HEAVEN’S LIGHT IS OUR GUIDE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
RAJSHAHI UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Course No.: EEE 2188
Course Title: Electronics Sessional
Experiment No.:
Name of the Experiment:
REMARKS
SUBMITTED BY:
Date of Performance:
Date of Submission:
Name: Md. Mahmudul Hasan Maruf
Roll No.: 2408054
Group No.:
Experiment No: 01
Experiment Name: Familiarization of different equipment involved with Electronics
Sessional
I. OBJECTIVES
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
To learn about the commonly used equipment and components in the Electronics
Sessional.
To observe the various parameters associated with each electronic component.
To identify the different instruments typically required for electrical measurement.
To understand the function and proper usage of each instrument and component in
experimental circuits.
II. THEORY
Electronics is the branch of science and engineering that deals with the controlled flow of electrons or
other charge carriers through devices and circuits to process, control and transmit information.[1] The
main difference between electrical and electronics engineering is that electrical engineering primarily
deals with the generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of high-power electrical energy,
whereas electronics focuses on low-power electrical signals used for communication, computation,
control and information processing.[2]
Electronic components are the basic individual devices, such as resistors, capacitors, diodes and
transistors that are connected together to form electronic circuits and perform specific electrical
functions.[3] Familiarization with electronic equipment is important to understand the operation of
laboratory instruments, ensure accurate measurements, prevent damage to components and perform
future experiments safely and efficiently.
III. EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS
A. RESISTOR
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that opposes the flow of electric current. It is
used to reduce current, divide voltage, bias active elements, and terminate signal lines. The resistance
value R is related to voltage V and current I through Ohm's law:
V = I × R
Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). Resistor values are identified using a standard color-band code.
The photograph of a carbon film resistor used in this sessional is shown in Fig. 1.01.
Fig. 1.01: Carbon film resistor (4-band type).
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B. CAPACITOR
A capacitor is an electrical component whose job is to store electrical energy to ensure smooth operation
of electronic components.
Capacitance is measured in farads (F). Common types include electrolytic, ceramic and film capacitors.
Fig. 1.02 shows the electrolytic capacitor (Samwha 2200 µF, 25 V) used in this lab, while Fig. 1.03
illustrates various capacitor types arranged by size.
Fig. 1.03: Various capacitor types arranged by decreasing
capacitance.
Fig. 1.02: Electrolytic capacitor (2200 µF, 25 V, Samwha).
C. DIODE
A diode is a two-terminal semiconductor device that allows electric current to flow primarily in one
direction while blocking current in the opposite direction. Diodes are widely used to convert
alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) in power supplies (rectification), protect circuits
from reverse polarity, regulate voltage using Zener diodes and process electronic signals in
communication and digital circuits. [4] Fig 1.04 shows small-signal diodes (1N4148 type) used in this
lab.
Fig. 1.04: Strip of small-signal rectifier diodes used in the sessional.
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D. BRIDGE RECTIFIER (D25SBA80)
The D25SBA80 is a 4-pin, single-phase glass-passivated bridge rectifier. It features a maximum
repetitive peak reverse voltage of 800V and an average rectified forward current of 25A. It is widely
used in power supplies, motor drives and battery chargers.[5] Fig. 1.05 shows the module.
Fig.1.05: D25SBA80 bridge rectifier module (25 A, 800 V).
E. LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when a forward current flows through its
p-n junction. The wavelength of emitted light depends on the bandgap energy of the semiconductor material [6].
LEDs are characterized by their forward voltage drop (typically 1.8 – 3.3 V depending on color), maximum
forward current and luminous intensity. The anode (longer lead) is the positive terminal and the cathode (shorter
lead, flat side of package) is the negative terminal. Fig. 1.06 shows a yellow LED used in this experiment.
Fig. 1.06: Yellow through-hole LED
F. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
An integrated circuit (IC) is a set of electronic circuits fabricated on a small flat piece of semiconductor
material usually silicon [1]. An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a high-gain, DC-coupled differential
voltage amplifier with a single-ended output, most commonly available in an 8-pin dual in-line package
(DIP-8). The µA741 op-amp, widely used in analog signal conditioning, has a typical open-loop voltage
gain exceeding 100 dB, an input impedance >1 MΩ, and operates from a dual supply of ±15 V [10].
Fig. 1.07 shows a DIP-14 IC chip observed in this sessional.
Fig. 1.07: DIP-14 integrated circuit package (op-amp/logic IC).
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G. MOSFET (FQPF30N06)
This is an N-channel enhancement-mode power transistor (MOSFET) produced by Fairchild
Semiconductor. It is housed in a fully isolated TO-220F plastic package & it eliminates the need for
external isolating washers when mounting to heatsink. This component is engineered to minimize onstate resistance & withstand high energy pulses in avalanche & communication modes. [7]
Fig. 1.08: Power MOSFET in TO-220AB package.
