Contents
1 Studying
abroad
Page 6
Skimming
Prediction
DiaEraN
MultiPle choice
2 Earth today
Prediction
Page1a
3 Out ol this
Page 30
4 All in the
Skiming dd
scad'i.ag
T/F/NG
Shori @weE
cu*inSmeains
homcontext
Predichon
Tablecompletion
Notecompletion
Page 42
a iob?
Tsk 1
Sel<tin8
' sisnific&t
infonnatid
co;i;nsdata
mddetrribmE
trends
Part2civing
Aiticl6
Task2
O€dizationand
cohermce:
lntrodu.tions
The mah body
ConclusioE
S.ming
Guessing meamg
fromcont€xt
Taek I
CohparinS dd
contlastinEdata
Page 54
Y/N/NG
6 Crime and
Page 66
Skiming
Y/N/NG
Matching
sectidsand
Tsk 2
Evaluatinghd
.hallengihg ideas,
*idence orm
a.86ent
Contents
7 Globali'
T/F/NG
Page 7a
Task2
8 What's th'
lditing 1
Page 90
9 Gadgets
lditing 2
T/I/NG
D.awrnC
Page 102
Task2
1o The
P a g e1 1 4
Page 126
Matching
12 IELTS
Page13a
Y/N/NG
s
IELTSTask1
IELIS Task2
IELTSListening
IEUISReading
IELTSSpeaking
IELTSWntihg
IEtjIS Speaking
Contents
Introduction
IELTSFoundation is designed to help you improve your IELTS score arld
progress towa:rd6your goal of studying at an English speaking unive$iqr
There are 12 topic - based units whidl cover each of the four IBLTS acadernic
modules arld all task t1pes, as well as giving carefully guided support ard
exam focused practice. This book aims to build up your skills and
confidence, so earlier units are graded to allow skills development, while
reading and listening texts in later urdts are of a level authentic to IELTS.
Whatdo you needto do to improveyour IELTSscore?
I Youneedto irnproveyourprodu.tivelanguage
skills
IElfS,Foundation gives you step-by-step guidance with eachtask t)'pe in the
Writing module. At the back of the book there are model answers for eachof
the Writing questions with notes to help you imprcve your own writing
techniques.
There are also plenty of questions to prepare you for the Spealing module, as
well as Pronmciati6ii sections to give you practice in difficult areasof
spoken English, such as sentenceshess and intonation. For both Writing and
Speaking there are Useful language boxes containing vocabulary and
ph-rases
to usein thesemodulesof lELTS.
2 You need to improve your receptive language skills
For the Reading module there ale not oily a vadety of texts and IELTS tasks,
but also exercisesto help you deal with unknown vocabulary alld imptove
your active reading skills.
As well as the Listening module task tfpes, IELTS Foundation gives you
exba
rcises to improve you:r confidence and active listening skills in
addition to the complete lecording scripts which are used and analysed for
languageuse.
Introdudion
3 Youneed to improve yourlanguage accuracy
Throughout the book" essential grammar exerciseshave been built into each
unit. Thesehave been selectedas areaswhere students at your level most
often make mistakes in wdting and speaking The language work is put into
a context, to show you how grammar really works in academic English
There are also fr.lrtller practice activities in Lheback of the book which can be
usedfor sfudy athome.
4 You need to increaseyouracademic vocabulary
Academic vocabulary is very important, parricularly in the Reading and
Writing modules. There are vocabulary building exercisesthroughout the
book, extla practice exercisesat the baclg and in addition, a Dictionary focus
box at the end of eachurlit. Theseboxes contain words that have been
carefully selectedfrom the unit to be of maximum use for you in your
academic reading and writing. Using thesewords coEectly will help you
achieve a better academic style h your writing.
5 You need to leam aboutlhe exam
For any exam, learning about the structure and about the task tt?es will help
you to succeed,and IELTS is no exception IELTS Foundation takes you
through all parts of the exam, #ving strategies to help you answer the task
t)?es and useful exam tips6 You need to improve your study skills
Succeedingin a test is not just about doing well on the day - irnproving your
English siSnificantly means knowing how best to use your study time. Each
urrit of the book includes useful and relevant study skills, which will also
help you in both IELTS and life at unive$ity.
Introduction
Studying abroad
Why study IELTS?
01 Listento Li Chatalkingto theAdmissionsOfficer.
1
Completethe form.
.
Name:Li Cha
Tutor:StePhenEnnis
Class:2
Age: 1-..-Startdate:14thFebruary Finishdate:3
4
Cdntactnumberin Australia:
Yearsof studYof English:5
Formingquestions
1 Use this information about Li Cha to completethe questions.
Farnily ard friends
I live with my Brdndmother
in Hong Kong.
Mv brotheri! calledShdo- he'sninFteen.
Hobbies
I like playing tabletennis
Reasonsfor taking IELIS
Future plans
I wdnt to studvTTand Computingat Svdney
r r-:,,^--:-.:- u L h
1 -u-!-[Lc-rr dr ^,
urtrvErmry
I'd like to work with computers.
Studvingabroad
2 Correctthe mistakesin thesequestions.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Does he lives here?
Do you can speakChinese?
How often speakyou English?
How old you are?
Why you went there?
1.4/hoteachmg you?
\ /hat you are doing?
How to completethis form,please?
\ /here do he live now?
1 /hen you will go home?
lvhat time is itstart?
Doeahelivehere
7
Expanding answers
1 Choosethe most suitableextra information (a-h) for the short answers(0-5).
h
0 My grandmother
1 He's nineteen2 I like playing table
tenrlis
So I can go to the
University of Sydney
inAustralia
4
c
d
IT and computng.
5 I'd really like to work
with computem.
I
h
In fact,l'm good at most indoor sports I'mnotvery
interestedin wdtching them on the TV, though
He's a year older than me. We'vealways got on
really well and spend a lot of time together
I'm a bit newous about my final exams though!
I think I could be quite successful.l'm very
motivated and I'm not friehtened of hard workl
lhev do exactlvthe courseI want lo do and I think
campuslife ab;oadwillbe fascinating.
I'm really fascinatedby them and can spendhours
working on my own PC athome.
He works for a major sofrware company. He works
longhours, and getsvery tired Buthe likes what he
does,
She's quite old, but fulI of life Sometimesshe's a bit
strict though.
Exam information
In Part1 ofthe Speaking
moduletheexaminerwill askyou general
questions
aboutyourself.
TIP
Give
fullanswers
and
addextrainformation
aboutthe
topic.
1 Imagine you are the examiner. Wdte down five questions about these
subjects.
Their home town
Their studies
Family and friends
Fufure plans
Hobbies
2 Work in pairs.Takeit in turns to be the examinerand candidate.
Studying abroad
1
02 Listento Professor
Goodingtalk abouther experiences
in other
count es.ComDlete
thetablebelowasvou listen.WriteNO MORETHAN
THREEwoRDS for eachanswer.
Country
Prcblem
Egvpt
2
3
short days
Ln,n
4.^,ltrtn,+
ChihA
E.^,rl.ln'+
Dependent prepositions
After many adjectives,verbsand nounswe use a preposihon
Example:
I'm borcd with thie film L6t'ewatcheamethin1ele6.
1 Find five adjectivesand thei dependentprepositionsin the Expanding
answelssectiononpage 7.
2 Now comptete the following sentencesftom Listening 2 with the correct
PrePosrtron
0 Iwas interested . ....i4.....leaming atl about the country.
1 I was particularlyfascinated .. . . . .. the archiLecture.
2 Life in Indonesiais very different -..... .. ... .. life in New Zealand.
3 I'm very keen. . . . .. . . .. spicy food
4 I was pretty good ......... . . .. cross-countryskiing.
5 I was a bit nervous . ............ . going to a country where I couldn't
read anythmg
6 He was really enthusiastic.. . . ....... . his work.
3
i-tu Listen to ProfessorGooding againand checkyour answers
4 Look at sentences0 and 5 in exercise2 What happensto the form of the
verb after a preposition?
5 Fill in the missingdependentprepositionsin the tablebelow
6 Work in small groups.Roll a dice and look at the senlencewith this
number.Then talk aboutit for 30 seconds.
Th
Acountrvwherelife is very different..
. your own.
A country you \douldn't be keen .. ..........visiting.
A languageyou'd be enthusiastic.
Acity you'dbe nervous .
.. visiting.
learning.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Studying abroad
1 Readthefirstparagraphof thetextaboutcultureshock.
Wt'€t is cutture shock?
'C,iltu'e shoch describesthe impactof moving
from a familiarcultureto one whichis unfamrIar
It is an experiencedescribedby peoplewho have
travelledabroadto work,liveor study;it can be
felt to a certarnextentevenwhen abroadon
holiday.lt includesthe shockof a new
environment,meetinglots ofnew peopleand
learningthe waysof a differentcountry.lt also
includesthe 9l.ochofbeing sepa'atedfrom the
peoplein your rfe,maybefamily,
1 0 important
friends,colleagues,
teachers:peopleyouwould
people
normally
talkto at timesof uncertainty,
WhenfamrIar
whogiveyous!pportandguidance.
sights,sounds,smellsortastesareno longer
15 thereyoucanmissthemverymuch.lfyouare
tiredandjetlagged
whenyouarrive,smallthrngs
to their
canbeupseltingandoutofall proportion
realsapnificance.
2 According to the author there are many different causesof culture shock.
Urulcdilc any you can find in the text
3 What do you know aboul the climate,food, language,dressand nrles of
behaviotu in Bdtain? How are they differen[ from your countly?
4
Now read the rest of the articleand comDarevour ideaswith the author's.
Daeri
Cttmate
Manystudentsfindthatthe Britishclimateaffects
lfyoucomefroma warmclimate,youmayfindit
2A thema lot,Youmaybe usedto a muchwarmer
uncomfortable
to wearheawwinterclothing.Not
climate,oryoumayjustfindthegreyness
and
all studentswLlifindthe styleofdressdifferent,
dampness,
during
thewintermonths,
butforotherspeople'sdressmayseem
especially
40 immodest,
unattractive,
comicalor simplydrab.
difficultto get usedto.
'Rute''
Fooat
of hehaviour
ruleswhichaffectthe
YoumayfindBatishfoodstrange.lt maytaste
Everyculturehasunspoken
waypeopletreateachother Forexample,
the
25 difierent,
or becookeddifferently,
or rt mayseem
havea repltationfor punctuality.
Britishgenerally
tastelessor heavycompared
withwhatyouare
In business
andacademic
lifel.eeprngto
lme is
useoro,
45 importantYoushouldalways
beontjme For
LanEua€e
classesandmeetings
withacademic
and
lectures,
Constantly
listeningandspeaking
in a foreign
administrative
staff.
Social
life
is
a
little
more
youmayhavelearned
language
is tiring Although
complicated.
Arranging
to meetandseea filmat
English
verythoroughly,
it is possiblethatthe
8pm
means
arriving
at
8pm.
Butifyouareinvited
youdiscoverwhen
youarrivein
regionalaccents
50 to visLtsomeone's
homefor dinnetat 8pmyoLl
the llK makethe language
hardertounderstand
shouldprobably
aimto arriveat about8.10,but
thanyouthought.PeoplemayaLsospeakqurckly
Whengoingtoa studentparty
not
laterthan
8.20
andyoumayfeeltooembarrassed
to askthemto
probably
meansanytrme
an
invitation
for
Spm
35 repeatwhatthey
havesaid.
onwardsl
from9.30pm
Glossary
-slightwetnessin the air
dampness
-clothingor behaviour
somepeople
immodest
thatshocksor embar.asses
drab- dullor boring.colourtess
reputationtheopinionthatotherpeoplehaveaboutsomeone
punctuality not beinglate
Studyingabroad
5 Look at the model of culture shock below which shows the first five
stagesof adjustmentmarked 1-5.
A
you firstorrivein o newculfure,
B Wlren
drtterences
ore inldguingond you moyleel
ex(rred,strmutoted
ond curious.Atfiia slogeyou
orestillprorecred
byrheJose
memory
ot yourhomecullure.
HOItE
COUNTRY
HOME
COUNTRY
U(
l4q
Now match the stages(1-5)with paragraphs(A-E).
Strategy
Multiple choice
Readallthechoices
carefully
and
underline
keywordsin
the question(seefirst
examprer.
6 Circle the appropriate letters A-D.
Eliminate
answers
whichareclearly
wrong.
lMake
sureyou can
Iindthe answerin the
text (notjust what you
thinkistrue).
1 According to the wdter, you may feel paq:EJe when you fitst ardve in a
new culturebecause
A you have no experience of this culfure yet.
B you still feel in touch with your own culture.
C your family and friends are not around.
D you do not notice any differences to your own culture.
According lo the wdtet in the third stage of the transition it is normal to
reet
A negativeaboutthe new culfure.
B frightened of asking for help.
C happy to retum home.
D protected by the recent memory of your home.
This text was written
A to help intemational sfudents returning home after a period of study.
B to promote intemational study to students from around the world.
C to wam intemational students of the dangers of living abroad
D to aid intemational sfudents who have just a(ived in a new countrv.
7 Workinpairs Discusswhichcountryyouwould like to live or studyin.
\^rhatdo you thinl you might enjoyaboutliving there?
Studying abroad
Note comDletion
Completethe gapswith
EITHERthe exactwords you hearif they fit Fammatically
OR d ifierentwordswhichha\ e thesdmemeaning
1
0:l You are going to hear an intemational studentadvisergiving
adviceon cultu:reshock.Listen and completethe notesbelow using NO
MORE THAN THREE WORDS for eachanswer.
waya to minimize the efiects ol cutture
shock
Keep_I ........ ........ friends and farnily
at home, through phone calls or
email. Make sure you have g ......
..._..... ofyour frienas and familv too.
Eatwell, especially food from g
Mal(e new friends _ 4 ................. will understand
what you,re feeling.
Also male friends with local students ifyou
can.
Use the drop in cenhe and otier seMces
which can give you
6
Exam information
Strategy
Usethe preparation
timewell.Youcan
makenotesif you like,
but rememberyou
onlyhave1 minute.
Thinkofoneortwo
thingsto sayabout
eachpointon the card.
In Part2 of the Speaking
module,the examinerwill giveyou a cardwith
someprompts.Youhave1 minuteto prepareto talkfor 1-2 minuteson the
topicon the card.Theexaminerwill not interruptyouor askquestions
while
you arespeaking.
In Part3,the examinerwill askyou somemoregeneralquestions
relatedto
the topicin Part2.
1 Work inpairs.
Student A: Look at Card A. Student B: Look at Card B.
Take 1 minute to prepare. Then take it in tums to Lalkon your topic for
1-2 minutes..Wlen you have finished,your partner may ask you one
or rwo quesflons,
Describea leisureactivity eg a hobbv,
sport
or gamethat is popular in your
country.
You should say:
W_ha
t this activity is and what people
do
where they do it
Why people enjoy doing this activiry
And alsosay what you Iike or dislike
about
UUSacn1.1tJ4
Studyingabroad
Describea t\,?i(at dish from your country that
you would iii<eto give a visitol from another
count4/.
