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Chapter Introduction
Section 1 Population Patterns
Section 2 History and Government
Section 3 Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter Summary & Study Guide
Chapter Assessment
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Chapter Objectives
• Describe Russia’s population,
including its makeup, density, and
distribution. 
• Identify key developments in the
history and government of Russia. 
• Discuss the role of religion, education,
health care, and the arts in the cultural
life of the region.
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Create two columns in your journal. Label
the first column “Questions” and the
second “New Knowledge.” First, list
questions you have about Russian history
and culture. Then, as you read this
chapter, record the answers.
Population Patterns
Objectives
• Identify the ethnic groups that make up
Russia. 
• Explain the distribution of population in this
country. 
• Describe the effect of climate on the culture
and lifestyle of Russians.
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Population Patterns
Terms to Know
• ethnic group 
• nationality 
• sovereignty
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Population Patterns
Places to Locate
• Ural Mountains 
• Moscow
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to listen to the audio again.
During the last half of the 1800s, Russia’s
urban population increased from about 10
percent of the total population to about 21
percent. By 1910 St. Petersburg and
Moscow were two of the ten largest cities
in Europe. Although overcrowding and
poor sanitary conditions led to outbreaks
of disease, urban populations continued to
swell as rural farmers moved to the cities.
Russia’s Ethnic Diversity
• Although 80 percent of Russians are
ethnic Russians, the country is home
to more than 100 ethnic groups.
(pages 363–365)
Russia’s Ethnic Diversity (cont.)
• Ethnic Regions The Russian Empire
and the Soviet Union controlled many
non-Russian ethnic groups and
territories. 
• Today, 32 of these ethnic groups have
their own republics or administrative
territories within Russia.
(pages 363–365)
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Russia’s Ethnic Diversity (cont.)
• The Slavs Ethnic Russians are part of
a larger ethnic group called Slavs. 
• Poles, Ukranians, and other eastern
Europeans are also Slavs. 
• Most Slavs practice Eastern Orthodox
Christianity, which was brought to
Russia from the eastern Mediterranean
area.
(pages 363–365)
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Russia’s Ethnic Diversity (cont.)
• Turkic Peoples The Turkic peoples–
living mostly in the Caucasus
Mountains, Siberia, and the middle
Volga area–are Russia’s second-largest
ethnic group. 
• Although most Turkic peoples are
Muslims, their ethnicity is based on
language. 
• The Tatars–the largest Turkic group–live
in Tatarstan in east-central Russia and
have a limited degree of autonomy.
(pages 363–365)
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Russia’s Ethnic Diversity (cont.)
(pages 363–365)
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Russia’s Ethnic Diversity (cont.)
• Caucasian Peoples Living in the
Caucasus area of southeastern Russia,
the Caucasians are mainly Muslims and
have similar languages and cultural
traditions. 
• Many Caucasian groups, such as the
Chechens, are now demanding selfrule.
(pages 363–365)
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Russia’s Ethnic Diversity (cont.)
Why do Caucasians within Russia want
self-rule?
They may not want to lose their
language, traditions, and culture. They
do not speak the same language as
ethnic Russians, nor do they worship in
the same way. These differences make
it difficult for two groups of people to
get along, especially if one group has
all the power.
(pages 363–365)
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Population Density and
Distribution
Russia is the world’s sixth most populous
country, but it does not have a large
population relative to its land area.
(pages 365–366)
Population Density and
Distribution (cont.)
• Population and the Environment
Russia’s average population density is
about 22 people per square mile (9 per
sq. km). 
• However, about 75 percent of all
Russians live in western Russia, where
there are about 120 people per square
mile (46 per sq. km). 
• The climate of eastern Russia is too
harsh to support a large population.
(pages 365–366)
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Population Density and
Distribution (cont.)
(pages 365–366)
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Population Density and
Distribution (cont.)
• Population Trends During the Soviet
era, many ethnic Russians left their
homes to resettle in non-Russian
republics. 
• Since the breakup of the Soviet Union
in 1991, many of them have returned
to their homeland. 
• Russia, however, is experiencing a
population crisis.
(pages 365–366)
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Population Density and
Distribution (cont.)
• Because of inadequate health care,
the number of deaths now exceeds
the number of births.
(pages 365–366)
Population Density and
Distribution (cont.)
Suggest solutions to the problem of health
care in Russia.
