Old English/Anglo-Saxon
Period
Years: 449-1066
Content:
strong belief in fate
juxtaposition of church and pagan worlds
admiration of heroic warriors who prevail in battle
express religious faith and give moral instruction
through literature
The Anglo-Saxons: 449–1066
300s B.C.-Celts in Britain
55 B.C–A.D.409-Roman Occupation
A.D. 400–699 Spread of Christianity
A.D. 449-Anglo-Saxon Invasion
A.D.878 King Alfred against the Danes
A.D. 1066 Norman Invasion
The Celts in Britain
Before and during the 4th century
B.C.
Britain home to several Celtic tribes
Britain named for one Celtic tribe—the
Brythons
King Arthur – famous Celtic King (516?)
Celtic religion a form of animism (belief
that Gods/spirits controlled all aspects of
life and could take the form of trees, rivers,
fire, thunder, etc)
449 AD The Anglo-Saxon Invasion
Anglo-Saxon Society
Warrior-based society, led by strong warrior
chief
“Warfare was the order of the day” (between
clans, tribes, and outside invaders)
Anglo-Saxon life was dominated by the need
to protect the clan and home from enemies.
Fame and success were achieved through
loyalty to a leader, and success was measured
by gifts received from leaders.
The Anglo-Saxon Invasion
Women had many rights in Anglo-Saxon
society. Women inherited and held property
(even when married) and were offered
substantial gifts of money and land from
prospective husbands.
English emerged as a written language
The Anglo-Saxon religion
offered no hope of an afterlife…only fame
offered immortality and provided a defense
against death.
valued concept of the “Heroic
Ideal”…earthly virtues of bravery, loyalty,
generosity, and friendship.
The Anglo-Saxon bards
called “scops”
skilled storytellers and honored members
of society.
sang of heroic deeds
regarded as equals to warriors
Why were scops important?
• Anglo-Saxons did not believe in an
afterlife
• warriors gained immortality through
songs preserved in the collective memory.
The spread of Christianity
Around 400 AD

Christian monks settle in Britain
Christianity and Anglo-Saxon culture co-exist
By 600 AD
British pagan religions replaced by
Christianity
Genres:
oral tradition of literature
poetry dominant genre
unique verse form
Epic – a long, narrative poem that relates
the great deeds of a larger than life hero
who embodies (is made up of and reflects)
the values of a particular society.
Styles:
Caesura: a plot is or break in a line of
poetry used to emphasize the word or
phrase that precedes it were two very the
rhythmical effects.
Alliteration: the repetition of consonant
sounds at the beginnings of words, used
to impart a musical quality to poems, to
create mood, to reinforce meaning, to
emphasize particular words, and to unify
lines or stanzas.
Continued Styles
Repetition: The return of a word, phrase,
stanza form, or effect in any form of
literature. Repetition is an effective literary
device that may bring comfort, increase
memorization, suggest order, or add
special meaning to a piece of literature.
Kenning: metaphorical compound words
or phrases substituted for simple nouns,
ex. “whales’ home” for sea & “givers of
gold” for rulers or emperors.
Continued Styles
Four Beat Rhythm: four beats to a line, is
the meter of nursery rhymes, children’s
jump-rope and counting-out rhymes, folk
songs and ballads, marching cadence
calls, and a good deal of art poetry.
Effect:
Christianity helps literacy to spread
introduces Roman alphabet to Britain
oral tradition helps unite diverse peoples and
their myths
Historical Context:
life centered around ancestral tribes or clans
that ruled themselves
at first the people were warriors from invading
outlying areas: Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and
Danes
later they were agricultural
Key Literature/Authors:
Beowulf
Bede
Exeter Book
Middle English Period
(The Medieval Period)
Years: 1066-1485
Content:
plays that instruct the illiterate masses in
morals and religion
chivalric code of honor
romances
religious devotion
Style/Genres:
oral tradition continues
folk ballads: written by unknown authors and handed
down orally, usually depict ordinary people in the midst
of tragic events and adventures of love and bravery.
They tend to begin abruptly, focus on a single incident,
use dialogue and repetition, often contain supernatural
elements, and suggest more than they actually state.
mystery and miracle: drama written in the Middle Ages
that portrays a biblical story.
morality plays: a drama written in the Middle Ages that
dramatizes conflict through allegory; the characters in
morality plays are allegorical figures, such as Vice,
Mercy, Death, and Good Deeds.
Genre/Styles contin.
stock epithets: A short, poetic nickname--often in the
form of an adjective or adjectival phrase--attached to the
normal name, ex) Robert the Devil, Richard the
Lionheart.
kennings: metaphorical compound words or phrases
substituted for simple nouns, ex. “whales’ home” for sea
& “givers of gold” for rulers or emperors.
frame stories: a story is told within a narrative setting or
frame creating a story within a story.
moral tales: A traditional narrative (e.g., a fable, proverb,
or urban legend) with a moral message warning of the
consequences of certain actions, inactions, or character
flaws.