You should say:
What it is made flom
When it is eaten (every day or on a special
occasion)
Whv this dish is PoPular
Ard alsosay whetheryou like or d islike I his dish
Note comoletion
Completethegapswith
hn H ERtheexdctwordsyou hearif theyfii grammatically
OR diFferent
wordswhichhavethesamemeaning
1
studentddvisergivjng
Youdregoingto hearan international
adviceon culture shock.Listen and completethe notesbelow using NO
MORE THAN THREE WORDS for eacharswer
Ways to minimize
minimize the
ly'?eeflects
ellects ol culturtJ
culturE shock
*..1. t-.:.:.............toendsand family at home.
through phone calts or
email. Mafte sure you have2 ...... ..... .... of your
friends and familv too.
Eaiwell. especially food from g
Mal{e new friends - 4 ..._.............will understand
what you,re feeling.
Also make friends \vith local students ifyou
can.
Use the drop-in centre and other services which
can give you
Exam information
Strategy
Usethe preparation
timewell.Youcan
makenotesilyou like,
but rememberyou
onlyhave1 minute.
Thinkof oneorNvo
thingsto sayabout
eachpointon the card,
module,the examinerwill giveyou a cardwith
ln Part2 oI the Speaking
someprompts.Youhave1 minuteto prepareto talkfor1+ minuteson the
while
will not interruptyou or askquestions
topicon the card.Theexaminer
you arespeaKrng.
to
In Part3,the examiner
will askyou somemoregeneralquestions'related
thetopicin Part 2.
1 Work in pairs.
Student A: Look at Card A. Student B: Look at Card B.
Take 1 minute to prepare. Then take i[ in tums to talk on your topic for
1-2 minutes. yy'henyou have finished, your partner may ask you one
or two quesnons.
Describea leisureactivity eg a hobby,
sporr
or gamethatispopularh your count4i
You should say:
What this actjvity is and what people
du
where they do it
V\rhypeople enjoy doing this activity
And alsosay what you like ordisli-l.e
abour
tlus achvity.
Studyingabroad
Descdbe a tfpical dish from your country that
you would iiice to give a visitor from another
country.
You should say:
What it is made from
Wlen it is eaten (every day or on a sPecial
occasion)
whv this dish is poPula!
And ako say whether you like or dislike this dish'
u ate the examrnerAsk your Partnerthreeofthe
fterwards,changeroles.
examcandidate.Answer the questionsas fully as
possible Afterwards,changeroles
youfound
where
o Haveyoueverbeento a country
thefoodstrange?
- or whatdoyouthinkmjght
Whathappened
Didyoutry it, or didyoulookfor foodfromyour
happen?
owncountry?
in touch o Whatdoyouthink arethe bestwaysto find and
o Whatdoyouthinkis thebestwayto keep
makenewfriendswhenabroad?
you're
from
away
withfriendsandfamilywhen
Why?
home?
own
doyoutikemostaboutyour
a Whatthings
cuLture?
yougoto for support
ifyou were
o WhowouLd
abroad
andyouhada probtem?
studying
UnderstandingkeYfeaturesol data
T'P
statement
Theopening
general
contain
should
butdon't
information,
simply
repeatthe
wordsinthediagram.
Themainpartofyour
should
contain
answer
referenceto
specific
datashown
inthe
diagram.
1 In a Task1 question,Youareaskedto descdbea chart,diagram,tableor
graphm at leasi150words Hereis a tyPicalqueshon:
Thisbar chattiltustnteslhe numberof studentsstudyingdiffercntsubjectsat
universityleveloveta live'yeatperiod.
Writea rcportfora univercitylecturerdesc bingtheinformationbelow
u Medicineand
Dentistry
I BiologicalSciences
tr PhysicalSciences
I ComputerSciences
and
E Engineeaing
Technology
96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01
axis
axes horizontal
barchart key
l i n eg r a p h
verticalaxis
2 Labelthesediagrans with words from thebox
a
1
d
Studying abroad
Strategy
3
Askyourselfthese
questions
aboutely
WritingTask1.
Firstly,makesureyou
understand
whatthe
diagramshows.Then
selectthemainideas
andgroupthe
information.
Do not
simplylistevery
statistic.
1 What information does the hodzontal axis show?
2 What information does the vertical axis show?
3 What do the columls reprcsent?
4 Doesthebar chart show factsand figuresabout (a) one time or
(b) changesover time?
5 What arc the most significant changes?
6 Should you group facts and figures by (a) number of students or
(b) subjects?
Look at the bar chat and answer these questions
Writing an introductory statement
4 Look at this introductory paragraph taken fiom an answer to the example
writing task arld answer the questions.
tol. Accardin4to the chart eome
eubjectebecamemorepopularoverthie peria^,whileothereAroppedin
papuhrity.
1 The fist sentencetells us
A whatthe graphshows.
B what the horizontal axisshows.
C whdthappenedin lq96and2001.
2 The second sentencetells us
A about specificsubjects
B about the veftical axis.
C generally what happens in the graph
3 In an answet the wording of the inhoductory paraglaph should be the
same as the r^rording of the question. T/F
4
The intoductory paragraph should cover the main ideas. T/F
Describing data which shows changes over time
5 The second and third paragraphs give more specific details.
Completethesesentenceswilh the nameof the subiectarea.
Subjectswhichbecame more populal
0 There was a slight increase in the number of students
tak1ry..Mpdj9:!t e.altd.p.p.fi.i9..tW.......
.
1 ...... .............
showeda sleadyincrease.
2 There was a sharp increase in the number of students studying
3
Togetherwith.. ...
popular subjectsin 2001
.... was still one of the two most
Subjectswhichbecame les8popular
4 Therewas a slight Iall in the number of studentsstudying .....
showed a steady drcp in popularity.
b ......................
remainedthe leastpopularsubjectof the five.
Studyingabroad
6 Add sornefigures from the bar chart to support the statements in
exercise5. Use figuresand/or thesephrases.
just under nearly just over
over
Example:
Therewao a oliqhlt increase in Lhe numberg of gtu4ento takin1 Medicine
an4 Denl;.io1try,fron iuet under 4O,OOOin 1996 to nearly 47,0OO in 2OOl.
7 Using the sentencesfrom exercises2-6, write your answerto the question
on page 12.
8 \Ahen you have finished your answer, compare iL with the model answei
onpa8e 160 Your answerdoesnot have tobe exactlyLhesame,but canyou
seeanything in the model answer thatyou couldhave usedin yours?
Understanding how sentences work
1 Look again at the last part of the model answeron page 160.
TIP
Therc
+vetbto beisa
pattern
common
inthis
typeofwriting.
Thepattern
ofsubiect,
verb,objectis
nearly
alwaysusedinwritten
English
sentences.
Thismaybedifferent
fromyourlanguage.
..En1ineerin4
and Technolory
ehoweda dea4y Aropin populadty,from neady
140,)aOtujueLover120,0A0.
HoweveE
taqetherwithCamputer
1ciencee,
Enqineerin1
andTechnoloqy
waeetilloneof thetwomootpopular
eubiectin
2041.
1 Find an exampleof eachof theseparts of speech
0 a verb in the past tense
2
3
4
5
6
thoweA
a linking word
a noun
an article
a preposition
an adverb
2 \ hatis the subjectof the sentence?
2 Look at thesesentenceswhich are taken ftom the model answeron
pa8e 160.Divide eachsenlenceinto threeparts as in the examples.Write
eachone in the table.
1
2
3
4
5
Othersdropped in populadty.
This remainedthe leastpopularsubjeciofthefive.
BiologiealSciences
showed a steadyincreaseover the iive-yearperiod
Therewas a sharpincreasein the popularity of Computer Sciences.
There was a slight fall in the number of students studying Physical
JClences
Studying abroad
Subject
Verb
Object
Thechart
showg
howmanyeltu^entsw6reotuayinqfivedifferentsublecte..
morepopular
overthiepenoa.
Someeubjecte became
3 Thesesentencesarepart of a Writing Task1 answer.Look at the bar charts
and put eachsentenceinto the codect ordet
studying
in theu5, 1995-1998
Foreign
students
USstudents
studying
abroad,1995-1998
450,000
More and more collegestudentsftom the United States/tostudy/are
gomg aDroao
Americanstud,efts/in 1,997
to
collesecreditsabroad/100,000
19987eamed
are coming to study in the Us/that while Amedcan students/however,
recent figures/are leaving/the country to study abroad,/thousands of
foreiqn sfudents /show
1n1997to 1998,/werc/there/500,000foreign studentsstudying at
Amedcan collegesand universities,/over10o/'more than in the previous
year
1 Readthisquestion.
Thisbat chartshowsthe
percentage
ofAustnlian
graduatesin full-time
employmentfourmonths
afteI geduating,between
1995and2001.
Writea reportfora
universitylecturer
descibingthe
infotmalion.
Writeat least150words
Studying abroad
46./o
E4
a2
80
7S
76
't995
1997
1999
2001
Ouantifiers
Sports studentsenioyed watching
Sports studentsenioyed playing
25
tr Football
trlabletennk
tr Tabletenni5
tr Baseball
tr Basketball
E Easketball
D Hockey
tr Hockey
1 Look at the sentencesdescribinethe bar chartsand corect the mistakes
with quantifiers in each one.
Alot of studentlikes playing tabletennis
Ofatddcar , fte plalinAI A!2cIenn:a.
tudents spendmuch time watching football
1
2 Majodty of the studentsprefer watching football to playing it
3 Someofsh'ldentslike playing basketbalt.
4
6 The largenumber ofstudents enjoy watching football.
7 Severalof the student don'tDlav anv sDorts.
8 The studentsspend the larg6 arirouit df time watching sport
2 Underline the bestalternative
0
1
2 Mad is generallyused in statements/questions/negative
sentenceswlth
countable/uncountablenouns.
3 Mdr?yis usedwith countable/uncountablenouns
4 You can add adlectivesto a nL nber and anamounLof to showhow large
or small the number or amount is, a largenumberof people,a small
titllountof time.A nunlbero/is used th countable/uncountablenouns.
An nnorLnlof rs usedwrth counfable/uncountablenouns.
sPecificin meaning.
3 Write more sentencesabout thebar chartsusing thesequantJiers
Some(of) most(of) several(of) themajorityof a/thenumberof
an^heamountof a lot of much many
Note:Lols(o, ismther informal, and notsuitable for academicwriring
Studyingabroad
Waysof recordingvocabulary
Translation is not always the best way to remernber the meaning of a word or
phrase. Look at these tfuee different suggestions.
1 Use the word or phrase in a sentencethat means something to you. Write
sentencesusng these adjectives and prepositions.
Exanple:
I'm keenon Chineeefoodana alavinl baoketbalL
1
2
3
4
5
keenon
nervousabout
good at
interested in
fascinated by
2 Draw pictures or diagrams to illustrate the following trends.
Example:
definitions with the words.
1
2
3
4
5
b
7
relaxed
confused
confident
excited
frusfated
cunous
hostile
a cdn and not worried
b behaving in a very unJriendly or threatening way
c iararting to find out about somelhing
d certain about your abilities and not nervous or
frightened
unable to understand something or think clearly
about it
very happy and enthusiastic becausesomething
good is going to happen
feeling annoyed and impatient becauseyou are
prevented from achieving something
Look at the words from this unit in the dictionary focus box. Record them
using one of the ways suggested in the Study skills secLion.
eliminatep.l0
adjustment
p.10
potentialp.l0
Studyingabroad
rejectp.l0
acceptp.10
minidfze p.11
illustrate p.12
specificp.l3
statisticp.13
Earthtoday
In groups, list some of the
problems and benefits of
dif{erent modes of transport.
Prediction
Strategy
Makingpredictions
aboutwhatyouare
goingto readcanhelp
you to understandthe
te)dmore quickly
when you readit. Look
at any pictureswith
the text and at key
words in the title or
first paragraph(here
in bold).
1 Readthe-fifsL
paragraPhot Uusarb(le.
2
1
2
3
A They are nois, smelly and difty, and
cost Eore and more every year We
moan about them all the time. vet
we are hopelesslyaddicted. _
Answer these que
l4rho or what db vou thinl thev are?
What tlpe of pro'blemsdo thev cause?
Why aie we hopelesslyaddicled ro thesethings?
3 What do you think the main focus of this article will be?
Quickly read the article to check.
Eaith today
B Bdtons love therr carsnore than any other
H While road congestiongrows, the study
Europeans,a major new EU study shows.
The numberor commurerscycLngand
walking in this country 1sdeclining, while
the number o{ cars and lorries on the road
has tnpled in the last 30 years.
shows, the cost of alternative forms of
tralsport is rising sharply.Britons pay
some of the world's most expensivebus
and train faresfor servicesthat are
crumblingrhroughlack of irvestment.
c The report, The Hour of Choice - the first
ma;or transport study by the European
Commrssron for a decade- sayscongestion
costs Europeup to t85 billion a year.
D Road traffic in the EU is forecastto
increaseby 50 per cent by 2010 and au
travel by 70 per cent.'Europe is being
asphyxiatedby congestion,'the study says.
Transport chie{s will use its findings thrs
week to urge Ministers to do more to
reduceroad traf{ic.
E In Bdtain that means trying to cut the need
to travel, said David Begg, chairrnan of the
Commissiol for IntegratedTransport - the
Government's advisory body: 'We rely far
too much on the car.'
F Beggblamedthe increasein traf{ic on the
Srowth of out-of-town shopping and
businessparks in the Eighties. 'Bad pohcres
have increasedcar and truck use which
makes people demand more roads,but that
only leads to more congestion-It's a bit like
a herorn addict always looking for another
Iix.'
G Brusselswants to cut rraiiic andpollution
In the last 20 yearspubLc transport fares
have risen by an averageof 55 per cent
Only l0 per cent o{ our {aresare subsidized,
comparedwith an averageof 40 per cent on
the Continent.
ID an attempt to easeoverqowding in the
sLre.,the EU is to considerforcirg airlines
to pay a tax on aircraft loise and
greenhousegasemissions,which could
raise airfares,
K But EU sourcessay Brusselswill avoid
recommendrrg large dses irrpetrol and
diesel taxesafter the prctests in Bdtain and
Franie last autumn
Congestion charging- forcing motodsts to
pay to drive into city centres- is seenas
more e{Iective.The report will encourage
other countdes to follow Brrtam m
allowing local authodties to adopt such
measures.
M Environmental campaitners hope a stiong
endorsementat the Europeanlevel will
bolster what they seeas Britain's
weakenn8 resolveto push congestion
charging and other geen measures.
with extra taxes on noto sts and haullers.
The money would help the rail and bus
servtces,
Guessingmeaninglrom context
4 Find a word in the text that means the sanreas:
0 personwho regularly travelsa (long) distanceto get
to work (paragraphB)
1 abbreviation for LheEuropean Union (paragraph B)
2 ten years(paragraphC)
3 tuIl of traffic (paragraph C)
4 unable to breathe (paragraph D)
5 given financial aid by the government (paragraph l)
6 mainland Europe(paragraphl)
Earth today
commuter
Britons love their cars more than any other
Europeans,a malor new EU study shows.
