Ancient China
Ancient China: Section 1
Contrasting Climate and Landforms
Southern China- warm and wet as a
result of the Monsoons from the
South China Sea
Northern- cool and dry, dependent
on rivers as a source of water
Located on the Eastern side of Asia
Lies about same latitude lines as
United States
Bordered on the east by the Yellow
Sea, East China Sea, and the
Pacific Ocean
A Varied Climate
 Western China: dry
like Western United
States
 Northern China: like
New England (Maine,
New Hampshire,
Connecticut, etc.)
• Wheat and millet
grown in the drier
northern lands
 Southeast China: like
southern United States
• Rice grown in the
moist climate
“The Middle Kingdom”
 Geographic features such
as mountains , deserts and
seas blocked off China from the rest
of the Ancient world.

North—Gobi Desert
 West—Taklimakan Desert, Pamir, Tian Shan, and
Himalayan mountains.
 They only knew of the nomadic people to the North
and West of them
 China had no knowledge of Egypt, India, Greece,
Rome, etc.
 They were sure they lived in the center of the earth
that they called themselves the “Middle Kingdom”
Rivers, the Birthplace of Civilization
 The Huang He river and the Yangtze River would overflow.
 This would provided rich, fertile soil ideal for farming near
the rivers. Both deposit yellow silt
 Chang Jiang/Yangtze located in central China
 Huang He/Yellow River is located to the north
 Farming done between the two rivers—area called North
China Plain
China’s Sorrow
 The Huang He river was also called “China’s
Sorrow” because it was very unpredictable
 Destructive floods would come without
warning
 At times the floods would cut new paths for
the river
The Bonds of
Family
 Traditional Families- A household in ancient
China might contain as many as 5
generations living together.
 Most privileges in a family would belong to
the elders (they would make household
decisions)
 Women were typically governed by men (their
fathers, husbands or sons)
Shang Dynasty
 Around 2000 B.C.
farming
settlements along
the Huang He
grew into cities.
 The beginning of
Chinese culture
developed.
 China is the
oldest, longest
lasting civilization
in the world!
Shang Kings
 Dynasty: line of rulers from
the same family
 1766 B.C. Shang family
started to rule some cities.
 Kings were responsible for
religious activities.
 Claimed to rule with gods’
permission
 Controlled central portion of
North China Plain
 Relatives ruled distant areas
 Protected themselves from
nomads, the Zhou, to the
North and west with
chariots.
Shang Families
 Respect for family
and ancestors very
important
 Family was closely tied
to religion
 Believes spirits of
ancestors could bring
good fortune to family
 Family paid respect to
father’s ancestors
by making animal
sacrifices
 Men were in charge of
the family
Family Names
The Chinese were the first people to
have 2 names.
One name was for the family, one
was for the individual.
In Chinese society the family name
comes first.
Developing Language
 Oracle bones—
animal bones or
turtle shells on
which Shang royal
priests used to
interpret
messages from the
gods.
 Priests would
make scratch
marks on bones
and shells—early
form of writing
Developing Language Continued…
 Pictograph
system of writing
developed
 Used simple
drawings/symbols
for words or ideas
 To barely be able
to read and write
must know at least
1,500 Characters
in the Chinese
alphabet
 Scribe needed to
know 10,000
characters
Ancient China Section 2:
The Life of Confucius
 Philosophy: study of basic truths and ideas
about the universe
 Confucius was the most famous and important
of Chinese thinkers.
 Born 551 B.C.
Noble but poor family
Loved learning and self-taught Thought to
be China’s first professional teacher
Education was very expensive—Confucius
charged a small fee but would also take
in students who were poor if they truly
wanted to learn.
The Life of Confucius (cont.)
Confucius wandered North China
looking for rulers to follow his
teachings.
Was unsuccessful finding a ruler
Died 479 B.C.—72 years old
Felt his life was a failure.
Teachings of Confucius
 Confucius never wrote down his
teachings.
 Students gathered his sayings and made
up a philosophy, after his death.