Possible answers: Improve health care
facilities. Provide modern equipment and
medicines. Pay doctors and nurses better
wages. Distribute fresh foods more equally so
that more people eat a healthful diet. Clean
up environmental hazards, such as air
pollution, water pollution, and land pollution.
Adopt and enforce better antipollution laws.
Adopt more workplace safety rules. (pages 365–366)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
B 1. large, distinct ethnic group
within a country
A. ethnic group
__
A 2. group of people who share
common ancestry, language,
religion, customs, or
combination of such
characteristics
C. sovereignty
__
C 3. self-rule
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B. nationality
Critical Thinking
Categorizing Information What would be
the advantages and disadvantages of an
ethnic group forming an independent
country?
Advantages may include self-rule, sense
of national identity, and ethnic pride.
Disadvantages may include lack of the
social services provided by a large central
government, and limited access to natural
resources and economic activities.
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Critical Thinking
Making Generalizations How might
improved health care help solve Russia’s
current population crisis?
Improved health care will improve life
expectancy, decrease infant mortality,
and help increase the population.
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Critical Thinking
Predicting Consequences What are some
likely effects of changes in Russia’s
population in the future?
Some likely effects of changes in Russia’s
population include increased crowding,
pollution, and strained resources in urban
areas. Also likely are a decreasing quality
of life, health care, and life expectancy.
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Analyzing Maps
Human-Environment Interaction Study
the map of Russia’s ethnic groups below.
Explain the pattern of settlement east of
the Ural Mountains.
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Analyzing Maps
Population is widespread, sparse, ethnically
isolated, and limited to areas (mainly lands
conquered by Russia) where climate and
physical geography are favorable or where
natural resources are located.
Applying Geography
Migration Consider past population trends
in Russia. What might have drawn
immigrants to settle in an area like Moscow?
Possible answer: Moscow’s favorable location
on waterways and between forests and plains
and its role as the traditional center of
Russian political and religious life drew
immigrants.
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Close
Reread “A Geographic View” on page 363
of your textbook and identify the various
ethnic and cultural influences mentioned
in the passage.
History and Government
Objectives
• Describe the ancestry of the Russian people. 
• Explain the government rule of the czars and
its effect on Russian society. 
• Identify the causes of the breakup of the Soviet
Union. 
• List present and future challenges that Russia
faces.
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History and Government
Terms to Know
• czar 
• communism 
• serf 
• satellite 
• Russification 
• Cold War 
• socialism 
• perestroika 
• Bolshevik 
• glasnost
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History and Government
Places to Locate
• Baltic Sea 
• Black Sea 
• St. Petersburg
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to listen to the audio again.
In 1928, the Soviet Union developed its
first Five-Year Plan, which was intended
to create a modern industrial economy.
Older industrial areas expanded, and
new technological and engineering
projects were begun in remote areas.
Between 1928 and 1933, the defense
industry tripled its output, and by 1941
the Soviets had laid solid foundations
for their later rise as a superpower.
Early Peoples and States
The land now called Russia had its origins
in the A.D. 600s, when Slavic farmers and
hunters settled near the waterways of the
North European Plain. Eastern Slavs–the
ancestors of modern Russians, Ukrainians,
and Belarussians–settled along the Dneiper
and Volga Rivers.
(pages 367–369)
Early Peoples and States (cont.)
• Kievan Rus During the 800s,
Scandinavian warriors called the
Varangians settled among the Eastern
Slavs, eventually adopting the Slavic
language and culture. 
• The Varangians organized the Slav
communities into a loose union of citystates called Kievan Rus. 
- Ruled by princes, the leading city-state,
Kiev, controlled a trade route between
the Baltic and Black Seas.
(pages 367–369)
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Early Peoples and States (cont.)
- Mongol invaders from Central Asia occupied
Eastern Slavic lands for over 200 years. 
- During this time, the Eastern Slavs
developed their own cultural path based on
Eastern Orthodoxy.
(pages 367–369)
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Early Peoples and States (cont.)
• The Rise of Russia By the late 1400s,
the city of Moscow had become the
center of an expanding city-state known
as Muscovy. 
• The Muscovites became strong enough
to drive out the Mongols and lay the
foundations of Russia. 
• In 1533 Muscovy’s ruler, Ivan IV,
became the first crowned czar of
Russia.
(pages 367–369)
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Early Peoples and States (cont.)
- Ivan IV crushed all of his opponents and
expanded his realm’s borders. 