The number of commuters cycling and
walking in this country is declining, while
the number o{ cars and lorries on the roau
has tripled in the last 30 years.
c The report, The Hour of Choice - the first
major transport study by the European
Commission lor a decade- sayscongestion
costs Ewope up to 585 billion a year.
D Road traffic in the EU is forecast to
increaseby 50 per cent by 2010 and air
travel by 70 per cent.'Europe is being
asphyxiatedby congestion,'the study says.
Transport chjefs will use its findinBs this
week to urge Ministers to do more to
reduce road traffic.
In Brrtam that means trying to cut the need
to travel, said David Begg,chairman o{ the
Commission for Integlated Transport - the
Government's advisory body: 'We rely far
too much on the car.'
Beggblamed the increasein traffic on the
growth of out-of-town shopping and
businessparks in the Eighties. 'Bad pohcres
have increasedcar and truck use whiclt
makes people demand more roads,but that
only leadsto more congestion It's abit like
a heroin addict always looking for another
Iix.'
G Brusselswants to cut traffic andpollution
H While road congestion grows, the study
shows, the cost of alternative forms of
transport ls rising sharply. Britons pay
some of the world's most expensivebus
and train faresfor servicesthat are
crumbling through lack of investment.
In the last 20 yearspublic transport fares
have risen by an averageof 65 per cent.
Only 10 per cent oi our fares are subsidized,
comparedwith an averageof 40 per cent on
the Continent.
In an attempt to easeovercrowding in the
skies,the EU is LoconsiderforcingairLnes
to pay a tax on aiicraft noise and
Bleenhousegasemissions,which could
raise air {ares.
K But EU sourcessay Brusselswill avoid
recommendilg large dses in petrol and
diesel taxesafter the protests in Britain and
Francelast autumn.
Congestion charging- forcing motorrsts to
pay to drive into city centres- is seenas
more effective.The report wrll encourage
other countries to lollow Britain in
allowing local authorities to adopt such
measutes.
M Environmental campaigners hope a strong
endorsementat the Europeanlevel will
bolster what they seeas Bdtain's
weakening resolve to push congestion
charging and other greenmeasures.
wlrh extra taxes on motorisrs and hauLiers.
The money would help the rail and bus
services.
Guessing meaning from context
4 Find a word in the text that means the same as:
0 person who regularly travels a (long) distance to get
to work (paragaph B)
1 abbreviation for the European Union (paragraph B)
2 ten years(paragaph C)
3 tulI of traffic (paragraph C)
4 unableto breathe(paragraphD)
5 given financial aid by the govedunent (paragaph I)
5 mainland Europe (paragraph l)
Earth today
commuter
Matching paragraphs to headings
Exam
information
In the IELTS
Reading
moduletherewill
usuallybe more
headingstochoose
from than paragraphs.
Also,youmay not
needto find a heading
lor everyparagraph.
Rememberto
readthe
instructionscarefully.
Strategy
Decidewhatyouare
lookingfor 1anumbet
a noun,an adjective.
a
verb etc.).
Do not use more
words than you are
allowed.
Youmay omit art;cles
(a/the).
5 Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-H from the list of
headines below.
Example:
0 Thec!!! ofp@!9
1
2
3
4
5
6
H While roadcongestiongrows,the study
shows,the cost of alternative IoI!q!_g[
tr4nspO4is rising sharply.Britons pay
someof the world/smost expensive
bllg
andtrain faresfor servicesthat are
crumblingthroughlack of investment.
The costof conqestion
Predictions of tiaffic increases
Causesof the Lrafficconsestion in Bnram
A summary of whal the ieport says about Bdtain and transport
A British suggestion to improve the situation
A suggestion from Brusselsto improve the situation
Shortanswerouestions
the section
. 6 Read the text again and answer these questions. lhlelh
whbie you found the answer.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS
AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
1 How many more cars aIld lorries are there in Britain now compared with
30 yearsago?
2 How much does congestion cost Europe each year?
3 By how much will road haffic in the EU rise by 2010?
4 By what percentegehave public hansport fares risen in the last 20 yeaIs?
5 What percentageof public tlansport faresare subsidizedin B.if,?lr?
6 Wlat percentage of public transport fares are subsidized in Erlope?
7 Answer thesequestionsusing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from
tne passage.
1 \ltrhat methods of getting to work are now less popular in Bdtain?
2 Why is the service offered by trains and buses in Bdtain getting worse?
3 \ /hat does Brussels think is likely to be a more effective measure than
increasing taxeson fuel?
Choosing the best title
8 Choosethe most suitabletitle for the reddingpassage.
1 The increasein road accidents in Britain
2 The need for public transport
4
5
The costofpollution
The solution to road haffic
Earthtoday
Subject-verbagreement
1 Thesesentences
aretakenfrom the readingtext.IhlcIUIc
verb in the sentence.Is the verb singular or plural?
the subjectand
0 Road traffic in the EU ig forecast to increaseby 50 per cent. sinqular/ olural
singular/plural
I Bad policjeshave increasedcar and truck use.
2 The cost of altemative forms of kansport is dsing
singular/plural
snarorv
3 In the iast 20 years public transport fares have dsen
singular/plural
by an avenge of 65 pe! cent
singular/plura
4 Onlv 10Der cent of our fares are subsidized.
2 l-ook at the subject-verb agreementin each of these sentences.Is itcorrect
or incorect? Rewrite the inco[ect sentences.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
drive travel cycle
catch commute
walk own ride
Naba4yseems., ,
Nobody seemto enjoy havelling to work by train.
One of mv sisters ddves a sDorts car,
None of the cars wa6 stopp;d by the police.
Much of my work involves visiting different companies.
Most people in my country owns a car.
Somq of the students in my classcycle to college.
Neither of us travels on Dublic tlansDort much.
A lot of my time is spent-driving to and from work.
Car use$ in Britain pays high motoring taxes,
3 Cornplete the sentencesusing these verbs.
0
1
2
3
4
Children in my country
Most peoplein modem society
None of the studentsin my class
genemtion
Someof today'syoung_er
EveryoneI know
walkto achool
Numbersandfigures
Academic courses often involve the intemretation and analvsis of different
nunrbers and figures.
$450 80km/h
5,900m 30ks 3.75
13111/a6 59% /+
500km2 4,016km
4t1
54"C
Earthtoday
1 Look at the figures in the box. Identify the following:
1
2
3
4
A decimal
A date
The size of an area
Aheight
5
6
7
8
2 Work in pairs.
StudentA: Saythecategory.
Aweight
A distance
Apnce
A fraction
9 A speed
10 Ape(entage
11 Atemperature
StudenlB: Readdrcfigure.
Shortanswers
Exam information
Readthe questioncarefully-usuallyyouhaveto answerthistype
of
questionwith a numberor upto threewords,but you maybe askedfor
something
else,eg,no morethanTWOworos.
Youranswerswill be in noteform, not whole sentences,butthev needto
answerthe questiongrammatically.
The orderot the questionsalwaysfollows the orderof the text.
01 Listenand answerthe questionsusing NO MORE THAN
1 _
THREEWORDSORA NUMBER-1 How much waste, on average, does one person
produceeachyear?
2 lvhat proportion of our waste is biodegradable?
3 What proportion is glass?
4 . How much waste is buried?
_5 Why is some waste bumed?
6 When will waste have to be reduced?
Exam
information
Makesureyou keepto
the word limit, and
that your answers
makegrammatical
sense.
Sentence completion
z LomPlete the notes.
Write NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS for each
amswet
Youranswersmight
bewordsfromthe
text, butyou may also
haveto changethem
to fit the word timit.
Earthtoday
Presentsimplevs. presentcontinuous
1 Look dt thi. e\tract from the Iisteningtext.Lllllctlilc e\a mplesof the
presentcontinuousand the presentsimple.
'rgdone,mostlyby localcouncils.
.
or takingawayallme
)in collections,
.J:
10
mostpeopleare notbotheringto taketh
'recyclingbins"
oftencalled
providespecialcontainers,
"lso
"o.Lio"irioun"if"
gldssandphperin Theypullheseoutsidetheirhouses
ioi r""iOlntiio
"orr"ct
as theirrubblsh,andtheyarecollectedand recycleo'
at the sametime
I see.So areyousayingthatrecyclingis moreimportantthanactuallyreducing
waste?
beingdesigned-witlI"^Y::g^^
manyproductsare increasingly
J : No.Nowadays,
people
far moreawareaboultnese
are
general'
in
15
reiyctingin ririndandithlnk,
issues.
2 Write in your own examplesfrom the text
The presentsimplecanbeu8edto de8cribe:
1 A regularhabitual action
2
Something which is generally true
The presentcontinuous canbe used to describe:
I
Somethinein Droeressdt this soecificmoment
A changing,developingor temporarysituationhappeningaroundnow
but !9tllce€Esalily3tjhiElpcsi$s!0oment
Earthtoday
Sentencestress
1 In English,not every word in a sentencehas the samestressUnderline
the word or words in thesephrasesfrom the listeningyou think would
usually be stressed.
1 .. keepinganimalsin zoosis really cruel . .
2 ... they causeso much noiseand pollution
3 I'm convincedthat more peoplewould recycleif . .
2
15 Listen to the peoplegiving their opinions.Whatkinds ofwords
in a sentenceare usually stressed?\ 41ichonesarenot usually stressed?
TIP
Usinq
correctstress
patterns
willmakeit
easierforyou
to
beunderstood.
3 Usually the important words in a sentencearenouns,verbs and
adjectives.\/Vhichwords are stressedin thesephrasesto make them sound
'stronger'?
1 Ifyou askme. .
2lmuchprefer
I
I h^no<rlv rhinL rh,r
4
AS Listen to the tape againto check.Now practisesaying these
phraseswlth the correctstressand use them next time
Giving and justifying opinions
1
0 5 Listen to the different peopletalking about threeof thesetopics
r-.1 .^nhl6rd
rh. r,hlo
Shouldcarsbe bannedin city centres?
\Arhyare rainJorestsdestroyed?
How canpollution be reduced?
Shouldwe control urban growth?
\ rhy recycle?
Are zooscruel or useful?
Main reasons
2 Look at the words and phrasesin the languagebox below Usethem to
give your opinions on the topics in 1.
Useful language
In my view/opinion
...
lf you askme...
l'd rather(+ baseform)/ | preler(to+
baseJormor -ing)...
| (strongly/firmly/personally/
honestly)
believe/thinldleel
that...
l'm convinced
that..,
More imperaondt
rgue/think that...
Somepeoplesay/a
Backing up opinions with
.,.
Forexample/instance,
,..
In my expenence/country
Earth today
3 If you live in a city now, would you say it is too crowded? In what
situationsdo you noticethis most?Describeto yourpartnerhow you feel in
thesesituations
4 Look at someof the problemscausedby overpopulationin cities.Rank
theseproblems,putting numbersnext to the categories.(1the most sedous
6 the leastserious).
housing shortages
streetcdme
unemployment
traffic congeshon
pollution
healthproblems
5 Compareyour ranking with your partner and give reasonsfor your
choices.
Organizing your writing
1 ffiiti.rg u.ry
o! assrgnmentinvolves a number of different stages.
"ssay
Decideon a logical
order for thesesta8es.
Write lhe essay.
Note down a roughessayplaIlorganizedby paragraPhheadings.
A nilv.a
rLo.r
'6.+i^n
Checkfor efiors.
Readthe instructionsand questioncarefully.
Brainstormideas
2 Readthisquestion.
no specialist
readerwith
Present
a wnttenargument
or caseto an educated
knowledge
of thefollowing
topic.
Thereis an excessivenumberof carcon ourrcadstodayand thisleadsto
shouldensurclhalpublic
manyprcblems.Individial,
andgovemments
ltansporlplaysa moteimpottantrolein moden life in orderto tacklethese
ptootems.
Towhatextentdoyouagrcewiththisstatement?
Trme:40
minutes
TTP
3 Answer thesequestions.
Look
ataprevious
piece
ofwriting.
How
manywords0n
average
00youwflIe
ona lineandhowmany
a 250lines
wouldmake
wordanswer?This
will
giveyoua goodidea
minimum
aboutthe
need
amountthatYou
Writing
to writein IELTS
Task2.
1
2
3
4
Earth today
Writeat least250words
Who are you writing for?
Wlat is the main topic in this question?
How long do you have to write this essay?
Wlat is the minimum nurnber of words you aie rcqured to wdte?
4 Think about what the writing task involves UElc!!!e
the question.
the key words in
5 Answer Lhesequestions.
I Who areyolr wrilin8 for and how will thischangeyour wrihng style?
2 ls it possibleto start your essayby chanBingthe first sentenceof Lhe
question?
3 Wlatdoes the secondsentencesuggesL?
4 What does the achral wdling task ask you to do in this essay?
6 Brainstormideas The first part of the questionstatesthat foorrrr?ycdrsor?
lheroadscanleadto nqn! problems
1 Write down threeproblemscausedby anexcessrvenumber ofcars and
any vocabularyyou mightwant to use.
2 How are ndrviduals and governmentsresponsiblefor causingsomeof
the problemsmentionedabove?
3 How cangooerfimenfs
reducesomeof theseproblemsin termsof public
transport?Give examples.
4 How carri11di1)idLnls
reduce sorne of theseproblems in terms of public
transport?Give examples
7 From your ideas,outline a rough plan.
ParagtaplJl,InLrcductiotl Increase
ifi trafficin general
Paraglaph2
Paragraph3
Paragraph4
Paragraph5 Summaryof opihion PLtbIictnnspott rcr! itnportanL
8 write the essay.
Strategy
Followyourroughoutlineandwriteyouressayasquicklyas possible.
llse paragraphs.
Eipressideasandopinionsbackedup by examples
andevidence.
Payattention
asyou write
to grammatvocabulary,
spellingandpunctuation
9 Editing. Checkgrammar,vocabularyand spelling.
Make sure that you leaveyourcelfa few minutes to checkyourwork foi any
obvious grammar (for examplearticles,tenses.plurals, 3rd person,subjectverb agreement,etc ), vocabularyor spellingmistakes.You will not have
Limeto changeLhemain contentof your essaybut you mi8ht noticesome
errors thatcanbe easilycorrected
1 O Work ln pairs. Readthe exampleof a student'sanswerto this question
Then discussthe questions
1 Do you thmk the candidatehas answeredthe questionsufficiently?Clve
reasons.
2 Do you think the answerhasbeenwell organized?
3 Are the mistakes(1-8)gramlnat vocabularyor spellng? How would you
correctthem?
4 Whatother mistakescan you find?
5 What is your opinion of the essayin general?
Earth today
Theoe
Aaye,ae the amaunteof (1)tranoporteie inqeaein4(2) conoiderablely,
the pollution.9a,]tiea
thinkthie iooneof the mainr1asoncaueinq
people
qoo)i^eathat, the qovernment
andh^ividualeehouduse|thepublic
trangporltmorcthanlhe pdvatetrangpartinor^erto tacklethe nunerauo
probleme.