 A philosophy is a system of beliefs or
values.
 This philosophy became known as
Confucianism, one of several important
philosophies of ancient China.
Teachings of Confucius (cont.)
Confucius’s goal—order in society.
If people would behave properly to
one another, order and peace would
return.
People should know their place in
family and in society.
You should respect people above
and below you.
Five Relationships
Confucius created
code of proper
conduct for people.
Each relationship has
its own duties and
own code of conduct.
Relationships fall
under two categories:
•Proper conduct in
the family
•Proper conduct in
society
Father and Child
Elder Brother and
Junior Brother
Husband and Wife
Friend and Friend
Ruler and Subject
Proper Conduct
Society
 Authority should be
respected.
 Ruler should lead in
a right, moral way
and subjects will
obey.
 Ruler should treat
subjects with
respect.
Family
 Confucius believed
respect and good
behavior started at
home.
 Filial Piety—
respect for one’s
parents and
ancestors
Impact of Confucius
 Confucius teachings
became basic training
for members of civil
service groups.
 Civil service group of
people who work for the
government.
 Before Confucius ideas,
government posts given
to sons of important
people. Afterward jobs
given on merit.
 Candidates had to pass
official exams.
(Exams were based on
Confucius teachings.)
Legalism
 Philosophy: study
of basic truths and
ideas about the
universe
 Legalism: a belief
that rulers should
use the legal
system to force
people to obey laws
 These people
believed a strong
government was the
answer to China’s
problems.
Strict Laws and Harsh Punishments
Legalists’ beliefs:
• Human nature is
naturally wicked,
and people must
be forced to do
good.
• Government must
pass strict laws
to control the way
people behave
• Harsh
punishments
make people fear
doing wrong.
An Increase of Government Control
 Shang Yang wanted people to turn in others
who broke the law.
 He thought that people who did not report
lawbreakers should be punished.
 Legalists:
• thought those who did their duty should be
rewarded.
• did not want people to complain about
government.
• Favored arresting people who questioned the
government or taught different ideas.
• Thought rulers should burn books that contained
different philosophies or ideas.
Daoism & The Way
 Is said to be started with
Laozi, “Old Master”.
 Book of teachings called Dao
De Jing (The Book of the
Virtue)
 Believes “The Way” or Dao
guides all things.
 All creatures except humans
follow Dao
 Humans must learn to live in
harmony with nature and
with their inner feelings to
find the way.
Following the Way
 Daoists accepted things as they were.
 Did not become involved with government
 Tried to understand nature and live in harmony
with it.
 Yin Yang: two things that interact with one
another
• Yin (black): all things cold, dark, and mysterious
• Yang (white): all that is warm, bright, and light.
• Compliment each other
• Helps people understand how the fit into the world.
Ancient China Section 3:
Chinese Dynasties
What’s a dynasty?
A sequence of powerful leaders within the
same family
Chinese history is measured and described
through the various dynasties.
Chinese Dynasties
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Xia Dynasty About 1994 BCE - 1766 BCE
Shang Dynasty 1766 BCE - 1027 BCE
Zhou Dynasty 1122 BCE -256 BCE
Qin Dynasty 221 BCE - 206 BCE
Early Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 9 AD
Xin Dynasty 9 AD - 24 AD
Later Han Dynasty 25 AD - 220 AD
Three Kingdoms - Period of Disunion 220
AD - 280 AD
Sui Dynasty 589 AD - 618 AD
Tang Dynasty 618 AD - 907 AD
Song Dynasty 969 AD - 1279 AD
Yuan Dyansty 1279 AD - 1368 AD
Ming Dynasty 1368 AD - 1644 AD
Manchu or Qing Dynasty 1644 AD - 1912
AD
The First Dynasty?
Xia or Shang?
According to legend, the Xia Dynasty is the
first Chinese dynasty that existed from 1994
BCE - 1766 BCE.
However, there is no archeological evidence
to prove the existence of the Xia dynasty.