- After Ivan IV’s death, the country faced
foreign invasion and social upheaval.
(pages 367–369)
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Early Peoples and States (cont.)
Name important historical differences
between early Russia and early
western Europe.
Russia was shaped by the traditions of
the eastern Mediterranean, Asia, and
Eastern Orthodoxy. Western Europe
was shaped by classical cultures, the
Germanic cultures, and Roman
Catholicism.
(pages 367–369)
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Romanov Czars
• In the late 1600s, Peter the Great was
determined to modernize Russia. 
• Under him, Russia enlarged its territory,
built a strong military, and developed
trade with Europe. 
• Peter built a new capital city, St.
Petersburg, as a “window to the West.”
(pages 369–370)
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Romanov Czars (cont.)
• During the late 1700s, Catherine the
Great continued to expand Russia’s
borders. 
• By this time, a large gap had opened
between the Europeanized nobility
and the virtually enslaved serfs, who
followed traditional Russian ways.
(pages 369–370)
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Romanov Czars (cont.)
(pages 369–370)
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Romanov Czars (cont.)
What relationship was there between a
Russian ruler’s power and his or her
policies? Explain.
Russian czars were absolute rulers. In
some cases, they could make decisive
reforms easily and quickly. In other
cases, they opposed change. In all
cases, they allowed no opposition.
(pages 369–370)
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The Russian Revolution
• During the 1800s the people of Russia
grew more discontented as the
government carried out halfhearted
political reforms and repression. 
• The serfs were emancipated in 1861,
but they were poorly educated and had
few economic opportunities. 
• The government’s Russification policy
led to harsh treatment of non-Slavic
Russians, especially Jews.
(page 370)
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The Russian Revolution (cont.)
• Many Russians wanted to establish a
socialist government that would create
economic equality. 
• Karl Marx’s belief in a workers’ revolution
and a classless society captured the
imagination of many young, educated
Russians. 
• In 1917, the hardships of World War I
and long-standing discontent made Czar
Nicholas II so unpopular that workers
and soldiers forced him to give up his
throne.
(page 370)
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The Russian Revolution (cont.)
In what ways were the circumstances that
led to the Russian Revolution similar to
those of other revolutions in world
history? Explain.
Possible answer: As in other periods in
history, poor economic conditions and
political oppression led to dissatisfaction
among people. They were willing to
embrace political changes that would
improve their situations.
(page 370)
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The Soviet Era
• The Soviet Union Promising “Peace,
Land, and Bread,” the Bolsheviks under
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin seized power in
November 1917. 
- In 1922 the Bolsheviks, now known as
Communists, established the Soviet Union,
with Moscow as the capital. 
- Lenin’s successor, Joseph Stalin, set out to
make the Soviet Union a strong industrial
power by taking complete control of the
economy. 
- Stalin eliminated all forms of dissent.
(pages 370–371)
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The Soviet Era (cont.)
- As a result of Stalin’s policies, millions of
Russians either were killed or died from
hunger or brutal conditions in labor camps.
(pages 370–371)
The Soviet Era (cont.)
(pages 370–371)
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The Soviet Era (cont.)
• A Superpower

- During World War II, the German army
invaded Russia. 
- Soviet military forces and civilians defeated
them but at the cost of more than 27 million
lives. 
- By 1949 most of eastern Europe was under
Soviet control. 
- From the late 1940s to the late 1980s, the
Soviet Union and the United States engaged
in the Cold War, the struggle between
communism and capitalism for world
influence.
(pages 370–371)
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The Soviet Era (cont.)
How did the Cold War affect the Soviet
Union and the United States?
Possible answers: The Cold War sparked
an arms race. The military buildup
spurred technological development and
space exploration but consumed many
resources in both communist and
capitalist countries.
(pages 370–371)
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The Soviet Breakup
• In 1985 Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev
introduced reforms aimed at revitalizing
the stagnant Soviet economy and
allowing greater political openness. 
• Gorbachev’s reforms failed to save the
Soviet Union, which in 1991 broke up
into independent republics.
(pages 371–372)
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The Soviet Breakup (cont.)
(pages 371–372)
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The Soviet Breakup (cont.)
What were the main causes of the
breakup of the Soviet Union?
Possible answers: Non-Russian ethnic
groups wanted independence. The Soviet
command economy had failed. The
Soviets could no longer afford to keep
pace with the United States in the arms
race. Millions of individual Soviet citizens
desired a better standard of living and
freedom from communist control.
