AP World History
Chapter 25
The Consolidation of Latin
America 1830-1920
4 External events impacts political changes
1.
2.
3.
4.
America Revolution
French Revolution
Extension of French Rev. to Haiti
France invasion of Portugal and Spain
Political Ideas
Centralist
Federalist
Positivism
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares –
Born in Spain or
Portugal
Mestizos – Mixed
– Native Indians
- European
The great
differences in
status based on
color – created
outcaste and Native Indians
rebellions
Creoles –
Europeans Born in the
Americans
Mulattos –
Mixed –
Blacks European
Black Slaves
Causes of Political Change
American Revolution
• Model
French Revolution
• Ideology
• Too radical
Toussaint L'Overture
• 1791 slave revolt
• Republic of Haiti, 1804
French invasion of Spain
•Napoleon sent a French army to crush the rebellion in Haiti
•Toussaint tricked into surrendering in 1802; he was shipped to France where he died a year later in a dungeon
•French troops weakened by yellow fever; eventually fell to the rebel forces
Latin American States After
the Revolutions
•*Caudillos – Leaders in
independent Latin America who
dominated local areas by force in
defiance of national policies;
sometimes seized the national
government
Spanish-American Independence Struggles
Mexico
Miguel de Hidalgo
• 1810 Rebellion, alliance with Indians
and mestizos
Augustín de Iturbide
• Ended the Mexican War of
Independence
• 1824, collapse of new state
•Miguel de Hidalgo – 1810 – a parish priest roused the
Indians and Mestizos – revolted – after early victories
he lost Creole support and was executed
•September 16, the first day of the uprising, is
Mexico’s Independence Day
•Conservative Creoles under Augustin Iturbide (eetoor-BEE-day) won independence, first emperor in
1821- Emperor Agustin
•Mexico became a republic in 1824 –
“el Grito de Dolores” – The
cry of Dolores – Mexicans to
fight for independence and
Liberty.
Mexican War of Independence
•Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821), was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and
Spanish colonial authorities, which started on September 16, 1810. The Mexican War of Independence
movement was led by Mexican-born Spanish, and mestizos who sought independence from Spain. It started as
an idealistic peasants' rebellion against their colonial masters, but finally ended as an unlikely alliance between
liberales (liberals) and conservadores (conservatives).
•Agustín de Iturbide, A favorite of the Mexican church hierarchy, Iturbide was the personification of
conservative Creole values, devoutly religious, and committed to the defense of property rights and social
privileges became the first emperor.
Cause of the Mexican Revolution 1910?
•Porfirio Diaz (dictatorial reign)– ruled Mexico
form 1876-1910 – conservative , centralize
government with support of army, large
landowners, Catholic Church
•Real wages of workers declined
•Liberal landowner – Francesco Madero led a
series of strikes throughout the country. He forced
Diaz from power and open the door to a wider
revolution
•Maximilian von Habsburg – Austrian archduke
proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French
intervention in 1862 ; after the French withdrawal he was
executed in 1867 by Juarez’s firing squad
•Benito Juarez-Indian Lawyer who led a liberal revolution
against Santa Anna; defeated by the French, who made
Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867-1872
•Porfirio Diaz –One of Juarez’s generals ; elected president
of Mexico in 1876 and dominated polities for 35 years
1825, all Spanish colonies independent
Simon Bolívar
• Creole, Visionary, Revolutionary, & Liberator
• Independence movement, 1810
• 1817-1822, victory
• Grand Columbia
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador
1830, split
José de San Martín
• Liberator of Spanish South America.
• Buenos Aires, Peru, Chili, Argentina
Bolivar’s Accomplishment
•Gran Colombia – Existed as an
independent state until 1830 when
Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador
became separate independent nations
No Unity!
 Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united South America:
1.
Many newly independent countries struggle with civil wars.
 By 1830s, geographic factors (mts., the Amazon, etc.) plus cultural
differences defeated attempts at unification.
1.
Gran Columbia.
2.
United Provinces of Central America.
Bolivar’s Failure
 After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into
Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin
America.
 He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of
South America unfulfilled!
Brazilian Independence
• 1807, French invasion of Portugal
• Royal family, elite, to Brazil
• Rio de Janeiro, capital
King João VI (John VI) of Portugal
• In Brazil until 1820
• Pedro left in Brazil as regent
1822, Pedro declares Brazil independent
• Pedro I
Enlightenment ideals
• Role of Catholic church?