Therefore, the Shang Dynasty is the first
known dynasty with historical evidence
Cycle of Chinese Dynasties (dynastic cycle)
1. A new dynasty rises.
-A strong local ruler defeats the
others
-He often adds land to China
-Believed to have mandate (or
approval)
from the heavens
2. The new dynasty rules
5. A period of local violence follows
-New dynasties fight for power
and restore peace and order
-Restores peace
-Chooses local officials
-Makes reforms
4. The dynasty falls
-Dynasty is believed to no longer have
mandate from the heavens
-Rebellions put an end to the weakened
dynasty
3. The dynasty grows weak
-Rules don’t do the hard work of running
the empire
-Tax the people too much
-Can’t deal with disasters such as
famine, earthquakes, invasions
The Shang Dynasty
Arose sometime after 1700BC
Some of the finest bronze work
of Ancient China
First to introduce a Chinese
writing language
Who was Shi Huangdi?
• Ruler of the Qin Dynasty
• Originally, his name was Zheng
• “cracking his long whip, he drove the
universe before him… His might shook the
four seas.”
• By 221 Zheng extended his rule to cover
most of modern day China
• Renamed himself Shi Huangdi or “first
emperor”
The Qin Unified China
Shi Huangdi
stopped battles
within warring
states.
Conquered rival
states
Drove out
nomadic
invaders
China grew the
largest it had
ever been!
The Qin Unified China Cont.
• Huangdi killed or put into prison anyone
who opposed him
Wanted total control of China:
• Took land away from defeated
noble families
• Forced nobles to live at the capital
so he could watch them
• This weakened noble families’
power.
He divided China into districts, and each
district was run by the emperor’s most
trusted officials
Organizing the Government
Shi Huangdi built highways and
irrigation projects.
• Forced peasants to work on projects such
as building roads
• These roads helped his army to rush to the
scene if a rebellion occurred.
• Set high taxes for peasants to pay
Unifying the Culture
• Shi Huangdi ordered one type of
currency (money) to be used
throughout China. This united
China.
• Ordered a common system of
weights and measures
• He tried to control the thoughts of
people by outlawing the ideas of
Confucius and other thinkers.
• Killed 460 government critics and
Confucianists
• Ordered the burning of books unless
they were about medicine,
technology, or farming
Great Wall of China
 Throughout China’s history, people were constantly
worried about attacks from the north. Different towns
built walls to help protect their borders.
 Shi Huangdi set out to connect those walls by building
the Great Wall of China
Great Wall of China Cont’d
 Shi Huangdi ordered farmers,
merchants (peasants), and
criminals to form an army of
about 300,000 workers
 Many died and the people
resented the emperor.
 Great Wall linked many small
walls that were built during the
time of the Warring States.
 Earliest walls built of earth,
later stone and brick were
used.
 When finished the wall
stretched for 1,400 miles. (The
distance from Washington DC
to Denver, Colorado)
Terra-cotta Army
In 1974, 8,000 life-size statues were
discovered in Northern China.
For over 2000 years these soldiers protected the
tomb of Shi Huangdi
No 2 statues are identical
With his underground army Shi Huangdi
planned on ruling a second empire in the
afterlife
End of the Qin Dynasty
Shi Huandi died in 210 BC
This started four years of chaos and civil
war
Marked the end of the Qin dynasty
The Han Dynasty
One of the rebels that
helped overthrow the Qin
dynasty was Liu Bang
Liu Bang became the 1st
emperor of the Han
dynasty by 202B.C.
The stable government of
the Han dynasty lasted
about 400 years
Han Government
 Liu Bang kept Qin
policies of central
government, but
lowered taxes.
 Made punishments
less harsh.
 Peasant men owed
the government a
month of labor/work
a year on
government projects.
 Peasants built roads,
canals, and
irrigation projects.
Han Government Cont…
 Bureaucracy: network of
appointed officials that
assist in government
 Officials helped Liu Bang
enforce rules.
 Bureaucrats put family
members and trusted
people in local
government positions.
 Set up a system of tests
to find the most educated
and ethical people for the
imperial bureaucratic
state.