(pages 371–372)
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A New Russia
• A Market Economy In 1991, Russia’s
government began moving toward a
free market economy. 
• The immediate result was inflation and
a rise in unemployment. 
• By 2000, however, the Russian
economy began to improve.
(pages 372–373)
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A New Russia (cont.)
• Separatist Movements Beginning in
the early 1990s, separatist groups within
Russia–such as the Chechens–
increased demands for self-rule or
complete independence. 
• In 1994, warfare erupted between the
Russian government and Chechen
forces. 
• Although Russia eventually claimed to
have regained control, Chechen
resistance continued.
(pages 372–373)
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A New Russia (cont.)
• The conflict hurt Russia’s economy,
and Chechen casualties were high.
(pages 372–373)
A New Russia (cont.)
Why was unemployment an immediate
result of the conversion to a free market
economy?
Possible answers: When government
subsidies ceased, businesses had to
succeed on their own or close down.
Many probably closed down, and the
employees were out of work.
(pages 372–373)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
B 1. laborer obliged to remain on the
land where he or she works
A. czar
__
F 2. society based on equality in
which workers would control
industrial production
C. Russification
__
H 3. power struggle between the
Soviet Union and the United
States after World War II
E. Bolshevik
__
A 4. ruler of Russia until the 1917
revolution
__
E 5. a revolutionary group in Russia
led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
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B. serf
D. socialism
F.
communism
G. satellite
H. Cold War
I.
perestroika
J.
glasnost
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
G 6. a country controlled by another
country, notably Eastern
European countries controlled
by the Soviet Union by the end
of World War II
A. czar
__
J 7. Russian term for a new
“openness,” part of Mikhail
Gorbachev’s reform plans
E. Bolshevik
__
C 8. in nineteenth-century Russia, a
government program that
required everyone in the empire
to speak Russian and to
become a Christian
G. satellite
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B. serf
C. Russification
D. socialism
F.
communism
H. Cold War
I.
perestroika
J.
glasnost
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
D 9.
__10.
I
political philosophy in which
the government owns the
means of production
A. czar
in Russian, “restructuring”; part
of Gorbachev’s plan for
reforming Soviet government
C. Russification
B. serf
D. socialism
E. Bolshevik
F.
communism
G. satellite
H. Cold War
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I.
perestroika
J.
glasnost
Critical Thinking
Making Inferences Why do you think
Russians have almost always had a
centralized government? What problems
do you think the government had as
Russia grew?
A centralized government can unite diverse
ethnic groups over a wide area. As Russia
grew, the government faced the problem of
meeting diverse needs, distributing resources
fairly, and maintaining the loyalty of ethnic
groups and conquered peoples.
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Critical Thinking
Comparing and Contrasting How was the
government during czarist rule and the
Soviet era similar? Different?
The government during czarist rule and the
Soviet era was similar because it was
centralized, sometimes totalitarian, and
expansionist. The government during czarist
rule and the Soviet era was different because
it was ruled by monarchy/aristocracy (czarist)
versus rule by party (Soviet), there were rigid
class distinctions (czarist) versus no class
distinctions (Soviet), and state religion
(czarist) versus no religion (Soviet).
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Critical Thinking
Predicting Consequences How might
Russia be affected if separatist groups gain
independence?
Russia would lose access to natural
resources, territory, and prestige, and
would be a less diverse society.
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Analyzing Maps
Human-Environment Interaction Look at
the map of Russia’s changing borders
below. What geographic factors
encouraged Russian expansion?
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Analyzing Maps
Geographic expansion was encouraged
because there were few physical obstacles.
The Urals are low, and do not provide
defense or obstacles to expansion. Also,
the low population density in eastern
regions encouraged expansion.
Applying Geography
Geography and History Think about ways
that physical geography influenced the
Russian people’s history and culture. Write
an essay explaining the impact of geography
on one of Russia’s ethnic groups.
Close
Write brief essays or GeoJournal entries
describing where and when you would like
to time-travel into Russia’s past.
Cultures and Lifestyles
Objectives
• Describe the role of religion in Russian
society. 
• Identify contemporary challenges for education
and health care in Russia. 
• Describe the cultural heritage found in Russia’s
art, literature, and music.
