Agenda
•
•
•
•
Bell ringer
Review Maritime Revolution
Transformations in Europe
Closure
Review
• What social, political, and military
developments contributed to the rise of
European nations during this period?
Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450
– 1750)
ESSENTIAL LEARNING:
TRANSFORMATIONS IN EUROPE (15001750)
Objectives
• Evaluate how the interaction of traditional
beliefs and revolutionary ideas influenced the
cultural history of early modern Europe.
Essential Questions
• How did the interaction of traditional beliefs
and revolutionary ideas influence the cultural
history of early modern Europe?
Map 17-1, p. 454
Target: Culture and Ideas
• Reformation – theological controversies that
broke Latin Church unity.
• Early Reformation
– 1500 – papacy gained importance, corruption,
dissent.
– Large donations, tax receipts.
– Martin Luther – opposed sale of indulgences
• 95 Theses.
– John Calvin (1509-1564) – predestination.
p. 450
• Counter Reformation and the Politics of
Religion
– Latin Christian Church reform movement.
– Council of Trent.
– 1540 – Ignatius Loyola created the Society of Jesus
(Jesuits)
– Inquisition.
– Henry VIII – became head of the Church of
England (Anglican Church).
• Local Religion, Traditional Culture, and WitchHunts
– Blend of church rituals with local customs.
– Witch-hunts by Protestants and Catholics.
• Late 16th and 17th centuries – northern Europe
– Rising social tensions, rural poverty, environmental strains.
• The Scientific Revolution
– 16th century – observation and experimentation
challenged prevailing conceptions of the physical
world.
– Nicholas Copernicus – heliocentrism.
– Galileo Galilei – proved heliocentrism.
– Isaac Newton – Law of Gravity.
– Brahe, Kepler, Boyle.
– Intellectual and religious leaders encouraged
political authorities to suppress these ideas.
– Printed books spread new ideas.
– Other traditions were soon challenged.
• The Early Enlightenment
– 18th century movement – one could reform
society by discovering rational laws of social
behavior.
– Influenced by Scientific Revolution, undermining
of the moral authority of religion, church
opposition.
– Influenced revolutions after 1750.
– Many Catholic and Protestant leaders opposed.
– European monarchs selectively endorsed new
ideas.
– Europe in 1750 – political and religious divisions,
growing literacy, and the printing press spread
ideas.
Essential Questions
• How did the interaction of traditional beliefs
and revolutionary ideas influence the cultural
history of early modern Europe?
Agenda
Review
• How did the interaction of traditional beliefs
and revolutionary ideas influence the cultural
history of early modern Europe?
Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450
– 1750)
ESSENTIAL LEARNING:
TRANSFORMATIONS IN EUROPE (15001750)
Objectives
• Describe the factors that contributed to the
wealth of some Europeans and the great
poverty of others from 1500-1750.
Essential Questions
• What factors contributed to the wealth of
some Europeans and the great poverty of
others from 1500-1750?
Target: Social and Economic Life
• Small number of dominant noble families,
mostly exempt from taxation.
• Larger class of prosperous commoners.
• Most – poor laborers, journeymen,
apprentices, and rural laborers.
• The Bourgeoisie
– Expanding trade = growth of European cities.
– Urban wealth from manufacturing, finance, and
trade.
• Bourgeoisie (middle class).
p. 461
– Sought mutually beneficial alliances with
European monarchs.
– Governments invested in infrastructure to
promote trade (ex. canals).
– Some bought land and raised status.
• Peasants and Laborers
– Famine and small surpluses before high-yielding
new crops by the 1700s.
– Miners, lumber-jacks, and charcoal makers.
– Poverty provoked rebellions.
• Women and the Family
– Status closely tied to husband.
– Privileged families more likely to arrange
marriages.
– Europeans married later.
• Low birthrate, limited family size.
– Bourgeois parents wanted children to be
successful.
• Municipal schools.
• Schools, most guilds, and most professions barred
females.
Essential Questions
• What factors contributed to the wealth of
some Europeans and the great poverty of
others from 1500-1750?
Agenda
Review
• What factors contributed to the wealth of
some Europeans and the great poverty of
others from 1500-1750?
Unit 3: Regional and Transregional
Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)
ESSENTIAL LEARNING:
TRANSFORMATIONS IN EUROPE (15001750)
Objectives
• Evaluate how differing policies in the areas of
religion, foreign relations, and economics
determined the very different experiences of
early modern European states.
Essential Questions
• How did differing policies in the areas of
religion, foreign relations, and economics
determine the very different experiences of
early modern European states?
Target: Political Innovations
• State Development
– Political diversity
– No creation of a single, integrated empire in the
early 16th century.
Map 17-2, p. 464
• The Monarchies of England and France
– 17th century – conflicts with powerful rivals.
– England
• Charles I – English Civil War, defeated and executed.
• The Commonwealth – Lead by Oliver Cromwell until
1658.
– Glorious Revolution
• James II baptized son as Catholic.
• Parliament asked Mary and William to rule –
Protestants
• English Bill of Rights – created limited monarchy.
– France
• Estates General represented the clergy, nobility, and
towns (bourgeoisie)
– After 16th century, monarchs generally ruled alone.
» Justification: divine right – God given right to rule.
• Louis XIV
– Palace of Versailles in 1682
“L’etat c’est moi”
p. 469
– Most European rulers imitated French absolutism.
• John Locke (1632-1704)
– Natural rights – life, liberty, and property.
– Ruler’s authority from consent of the governed, were subject
to the law.
– If a monarch violates natural rights, citizens have the right and
duty to rebel.
• Warfare and Diplomacy
– Warfare was almost constant in early modern
Europe.
– Thirty Years War (1618-1648) caused long-lasting
depopulation and economic decline.
– Improvements in skill and weaponry of armed
forces.
– New fortifications to withstand cannon
bombardments.
– Stalemates meant victory increasingly depended
on navies.
– England – only major nation that did not maintain
an army.
– Balance of power – major European states formed
temporary alliances to prevent any one from
becoming too powerful.
• France, Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia.
Map 17-3, p. 470
• Paying the Piper
– Heavy military costs = need to increase revenues.
– Spain
• Expensive wars, expulsion of certain groups hurt
economy.
• Small group controlled most wealth and was tax
exempt.
• High sales taxes discouraged manufacturing.
• Silver and gold from American colonies = inflation.
– Netherlands
• Emerged as the world’s greatest trading nation.
• Economic success due to decentralized government.
• After 1650, the English broke Dutch dominance in
overseas trade.
– Government role in the economy increased.
– French developed national economy under Jean
Baptiste Colbert.
Essential Questions
• How did differing policies in the areas of
religion, foreign relations, and economics
determine the very different experiences of
early modern European states?