Effect:
church instructs its people through the
morality and miracle plays
an illiterate population is able to hear and
see the literature
Historical Context:
Crusades bring the development of a money economy
for the first time in Britain
trading increases dramatically as a result of the
Crusades
William the Conqueror crowned king in 1066
Henry III crowned king in 1154 brings a judicial system,
royal courts, juries, and chivalry to Britain
Key Literature/Authors:
Domesday Book
L’Morte de Arthur
Geoffrey Chaucer
The Renaissance
Years: 1485-1660
Content:
world view shifts from religion and after life to
one stressing the human life on earth
popular theme: development of human potential
popular theme: many aspects of love explored
unrequited love
constant love
timeless love
courtly love
love subject to change
Style/Genres:
poetry
sonnet
drama
written in verse
supported by royalty
tragedies, comedies, histories
metaphysical poetry
elaborate and unexpected metaphors called conceits
Effect:
commoners welcomed at some play productions (like
ones at the Globe) while conservatives try to close
the theaters on grounds that they promote brazen
behaviors
not all middle-class embrace the metaphysical poets and
their abstract conceits
Historical Context:
War of Roses ends in 1485 and political stability arrives
Printing press helps stabilize English as a language and
allows more people to read a variety of literature
Economy changes from farm-based to one of
international trade
Key Literature/Authors:
William Shakespeare
John Donne
Cavalier Poets
Metaphysical Poets
Christopher Marlowe
Andrew Marvell
Neoclassical Period
(The Restoration)
Years: 1660-1798
Content:
emphasis on reason and logic
stresses harmony, stability, wisdom
Locke: a social contract exists between the government and the
people. The government governs guaranteeing “natural rights” of
life, liberty, and property
Style/Genres:
satire: uses irony and exaggeration to poke fun at human
faults and foolishness in order to
correct human behavior
poetry
essays
letters, diaries, biographies
novels
Effect:
emphasis on the individual
belief that man is basically evil
approach to life: “the world as it should be”
Historical Context:
50% of the men are functionally literate (a dramatic rise)
Fenced enclosures of land cause demise of traditional
village life
Factories begin to spring up as industrial revolution
begins
Impoverished masses begin to grow as farming life
declines and factories build
Coffee houses—where educated men spend evenings
with literary and political associates
Key Literature/Authors:
Alexander Pope
Daniel Defoe
Jonathan Swift
Samuel Johnson
John Bunyan
Romanticism
Years: 1798 – 1832
Content:
human knowledge consists of impressions
and ideas formed in the individual’s mind
introduction of gothic elements and
terror/horror stories and novels
in nature one can find comfort and peace
that the man-made urbanized towns and
factory environments cannot offer
Style/Genres:
poetry
lyrical ballads
Effects:
evil attributed to society not to human
nature
human beings are basically good
movement of protest: a desire for personal
freedom
children seen as hapless victims
of poverty and exploitation
Historical Context:
Napoleon rises to power in France and
opposes England militarily and economically
gas lamps developed
philosophy that government should NOT
interfere with private enterprise
middle class gains representation in the
British parliament
Railroads begin to run
Key Literature/Authors:
Novelists: Jane Austen, Mary Shelley
Poets: Robert Burns, William Blake,
William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor
Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Shelley,
John Keats
Content:
Victorian Period
Years: 1832-1900
conflict between those in power and the common masses of laborers
and the poor
shocking life of sweatshops and urban poor is highlighted in literature to
insist on reform
country versus city life
sexual discretion (or lack of it)
strained coincidences
romantic triangles
heroines in physical danger
aristocratic villains
misdirected letters
bigamous marriages
Genres/Styles:
novel becomes popular for first time; mass produced for
the first time
bildungsroman: “coming of age”
political novels
detective novels: (Sherlock Holmes)
serialized novels
elegies
poetry: easier to understand
dramatic monologues
drama: comedies of manners
magazines offer stories to the masses
Effect:
literature begins to reach the masses
Historical Context:
paper becomes cheap; magazines and
novels cheap to mass produce
unprecedented growth of industry and
business in Britain
unparalleled dominance of nations,
economies and trade abroad
Key Literature/Authors:
Charles Dickens
Thomas Hardy
Rudyard Kipling
Robert Louis Stevenson
George Eliot
Oscar Wilde
Alfred Lord Tennyson
Charles Darwin
Charlotte Bronte
Robert Browning
Modern/Post Modern Period of
Literature
Years: 1900-1980
Content:
lonely individual fighting to find peace and comfort in a
world that has lost its absolute values and traditions
man is nothing except what he makes of himself
a belief in situational ethics—no absolute values.
Decisions are based on the situation one is involved in at
the moment
mixing of fantasy with nonfiction; blurs lines of reality for
reader
loss of the hero in literature
destruction made possible by technology
Genres/Styles:
poetry: free verse
epiphanies begin to appear in literature
speeches
memoir
Novels
stream of consciousness
detached, unemotional, humorless
present tense
magic realism
Effect:
an approach to life: “Seize life for the
moment and get all you can out of it.”
Historical Context:
British Empire loses 1 million soldiers to
World War I
Winston Churchill leads Britain through
WW II, and the Germans bomb England
directly
British colonies demand independence
Key Literature/Authors
James Joyce
Joseph Conrad
D.H. Lawrence
Graham Greene
Dylan Thomas
Nadine Gordimer
George Orwell
William Butler Yeats
Bernard Shaw
Contemporary Period of
Literature
(Post Modern Period Continued)
1980-Present
Content:
concern with connections between people
exploring interpretations of the past
open-mindedness and courage that
comes from being an outsider
escaping those ways of living that blind
and dull the human spirit
Genres/Styles:
all genres represented
fictional confessional/diaries
50% of contemporary fiction is written in
the first person
narratives: both fiction and nonfiction
emotion-provoking
humorous irony
storytelling emphasized
autobiographical essays
mixing of fantasy with nonfiction; blurs
lines of reality for reader
Effect:
too soon to tell
Historical Context:
a world growing smaller due to ease of
communications between societies
a world launching a new beginning of a
century and a millennium
media culture interprets values and events
for individuals
Key Literature/Authors:
Seamus Heaney
Doris Lessing
Louis de Bernieres
Kazuo Ishiguro
Tom Stoppard
Salman Rushdie
John Le Carre
Ken Follett