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Cultures and Lifestyles
Terms to Know
• atheism 
• patriarch 
• icon 
• pogrom 
• intelligentsia

• socialist realism
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Cultures and Lifestyles
Places to Locate
• Caspian Sea 
• Lake Baikal
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to listen to the audio again.
During the Soviet era, Russian Olympic
athletes received government subsidies,
competed internationally, and became
symbols of the country. Today, Russian
figure skaters are considered the best in
the world. The USSR/Russia, for example,
has won all the gold medals in pairs figure
skating since 1964.
Religion in Russia
Eastern Orthodox Christianity was
central to the Russian state for almost
a thousand years until the 1917
Revolution. After acquiring power, the
Soviet government discouraged the
practice of religion and encouraged
atheism.
(pages 376–378)
Religion in Russia (cont.)
• Christianity in Russia Today, many
Russians are once again practicing
Eastern Orthodox Christianity. 
• Some Russians belong to Roman
Catholic or Protestant groups even
though the government has placed
restrictions on Christian groups that are
not Eastern Orthodox.
(pages 376–378)
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Religion in Russia (cont.)
• Islam Islam is the second-largest
religion in Russia. 
• Most of Russia’s Muslims live in the
southern parts of the country.
(pages 376–378)
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Religion in Russia (cont.)
• Judaism Throughout Russia’s history,
its Jewish population has often faced
discrimination and persecution. 
• Under the czars, Jews could live only in
certain areas and were the targets of
organized massacres called pogroms. 
• During the Soviet era, religious
persecution continued. 
• Today Jewish religious life survives
in Russia despite large-scale
emigration.
(pages 376–378)
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Religion in Russia (cont.)
• Buddhism Most of Russia’s Buddhist
population live in two ethnic republics–
Kalmykia, near the Caspian Sea, and
Buryatia, near Lake Baikal. 
• For this reason, Buddhism is accepted
as a traditional religion in Russia.
(pages 376–378)
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Religion in Russia (cont.)
Why did the Soviet government
discourage religious observances?
Possible answers: The atheistic Soviet
government regarded religion as a relic
of the past and an obstacle to building
a new secular society. It did not want
any other institution to rival it in power
or influence.
(pages 376–378)
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Education
• Because of the Soviets’ emphasis on
mandatory education, nearly 100 percent
of Russians are literate. 
• Although Soviet schools emphasized
sciences and technology rather than
liberal arts, Russian students today are
encouraged to specialize in a wide
variety of curriculum areas.
(pages 378–379)
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Education (cont.)
• Education in Russia suffers from
inadequate funding. 
• Teachers are poorly paid, schools are
in disrepair, and many young Russians
concentrate on earning money rather
than getting an education.
(pages 378–379)
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Education (cont.)
(pages 378–379)
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to listen to the audio again.
Education (cont.)
What might Russia do to improve its
educational system?
Possible answers: The government
should give the schools more money.
Teachers’ salaries should be raised.
Private businesses should be encouraged
to fund schools in exchange for student
internships for a specified amount of
time after graduation.
(pages 378–379)
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Health Care
Lifestyle choices such as smoking and
drinking alcoholic beverages, disease,
and inefficient health care systems all
threaten the well-being of Russia’s people.
(page 379)
Health Care (cont.)
Name one step the government might
take to improve health in Russia.
Possible answers: Educate people about
the dangers of smoking and excessive
alcohol consumption. Vaccinate all
children for tuberculosis and other
diseases. Clean up land, air, and water
pollution. Increase salaries for health care
professionals so that more people
enter the health care field.
(page 379)
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The Arts
• Russia’s Artistic Golden Age

- Russia’s artistic golden age began during
the 1800s and lasted well into the 1900s. 
- Painters like Marc Chagall and composers
such as Pyotr (Peter) Tchaikovsky made
contributions to their fields that have had an
international impact. 
- Russian literary giants include novelists Leo
Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky, playwright
Anton Chekhov, and poets Alexander
Pushkin and Anna Akhmatova. 
- Several Russian operas and ballets are
based on Russian literary masterpieces.
(pages 379–381)
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The Arts (cont.)
• Culture and the Soviets The Soviets
insisted that all art must glorify
communism, so artists were strictly
censored. 
• Artists who defied censorship were
punished and their works banned. 
• For describing the horrors of the
Stalinist labor camps in his works,
writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn was
expelled from the Soviet Union.
(pages 379–381)
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The Arts (cont.)