H. POTENTIOMETER
This component is a trimmer potentiometer or preset variable resistor with a value of 10KΩ. It allows
to manually adjust resistance within a circuit by turning the yellow center dial with a small
screwdriver.[1]
Fig. 1.09: Potentiometer of 10KΩ.
I. DIGITAL MULTIMETER (YF-3220)
A digital multimeter is an essential diagnostic tool used to measure electrical quantities like voltage
(volts), current (amps), and resistance (ohms). It combines the capabilities of a voltmeter, ammeter,
and ohmmeter into a single handheld device, featuring an LCD screen for clear, instant readouts.[8]
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Fig. 1.10. YF-3220 digital multimeter with test probes.
J. DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE
A digital oscilloscope is an electronic test instrument that graphically displays an electrical signal as a
function of time. The Rohde & Schwarz RTC1002 oscilloscope shown in Fig. 1.11 is a 300 MHz, 2channel instrument with a real-time sampling rate of 2 GSa/s. Its key controls include the TIME/DIV
knob (horizontal scale), VOLT/DIV knob (vertical scale), trigger controls, and channel coupling
settings.[9] It also supports FFT analysis, mask testing, protocol decoding and waveform export via USB.
Fig. 1.11. Rohde & Schwarz RTC1002 digital oscilloscope (300 MHz, 2-channel).
K. SWEEP FUNCTION GENERATOR (PROTEK 9205C)
A function generator is a signal source capable of producing various periodic waveforms like sine,
square, triangle, ramp and pulse—over a wide frequency range [9]. The Protek 9205C sweep function
generator shown in Fig. 1.12 operates over a frequency range of 0.2 Hz to 2 MHz with output amplitude
up to 20 V peak-to-peak. It supports frequency sweep mode and provides a 50 Ω output impedance.
The instrument is used to supply test signals to circuits under examination on the oscilloscope.
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Fig. 1.12. Protek 9205C sweep function generator.
L. SOLDERING IRON
A soldering iron is a hand-held tool with an electrically heated metallic tip (bit) used to melt solder
alloy, thereby creating permanent electrical and mechanical joints between electronic components and
PCB pads [11]. The 60 W soldering iron shown in Fig. 1.13 operates at 220–240 V AC and reaches a
tip temperature of approximately 450 °C. For electronics work, a lower-wattage iron (25–40 W) with a
temperature-controlled station is preferred to avoid thermal damage to sensitive components. Proper
tinning of the tip and use of a flux-core solder (60/40 Sn/Pb or lead-free equivalent) ensures good solder
joints.
Fig. 1.13. 60 W electric soldering iron with pencil grip handle
IV. DISCUSSION
This introductory lab introduced us with diodes, resistors, LED, digital multimeter, digital
oscilloscope, sweep function generator, soldering iron, MOSFET, OP-AMP. We learned
applications of these components and how to use them. With this foundational knowledge we
can successfully identify these components and use them safely in future lab experiments.
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V. CONCLUSION
The objectives of this laboratory session were successfully achieved. We became familiar with
the basic electronic components and laboratory equipment, learned their functions and
understood how to use them safely. This introductory experience has provided a strong
foundation for conducting future electronics laboratory experiments.
References
[1] P. Horowitz and W. Hill, The Art of Electronics, 3rd ed. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University
Press, 2015.
[2] A. E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsley Jr., and S. D. Umans, Electric Machinery, 7th ed. New York, NY, USA:
McGraw-Hill Education, 2013.
[3] T. L. Floyd, Electronic Devices, 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson, 2018.
[4] B. G. Streetman and S. Banerjee, Solid State Electronic Devices, 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ,
USA: Pearson, 2015.
[5] LRC (Leshan Radio Company Ltd.), "D25SB80 High Current Glass Passivated Molding SinglePhase Bridge Rectifier Datasheet," 3 pp.
[6] S. M. Sze and K. K. Ng, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: WileyInterscience, 2006.
[7] Fairchild Semiconductor/onsemi, “FQPF30N06: 60V N-Channel QFET MOSFET.”
[8] Fluke Corporation, “What Is a Digital Multimeter?,” Fluke. [Online]. Available:
https://www.fluke.com/en-us/learn/blog/electrical/what-is-a-digital-multimeter. [Accessed: Jun. 26,
2026]
[9] Rohde & Schwarz, "RTC1000 Oscilloscope User Manual," 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://www.rohde-schwarz.com
[10] Texas Instruments, "µA741 General-Purpose Operational Amplifiers," Datasheet, SLOS094G,
rev. G, Feb. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/ua741.pdf
[11] IPC-7711/7721C, "Rework, Modification and Repair of Electronic Assemblies," IPC –
Association Connecting Electronics Industries, Bannockburn, IL, USA, 2017.
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