Four Worlds of History
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Teresa Hudock, Director, CALIS
Initial Launch: Sept 9, 2014
This Edition: Sept 11, 2014
Slide Count: 37
213-740-7794 or calis@usc.edu
usc.edu/calis
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Four Worlds of History
Medieval & Early Modern World History
7th grade
Table of Contents  Main Items & Issues
3 – Social Science Factors – clarifying the purpose & priorities of the 4W model
7 – Content Standard 7.2 – Civilizations in the Middle Ages: Islam
9 – Focus Question // Establishing Relevance – Governance, Identity and Religion
11 – 4W of Peaceful Transfer of Power
13 – Religious Demographics – Major Religions & Religious Sects
15 – Timeline: Birth of Five Major World Religions
27 – Identity: Who is Ibn Battuta?  Who are You?
33 – Arab Spring
35 – Inference Exercise (Quote Activity) – Active Reading to Organize/Analyze Info
2
Four Worlds of History
Social Science Factors
basic factors of the human condition
that are important to recognize
…regardless of how they are described
AND that are important to recognize
…when they are missing
3
Four Worlds of History
Social Science Factors
Identifying factors, relating factors, and
determining the “most important" factors
social sciences
sciences .
is the
the science
science of the social
4
Four Worlds of History
Social Science Factors
The absolute PRIORITY of the 4W model
purposeful
meaningful
relevant
critical elements of being student-centered
5
Four Worlds of History
Social Science Factors
The absolute PURPOSE of the 4W model
student-driven analysis
toward
independent critical thinking
critical elements of being student-centered
6
California HSS Content Standards
Political World
Economic World
economic
7.2 Students analyze the geographic
geographic, political
political, economic,
social structures
structures of the civilizations of
religious, and social
religious
Islam in the Middle Ages.
4. Discuss the expansion of Muslim rule through
military conquests and treaties, emphasizing
the cultural blending within Muslim civilization
and the spread and acceptance of Islam and
the Arabic language.
Social World
Cultural World
Focus Question?
Writing Prompt?
How did the Islamic Empire expand? What factors were most important?
Focus Factors: • identity
• belief systems
• demographics
Relevance?
What are the connections? Past  Present  Personal
7
Political World
Economic World
Identify & Relate Factors
Information Management
Analysis & Critical Thinking
Social World
the science of the social sciences
Cultural World
8
Organize information then infer and relate factors
Political World
Economic World
How did the Islamic Empire expand? What factors were most important?
The Expansion of Muslim Rule
Social World
Build on What You Know You might have seen on the television news
that when a leader dies or resigns, a power struggle follows to determine
his or her successor. After Muhammad died, several groups fought for
control of the Muslim world. In 661, the Umayyad family won this power
struggle. The Umayyads built a great empire with Damascus (located in
present-day Syria) as its capital.
Source: World History: Medieval and Early Modern Times, McDougal Littell, 2006, pages 113 –115.
Chapter 4: The Rise of Muslim States, Lesson 1: The Expansion of Muslim Rule
Cultural World
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RELEVANCE
Political World
Economic World
The Expansion of Muslim Rule
Build on What You Know You might have seen on the television news
that when a leader dies or resigns, a power struggle follows to determine
his or her successor. After Muhammad died, several groups fought for
control of the Muslim world. In 661, the Umayyad family won this power
struggle. The Umayyads built a great empire with Damascus (located in
present-day Syria
Syria) as its capital.
Social World
Cultural World
Who has heard about power struggles in the news?
What types of governments have a peaceful transfer of power?
What is sectarian conflict?
What has been happening in Syria in the last 3½ years?
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What types of governments have a peaceful transfer of power?
Political World
Economic World
Governments based on… rule of law
constitution
If
the transfer of power is not clear,
then
Social World






what are the likely outcomes?
power struggle
coup
assassination
civil war
vulnerability to attack
 possibly a complete takeover, conquest
decline and suffering
 possibly a complete collapse
Cultural World
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What types of governments have a peaceful transfer of power?
Political World
Economic World
What factors can complicate the transfer of power?
 legitimate authority
Social World
 employment
Cultural World
 equity
 common identity
12
Religious Demographics
What are examples of different religious sects?
Map of Religious Sects in Lebanon
According to the pie chart, what percentage
of Lebanon’s population is Muslim and what
percentage is Christian?
…Yes, you’re right!
You have to know something about
Muslims and Christians to understand
and respond to this question.
Lebanon
Religious demographics in Lebanon
Lebanon in regional context
13
Religious Demographics
World’s major religions & sects of major religions
Professors and groups that study religion usually distinguish five major religions.
This list includes followers of the world’s five major religions and also five sects
that are part of some of these religions.  Divide the list into the two columns.