Tobeqinwith,(3) the raieinTof the u6eof the publictraneportcanhelpthe
if
to re4ucethe amounl:
of theprivatetransporl:,Farevample,
^overnment
or
moreandmorepeople
4oto workand4o homebybuoea,traing,
there willbefewerpeople(4) ueetheir owncare,so l:hat, lhere
under4round,
willbeleootraneport:on the roaa.ln this way,lol:eof problemowillbeeolved,
the
trafficjama,roadaccidente,
anA5oon.Anywaye,
euchae air pollution,
whichare
ideaehoubbebaeedonthe hlqhqualitypublictransporteatvicee,
providedbythe 4overnmentin ar4erto attract marepaggenqere.
the amountaf peaple
De6i^eo,
abpeople's
livintetandar^o(5) ie improvin1,
ieanothor
ie inffeasinqdranatically..Thie
whohavetheirownf.raneporLe
(6) Decauee
therewould
rea^oncauoethe increaoinT
of l:heroaaaccidente,
(7)arenot qualified,
benumbere
of driverewhohavetheirowntraneporLa
eomeof themmay.justddvinqfor fun,90,ilti5 eafert'otravelW the Public
drivera,
bueesarethe begt
trangportsduata l:hequalified
andexperience4
mple.
that the (0) inneasin7of ueinqtho Publlc
Tooumup,I etronqlyeupporL
trangportsigan1fficientwayto tacklethe I;raffican4the enviranment
problemg.
Writing: further practice
11
Follow the stageson pages25and 26and write an essayfor this
questron.
tuesenta witten argumentot caseto an educatedrcadetwithno specialist
knowledgeof the followingissue.
of utbanareashasled to numercusptoblems.ldentifyoneor
Overpopulation
twose ous onesandsuggestwaysthatgovenmentsandindividualstackle
theseprcblems.
Time:40
minutes
Earthtoday
Writeat least250words.
Ouantiliers
Complete the exercisesand check your answers in the grammar boxes.
T'P
[JseeachLanguage
focussection
to improve
youlmostrecent
prece
ofwriting.lt willhelpyorl
to useandrememberthe
grammarnexttime.
1 Replacethe words n itaticswifht'eTn/afeuflittle/a littte.
i altogether.
ter
tumber of people driving into the city
rber of carjourneys they make,but it is
still not enough
3 Nof m,?nypeopLebelieveLhatcarsshould be barutedin city centres.
4 The Coveinmienthavehad \ompsuccessin controlling the'nurnberof cars,
but not asmuch as they had hoped.
We use afew alJ.da little to talk about small quantities in a positive way. We
use/ca,and /ilflp in a simildr way but the ma anns.is aeeaive.A few/fi,rD
are
usedwith countablen ow:s and'atitfle,\ittlewith incouitable nJuni
2 Underline the best alternative.
0 Nowadays eaerypeople/pqllgLwho can aIIotd it f;4glhaoea cat.
1 Everyone need/needs
clean ail..
2
3
4
-4ll is followed by a plural or uncountable no vn. Eachand mery are followed,
by a sinBular or countable noun. Often it does not maher if wd use e4c, or
eoerylbut we must use eachto rcIet lo two lhlrrgs.
3 Complete the Senterrceswlthboth/elther/neithet
O .....0-Qth....
tocatpeopleand thecouncil should domore to recyclewaste.
1 The councilmust.................
provide more recyclingbins or acceptthat
waste will grow.
2 .---..........option will really do much to help the environment
3 We should reuseorrecycle,but preferably.................
.
4 .................
local peoplenor the councilwill acceptresponsibility.
AII thesequantifiersare used to refer to iruopeopleor things. Bol, means
this one and that one. It is followed by a plural noun. fitlrd meansthis one
o/ this one. It.is followed by a singulai noun. Ncilhermeausnoteither,nol
tfls one tor uus one.
4 Underline the bestaltemative.
0 The governmenth as comeup with other/qlqbllsolution to the problem.
I Thereport willbeof interesttoen\ironmentalistsand olhcr/anoiher
people interested in the debate.
2 T\erc rs oriy other/anofherthree months before the next world summit on
the envirotunent,
3 The charity reporte d ttrat otheiaflother children would die without more
d nkine water.
4 fhe Environmentalgroup said the policy would eventually lead to
other/ahotherenvfto mental disaster.
Both olhcrarrdanoth?rcan be used to referto additional peopleor thingsof
the rlpe alreadymentioned.Offt?ris usedwith plural (dunfublenoun; and
anolherbefotesir.Alecountablenouns and beforinurnbers.
Earthtoday
What makes a good learner?
1 Look at these statements.Tick the ones that are true for you.
1 I keep a record of new vocabulary and can use it again when necessary
2 After a lesson or unit I always review my work or anything new I've
rcamt.
3 I own and know how to use a monolingual dictionary
4 I use Engljsh outside the classroom whenever possible.
5 I ky to.read and listen to English outside the classroom whenever
posslbre.
6 I arn aiming to develop an academic writing style.
7 I try to use or y English in the classroom.
8 I check my work and make a note of errors I comnoily make.
9 I take note of useful academic words especially when reading.
10 I know the most effective ways to prcpare for tests and exam-s.
2 Wolk in pairs. Discuss how and when you have used the strategies in 1.
3 Ndlri decide which tfuee study skills you do most effectively now and
which three you would most like to ifirprove.
Clfitena Good leattet sve Eths
Example bf what you do now
1
2
3
FrrIfie Good leamel ggad.s
ExamDle of what vou will do
1
2
3
Find thesewords in the unit. Then check their meaning in your dictionary
and record them.
majorp.19
folcep.19
measure p.19
Earthtoday
interpretationp.21
analysisp.21
categoryp.2s
evidencep.26
vbanp.27
individual p.27
Out of this world
Look at thesepicturesand
answer the questions,
Skimming and scanning
The numbersbelow all appearin the article \ /hat do they refer to?Find
e answersas quickly aspossible.
Strategy
Look quicklythrough
the articlefor just the
numbers.When you
f i n d o n e , l o o ka t t h e
words around it to get
60
2 220
3 8
I
Ma'e.a.4e.
. ....
.
4 't4
625
2 Readthe articlequickly.Are thesestatementsTrue or False?
1 Denni5Tito s spdcetrip costmoreihdn any otherholiday.
2 I rtowent to
"pa(ewith dn all Americdncrew.
3 uennrsalehamburBers
in \pa(e.
T l
T F
f F
True, False or Not Given
1 Do thesestatementsagreewith the inlormation in the article?
Write: TRUF if thestatempnt
is trueaccordinq to theDassdp
F{LSE if the5rdtement
is falseaccordiigto thepassl
NOT GMN if the information is not given in tiepa
ge
The weather on the day of the lauachwas good
Tito*leptin a specrally
designedRus*ianjleeprngbag.
I rrowaqrnetrr5tnon prote\stonal
astronautin space.
fhe rocketwas launchedat 3amMoscou time.
5 Tito did not enioy wearing his cosmonaut,ssuit
Short answers
Answer thesequestionsusing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR
NUMBER
1 What did doctorsuseto wash the crew?
2 Who is Suzanne?
3 How long did it taketo get to the testcentre?
4 V\&atw l liquids be kepr in?
Out ofthisworld
First space tourist grins
down on planet Earth
AIt was a gunc leap for the tourist
indusuy and the mosr expensiveholiday
in history.When Denms Tiro, a 60-yearold Californian, blastedoff yesterdayhe
was burning money at the rate of{30,000
a mile.The Internaoonal SpaceStarion,
with which he docks romorrow, orbits
220 miles abovethe Earth and the 8 day
excursionis costinghim d I 4m.
B A firsr classreturn ticket from London
to NewYork in an arcraft or aboard the
QE2 costsa mere dl a mile, measuredin
a straEhcline
HThe final countdown beganar 3am Moscow
time, when Tito and his companions,Talgat
Musabayev, the flight commander, andYurl
Barurin, a former politicianwho becamea
cosmonaur tlree years ago, were awoken at
*reir horel.
t0
C The Soyezrocket withTito on ttoard
ascendedftom the launchpad of the
Baikonur Cosmodromeon the barren
steppesof Kazakhsranrn cenEalAsia
under sunnyblue skres.Atelevision
monitor showedTito in a white spacesuit
and a plexrglasshelmet, grinning broadly.
J Afler a 40 mmure ride Lodre test centle, he
was fitred wrrh hls cosmonautsuit.In keepmg
wirh superstition,rhe spacemenwere not
allowedto watch the settingup of the booster
rocker.Instead,they performed their own
bizarredtual; a ceremonialurination on the
tyres of dre minibus that took rhem ro the
launchpad- rhe sameone ftom whichYurr
65
Gagann becamethe firstman in space
DA ground controller asked'How do you
feel?"Khorosho (good)'Tito replied in
Russian
E American and Russianspaceofficials
had arguedwhether it was safeforTito to
board the space station, with NASA
relenting only after he had agreednot to
sue if anythingwent wrong, and to sleep
only in Russiansectionsofdle craft
25
30
F He has been allowedonly ?kg of
luggage,a dictaphone,tlvo pens d€signed
to work in zero gravity, rhree cameras and
nine CDs among them songsfrom the
Beatlesand Andrea Bocelli, rhe blind
Italian tenor.
6 As rhe surgeofpower tookhim
sk'$rard,Tito must have caredlittle.
Amateurs haveflown in spacebeforeamong them rhiee congressmen and a
Saudip nce-but he was floatinginto
history asthe first paying tourisr.
Out of this world
I A team ofdoctors washedthe crew with a
specialalcohol lotion before dley dressedin
disinfec[edlongjohns and ordinary uniforms
for brealdasrand a final meetingwith
relatjves.Abour 25 frmily members,mcluding
two sonsand a daughrer,aswell asbusiness
partnels, friends, and Suzanne,his former
55
wife, travelledto Kazakhstanto bidTito
farewell.
K In space,Titowill be sustainedbyRussian
soups,juice) tea and coffee,all iD toothpastelike tubes,ftuit and ready cookedvegetables
as well as canned meats.'I do miss a good
hamburger,'he said.
L He is unl*ely to miss the gruelling physical
requirementsofsecuring his place in ihe
annals.Zero gravity flighrs and head spinning
sessionsin a c€ntdfuge- creatinggravitational
forceseight times thoseon Earth - might have 15
been enough to deterlesserciuzensTito
and was said by
never lost consciousness
Uainersro havebeen an exemplarystudenl.
M'I'm not a professionalastronaut,'hesaid,
'butI'm as dedicaredto the mission as any
astronautwo uld be'.
40
80
Guessingmeaningfrom context
3 Guess the definitions of the words flom the context.
blostedolf (paft.A)
A exploded
B landed
C left Earth for space
docks(patu.A)
A joins together
B ardves
C sees
3
orbits(pata.A)
A goes rouid
B goesdom
C goesup
4 ascmded(pata.C\
A moved quickly
B went up
C flew
deter(para.L)
A make s.odecidenot to do
sornething
B encourage s.o to do something
C force s.o to do something
ercftplary(pala.L)
A lazy
B excellent
C healthy
Articles
Look at theseeramplesofhow articlesare used.Ma tch the exampleswith
'
Iirilefinite afiicles (a/an)
l ' I d o m i s s a g o o dh a m b u r q e rh,e' s a i d .
2 'U/hm DennisTito,a 50-yiar-old Californian,blastedoffyesterdav
he
'
was burning money at the rate of f,3Q000a mile.,
3 A team of doctorc washed the crew with a special alcohol lotion ...
a Usea/a with singular,countablenouns the tirst time they are fien Lioned.
b Usea/a to meanpel or ar?rvwjth distances,times,et(.
c Use a/a when the noun referred to is one of manv
Definite article (the)
l'It
wasa.giantleapfor thetouristindustryand the mostexpensive
nolloav
tn hlstolv
2'...and nine CDs-- among them songsfrom the Beatlesand Andrea
Bocelli, the blind Italian ienor'
3 '.-.Yuri Gagarinbecamethe filst man in space.'
4 'A team of doctors washed the crew with i special alcohol lotion...,
b
c
d
2 Look at these sentencestaken from the text and fill in the missins artictes.
Then checkyour answersagainstthe te\t.
1Itwas.................giantleapfor.................tourisLindusb-y...
2 When DermisTito, .................
60 year old Californian .. .
3.................IntemationalSpaceStatiorywithwhichhedockstomorow.
4 .................
firstclassreturn
ticketfromLondontoNewYork...
5 ... costsamere€1.................mile
Out of this world
6
7
8
9
10
ftom... .. .. .......
Soyezrocketwith Titoon boardascended
. .. ...........
laulchpad ...
white sPacesuit.
televisionmonitorshowedTitoin...............
..............
.. and to sleeponly in Russiansectionsof ........ .......crafl.
.. he was floatinSinto historyas...............
. firslPayinStourist. .
astronaut',
he said ..
...'l'm not..............professional
Listeningfor gist
Exam
information
Therearefourpartsto
module.
the Listening
ThisListening
is a Part
2 typetext. In Part2
youwill hearone
persontalkingin an
everydayor social
situation.
1
06 You will hear someone talking to a classin a language school
about a hip Listen and answerthesequestions
1 Where is the trip to?
2 How long will the trip last?
Multiple choice
06 Listen to the first part of the recording again and answer
2
questions 1-4. Circle the appropdate letter.
3 They will cross the Channel
1 Mary Goldingis
A by coach
A a student
B by.hovercraft.
B.acoordinator
C byfelly.
C the btudent officer
D by train.
D the French teacher.
t
Thc rrin hpoine
A
B
C
D
Exam
information
Forclassification
tasks,you will needto
matchstatementsto
oneofthreeoptions.
Youmighthaveto use
eachoptionmorethan
4 They will retum home at around
A 10:00
B 21:00
C 22100
D 11:00
Classification
3
07 Listen to the next part of Lherecording and answer
queshonsF8.
Wilt you have to pay for theseactivities?
Write F if it is free
I if it is included in the cost of the triP
P if you have to pay for it yourself
5 a boat ride
6 a cathedral
7 artgalleries
8 train journey
Out of this world
^n
Wednesday4th Apdl.
Saturday3lstMarch.
Saturday4th April.
Wednesday31stMarch.
Prediction
1 In Broups,brainstorm any negativeeffectsthat tourism might have,
giving specificexamplesfrom your own country ifposslble.
'Ecotourismis responsible
traveltonaturalareasthat conserves
the environmentand sustainsthe wellbeingof localpeople'
( Ttu I 11
ter n0t iot1aI Ecatoltti sm SacE t! )
2 I4Ihatdo you think a good ecotouristshould/shouldn't do?
Example:
Ecotaurioto ohaub never leavebehindany rubbieh,
Reading for gist
3 Qurckly read thetextc delmesfor Ecotolrisfsbelow Choosethebest
answerto this question
1 \ rhen doesan ecotouristneedto think carefullyabout their hoLday?