• Post-Soviet Arts Beginning in the mid1980s, government controls on the arts
loosened, sparking renewed cultural
activity.
(pages 379–381)
The Arts (cont.)
Why did the Soviet government insist
on censoring art?
The government did not welcome any
disagreement with its own ideas.
(pages 379–381)
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Life and Leisure
• Daily life in Russia is a challenge. 
• Although some Russians are becoming
prosperous, many people live in
crowded apartments and cannot afford
to pay the high prices charged for
certain goods. 
• Despite frustration, people enjoy
watching professional sports, playing
chess, and attending concerts, the
ballet, and the theater.
(page 381)
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Life and Leisure (cont.)
• During the Soviet era, holidays such as
May Day, the traditional workers’ holiday,
were celebrated to honor Soviet
workers. 
• Since the breakup of the Soviet Union,
the observance of traditional religious
holidays has been revived.
(page 381)
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Life and Leisure (cont.)
How has daily life changed since the
fall of the Soviet Union?
There is greater political and intellectual
freedom. Religious holidays are
celebrated again. There is greater access
to the arts and popular entertainment.
Crime and unemployment have
increased, and health care and education
have declined.
(page 381)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
E 1. intellectual elite
__
B 2. the head of the Eastern
Orthodox Church
__
F 3. realistic style of art and
literature that glorified Soviet
ideals and goals
__
C 4. religious image, usually
including a picture of Jesus,
Mary, or a saint, used mainly by
Orthodox Christians
__
A 5. the belief that there is no God
__
D 6. in czarist Russia, an attack on
Jews carried out by government
troops or officials
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A. atheism
B. patriarch
C. icon
D. pogrom
E. intelligentsia
F.
socialist
realism
Critical Thinking
Making Inferences Why do you think
Russian lawmakers have restricted activity
by religious groups other than Russia’s four
traditional religions?
Possible answer: The lawmakers have
restricted activity by religious groups other
than Russia’s four traditional religions
because of the traditional resistance to
religion under the Soviet system, fear of
influence of Western missionaries, and the
need to use religion to unite diverse peoples
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Critical Thinking
Comparing and Contrasting What was the
education system like during the Soviet era,
and what is it like today?
Under the Soviet system, education was free,
mandatory, and focused on science and
technology. Today there is more variety in
courses of study, but education is
underfunded and teachers are poorly paid.
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Critical Thinking
Making Generalizations How have
Russian artists, musicians, and writers
inspired the Russian people during difficult
times?
Russian artists have inspired patriotism,
provided cultural and religious identity, offered
hope in difficult times, and defended truth
against efforts of government censors.
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Analyzing Graphs
Region Study the graph below of
religions in Russia. What percentage of
people living in Russia today is Muslim?
What percentage is nonreligious?
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Analyzing Graphs
Ten percent of people living in Russia
today are Muslim, and 71.1 percent of
people living in Russia are nonreligious.
Applying Geography
Influence of Location In which part of
Russia do most Russian followers of Islam
live? Why do you think this is so? Write a
paragraph to explain your reasoning.
Possible answer: Most Islamic Russians live
in southern Russia, in areas populated by
Turkic peoples. The Turks brought Islam to
the lands they conquered and populated.
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Close
Choose a popular Russian pastime or leisure
activity, and write a GeoJournal entry about
why you might enjoy participating in that
activity.
Section 1: Population Patterns
(pages 363–366)
Key Points
• More than 80 percent of Russia’s population is
ethnic Russian, and the remainder comprises
about 100 different ethnic groups. 
• Although more than 100 different languages
are spoken in Russia, Russian is the official
language. 
• Russia is experiencing a population crisis,
largely the result of health care problems. 
• Russia’s population is unevenly distributed,
with 75 percent of Russians living west of the
Urals.
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Section 2: History and Government
Key Points
(pages 367–373)
• Kievan Rus, an early Slavic state, grew out
of settlements of Slavs and Varangians. 
• Under the czars Russia expanded its territory
and became an enormous empire. 
• In 1917 a revolution overthrew Czar
Nicholas II. Later that year, the Bolsheviks,
under Lenin, seized power. 
• In 1922 the Communists formed the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics, or Soviet Union. 
• In December 1991 the Soviet Union collapsed
and was replaced by Russia and other
independent republics.
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Section 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Key Points
(pages 376–381)
• Since the Soviet Union’s collapse, many
Russians have resumed their religious
practices. 