Followers:
The World’s 5 Major Religions
Religious Sects
• Buddhists
 Judaism
• Catholics
Jews
• Christians
Christians  Christianity
• Hindus
Muslims
 Islam
• Jews
Hindus
 Hinduism
• Mormons
Buddhists  Buddhism
Catholics
 Christian
Protestants  Christian
Mormons
 Christian
Shiites
 Muslim
Sunnis
 Muslim
• Muslims
• Protestants
• Shiites
• Sunnis
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Birth of the World’s Five Major Religions
Today’s Major Religions
Other Belief Systems
polytheism
4000
BCE
3000
BCE
3500
Fourth Millennium BCE
Judaism
monotheism
2000
BCE
BCE
2500
2000
BCE
BCE
ancestor worship
Vedism
Mesopotamia
Abraham, c. 1950 BCE
3000
Mesopotamia …Rise of City-States
BCE
Third Millennium BCE
gods of nature
Hammurabi’s Code
c. 1772 BCE
Brahmanism / Vedas
Hinduism
Second Millennium BCE
1500
1000
BCE
BCE
Daoism
Laozi, late 500s BCE
Confucianism
Confucius, 551–479 BCE
Zoroastrianism
Democracy
Zoroaster, 660–583 BCE
Pericles, 495–429 BCE
Legalism
Hanfeizi, 280–233 BCE
Stoicism
Zeno of Citium, 332–262 BCE
Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama, 563–483 BCE
1000
BCE
First Millennium BCE
500
1
BCE
BCE
Christianity
Islam
Jesus Christ, c. 1–33 CE
1 CE
First Millennium
Muhammad, 570–632 CE
500
CE
151000
CE
Birth of the World’s Five Major Religions
Today’s Major Religions
Other Belief Systems
gods of nature
4000
BCE
3000
BCE
Fourth Millennium BCE
Third Millennium BCE
ancestor worship
Judaism
2000
BCE
Hammurabi’s Code
c. 1772 BCE
3500
3000
BCE
BCE
2500
2000
BCE
BCE
Vedism
Brahmanism / Vedas
Hinduism
Second Millennium BCE
Daoism
1500
1000
BCE
BCE
Confucianism
Zoroastrianism
Democracy
Legalism
Stoicism
Buddhism
1000
BCE
First Millennium BCE
500
1
BCE
BCE
Christianity
Islam
1 CE
First Millennium
500
1000
1000
Second Millennium
1500
2000
2500
163000
You Are Here
2000
Third Millennium
Religious Demographics
As this pie chart indicates, there are
five “major religions” in the world:
Judaism (Jews)
Christianity (Christians)
Islam (Muslims)
Hinduism (Hindus)
Buddhism (Buddhists)
Living as Majorities and Minorities
Nearly three-quarters (73%) of the world’s people
live in countries in which their religious group
makes up a majority of the population.
Only about a quarter (27%) of all people live as
religious minorities. (This figure does not include
subgroups of the eight major groups in this study,
such as Shia Muslims living in Sunni-majority
countries or Catholics living in Protestant-majority
countries.)
Overwhelmingly, Hindus and Christians tend to live
in countries where they are in the majority.
17
Religious Demographics
According to this list, what percentage of Americans are Christian?
Religions in the U.S.
Religions in the U.S.
CIA World Factbook
CIA World Factbook
51.3%
23.9%
1.7%
1.6%
1.7%
.7%
.6%
2.5%
12.1%
4.0%
Protestant
Roman Catholic
Mormon
other Christian
Jewish
Buddhist
Muslim
other or unspecified
unaffiliated
none
51.3%
23.9%
1.7%
1.6%
Protestant
Roman Catholic
Mormon
other Christian
78.5% Christian
1.7%
.7%
.6%
2.5%
12.1%
4.0%
Source: CIA World Factbook, United States, People and Society, Religion (2007 est)
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html -- accessed Sept 7, 2014
Almost 80% of
Americans are
Christian.
Jewish
Buddhist
Muslim
other or unspecified
unaffiliated
none
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Religious Demographics
What does this map say about religious diversity in the US?
All of these colors indicate Christian faiths.
19
Religious Demographics
Is there any
significance of the
color spectrum
used for this map?
20
Religious Demographics
What are examples of different religious sects?
Map of Religious Sects in Lebanon
According to the pie chart, what percentage
of Lebanon’s population is Muslim and what
percentage is Christian?
Islamic Faith
41% Shia
27% Sunni
Christian Faith
16% Maronite
9% Other Christians
68% Muslim
25% Christians
The Druze faith is a blend of several religions
and is often distinguished as its own religion.
Religious demographics in Lebanon
Put this way, does Lebanon appear to have
less diversity of religion?
21
Religious Demographics
The US is predominantly Christian. Which countries are predominantly Muslim?
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Religious Demographics
1.57
6.80
= 23%
Muslims make up 23% percent of the world’s population.
People of the Islamic faith constitute slightly less than a quarter of the world’s population.
According to this data from the Pew Research Center,
what percentage of the world population in Muslim?