A Before
C After
B Du ng
D AII of the above
r
e
E4
JM'
v*
Fad6
roo*
.JAjJ
r4
-'' ,l zl ' ,
*&d
Farc,ft5 el\Me
.1
Beforeyougoon yourholidayreadaboul
lhe placesyouarego ng to visitandchoose
yourecotouroperatorAFTER
askingthe
followingqueslions:
Doesthe operatorcomply
wlththe EAA
Ecotourism
Codeof Practicee
ls therean economicbenefilgoingbacklo
or stayinginthe localcommunity?
Doesthe operaioruselocaltourguides,
servicesandsupplieswherepossible?
I Don'texploitan areawhenfood
gathering
I Don'tdisturbwildTife
or wildlifehabitats
yourselfwilhlocal
10 Familiarize
regulations
yourself
11 Don'twash
oryourclothes
in
naturalwalerbodies
12Whentraveling,
spendmoneyonlocal
enterprises
plant
13Considerthe
implicalions
of buyjng
and
animalproducts.
Find
theyte
out
if
Whileyouareon tourminimize
the negative
rareor endangered,
lakenfromlhe wild,
social,environmental
andeconomical
and
if
the
trade
is
approved
of by local
impaclsof yourvisit
aulhorities
1 Flememberyou
area guest
14 Don'tencourage
illegaltradeby buying
2 Be culturally
sensitive
and respectlocal
productsmadefromendangered
customs
specres
3 Allowenoughtimein eachplaceto
appreciate
it
4 Travelby yourownmusclepowerwhere 15 Encourage
a naturalandcullural
possible
understanding
ofthe placesyouhave
5 Be carefulnotto introduce
exolicplants
visited
ot anrmals
16Considertheenviron
mental
andcullural
6 Stayon thetrack(trail)
effecisof yourvisitProvidefeedbacklo
7 Leavean areacleanerlhanwhenyou
yourtravelagentand
tout operatots,
government
foundit
agencies(whomanagethe
areasvisited).
ifOut olthis world
:l
Guessing meaning from context
4 Look at theseverbs ftom the lext. Match them with the dictionary
definitions.Use the contextof the text to help you.
respect appreciate
introduce exploit
encourage
di€+tlFb familiarize
aidurb
0 to fri8hten animalsor birds so lhey run dway.
by not doing
importance
of
something
1 show that you understand the
anything against it
2 learn or expe ence something so that you know aboul it.
3 to recognize the good or special qualities of a pe$on, place or th1ng.
4 to usenatural resourcessuchas trees,water or oil so you Eainas much as
possible.
5 to provide conditions that helP something to haPPen.
6 bring sornething such as a plant or animal into a country or environment
for the first time.
Summary completion
ComPleteit with words
5 Lookat this summaryoI Guidelines
t'orEcotorlisfs.
the
box.
ftom
Strategy
Makesureyour
answeris
grammatically
correct
andagreeswithwhat
is saidin the text.
Euests an ecotouroperator respect endangered
a holidaypackage educate Iocal positive negative soap
customers rubbish d a n g e r o u s
mustchoose1 ................. . carctully.
Accordingto theEAAecotourists
Theymust makesute that theyto ow the code of practice,use
........economic
guidesandsetvices,
........
andhavea 3 ...........
2 ............
impacton the community.
Beadthe words before
and afterthe 9ap
carefully
andthen
readthewhole
sentencetocheckthat Cettainguidelinesshouldbe tollowed.For example:
it makessense.
...andshould
Toutists
shouldnot fotgettheyarc 4 .................
Iocalhabitsandlaws.Whenwalkingtheyshouldnotleave
5 .....................
thetnckandavoidpollutingwaterwith6.....................Theyshould
buyproductsmadetrcmplantsot animalswhichare 7. ...................
1 Work in pairs.
3-6.
Student A: Look at Guidelines
for Ecotourists
Student B: Look at G idelines
for Ecotourists7-L0.
Talk for atleast one minute aboutyourfour guidelines.ParaPhraseand add
examples to expand on the basic inJormation. Use the expressionsfrom the
useful language box
Useful language: giving advice
good idea/necessary
to ...
It is importanvessential/a
etc....
Try(+intinitive)
to avoid/use/buy/spend,
ought
should/shouldn't,
Whentravelling/on
holiday,ecotourists/people
to/oughtnotto,musvmustnot,..
Out of this world
2 Work in pairs. Takeit in furns to ask and answerthesePart 3 questions
What arethe benefitsof visiting different countries?
Wlat arethe negativeeffectsof tou sm?
Wlat do y needto do beforeyou 8o abroadonholiday?
yy'hattype problemscanPeoPlehaveonholiday?
How should countries encoutage toutists to come to their country?
How do you think tourism in your country will changein the future?
Prediction
1 \ou wanl to Lravelbytrainto Edinburghand you Pione the Lrain.enquir
line.Think abouLthety?eof informdtionyou wdnt and write down the
following inJormation.
doesa ticketto Londoncost?
1 Threequestionsyou might ask,eg FIot.,1l11tch
person
milt.l
askyo.u,egwhat tine do
enquiry
the
train
2 Threeduestions
yolt hopeLotfaoel?
Table completion
2 Look at questions 1-{ Vy'hichanswers are times?Which is a date?
OS L$ten to a telephoneconversationbetweena student and a hain
3
eriquiry assistant.Fill in the information in the sPacesin the boxes
Strategy
Thesewill helpyou
Lookat the partsof thetablethatarealreadycomplete.
predictthe type oI answerthat is needed.
Date of travel
I
Single or Retum
2
Standardor FirstClass
T'P
ifthenumbering
Check
goesacross
ordown
thetable.
Ourwardjoumey Depart Birmingham 08.05 5
Retum joumey
14.35
Arrive Edinburgh
4
Changeof hain?
Direct Changeat Stockport
DepartEdinburgh
76.45 18.05
Arrive Bimingham
20.2'l
Change of train?
Direct 6
out of this world
T'P
to
Saythe
tabledetails
yourself,
egAdvance
purchase.
ItwillhelpVouto listen
inthetext
forthem
09 Listen to the secondPart of the recordingand answer
4
questions 7-10.
T)?e of ticket
ApexSuper Apex Peak 9
Saver
Saver
OffPeak
Saver
Advancepurchase14 days
8
None
None
Travelon Friday Yes
Yes
tes
10
Price
f,47.30
f54
€38
Labellinga diagram
Strategy
moduleThere
ofdiagramin the Listening
Therearemanvdifferenttypes
picture
process
obiect.
plan.
a
ofan
or
a
a
may bea inap,
Lookatthe diagrambeforeyou listenandthinkaboutwhatit shows.Look
for kevleaturesand their positions,eg if it is a plan,whereis the speaker
standing?lf it is a process,wheredoesit startan4Jinish?
1O The student is at the train station information desk Listen to the
5
final part of the recording and answer questions 11-14.
The train station
The student
is here
Outofthisworld
1
with plentyoi vdried
.Austra i5a verypopuldrtourisldestindtion.
sightsand ing\ Lodo.Answerlheseque\Lions.
Wllat reasonscan
you think of for
visiting
Australia?
Have you ever
been to Australia?
If not would you
like to go?
I{hyll{hy
not?
What was your
experience like or
what do you
imagine it would
be like?
2 Readthis Taskl question.
The table below shows how many tourists from live counties visited
Austftlia in ditfercnfyearsfrcm 1991,1999.W te a rcpottlot a univercttv
lecturcr desc bing the infomaion below.
Counlry oI Residence
United States
.
Canada
tUnited fingdorn
Germany
Other Europe
1991 I
1999
772
509
140
389
200
Note:The fitures are in thousands(000s)
TIP
Whendescribing
data
youonlV
need
towrite
aboutthe
most
important
information,
notallthefigures
shown
inthe
dragram.
Task 1: Selecting significant informa on
3 Which of thesestatementswould be the nrost snilablegenenldescriptialt
for the data above?
1 Therewas a decreaseinthe number ofv$itors toAushalia in the 1990s.
2 Therewas an incteasein the number of visitorc to Aushalia in the 1990s.
4 Which threestatementsfrom the list below would it be most suitableto
include as specificinJormation,and why?
'l
Therewere 102,000visitors from Germany in 1993.
2 Over the whole period the UK had the most visitors toAustralia.
3 The number of visitors from Canadadecreasedbefween1991and 1993
4 In this period the biggestincreasein touristswasfrom other countriesin
EuroPe.
5
6
Out ofthis world
5 Lookat thismodelanswerto thequestion.Quicklyreadthe textand
underline onestatementabouteachof the countries
af olthercounttieo
froma number
of visiiorota Ausl:ralia
the rigeinthe number
Thetabteohotao
ltheUnitedKinldam,
at the aau onthe lJniteathtu^' Canada'
worldwide
overthe 1ggo5.Laokinq
fromall
of vigitoroto Ausltralia
wecan9eethat the number
Germany
andothercountrieoinEurape,
overlhe decade
theeecauntri1e(1)increaeeieignificantly
(3) norc than doubled
(2)Thebig4eatinarease
waein visitorofromolthercauntriesin EuroPe,
whiah
itedKinqaom'(5)
lar4eetnumberof vieilorsin lotal camefrom
overthe pedod,(4)The
overthe
roeetrom 250to5Og thouean^,Vieitarefromthe Unitea51:ate.aleo(6)inarcaoed
roeeoverthe
the
fi4ure(6)
althou4h
fewervieitoreframCanaaa,
wereaoneiderably
decade.(7)fhere
occurrin|inthe eecondhalfof t:he
sane periodlron 51,oooto75,0Oo,withmosl:af the increas1
(g) fherewerealmootae matryvieitorefrcm the lJnituaKingdomae fromallofthe otherEuraPean
by1999(1O)therewerenearlyas manytouri6t' frcm the
However
includin4
Germany.
co,untriee,
aountrie1ao fiom the UnEed9tate?
other European
aea touriatdeetination
inpopularity
is increaeinq
Thetablein^icateolhaltAueltralia
Strategy
T a s k 1 r C o m p a r i n g d a t a a n d d e s c r i b i n gt r e n d s
Look to see if the data
changesover t|me or
is only about one
fixed time.lf it
changesover time,
you will needto
describe the general
pattetns or trends Yotl
can see,
In TaskI oi theWrihngmoduleyou will usually be dsl'edto de'cribea
graph,iableor chart.ihis will usually medn(omParingand contrasting
aifferentoartsof the informationor data.
6 Look at the text again and grouP the Phrasesin bold into one of these
Onee\amplefor edchtyPeis 8i\ en
cateSories.
b Comparing data
(1\. . .inqeaeedei4nificantly
averth6 decade.
(2)Thebilqeetincreasewae
in.
Usef ul language: describing trends
rose
increased
Thefigure
Thenumber{of...) decreased
fell
slightly
gradually
steadily
snarpry
["'a
significantly
dramatically
doubled
rripled
Out of this world
7 For eachof the examplesbelow,write sentencedescribingthe trcnd
shown in the data in that section. Use the seful language box"to help you.
0us
f 1991 1
lUK
at-995 |
't999
't999
Thenumber
Canada
3
Germany
I
335 l 50ql
Useful language: comparing data
Simplecomparatives
Aushalia
Cermany
German
the UK.
German
the UK.
Comparativestructuresto comparefigures
There were
Strategy:
Writing Task 1
answers
Readthestatements
significantli lfewet(C)
considerably more
far
less (U)
slightly
(noun)
*r".1
nearly
below llckthe 5
Therewere almost/more
sentences
thatgivegood
ilh_
advice,
1 Describe
the dataand
Simple supedatives
giveexamples.
_
Canada -i6
2 Writesentencesabout
bbge"
lcountry.
allthedatausingsimilar
lggryry L
cgtlgrPgllry"
senlencepatterns,
3 Writean introductory
Superlative stnrcturesto describefigurcs
sentence
sayingwhatthe
datais describing.
lncrease
4 Checkyourspellingand
lar
numberof ...
was from ..
grammar
5 Givepersonal
opinions.
mostsignificant
6 Stanwith anygeneral
statements
and moveto
specificinformation.
8 Write sentencescomparing the data in each section.
7 Useexactlythesame
wordsgivenin the
0 7993
quesI|on.
ic
ln 1993therewerenorethantwicea9 many
I M a k ea l l y o u r
48
vioitarg
from Oermanya9 frcm Cana4a.
general.
statements
I Trytoexplainthe data
1 1999
3 1999
or grvereasons.
10 Organize
and present
the datalogically.
Out otthis world
Reflecting on what you have learnt
TIP
Attheendofeachunit,
gobackoveryourwork.
Checkthatyou
everything
understand
grammar
,
revisethe
and
anovocaDurary. /
,/
1 Write down threenew things that you haveleamt from this unit a Piece
of vocabulary,a skills or taskstrategy,a grammarPoint, etc Put them in
order of imDortancefor you,
I
2
3
2 Work in pairs. Tell your Partner why these things will be useful to you
3 Look through the ujlit again and answer these more sPecific questions
1 Vocabulary: V\hat does asceniled/lredr.?
2 Language: (Articles) 'lt was #ant IeaP for -
tourist industry
. . .', the ot a?Ca yolt explain why?
3 Listening: Write aown tshategy to helP with aTableCompletiontask.
4 Speaking: Irnagine yo v want to gioeadoicclo a friend who wants to
improve his/trer English. Thint of two suitable smtences using Phrases
inapduced in this unit
Reading:Write down a straLegyto helPyot, n a SummaryCofiplelionlask'
Wtj tinq: T]1ir* of one other w ay to saylcll sharply arrd incrcascdsteadil y '
',
Dqqw diagrams to show ihese movements.
4 Is t}rcre anything in the unit that you did not understand well? V\hat
could you do aboutit?
5 Is there anything that you want to go back and rcview to rcfresh your
memory? When will you do this?
Find these words in the unit. Then check their meaning in your dictionary
and record them.
sustainp.31
uniquep.32
i$plication p.34
Out of this world
conserve P.34
benefitp.34
basicp.35
occurP.39
contlastp.39
hend p.39
All in the mind
A Readthe instructionmanual.
B Watchsomeoneelseusingit.
C Have a go at using it wit[ someguidance.
-2.1-omparey-ouranswerwith othersin your class Do ) ou prefer to leam in
orfferentwaysa
If you chose:
A Youmay learnbest through words.
B You may leam bestthrouAh visuals
C You may leam best by doing.
Is this true for you?
Summary completion
Strategy --Summarycompletion
is similarto sentence
completion;
exceptthatthe gaps
arewithina paragraph
summarizing
the listening.
- usuallyyou needto useno morethanthree
Fleadthe questioncarefully
words,butyou mightbe askedto usea differentnumber
Readthe paragraph
beloreyou listenandthinkaboutthekild of information
that is missing.