• Equality
• Slavery
• Indians, mestizos
• Franchisement
Latin American Economies and World
Markets, 1820-1870
Britain, U.S. support independence
• in exchange for economic power
• Dependency on foreign consumers
Mid-Century Stagnation 1820-1850
• After 1850
• European market creates demand
• Church, conservatives slow change
• Landowners, peasants ally in opposition
The Monroe Doctrine is a policy of the United States introduced on
December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to
colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would
be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.
Mexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention
1824, Mexican Constitution
Conservative centralists v. liberal federalists
Reforms attempted, 1830s
• Opposed by Antonio López de Santa Anna ,caudillo
War with U.S.
Benito Juárez
• Zapotec Indian
• Liberal revolt,1854
• New constitution, 1857
• Privileges of army and church diminished
• Lands sold to individuals
French in to assist conservatives
• Maximilian von Habsburg
• 1867, French withdraw
• Maximilian executed
Juárez in office to 1872
Argentina: The Port and the Nation
United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, 1816
• Liberals v. federalists
“The King can be compared with a
father, and reciprocally a father
be compared with the King,
• Juan Manuel de Rosas, 1831 can
and then set the duties of the
– Federalist
(despotic ruler-weakened central gvt.
“death to the savage, filthy Unitarians”
– Overthrown, 1852
• Reunification, 1862-1890
– Domingo F. Sarmiento
monarch by those of the parental
authority. Love, govern, reward
and punish is what a King and a
father must do. In the end, there's
nothing less legitimate than
anarchy, which removes property
and security from the people, as
force becomes then the only
right.”
Brought liberal changes i.e. political /economic reforms (agricultural production increased;
population tripled; education, transportation; nationalism increased;
Ended war with American Indians—opened land to ranching/agriculture
While president of Argentina from 1868 to 1874, Sarmiento
championed intelligent thought including education for children and
women and democracy for Latin America.
The Brazilian Empire
Pedro I
• 1824, liberal constitution
• Abdicates, 1831
Pedro II
• Regency, 1831-1840
Economic prosperity
• Coffee export
• Slavery intensified
• Infrastructure improved
Abolition
• Achieved, 1888
Republican Party
• Formed, 1871
• Coup, 1889
– Republic founded
Mexico and Argentina: Examples of
Economic Transformation
Porfirio Díaz (Mexico – Juarez’s general)
• 1876, president
• Foreign capital used for infrastructure
• Revolt suppressed –imposed strong central gvt.
• 1910-1920, Civil War
– Electoral reform
Argentina
• Meat exports
• Immigration
– Distinct culture
• 1890s
– Socialist party forms
– Strikes from 1910
Radical Party
• Middle class
• 1916, in power
Uncle Sam Goes South
Spanish-American War, 1898
Cuba
• American investment
Puerto Rico annexed
Colombia
• U.S. backs revolution
“The Colossus
of the North”
US dominated affairs in the
Americas.
1823 – Monroe Doctrine.
US takes Texas and Mexican Cession.
US gains independence for Cuba.
Roosevelt Corollary – US will police the America.
US sent troops to Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua.
US built Panama Canal – “Yankee imperialism.”
•Spanish-American War - 1898 – Cuba became U.S. protectorate and Puerto Rico was annexed outright
•In 1903 the US supported a rebellion to enable Panama to separate itself from Colombia
•Between 1898-1934 – American military forces were sent to Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, panama, Colombia, Haiti and the Dominican Republic
The Caribbean:
An “American Lake”
The Panama Canal
Panama Canal – The United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of
Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panamanian isthmus
•Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna – Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican
republic in 1835
•Mexican-American War – (1846-1848) – Devastating defeat for Mexican forces
• **Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) – Treaty between the United States and Mexico; Mexico lost onehalf of its national territory (Mexico forced to sign)
Gender and Race
I. Women fought in rebellions and revolts but did not achieve anything in the new
government(s):
1. Can not vote
2. Can not hold offices
3. Can not become lawyers
4. Could not enter into a contract without permission of husband
5. Unwed women under the authority of their father
6. Lower class women fair better due to economic necessities:
-economic freedom; control local markets; greater freedom compared to elite women
II. Education: women had responsibility to educate their children
1869- first girl school in Mexico city; increased in secular education; result—gave women
opportunities & demanded basic freedom/rights
III. Skin color continued to be a stigma; “Indian” label of natives viewed as derogatory