• Post-Soviet Russian schools are more open
to new ideas and methods, but they face low
budgets, overcrowding, and disrepair. 
• Russia’s artistic golden age began in the
1800s. After 1917 the Soviet government
severely restricted certain kinds of artistic
expression. 
• Today Russians’ respect for culture, traditions,
and the arts has increased as a result of the
new freedoms.
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Reviewing Key Terms
Insert the key term that best completes each of the
following sentences.
atheism
Bolshevik
czar
glasnost
icon
intelligentsia
patriarch
perestroika
serf
1. A person who was part of the revolutionary group
Bolshevik
led by Lenin was called a(n) ________________.
czar
2. A(n) _________________
ruled Russia at the
time of the Russian Revolution.
patriarch
3. The ___________________
is the head of the
Russian Orthodox church.
4. The Soviet Union’s intellectual elite was called the
_________________.
intelligentsia
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Reviewing Key Terms
Insert the key term that best completes each of the
following sentences.
atheism
Bolshevik
czar
glasnost
icon
intelligentsia
patriarch
perestroika
serf
icon
5. A religious symbol is called a(n) _____________.
6. The Russian term for restructuring is
___________________.
perestroika
7. The Russian term for political openness is
___________________.
glasnost
8. A peasant worker who farmed a plot of land that
was owned by someone else was called a(n)
___________________.
serf
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Reviewing Key Terms
Insert the key term that best completes each of the
following sentences.
atheism
Bolshevik
czar
glasnost
icon
intelligentsia
patriarch
perestroika
serf
9. ___________________
Atheism
is the belief that there is
no God or supreme being.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 1: Population Patterns
Which ethnic group forms the majority in
Russia?
Russians form the majority in Russia.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 1: Population Patterns
Where do most of Russia’s people live?
Most of Russia’s people live in European
Russia.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 2: History and Government
How did princes and czars change Russia’s
territory?
They expanded it to include many diverse
populations.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 2: History and Government
What were the major goals and events of the
Soviet era?
The major goals were to gain world influence,
power, and expansionism. The major events
were World War II, the Cold War, the arms
race, and the space race.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
What major religions are found in Russia?
The major religions found in Russia are
Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Islam,
Judaism, and Buddhism.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
How have education and health care
changed since the Soviet breakup?
Since the Soviet breakup, there has been
a loss of quality, low pay for teachers and
doctors, and outdated equipment.
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Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Explain why you
agree or disagree with the following
statement: “The Soviet Union was a 74year-long experiment that failed.”
Critical Thinking
Making Inferences Why do you think
many people in Russia have returned to
earlier traditions?
Many people in Russia have returned to
earlier traditions because of a nostalgia for
pre-Soviet days, the rise of ethnic identity
and nationalism, and for freedom of
religious expression.
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Locating Places
Match the letters on the map with the places and physical
features of Russia.
__1.
C
__2.
D
__3.
G
__4.
F
__5.
B
__6.
E
__7.
H
__8.
A
St. Petersburg
Baltic Sea
Barents Sea
Volga River
Moscow
Yenisey River
Yekaterinburg
Black Sea
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Read the quote by Zina Popova below, and then
choose the best answer for each of the following
multiple-choice questions. If you have trouble
answering the questions, use the process of
elimination to narrow your choices.
“That hero stuff was a millstone around [my mother’s]
neck. Mama told me she knew nothing about Lenin and
Marxism when she joined the revolutionaries. They were
spurred by hunger. My mother believed in the myth of
the October Revolution but only for a few years. Then
there was no exit. She put in her time, like most of the
others.”
–Zina Popova, in “The Bolshevik Revolution,” National
Geographic, October 1992
1. This quote could be used by a geographer to learn more about a
country’s
A
cultural geography.
B
foreign policy.
C
ethnic minorities.
D
physical geography.
Test-Taking Tip In answering questions about quotations, make sure
that you have a clear understanding of the quote. Also make sure that
you understand the perspective of the person being quoted. Often, as
in this case, you can find this information after the person’s name.
Click the mouse button or press the
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2. Zina Popova’s perspective on the Bolshevik Revolution comes from
F
the Communist Party.
G
her own experience.
H
her mother.
J
a reference book.
Test-Taking Tip In answering questions about quotations, make sure
that you have a clear understanding of the quote. Also make sure that
you understand the perspective of the person being quoted. Often, as
in this case, you can find this information after the person’s name.