Makesureyouranswersfit grammatically
andarespeltcorrectly.
ll ListenLothefirst partof theiall. Completethesummarvusine
O MORE THAN THREf WORDSfor eachanswer
Linguistic intelligence
TIP
Readthe
summary
carefully.
Whatkindof
information
is missing?
LJnderline
keywordsto
listenfor.
Peoplewith linguistic intelligenceare good atcommunicatingwith others
a n dt h e yf i n di t e a s yt o 1 - . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . T h e yl i k ew r i t i n ga n d L e n dt o
think inwords, not pictures.
They have the ability to explaiD teachand 2
to agreewith their viewpoint.
.......other people
Jobsthatthesepeoplemightdo include joumalists,teachers,
3..-.. .. .. .. .... .. ......poliLicians
and writers.
All in the mind
2
,2 Listen to the secondpart of the talk and comPletethis summary
Logical Mathematical intelligence
Thesepeoplefind it easyto seePatternsand 4..
bits of information.
......-..
beLween
Thesepeopleare likely tobecomeinvolved in science,comPuter
programmming,5 . ...
, accountingor mathematics
Inl€rperEonalintelligence
Thesepeopleunderstandhow peoplefeel and think and have Sood
6 . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .s. k i l l s .
They make good counsellors,salespeoPle,
Politiciansand managers.
Intrapersonalintelligence
or PhilosoPhers,thesePeoPlearegood at
Often good researchers
7 .. - . ---. ---- . -.........lhei! own abilitiesand emotions
Visual-Spatial intelligence
Peoplewho like drawing and desr8ningand have a good
8 . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . .- T h e yc a nu s ec h a r t sa n dm a P sL o o
Bodily Kinaestheticintelligence
Beinggood at dancingor athleticsmay indicatethts is a strength Gardner
arguesthat skilful control over yourbody's movementis an intelligence,
though othersmay disagree.
Musi.al intelligence
Thesepeopledon't always9....... ...-...... . . ., butthey areoftengood
musiciansor songwritets.
Multiple choice with more than one option
T'P
Readthe question
carefullytoseehow
manyanswelsare
about
i 3 In the lasl section,the lecturetmakessomesuSSestions
3
more
effechvely
can
sfudv
in eachintelligen(e
how peoplewilh sLrengths
for eachintelligence
he suggests
CircletheTWO actrvities
10 and ll Linguistic intelligence
Writing
B Group discussions
Reading
D Grving lectures
E Memorrzingfacts
12 and 13Visual-Spatialintelligence
A
B
c
D
E
Allinthemind
Using mind maps
Lookmg atpaintings
Problemsolving
Watchingvideos
Reading
14 and 15Musical intelligence
A
B
C
D
E
Tapping out rhythms
Listeningto backgroundmusic
Playing instruments
Leaming through songly cs
Writingmusic
-rngform and infinitive
1 Look at these statements.Which intelligence do you think they represent?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
I enjoy (make)thingswith my hands. I enjoymakin1,..
I love (visit) art galleries.
I dislike (work) alone.
I appreciate (spend) time alone
BeforeI useit, I need (understand)how somethingworks.
I like (leam) the words of songs.
I would like (speak)severalforeign languages.
2 Now complete the sentenceswith tl€ correct form of the verb in brackets.
3 Someverbs are followed by an infinitive, some by an -ing form and some
arefollowedbvboth. Put theexamDlesinto the table
Followed by -irg
Followed by infinitive
Followed byboth -izg
and infinifive
ery0y
4
h which column would these sentencesgo? wly?
1 Ileamby (do)
2 I am activelyinterestedin (make)the world a betterplace.
3 I'm keenon (write).
avoid consider try
agree begin decide
fail imagine mind
nope promrse
reluse practise
stop want wash
remember forget
Involve
5 Now put the verbs in the box into the same table. Use your dictionary
ifnecessary
6 Sometimesitis possibleto useboth -in8 and inJinitive.
Exa'J..plei Leabeqanta du4y/beqan etudyinq.
However, there is usually a difference in meaning. Look at these examples
and answer the questions.
a I like war,chinqmueic videoo.
b I liketo learn more abaut myoelf
1 Wllich sentenceis about enjoying something?
2 l ahichsentencesuggeststhat something is a worthwhile thing to do?
Note:This clistinciionis true in Bitish English,but not in AmericanEntlish where
both could beusedto srlggestenjo],ment
c I tried to openthe window
d, TN oo1ninhthe win^ow.
3 Whiih setit".r.u
effort or difficulty?
"rrggests
4 Which sentenceis
a sug8estion?
e I toppe4tuuktohim.
f I toppe4tukinqta him.
5
6
I which sentencedid I stop doing something else in o/dsl to talk?
In which sentenceam I now avoiding him?
g
I remenbertellin4hin.
h I remenbere4
tu tullhin.
7 Which sentenceis about a memory?
8 Which sentenceis about remembering someth'rl9 beforeyou do rt?
Allin the mind
7 Compleieihis Lext\rith thecorreciform ofthe verb
Beingastuclentinvolvesl(take)..."responsibilityfor2(organize)
abour
3 (learn)
,,your own time Thereforeyou need
anc!
janning yo,.rrtime anclworkloacleffectivelyYoucan learnto do this through Practice
aboutwhai worksor doesn'twork for you'
through stoPping4 (ihink) .. ... ....
goalsancttargets'andgiveyourselfsmallrewards'
Try5 (set) .............. .. ....yourself
regularbreakslfyou fail
Don'ttry6(clo).......... -. ... .. too muchatonce-have
clon'tfeelbad
you expeciecl'
... .. . a pieceofworkasquicklyas
7(finish)........
you finclthat you avoid even
just be more realisticin your Planningnext time lf
excusesand start
(make)
"
8 (start)...... . .... .. .. ..... work' stop 9
toclay!Youwill feel much berteronceyou clo
Connected speech
lvhen native speakets speak English, they naturally join words together
TIP
Two things they do are:
aware
of
Being
pronunciation
willhelp
yourlistening
skills.
1 Miss sotnds out, eg dinneronddancing/ dlna€n do:nsll/
\ y'hichsoundsare missedout in theseexamPles?
fiextweek
bfit1d fiew
/ t/ and / d/ are :usuallymissed out when they are followed by a consonant
sound.
4 Look at Recording14on Page169and seeif you can find other
examples.Then l$ten and checkyour answers
2 Changesounds,eI ifi Bristol/rmb stel/
Which sounds are changed in these examPles?
Tin man
Tm pin bowling
/n/ will often changeto /m/ if it comesbeforethe sounds /m/ /p/ or /b/'
14 Now look at Recording14on Page169and seeif you can find other
examples. Then listen and check youl answeis.
All in the mind
1 In gro ps,discusswhichanimalsyou think arethemost/theleast
intelligen Givereasons
for your views.
Tablecompletion
Strategy
Lookatthetableandanyexamples
g;venandcheck:
whatis neededin eachcolumn,
it you shouldtakewordsfromthe passage
or trom a box,
how manywordsyou areallowedto use
2 Readone of fhe threeshort passages
dnd completeLhetable.
ChooseNO MORE THA\ FOUR W-ORDSfrom the pa\sagefor each
answer,
Text1:Crows
Text2: Dolphini
Text3:Orang-urans
.
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
2......
3 Discoverif
lsor.
A male ond femolecrowwere
giveno choic€betweeno
stroightgordenwire ond o hook
in orderto lifto smollbucketof
food ftom the bottom of o
ploshctube.Afterthe mole bud
took the hook,Bettythe femole
crowbentth€ tip ofthe stroight
wire to moke o replocement
Thiswoson amozing
ochievementos Bettyhod been
kept in a laborotory for two
yeorsby the ecologyreseorch
groupond hod neverseen
gordenwirc before,
experimentwoscorried
This
out
by the Zoology
I
I Deportmentot Oxford
Universityondsetout to testthe In the nextstogethe birdswere
setthesom€chollenge fo
obili9 of Betty,o New
retrievethe bucket of food, but
Coledonionclow,to moke
this
time the reseorchers
only
simpletools.
rS Tesrabiliryto
providedstrolghtwiresIn nine
out often triols,Bettybentthe
wire ond pulled up the bucket.
Tobendthe wire shesometimes
stuckoneend into o stickypiece
oftope wroppedoroundthe
bottomof the tubeor held it in
her feet,then pulledthe tip with
herbeok
Thisspecies
of crowis very
skiltul ot moking toolsond
oftenusessticksond leovesin
the wild. However,the foctthot
this bird hod the obility to moke
the ght implementfor the,ob
from unfomiiior moteiols, os
this study proved, shows
unheordof onimol intelligence,
soythe reseorche$.
All in the mind
hese stuctiesrvele undertaken
by Earthtrusr, an
inrcrnauonal rcscarch rnd
educadonal organisat'on, D
Halvan as part ofProject Delphis
The main objectile $'as to
condu ct screntrfic research in
order to lind evidencc that
dolphins are extremety sell
aware. In addition, Earthtn'st
aims ro raise global a$areness
abour dolphins and to imProve
conservation eFor$ worldwide.
Atrhough it hasbeen well
recorded that dolPhins are largebraired social crcatures. ha\1ng
th(r capaci ty for selfawareness is
lt1 even morc re\€alingsign of
inklligence In the pastonlY man
aDd a fe$'apes werc thotrghl to.
possessthis faculry.
markinga subject,theD
obsening the animal'sreactiolr
to a mirrorimage - torching
himself indicatesself-a$'areness,
whereastouching the mirror
sho$'ssocialbehaviour
suggesringthe subjectrs
investigadnganother individ ual
Fivebortletreckdolphinsrvere
'marked by puttitrgzinc oxide
on theirsrdesand then their
behaviourwasvideotaped
through a one-waymilTor.
Control experiments$'ere also
conducredin orcterto:
'nrrked',/'unmarked'
B comparemrrror bchaviourto
- behavionrwitha real stranger
through a barred gaie
comparedolphrnswatching
carried
C
research
with
prelroN
;\
on T\r and in the
themseh,es
our rn rhis area on mar and apes,
scu-a!'arenessis meas red bY
In the projcct the dolphins
tooked in the mirror then Fvisted
and turned a lot revealtng that
drey seemeclto have seen rhe
zinc oxrde mark and rherefore
suBg€sting drat they are self:
a1\are,Ifthis is the case,then
such evidence pro\ndes a
signi{ican t insigh t into animal
irtelLgencc as previouslYonlY
man and aPeshad demonstratect
the capacrty for sett:alvaren€ss.
Ptoiect
language
Orang-utan
incre$e the numberofchoices
TestsNere then conductedon the
arllnnlsto fiDd oul if they could
makethe correctselectionand
what their accrracyratevas.lf
rheydid choosethe right synbol
Computerswith touch-sensitive lor an object,xbel.lrangand then
rervardsr"eregivennr the form of
rvereplacedin rhc cages
screens
otAzy and his little sisterIrdah
in Partictlhr
Femaleorang-ulaDs
show
The resultsofthe research
are known to have good manual
90%
rchieved
orang-LrtrDs
that
rvx undertakenas
skillsbut the mxlestend to use
This research
rccuncy and thereforchavethe
part ofthe OraDg run Language their lips rrore Objectswere
pased thmugh thc barsand rvhen abiliryro con'mrurrcateby
l,rcject at the Snnthsonirn
NationalZoologicalPrrk in New the creaturestonchedthe screen. quickly relatingabstnctsyDlbols
ro ob;ects.lnlact the animalshrve
a particularsyurbolbasedon
York which hrs beenorgorng
norv progresed to using syrnbols
siice 1995The anrptlrposewas Arabic numeralswould apPerr
to identiry actionsand rheyare
Once a Dunber otobjectsancl
to tcstthe abrliryoforrDg utrns
norv alsousingArabicnumeralsto
their corrcspondnrgsyn$olshad
to corlxlrunicrteand the study
,denriryquantities.
beenintroduced,nore symbols
Nascarriedout by teshng
could
Nere pnt p on the screento
rvhctherthesecrearures
rememberabstractsymbolsand
then usethissystemto xccurately
labelobjectsUnusually.Ihe
public could actur y watch lhese
takeplaceat the zoo
observations
Allin the mind
Note comoletion
5 Complelelhesenotesaboutthepassage
you har e read.
ChooseNO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passagefor each
Tert 1
Crcwachasehaakar 5t'raiqhtw re ln ar^er t a
,,,,,,, aantainerAfler malecrawt'oakhoo\'tne
1 , ,,,., ,,,,,,,,,.,,,
wtrertamakeanother
femaebna (6efiy)2
one Reoearchers\ave betl'y rnareaLraTht wlreanAin ien I'eot'5
.
" llme'
ohemara\el la fiake ahaakS
Researchfin^inqs
Crowsabletrar.ake2n a??rc?rialelaolfrofi+
" "
'
that lhq! ha[ nal seenor rse+ moch,?ravAhq neweviaerced
aninal nlelli4ence
Iert2
Melha^ use^lo conduct
Z)ncaxiaewae wtr on side.
of botrleneckaalphinea
behavlaurwa. flltl1edthror\h
2 .............. .. ........... the
aol?hn. moveaabartra al
6u44e51,h4
lhey ha^ nat cea the
Methoa useala conducl t eot6
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .
Researchfi!1ainq.
Oolphin',like
+ , - ,, , ,, , - , ,,,, , , , , , , , , ,f ,i a
, y
ReoearchfrndtnAg
Task2: Organizationand coherencerparagraphing
1 Readthis question.
Present
a writtenargument
orcaseto an educated
readerwithnospecialist
knowledge
of thefollowing
topic.
Academic
achievement
at schooloruniversity
is theonlytruemeasurc
of a percon'sinlelligence
Towhaterted doyouagreewiththisstatement?
Time:40minutes
Writeat least250words
Think of your essayas a sandwich - the inhoduction and conclusion
paraglaphsarethe breadwhile the main body (usually2 4 paragraphs)
is the filling. The first and last paragraphs are essential in holding the
sandwichtoSether!
All in the mind
lntroductions
Paragraph1
The first paragraphis the intloduction to thetopic.
Strategy
A goodintroduction
will includeclear,
relevant
information
aboutthetopicbut
shouldnot repeatthe
questionword-forword,lt canalso
includethe viewof the
writerwhichwill be
laterin the
developed
2 Lookbackat theouestion.thenrcadthe threeintroduchons
belowanddecide
which is best.Why isit more suilablethanthe other two?
Introduction 1
meanspassingexamssuchasA levels
Academic
achievement
at schoolor university
orgettinga Degreeor Masters.There
is nodoubtthatyouneedto beclevertodothis.
Introduction 2
at schoolor university
istheonly
Manypeoplebelievethal
academic
achievement
huemeasure
of a person's
intelligence.
However,
therearetwosidesto this
statement
andotherpeoplewoulddisagree
withthisview
Introduction3
success.
Thereis nodoubtthatpeopleareoftenjudgedintermsof theireducational
Peopleneedto passexamsto goto university
andstudyfora degreeandthemajority
However,
thisis surelynot
ofjobsandcareersrequirethesetypesof qualrfications.
theonlywayto measureintelligence.