23
Religious Demographics
Another view of Muslim Populations
Which of these countries are considered Arab countries?
24
Ethnic Demographics
Arab Countries
Compared to the previous map of Muslim countries, name three non-Arab countries
that are predominantly Muslim.
25
Religious Demographics
Another view of Muslim Populations
Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan are examples
of non-Arab countries that are predominantly Muslim.
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Identity
Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan explorer who traveled extensively throughout the
known world. His accounts of his exploits were published in a book known
simply as Journey. His travels lasted three decades, during which he visited
many parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe. In all, he covered a distance about three
times as great as Marco Polo, who lived at about the same time. As such, Ibn
Battuta is considered one of the great explorers of the medieval period.
Ibn Battuta, 1304–1368
“famous Muslim traveler”
“Moroccan explorer of Berber descent”
“legal scholar who served as a judge”
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Identity
Ibn Battuta
▪ Moroccan
▪ Berber
▪ Muslim
▪ explorer
▪ judge
religion
role
judge
other
explorer
Muslim
nationality
Moroccan
ethnicity
Berber
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Identity
What groups did he belong to?
Group Types
Group Descriptions
nationality
political: citizenship
ethnicity
cultural: heritage or ancestry
religion
spiritual: belief system
role
function, job or position
hobby
activity for recreation
Group Names
Berber, Muslim, explorer, Moroccan, judge
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Identity
What groups did he belong to?
Group Types
Group Descriptions
Group Names
nationality
political: citizenship
Moroccan
ethnicity
cultural: heritage or ancestry
Berber
religion
spiritual: belief system
Muslim (Islam)
role
function, job or position
judge, explorer
hobby
activity for recreation
??
Berber, Muslim, explorer, Moroccan, judge
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Identity
What groups do you belong to?
Group Types
Group Descriptions
nationality
political: citizenship
ethnicity
cultural: heritage or ancestry
religion
spiritual: belief system
role
function, job or position
hobby
activity for recreation
Group Names
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Identity
religion
role
nationality
hobby
ethnicity
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What has been happening in Syria in the last 3½ years?
Arab Spring – 2011
March 2011: Protestors take to the street demanding democratic reforms
and the release of some teenagers,
teenagers who had been imprisoned and
tortured for having drawn Arab Spring inspired anti-political graffiti.
graffiti
Death Toll in Syria Estimated at 191,000
August 22, 2014
Men help a wounded boy who survived what
activists say was an airstrike by forces loyal to
Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in the Duma
neighbourhood of Damascus –Reuters
Syria Conflict Timeline: 34 Months of Civil War
Jan 22, 2014
The Historic Scale of Syria’s Refugee Crisis
The Syrian refugee crisis has exploded from
about 270,000 people a year ago to today’s
tally of more than two million who have fled the
country. The pace of the diaspora has been
characterized by the United Nations as the
worst since the Rwandan genocide in 1994. In
addition, an estimated 4.25 million Syrians
have been displaced within their country,
bringing the total number forced into flight to
more than six million.
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Why Sunnis and
Shiites are fighting…
The divide between the Sunni and
Shiite branches of Islam is both
ancient and still highly consequential
today.
In Syria, a Sunni-majority country
dominated by members of a Shiite
sect, fighting that began as antigovernment has taken on sectarian
overtones.
That has spilled over to Iraq, which
is Shiite-majority and has a
predominantly Shiite government but
is increasingly troubled by Sunni
rebels.
And the region's major powers have
long pushed sectarian interests, with
Shiite-majority Iran on one side and
Sunni-majority Saudi Arabia on the
other.
Jan 22, 2014
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Organize information then infer and relate factors
Political World
“After Muhammad died, several groups fought for control
of the Muslim world. In 661, the Umayyad
Umayyad family won this
struggle p 113
power struggle.”
Economic World
Inference Exercise
“In less than 100 years, their empire
empire spanned parts of
…Asia, Africa, and Europe.”
 at first, hit-and-run raids
 organized campaigns for conquest
“As
As aa result,
result leaders needed to take steps to unite and govern
the many peoples of this far-flung empire.” p 114
leadership
 bureaucracy based on Byzantine Empire
 Arabic as common language of government
order
 coinage
p 115
stability
Social World
Cultural World
language
p 113
Source: World History: Medieval and Early Modern Times, McDougal Littell, 2006, pages 113 –115.
Chapter 4: The Rise of Muslim States, Lesson 1: The Expansion of Muslim Rule
35
Four Worlds of History
a project of the
Center for Active Learning in International Studies
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Four Worlds analytical framework
developed by
Steven Lamy, Professor of International Relations, USC
Four Worlds of History adapted by
Teresa Hudock, Director, and Sandy Line, Associate
CALIS, USC
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Four Worlds of History
Center for Active Learning in International Studies
School of International Relations
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
For more information, contact:
Teresa Hudock
calis@usc.edu
213-740-7794
Classroom materials are available free online at dornsife.usc.edu/calis
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