Camellia sinensis Hannah Lindquist http://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/ chinese-tea/chinese-tea-art.htm Outline • Background • History of tea – Early history – Introduction to Europe – Development of tea industries • Tea consumption – Tea cultures – Health effects • Tea today – Tea production – Environmental impacts of production – Transnational corporations • Alternative strategies Background: Camellia sinensis http://www.equalexchange.coop/india http://www.kokomotea.com/culturestatic-1.php Early History of Tea • How old is tea consumption? – Legend: 2732 B.C.E. – Chewed by monkeys and humans • Religious importance – Originally cultivated in monasteries as a medicinal herb • Introduction into secular society – Diffusion through Asia – Tea bricks as currency • Introduction to Japan at end of 6th century Yak butter tea http://www.flickr.com/photos/paul_ark/3843728507/ Tea Comes to Europe • Tea is introduced to Europe in 1610 • European tea trade with China becomes easier in the late 1600s and early 1700s – Improvements in sea travel – The joint stock company • British tea trade with China – East India Company – Excise taxes on tea imports – Smuggling Development of Tea Industries • Gaining independence from the tea trade with China and developing tea estates – Influence of the industrial and agricultural revolutions – Dutch – British: India, Ceylon, Africa Assam Ceylon (Sri Lanka) http://www.thp.org/where_we_work/south_asia/india/map/assam Tea Cultures • Japanese tea ceremony • Development of British tea culture – Originally a luxury commodity – Displacement of coffee – Effects on women – Proletarian hunger-killer Japanese tea ceremony http://www.holymtn.com/tea/Japanesetea.htm “The Tea Gardens,” 1778 http://www.beatricehohenegger.com/_font_face__garamond___font_siz e_4__br_liquid_jade__the_story_of_tea_from_east_t_57579.htm “The Afternoon Tea Party” http://www.teaspirit.com/2006/12/10/the-afternoon-tea-partyfrederic-soulacroix/ Tea Cultures • Creation of markets in India • Tea consumption today in the U.S. An Indian billboard advertisement for tea http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030115/biz.htm Tea and Human Health • Studies on effects of tea consumption on: – Cancer incidence – Heart disease incidence • Other health effects http://www.saidaonline.com/en/newsgfx/green-tea.jpg Tea Production Today • World production • Growing and harvesting tea • Processing tea • Labor World Tea Production 5 4.735961 Metric tons (in millions) 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.96356 2.5 2.524165 2 1.893527 1.5 1.286757 1 0.983785 0.5 0 1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2008 http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor Top exporters in 2007: Kenya, China, India, Sri Lanka http://faostat.fao.org/site/342/default.aspx Tea Production Today • World production • Growing and harvesting tea • Processing tea • Labor Lipton tea estate in Kenya http://www.liptont.com/tea_experts/sustainability/national_geographic.aspx Tea Production Today • World production • Growing and harvesting tea • Processing tea • Labor Withering Rolling http://hojotea.com/item_e/b07e.htm Trays used for fermentation Tea Packing Company http://www.ethicalteapartnership.org/pages.asp?page_id=30&parent_id=18 Tea Production Today • World production • Growing and harvesting tea • Processing tea • Labor Environmental Impacts of Tea Production • • • • Loss of biodiversity Soil Agrochemicals Fuel for tea processing http://discoveringkorea.com/2008/12/03/boseong-green-tea/ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/289001/108338/Afarmer-spraying-pesticide-on-tea-leaves-in-Sonepur-India Transnational Corporations • Unilever • Tata Tea http://www.tata.com/images/article/tata_tea_packs.jpg http://www.liptont.com/our_products/tea_explorer/index.aspx Sustainabili-TEA: More than a predictable pun I found on Bigelow’s website? 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