The main body
There.are3 paragraphsin the main body of this essay.
Palaglaph 2 :
3 Identifv the toDic sentenceand the main idea from the sentencesbelow
Then put them in ihe correct order (1 4) to form a coherent paragraph.
trueof peoplewithpractical
skillssuchascarpenters
or
Thisis oftenparticularly
ptumoerc.
Thereare alsofurtherexamplesof peoplewho havenot achievedacademicsuccess
in education............
Althoughlhey may not havepassedmanyexamsat school,they havesuccessfrrlly
learnta tradeor skillwhichdefinitelyrequiresintelligence......
Thereare manypeoplewho leaveschoolatthe age of 16 yet go on to have
successf
ul careers,.......,,,,
Now answerthesequestions:
1 What specificexamplesaregiven to support the main idea?
2 Which different ty?e of intelligence is mentioned to support the main idea?
3 How does the writer provide a link with paragraph 3?
Paragraph3
4 Now do the same task with this paragraph which is the next section in the
mam Dooy:
Suchskillscannolnecessarilybe learnton a courseorfrom a bookyetcouldbe
...........
considered
to be more'natural'forms
of Intelligence.
'
It cannotbe deniedthat creativeor artisticabilityis anotherformof intelligence.
Musicianshavethe skillsto performcomplexpiecesof musicwhileartistscan create
piecesof workthrough
parnting
orsculpture............
beautiful
1 \ lhat t)?e of intelligence' is the main topic of this paragraph?
2 \ lhat specific examples of skills are mentioned to support the main idea?
3 How is 'academic' intelligence different ftom this t ?e of skill?
Allin the mind
Palaglaph 4
T'P
Goodwritersshow
linksbetween
paragraphs
inanessay
andwlfii, a paragraph.
Thi$isshownby
rcletenco
or
loxicallinks.
5 Read the last paragraph in the main body and ihen answer the questions
Alinalexampleof anotheraspectof intelligenceis knowledge,whichpeople
may not havedonewellat
oftenacquirethroughself-studyor experience.They
'educated'bylearningabouta subject
schooloruniversitybut havebecome
or by dealingwitha varietyof reaFlifesituationsand problems.
independently
successfulpeoplewho oftenlack
Indeed,therearemanyhighly'qualified,
'commonsense'andwho wouldbe lessableto copewithsuchditticulties.
SentenceI: Which phraseintroducesa fu rther R?e of intelligen(e(and thus
provid;s a link with the p(eviousParagraPhs)?
Sentence2: i4lhich word refers back?o the peoirieiriseitence 1?
Sentence2: lvhich words refer back to sef-sfudy in sentence1?
Sentence2: Which wordsrelerbacklo experieflcein sentence1?
Sentence3: l trhichwords refer back to problerrsin sentence2?
Conclusions
6 Write a conclusion by reading the Introduction and Main Body and then
:summarizing the line of argurnent used in this essay.
7 Read this question.
Presenta writtenargumentor casetoan educatedreaderwithno specialist
knowledgeol the followingtopic.
Parcnts and family backgroundhave more inlluence than teachercon a
young percon'slearning and academic achievement
To what ertent do you agrce with this 'tatement?
The main bodv of an answer to this question i,sProvided First read it
quickly. Then;rderline the main iddas and supporting information in each
faragraph.
Paragraph2
Many peoplebefievel:hai weinherit intelfi^encefrom aur Paren
Lhe.a^e That chidrcrto+aifLedparen,s4a on Loropeat I hetr
thia ii not aiwavathi caae.tn hct' iL i5 fa
aL echoot.Howeve.,
it ie often
I ,ucceaa
likelyLnat
Pangraph 3
an4
Eartychibhoodie a keystaqe in a chib'e develoPment
fut
inl;hbchild'a
timi canhavefar-reaihin71oneequencea
All in the mind
Useful language
Paragraph4
Introductions
Lat6r in life,ao the chill eltarto echooLteach1rebeqinttohavea 1reater
influence.
Aften,oneor moreleacherscan haveconsiAerable
influenceavera
ular sub|ectar helpinlt:hemto choooea
It istrueto saythat ...
Thereis no doubt
that ...
In recentyears...
people
N4any
consrder...
Conclusions
Conclusion
In conclusion,
...
Toconclude.
,,,
Tosum up,...
Overall,
it is clear
that...
8 Work in pairs or small groups Add an appropdateinhoduction and
Listening and writing simultaneously
li., Listen to part of a tutorial discussionbetweena student and
1
tutor (Dr Williams). As you listen, complete the notes.
'Natu
Topic:
ersus Nurturri'
l s a c h i l d1
Or do parents,teachers,Iriends
2
Lengthof assignment
3
Previousstudies/research
Comparisonbetween:
Geneticfactors
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .f.a. .c. t. o
. .r.s.
Pointsto remembel:
Focuson studieswith similarpatternandcomparewith thosethat don't
f o l l o ws a m et r e n d st h e na n a l y sw
e h y t h e5 . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal
opinions- backup statements
with clear 6
- Citesourceof informaflon
Usingreferences
Includebibliography
at endof assignment
Putin alphabetical
order7
Furtherquestions
/pointsto discussin I
Allin the mind
Lexicallinks
TTP
Writersusedifferent
words
withsimilar
or
related
meaningsto
linkdifferent
partsof
thetexttogether.
Under$tanding
these
linkscanhelpyou.
1 Lookbackat thetextson pages46and47.
Replaceeachword below with anotherword in the textwhich hasa similar
meanlng,
Text 1
tool (n)
Text2
animal (n)
Text 3
undertake(do research)(v)
2 Look at this text.The first sentenceof eachparagraphis missing.Match
the paragraphs and the sentencesin the boxes
Then underlinewhat le\ical links helDedvou to do this task.
They can,and do, comnunicatewith humans.Thercis a linguistchimp
.................................
called Nim Chimpsky with a vocabulary of125 signs, all used correctly.Chimps can solve
problems,use tools and when they lose their teeth, even imprcvise a makeshift food
blender. Two observershave now claimed to seechimps in the wild leaving eachother
"notes". Separategroirps ofchimpanzees have different ways of doing things, and pass
theseways on through the generations:that is, chimpanzeeshave culture, iust as humans
have culture. In a word, they mightbe hunan. Monis Goodman,a geneticistat Wayne
StateUniversity sclioolofmedicine in Detroit, arguesthat chimpaazeesshould be
includedwil h humansin the sameevolulionarygrouping.
....... ................
.......The evidenceis in the DNA. Instead of compadng digits, or spinal
structure, or the teeth, taxonomists- scientistswho deal in evolutionary relationships have nowbegun to consider the basic information oflife, reproduction and development.
Goodmanand his coileaguesreport iniheir article that they compared g7 genesin six
different species:humans, chimpanzees,gorillas, orang-utans,old world monkeys and
mice. DNA is common to all life: the closer the DNA match, the closer the evolutionary
Iink. Humans and chimps came out with a similadty of gg.4%. On the strengthof this,
Goodmansays:think again,humans.
But at anotherlevel,he is raisingan argumentabouthuman links with
.................................
the rest ofcrcation. Are humans a breed apart, with dominion over fish, flesh and fowl? Or
are humans just gifted apes,Iucky enoughto have an edgeover their nearestrelatives?AId
if the latter, then what rcsponsibilities do humans owe to their fellow creatrues?
lf apeswerereclassified
ashumal, would they then be entitledto human
. ...............................
dghts? And ifapes were classified as human, would Homo sapiensbe guilty ofgenocide?
At onelevel,he is revivingan argumentabout
*ft.t is it tliat maies arimals alike' and
"i"."iii"ttio",
different,andhow do you logicallygroupthem
Chimps have language.
So a small changein classification tmnslates
into a big one in moral attitudes,
A l l i n t h em i n d
Using a dictionary
What do you use your dictionary for? Looking up the meaning of words? A
good dictionary has so much morc useful information than just the meaning
and is essential for leaming a language
In order to use a dictionary effectively, you need to understand the
abbreviationsthat arc usedin it.
tcI
adj
1 Match theseabbreviations to their mearuns.
uncountable noun - that cannot be used with a/an and have no plural form
IT]
somebody
countable noun
sb
adverb
tul
something
adv
adjective
abbreviation
transitive verb .used with a direct object, eg I atetny lunch.
intransitive verb - has no direct object, eg He slepl until noon.
[]
sth
abbrev
that are used with a/an or a number and have a plural
Now look in your dictionary to Finddn exampleo?3achone.
What othei abbreviations does your dictionary have?
A good dictionary has a lot of information about each word. Find out how
much your dictionary can tell you.
2 Look up:
1 intelligent - How many different words are listed with a sidlar
mearunqa
2 should - What grammatical rules are therc abo17tlrsi^g shoulil?
3 instruction - Which words are often found together (collocate) \ rith
instruction?
4 poli.y Is this word corunonly used?
5 high,/tall - \.4'/hichword do we use for a shelf which is a long way off the
sround?
6 equipmenl-Isitcountable?
7 foduitous - Is this a fomal or inJormal word?
8 sometimes-l rhatDart of sDeechis this word?
9 subway \Arhatis the differince in meaning of this word in England and
America?
10 eye Why would yonlook somebodyin theeye?
Find thesewords in the unit. Then check their meaning in your dictionary
and record them.
abstractp.4T
ry.rnbolp.47
insightp.47
Allin the mind
essentialp.48
correspondp.48
influential p.50
input p.50
lackp.51
capacilyp.52
have 6
numberready
word process
unlesshandwriting
specified
don'tleaveany
blanks
relatethisto job
description
8..................-..........................i........
Future plans and arrangements
There are severaldifferent ways of talking about the future in English.
Look at theseexamples.
l'll meet
l'm going to meet
l'm meeting I meet
1 Look at the underlined sentencesfrom the listening below. Find an
e\ample of:
1
2
3
4
5
a future plan/intenhon made at the time of speaking
a fufure plan/intention madepreviously
a future fact or prediction
the present continuous used to talk about a future arrangement
the oresent simDle used to talk about a scheduled or timetabled event in
the future
J: So whatare vou doingon Wednesdav?Shallwe go to thistalk?
Sr Maybe- what'she goingto talk about?
J: Umm, let me see - it says here ihat tbqlcqtucJilLgevedgokirg&Lrryarlk4d
writingaoolications,
Includingtipson howto impressyourpotential
aswell.
employers.
lt saysthatthere'llbetimeforquestions
S : Thatsoundsperfect,actually.WhaltlmclocqilstaIt?
J : Says7 o'clockhere.
OK,l'llmeet
vouhere,...
A careeror a iob?
2
16 Choosethebestoption to completetheseextractsfrom the listeningListen again to checkyour answers.Underline the besLaltematives.
S: Do you knowwhatyou wanllo do? OAre vougoingto be /Willyou be/ Arc you
belrg a singerin a bandall yourlife?
J: No,I'd liketo be, but my dad wouldkillme ...Witha degreein Business,
I'vegot quiteafew options,but lthink I'd liketo go intomarketing.
S: That'dbe interesting-'l you'rcgoingto make/you'llmake/youle makinggood
moneyIoo, 2 arcn't you/won't yon
J: lcould do, bul that'susuallyafleryou'veworkedyourwayup a bit.Whatabout
you -do you know what 3 you'rc going to do/you dd?
S: I reallywantto try and get a job overseas- my sisterand her two kidslive
in Australia,and l'd liketo go outthere...
Jr Realfy,that'dbe grealt.4I'mgoingto comeand visityou/l'll comeand visityoul
Jr Whydon'twe makeit a bit earlier- say halfsix,and we can go and havea
quickdrinkin the barfirst.
S: GreatlListen,I'vegotlogo,S l'm meeting/lmeet/l'llmeetTariqin len minutes.
6l'm seeing/l'llsee/l see you in the barat 6.30on Wednesday,
then.
Jr OK - see you then.
Scanning
and find theinformation.
Quickly readihesethreejobadverLs
Which job
1 only requires6 months'previous expe ence?
2 is temooraff?
I
'1
4
5
.pn',iFc
useslanguages other than English?
involves deliverins letters?
PAtoMarketing
Manager
(Fluent in French or Dutch)
Maternitycontractfor 6
months.Large,Birminghambasedcompanyrequirea PA
with at least2 years'
experiencein a busy
secreta al role,fluentin
Frenchor Dutchto business
level,written and spoken
Dutieswill includeUE,
generalcorrespondence,
producingreports/
presentations,
clientcontact
and hotel/travelbookings
You should be ealopulle!
literatein Powerpointor
anotherpresentation
packageand havea stable
gY, and gsad-qs[Eurieallsl
and orqanizational
skills
A careeror a job?
q,lFo'pal
AdninislrotionAiristont- CorCreditSoles
Our clientis lookingforon Administrotion
Assistontto
iointheir
young,dynomicleomin CorCredilsoles.Yourrolewill be inputting
newopplicotions
ondgenerolly
oss;sling
fie
ond processing
odminislrotors
Thisposlrequires
o leomoloyer,whois llexible,well
u,irho oooJllnIJ hr.our-ondolleo"f
oroonizedond methodicol
6 ionrhr orevious
exoerien..in J-;rilo-o1". n -nf'!"nt
will includeorronoino
bleohonemonnerisessentiol.
Duties
visitors,
postdistribution
ond moinroining
ouerseos
trouel,.eceiuing
Youshouldbevery
stotionery
levelsoswelloswordprocessing.
fomiliorwithWordond Excel.
BusinessGraduates
Areyo! qraduating
in Business
thissummer?
Areyoulookjng
for
your
potentiat?
Lookno
anopportunity
to exptore
andreach full
company
tooking
for
furtherlWearea [arge,mutti-national
graduates
througha series
of chattengjng
to beflture leaders
ouatification,
eganMBA.
Guessingmeaninglrom context
2 Matchtheunderlinedwordsin thejobadvertswith thetudefinitions.
0
a similar subject
rebte4Aiecipline
1 ableto talk on the phoneeasily
2 you havenot movedjobs
frequentlv
3 woidprocessing
a high pass mark from
university
5 someonewho works well with
other people
4
5 able to speak French very well
7 ableto usea comPuter
8 ableto adaPtto changes
9 a seconddeglee(aftera
Bachelor's)
10 ableto sPeak,\ /rite and organize
well
11 logical and careful
72 cheerful and able to seethe
funny side of things
3 Now put the phrasesinto these cateSodes.
Qualifications
Qualihes
Other
Skills
Understandinginformation in tables
1 The table below shows women's attitudes towards work and family life
in the UK, between 1980and 1999 Work in Pails Which statements do you
agree with? Why?
7999
1980 7993
Yoagteeingwith the statement
18
48
19
A man'sjob is to eam the noney; a woman's
job is to look after the home arld family
14
29
Women can't combine a career and children
A job is all right but what most women really
want is a home aJld children.
If her children are wetl looked after it's good
for a \domafi to wotk.