• Tested people on their
knowledge of
Confucianism.
Empress Rules
 Liu Bang died 195
B.C.
 Widow, Empress Lu
took the thrown for
their young son.
 Outlived son and
continued to put
babies on the
throne so she could
rule for them.
 When she died in
180 B.C. all her
family members
were killed.
Wudi- The Warrior Emperor
 The Han Dynasty reached its peak under the
rule of Liu Bang’s great grandson Wudi
 Wudi (descendent of Liu Bang) ruled the Han
empire from 141-87 B.C.E.
 Made improvements to the Great Wall
 Extended Chinese territory
 Made many military conquests including
southern Chinese provinces, northern
Vietnam, and northern Korea.
 Chased nomadic invaders out of northern
China
 China was almost as large as modern day
China.
Collapse of Han Dynasty
 The Han empire faced rebellions,
peasant revolts, floods, famine, and
economic disasters, but stayed in
power until 220 C.E./A.D.
 After Wudi’s death the Han dynasty
slowly began to fall apart
 Warlords (leaders of armed local
bands) took control
Daily Life in Han China
 Majority of society lived
and worked on farms.
 Farmers lived in one to
two story houses in
villages near their farm.
 Barns, pigsties, and
storage buildings were
located in the village.
 Rich farmers had ox to
pull their plows while
poor farmers had to pull
the plows themselves.
Daily Life in Han China Cont…
 Farmers wore simple
clothing and sandals like
today.
 Clothing was stuffed like
quilts for colder
weather.
 Northern farmers grew
wheat or millet.
 Southern farmers grew
rice.
 Families kept vegetable
gardens for additional
food.
 Fish and meat were
expensive so people ate
small portions.
City Living
 Cities were centers of
trade, education, and
government.
 Merchants,
craftspeople, and
government officials
lived in the city.
 Cities were crowded
and had lots of
entertainment
• Included musicians,
jugglers, and acrobats
 Some cities had street
gangs.
Achievements of Ancient China
Section 4: The Silk Road
A trade route that went from China to the
Mediterranean Sea
It was a series of routes that covered
more than 4,000 miles
The Silk Road Cont’d
Crossing the Silk Road was
dangerous, travelers were easily
killed by desert sandstorms
Few travelers made the entire
journey, generally goods were
passed trader to trader
Once they reached the
Mediterranean goods such as silk
were shipped to Ancient Greece,
Rome, India, and Egypt.
 Silk Road received its name from silk,
made only in China
 Silk is a luxury fabric around the world.
 Cultural Diffusion: The spread of ideas
and customs.
 The silk road was also a way of
spreading ideas.
 Buddhism spread from India into China
via the silk road
 Cultural diffusion also was traded on
the Silk Road.
 For example:
•
Military methods
•
Buddhism
•
Western cultural styles
•
Art
•
Silks
•
pottery
Silk Road Cont’d
The Spread of Buddhism
During Han
Dynasty
Buddhist
monks took the
Silk Road
spreading the
religion to
China, Japan,
and Korea.
Chinese
Buddhists
modified the
religion to fit
their
traditions.
Influential Ideas and Beliefs
Confucianism
Daoism
 Confucianism
remained important
in Chinese
government and
education.
 Had a lasting
influence.
 Ideas about social
duty are still
important to
villages.
 Became influential
philosophy in Japan,
Korea, and Vietnam.
 By 6th century
became religion with
priests, rituals, and
volumes of writings.
 Remained primarily a
Chinese belief.
Chinese Inventions and Discoveries
Agricultural Improvements
Silk
 The plow and farm tools increased
 China lacked gold and silver.
crop production
 Important to trade silk for this
 For example:
scarcity
•
Collar harness
•
Wheelbarrow
•
Iron plow
•
Watermill
 Silk can be dyed brightly and
is long lasting.
 1 lb. silk equals 1 lb. of
gold/silver
Paper
 Books used to be made out of silk.
 105 A.D./C.E. paper was invented by
china
 Made it less expensive for everyone.
 Important in a culture that valued
learning.