Click the mouse button or press the
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One of Russia’s most important and wellknown cities has had many names
throughout history. What is the name of
this city today, and by what names has it
been known in the past?
Originally called St. Petersburg, the city has
also been known as Petrograd, Leningrad,
Stalingrad, and once again, St. Petersburg.
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Explore online information about the topics
introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the
Glencoe World Geography Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites
correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web
site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://geography.glencoe.com
SCIENCE Under Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet leader
from 1958 to 1964, the Soviet Union invested heavily
in space exploration. The first spacecraft to orbit the
earth was the Soviet satellite Sputnik-1, launched in
1957. Soviet Air Force Colonel Yuri Gagarin became
the first human to orbit the earth in 1961. These
advances spurred competition from the United
States and kicked off the so-called space race.
Today U.S. and Russian teams work together on
the International Space Station.
Slavs
Easter Eggs
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Slavs were often captured and forced into labor by
other central European groups. The name for this
practice–slavery–came from the name of this ethnic
group, used by speakers of Middle English, Medieval
Latin, and Late Greek.
Easter Eggs Fabergé’s practice of hiding surprises
inside his jeweled eggs gave a name to hidden
graphics or bonus applications built into software by
computer programmers. These surprises are known
as Easter eggs.
English Most Russians under the age of 40 speak
some English. Russian schools begin teaching
English at the third-grade level. There are more
teachers of English in Russia than speakers of
Russian in the United States.
Rural Recreation Many Russians spend time at
country homes and cottages called dachas, where a
favorite pastime is mushrooming–collecting, cooking,
and enjoying the region’s many varieties of wild
mushrooms.
Greetings When Russians ask Kak dela? (“How are
you?”), it is not just a formality. Russians expect a
detailed reply, and it is considered rude to ask unless
you are ready to listen.
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to listen to the audio again.
Click the Speaker button
to listen to the audio again.
Analyzing Primary and
Secondary Sources
When you read an account written by someone who
witnessed an event, you are reading a primary source. If you
read about the event based on a historian’s research, you are
reading a secondary source.
Analyzing Primary and
Secondary Sources
Learning the Skill
Knowing whether you are reading a primary or secondary
source is important for evaluating the information. A primary
source has the advantage of firsthand knowledge of an event.
A secondary source often benefits from a broader perspective
on the event. 
Primary sources may include letters, interviews with
eyewitnesses, photographs, and historical documents.
Secondary sources rely on primary sources to create a broader
picture. History books, encyclopedias, and documentary films
are examples of secondary sources.
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Analyzing Primary and
Secondary Sources
Learning the Skill
To analyze primary and secondary sources, ask yourself the
following questions: 
• Did the source witness the event, or just gather
information about it? 
• When was the account written? At the time of, or after
the event? 
• Is the account valid? Do emotions, opinions, and biases
influence the account? 
• How useful is the source? What kind of information
does the source provide, and what questions are left
unanswered?
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Analyzing Primary and
Secondary Sources
Practicing the Skill
Read the following excerpt about the Bolshevik seizure of
power in 1917, and then answer the questions on the
following slides.
“A tall iron gate surrounded the palace. One of the gates had
not been locked. We saw this and opened the gate wide…. Like
a wave of black lava, we moved into the palace, followed by
workers and soldiers. There was no resistance, none at all.
They surrendered their weapons. We arrested the members
of the … government.”
—Karl G. Rianni, colleague of Lenin, quoted by Dusko Doder,
“The Bolshevik Revolution,” National Geographic, October 1992
Analyzing Primary and
Secondary Sources
Practicing the Skill
1. What information does the source provide?
The source describes the effects of shelling on the city
of Stalingrad during a World War II battle.
2. What is the writer’s relationship to the information?
The writer of the book from which the source comes,
Alexander Werth, presumably has no relationship to the
information other than as a gatherer of facts, although we
can presume that the person quoted within the source, a
Russian military officer, was present to view the damages
he describes.
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Analyzing Primary and
Secondary Sources
Practicing the Skill
3. Is the source a primary or secondary source? How do you
know?
It appears to be a primary source because the man
quoted implies that he was present to see the damage
by using terms like “here” and “now.” This quote is
included in a secondary source entitled The Year of
Stalingrad.
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Maps
Major Ethnic Groups of Russia
Russia’s Changing Borders, 1462–Present
Charts
Russia: Religions
State of Health
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End of Custom Shows
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