s Cultural Revolution
B Conservatism
C Women’s rights movement
D Humanism
Test-Taking Tip Even if you know the correct answer
immediately, read all of the answer choices and
eliminate those you know are wrong. Doing so will help
you confirm that the answer choice you think is correct
is indeed correct.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Explore online information about the topics
introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to
the Glencoe World History Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites
correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When
you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web
site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://wh.glencoe.com
Architecture Hutongs are the lanes or alleyways
formed by a series of compounds (houses set around
a courtyard). Currently, one third of Beijing’s area is
occupied with that style of housing. The Chinese
government has provided modern housing, but many
residents prefer the traditional housing. The Chinese
realize the architecture has great historical value as it
reflects changes in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing
dynasties. Today the hutong have become tourist
destinations. The width of the lanes varies
considerably. They can be 32 feet (10m) to slightly less
than 16 inches (40 cm).
The Arts
Economics
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
The Arts Watch the Japanese director Akira
Kurosawa’s Rhapsody in August, about the
bombing of Nagasaki during World War II. After
viewing the film have a class discussion.
Economics Production of automobiles became the
heart of Japan’s industrial expansion in the 1960s.
Between 1960 and 1980, Japan increased its share
of world automobile production from 3 percent to
29 percent. By 1980, the Asian superpower had
overtaken West Germany, France, Great Britain,
and the United States to become the world’s leading
automotive producer. Today, many Japanese auto
companies have U.S. production facilities.
Imperial Gardens The gardens were constructed
at the request of emperors of different generations.
Because the Forbidden City was built to convey an
atmosphere of royal authority, gardens were added
to give the emperors and their families an area for
recreation and relaxation. The Imperial Gardens are
unlike Western gardens which are designed to
showcase plants. The gardens of Beijing include
long covered corridors, pavilions set over a lake,
and free-standing decorative walls.
Independence Diversity contributed to the breakup
of the Indian subcontinent. India and Pakistan
separated because of religious differences, and
Bangladesh later broke off from Pakistan because
of language and cultural differences. Religious and
ethnic diversity within India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
continues to create unrest.
Emperor Hirohito Hirohito was the longest-reigning
ruler in Japan’s history, presiding over his nation from
1926 until his death in 1989. From the outset, the
period of his rule was named Showa, or “Enlightened
Peace.” Even though World War II took place during
Hirohito’s reign, he wound up accepting the Allied
terms of surrender. A new constitution stripped the
imperial family of its political power, established a
cabinet based on the British model, and barred Japan
from all warfare except for defense. Hirohito also
renounced the tradition of conferring divine status on
Japan’s emperors. His son, Akihito, succeeded him.
How did Mao Zedong’s rule affect China and its
place in world affairs?
How was independence finally achieved in
Southeast Asia?
Reading a Cartogram
Why Learn This Skill?
Most maps show countries in proportion to their amount of
land area. For example, Japan is much smaller than China
and is usually depicted that way on a map. Japan, however,
has a greater gross national product than China. If we
wanted to depict that on a map, how would it look?
This feature can be found on page 947 of your textbook.
Reading a Cartogram
Why Learn This Skill?
Cartograms are maps that show countries according to a
value other than land area. They might portray features such
as populations or economies. To visually compare these
features, cartograms distort countries’ sizes and shapes.
This makes it possible to see at a glance how each country
or region compares with another in a particular value.
Therefore, on a cartogram showing gross national products,
Japan looks larger than China.
This feature can be found on page 947 of your textbook.
Reading a Cartogram
Learning the Skill
To use a cartogram: 
• Read the title and key to identify what value the cartogram
illustrates. 
• Examine the cartogram to see which countries or regions
appear. 
• Find the largest and smallest countries. 
• Compare the cartogram with a conventional land-area map
to determine the degree of distortion of particular countries.
This feature can be found on page 947 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Reading a Cartogram
Learning the Skill
To use a cartogram: 
• Draw conclusions about the countries and the feature you
are comparing.
This feature can be found on page 947 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Reading a Cartogram
Practicing the Skill
Study the cartogram on
the right and answer the
following questions.
This feature can be found on page 947 of your textbook.
Reading a Cartogram
Practicing the Skill
What is the subject of the cartogram?
The cartogram show the relative value of exports
of Asian nations in 1999.
This feature can be found on page 947 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reading a Cartogram
Practicing the Skill
What countries are represented?
Russia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, China,
Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, India, Singapore,
the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and South
Korea are represented.
This feature can be found on page 947 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reading a Cartogram
Practicing the Skill
Which country appears largest on the
cartogram? Which appears smallest?
Japan appears as the largest; Pakistan appears
as the smallest.
This feature can be found on page 947 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reading a Cartogram
Practicing the Skill
Compare the cartogram to the map of Asia
found in the Atlas. Which countries are most
distorted in size compared to a land-area map?
Hong Kong and Russia are the most distorted.
This feature can be found on page 947 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reading a Cartogram
Practicing the Skill
What accounts for these distortions?
Hong Kong, which appears as very large, is
a city with a tremendous economy and high
industrial output; the Asian population of
Russia is sparsely settled and has relatively
undeveloped industries compared to the
European portion, thus Russia appears as
smaller.
This feature can be found on page 947 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The events in Tiananmen Square ended tragically for pro-democracy protestors
Read A Movement for Democracy on page 940 of your
textbook. Then answer the questions on the following
slides.
This feature can be found on page 940 of your textbook.
Why would a government choose a military
strategy to oppose unarmed civilians?
The government wanted to end the prodemocracy movement and prevent further
demonstrations.
This feature can be found on page 940 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Forty years of Communist rule did not erase
historical values and beliefs of the Chinese
people. Why not?
Governments shape societies and are often
able to control actions, but beliefs and values
are a matter of individual conscience and
choice.
This feature can be found on page 940 of your textbook.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Click the image on the
right to listen to an
excerpt from page 963
of your textbook. Read
the information on
page 963 of your
textbook. Then answer
the questions on the
following slides.
This feature can be found on page 963 of your textbook.
Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
In your own words, describe the Japanese
system of education.
This feature can be found on page 963 of your textbook.
Compare the Japanese system of education to
the American system with which you are familiar.
How are they similar? How are they different?
This feature can be found on page 963 of your textbook.
Vietnam
Objectives
After viewing “Vietnam,” you should: 
• Understand that the United States entered the war to stop
the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. 
• Recognize that the war caused strong disagreement in
the United States. 
• Be aware that relations between
the United States and Vietnam
have improved in recent years.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Click in the window above to view a preview of the World History video.
Vietnam
What is the domino theory?
It is the theory that if Vietnam fell to
communism, the rest of Asia would also fall.
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Vietnam
Which president was responsible for increasing
American troop deployment in Vietnam?
President Johnson increased American
involvement when he increased troop strength
and ordered the bombing of North Vietnam in
1965.
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Space Bar to display the answer.
Map
Modern Japan
Chart
Foundations of Postwar Japan
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Development is the
most important priority.
Other areas include
reform, open the country
to the outside world,
maintain stability.
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Economic development
will come from the
openness to the outside.
Phillip Davidson, Jr.
He said we became
involved in order to
dictate the political
system of another
country.
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He viewed it as a civil
war.
Japan
Japan’s economy and
industrial
development has
grown tremendously.
There was however, a
drop in auto
production after 1990.
Japan
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