If a woman takesseveralyearsoff to look after
her children she should exPecther career to
suffer.
40
15
75
72
42
35
2 Answer thesequestions.
1 Wlat do the statistics tell you about how attitudes have changed in
B tain?
2 How have things changed in your country over the last 50 years with
regard to women working?
3 H5w do people feelabouitheseissuesin your country?
A careeror a iob?
Yes. No. Not Given
T'P
Makesureyou
canfind
theevidence
inthetext
ifyouanswer
Yosorl{o.
lfyoucannotfind
the
evtdence
answer
I{otGiven.
3 Read the text on the changing prcfile of the labour force in Canada. Do
the statements below agreewith the inJormation &iven in the reading
passage?Write:
YES if the statement aereeswith the information
NO if the statement co;rtradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
1 In 1999morc than half of Canadian women were in paid employnent.
2 Most women now continue to work when their childrcn are young.
3 In the tuture, there is urlikely to be a shortage of leachercin the labour
lorce,
More workers are likely to be sharing a house with both their children
and their parents.
5 Employerswill needto employ a wider rangeofpeople.
6 Organizations employing people from just one ettmic group will die out.
infomotontechnoogy,ski ed irodesond heolth
As thelobourforcebecomesmorediverse
womenhoveolwoysworkedin thenhomesond
denogroph
collyrtolsobecoresrore dr/erser_
communilies
on on Lrnpoid
boslsond o proportionof
brms
ofemployees
needs,fomiy demondsond
womenhoveworkedfor poy o!tsideihe home,
polenrlo
coreglving
responsibilllles
ndivid!os wirh
womensroteofenlry in ihe poid lobourforcehos
youngchidrenrnoyspono wlde oge ronge,
increosed
morkedly
sincetheeory50s n 195I , less
especloy lftheyhovede oyedchidbeoring
thononeq. o-.-ofworer n Co.odo t2a%lw- e .
Employees
moyfoce motipe cofegrvingdemonos,
theJobourforce By 1999, thepropoaionhod more
wlth
both
children
ond ogelngfomiy mernbers
to
fion doJbledto 55i Themos notobeincreose
in
provlde
core
for.
An
lncreosins
number
ore
likey
to
wornensporlicipolionroleshosbeenomongwomen
corefor on immedlote
or extendedfomiy member
with childrenBetween1976 ond 1999, the
with
o
heo
th
problem
longtermdisobiliv,eiiheron
or
porticipoiionrolefor womenw th ch ldrenund-.rl6
y in iimesofocuie
o
regu
or
bosis,
or
unexpecled
gew ftatr|39%toTl% Womennow moinioino
wi ho"e forniymernbers
need
Mony
in dislonl
sirongobourforceoltochrnent,
incLrdingduringlheir
whoseneedswi be ofconcernto fiem
oca
es
chidbeorlngyeors,reflecllngo cornmltmenf
bothto
theirfomiyroesond to lhelrpoidwork
Proiecrlons
indicorethot50%ofthe workforceof
2015 is olreodyln thelobourmorketThe
Concornilonlb
lhisshiftin he genderd sklbution
of
combinorion
ol o shrlnklngobourpoo ond skils
lhelobourforcehosbeeno sh fi in ls oge struclure
shorloges
meons
ihorinorderro rneellhelrresource
Likethepopulofionin genero,thelobourforce s
needs,orgonizotions
wlll needto retoinond develop
ogeing As thebobyboorners,
now conceniroied
in
increosingly
on
dlverse
workforce,comprhing
iheirm d lo lolecoreeryeors,opproochrefirement
womenond rnen,new immigronis,
vrsibleminorly
oge, obourshorloges
ore forecostlno wide rongeof
groups,peope with dlsoblllties,
youngpeopleand
occupolions,
incudlngmedicineond heolth,
oder workersookingfor o postrehremenlcoreer.
teoching,ond publicserviceForecosls
indicolethat
Thisworkforcewii hoveo wide rongeofob igotions
therellremenlwove
wilconlinueuntial eosl2020
outsideolthe workploceond will notbe wel served
Beyond2015, theConodron
lobourforcels
po icies
proiec|edb grow oro roteof essthonholfo percent by'onesizefitsoll'humonresource
provideflexibiiV,'bo once',ond
Empoyers
who
peryeor,underone thlrdof itscunenlgrowhroie li is
opportunities
tor conlnuouseorningond
unrkelylhotollvoconciescon be fi ed by young
developmenlwi
hoveo slrolegicodvonlogein o
people,os thekoditionolobourforceentront
tight
lobour
morket,
ondwiI rnokean impo anl
populolon(youlh
oged l5-24) iiselfis
shrinking
conhibulion
to thewel'beingofemployees,fomilies
Loborrshortoges
hoveo reodybeennobd in certoln
geogrophc oco es ond in seecredfieds suchos
A careeror a iob?
M a t c h i n gh e a d i n g st o p a r a g r a p h s
4 Choosethe most suitableheadingsforparagraphsA-F.
Strategy
ldentifykeywordsin
the headings.
Look{orsimilaror
relatedwords in
the paragraphs.
1 Womeninte[upt their careersto carefor family
2 Both rnenand women in the labour forcehave child caredemands
3 Increasingproporhon ofemployeeswithboth child and eldercare
oemanos
4 The majority of women still work in 'traditional' fenale occupations
5 Most mothers in Lhelabour force work full time
6 Motherslesslikely to be employedthan women without children
7 Number of Canddidn\aomen \^orkins inLredses
8 G r e a l e 5i ni c r e a si e
nworkingwomenrsdmon8lhocewithchildren
A
rn2000, 60%ofconodionwomen
oged 15 ondoverwerein he
Conodionobour{orce,r pkorn42%n
1976 Beiween1976 ond 2000, ihe
number
ofwomenrnthe obourforce
periodthenumber
ofmenin the obour
forcegrew by on y 4O%,from6 2
rni ion to I / rnrion
roieIncrease
B Thelorgestporircipoton
nosoeenornongwornenwrn pre
schoolchidrenBeir^reen
I976 ond
1999, lheporlicporionroleotwomen
evenmofedrorno|comongwornen
wrh o todder or infont:therotefor
womenw tho youngestch
ld under3
morethondoubed,from28%,n 1976
t o6 l % n 1 9 9 9
coreer
C Work conunulrys mporronrro
moioriV
of womenexpenence
signfconrbreoks
in empoyrnenr
Neo'lyMo fiirdsoFwomen
162%lwho
hovee"er heldpoid lobshove
expefencedo work nErruplion
ofs x
monihsor rnore n coflrosl,ony on-.
quorter
o[ther molecounterpans
127%l
hovehodo wor[ Inferruploi
losfngs x
Tnonll-rs
or rnore Marr oge, molernlly
eoveondcoreofch ldrenoccount
for
62%ol womens worklnlerruplons
n sprteoftheremorkobe
growthin ther
porllcipolion
role,wornenwrfhchrdren
^,-.r .* 1.1,.
r^ h^ " rh.l^L^ .
fofcerhonrhose
w,thouln)999,76%
otwomenunderoge 55 withoul
children
underl6 orhomewere n fie
lobourlorce Ih s compcresto o
porhcrpoton
roteol 69%ornong
womenwlthch ldrenunderI6
Thevostmoloniy
women
ofemployed
wrlhch dren*ork ful tme {30 hounor
moteperweek) n 1999,7l%ol
womenwlfi or eosrone
employed
chld underoge I 6 ot homeworkedfuI
ume,os d d 68%ofempoyedwomen
wilhoneor morechtdrenunder3 yeors
ol oge
A nolionoy represenlolive
empoyee
surveyconduced ty theConlerence
BoordofConodoin 1999 ndrcobd
ho lheproporton
ofempoyees
who
bothcorelor elderly{omly memben
ondhovech ldrenothomes now l5%,
...^-.....1
hA
\"/-^ 4..^4.
A careeror a job?
^^^
Strategy
Lookatthediagrams
andcheck
carefully
you understand
what
Youmay be askedto
chooseIabelsfrom a
boxorlrom thetext.lf
youchooselrom a
text,checkhow many
wordsyou areallowed
L a b e l l i n ga d i a g r a m
A Percentageof women in the labour force with pre-school children and with
childrenaged 3-5.
.fulltime
B PercentageoI women with childrenwho work
C Number of men and women in the labour{orce.
D ProportionoI employeeswho both carefor elderlyrelativesand children'
of men and women who have not taken a breakin
E Percentages
employment.
FrE.2
FiB.1
FiB 3
100
s50
Suffixes
A suffix is a letter or a grcuP ofletters added to the end ofa word
Recognizingsuffixescin halPyou to Suessthe meaningof words you
don't know
Look at thesewords from the readin8textson pages59 and 60 These
suffixesare all typical NOUN enclings.
proJecrron
flexibility
attachment
1 Look back at the textsand find fuither examplesof words endinBm:
+ion (11)
-ity (5)
-ment (4)
'fanrily' as the words you have
What other wor s do vou know in the same
found?Are ther any ;uffixes which tell you what Part of sPeechthey are?
(-ized=adj)
eg otga ize(-i.ze=verb)dlsoryanized
Use a dictionary to help you
A careeror a iob?
Task 1: Comparing and contrasting data
1 Unemployment is a problem in many parts ot the world. Answer Lhese
questrons.
unemploymentin vour countrv?
1 What;re'thebe5t
ilacesto loo( for a newjob?
2 Look at this IELIS Writing Task 1 question and answer these questions.
1
Wllat period of time is shown?
2 !1y'hatare the key points you would mention?
3 How would you group the data?
The table below shows the unemploynent rctes in 2OOOlot men and women
in diftercntparts of the wo d.
Wite a rcpott for a univercitytecturerdescribing the informationbelow
Time:20minutes
Writeat least150words.
Tu""*proy*"r*
Country
Australia
Belize
Dapan
Morocco
lNetherlands
Both
bo
sexes
t"i"<Xl
Male
Female
o.c
12.7
8.9
r 4.9
220
3.3
3
o
Tt
20.3
4.5
2
3 Now read this sample answer aIld compare your ideas with the author,s.
bolhbel'ween
Ihe chartindicate.lhat, L)nemploymart'
i5
for
examp
e,
unemploymanL
lnlhe Ne'herlands,
nal,iano
andsexeb.
eIe lorworteri5
ftma*aby.owlor.y3.3'1").9&the
ab
inot'her
developed
counf'rie5,1wh
fualthatfar men,
be \eenthemale
io
al aifferenae
JaoanandArstralia,there
Net'hedani1,
metlzre
andin bol,hcaoea,
ani fumaleratreb,
V\klhe
However.
Ihe latal nta inlheae
sllqhtlymarelikalyta beunemployed,
i5 .llqhllyhiqhe(.
caunlries
aremuch
counf'riea
ln r(iarked
aontrao',t'hefiE)reein le65developed
Morccco
on
averaqe.
22'/,in
hi4her,12.7'L
in Oelize,
andanenormoua
menandwamen
ln
belv,teen
allhouqh
Ihe
differcnce
Neverl:,heleo^
ie larqe,in belizewamen
aremarethantu/iaeao likelynal la have
Morocco
it1
paidwark,
de6?it'e
lhe nuchlower
Therdore,
4eneraurcmPlaymenf'
Nhere
are
women
lherea5
theraarcas manyunem?layad
7el:ze,
153words
men
in
Marocca,
urem?layei
A careeror a iobT
Contrast linkers/markers
1 Look at the underlined words in the sarnple answer. What do they have
in common?
2 Although many of theseexpressions have similar meanin8s, they often
have different forms. Look at this information
But
Exanrple:
of the Netherlandsanl Aueltraliaare similatbltthe
Theeconomiae
nlte ia muchhi4her]n the latter.
unemployment
Betwee two clauses-it cannotbegin a
Wheredoesit gDin asentence?
senlence,
Wat doyou fioticeaboutitspltllctuation?IJs:ually,it is not usedwith commas.
what is it followedby? Asubject and a finite verb (. . the unemPloy'ment late
i s . . .)
Note:A finite verb is onewhich is markedaccordint to tense/numberor Person/
egsheplays,theyhaoeplayed,I pLay
3 Now write example sentencesand answer the questions above for these
contlast malkers,
Although
In spite ofldespite
However/On the other hard
Conversely/On the contrary
4 study this graph.
ntes in dittercntarcasoI the
Thegtaphbelowshowsthe unemployment
wo dlrcm 199|-2001.
Rate
Un€mployment
12
t0
I
5
W te a rcpoft fora universitylecturcrdescibingtheinfomationabove
Writeat least150words
minutes
Time:20
Note: The lrends shown for the four areascan be comPared and contrasted but in
this graph changesover time also need to be described
A careeror a iob?
5 Completethegapsin thesentences
below using a conkastmarker or
appropdateword or phraseselectedfrom the box you do not haveto useall
despite different higher rosesignificantly however although
similar rise fall increased bigger
1, ln moetofthe area6ohown
ontheline,raph,th6unemplaym1nt
rate
beqanto
from1991to
1992.
......................
,fromabout1993therar,e
2 ...................Augtraliaand1theUnitedqttateg9howed..
overall,
Augtraliaugually
hadan unemployment:.
rateabout2%
thanihe U9.
l:.he
lowest:
unemploynent
................
ratein 1991
...havinq
at 27,,the
number
ofpeople
unemplqea
inJapan.. ....... .. ......1:oju6t
under6%in
2001
6 Write two more sentencescomparing or conhasting the arcasshown in
the graph.
Writing: f urther practice
1 Work in pai$. Look at the questionbelow and answerthe questions.
TIP
In whatorderwould
you dothesetasks?
Brainstorm
ideas
Sta( writing
Makean outline/plan
Understand
the
question
1
2
3
4
What do the pie charts tell you about each countly?
What time piriod is shown?
What compadsons and conhasts are there between the two countries?
How will you group the information?
The two pie chatts below show how employmentis diided inTanzania and
lreland.
Wite a rcport for a univercitylecturer describing the inlormationbelow
Exam
information
Tanzania (1999)
Agriculture 79%
Services(including tou sm) 14 2%
Manufacturing 6.2%
Construction0.60l.
I ne oata In tELt5
WritingTask1 may be
shownin morethan
onediagram- it could
be a piechart,a graph
or table.
It is importanttostudy
alltheinformation
caretullyandthen
compareanocontrast
the keyfacts.
Ireland (1999)
Agriculture and forcstry 2.0%
Energyand water 1.3%
ManuJacturing21.5%
Construction4.1%
n SeNices71.1%
Time:20
minutes
Writeat least150words.
A careeror a job?
Extensivereadingand listening
1 A good way to rnake faster progress is to use EnSlish outside the
classroom. Which do vou have accessto'
LiBtening
Englishspeakers
the radio in English
films in English (with or without
subtitles)
TV in English
the Intemet
taped stories in English
songs
Reading
Fndlich l,nm,,oe
newsPaPels
novels
text books
gladed rcaders (stories written in
simplified language, wdtten for
students)
magazines
the Intemet
2 How many do you use regularly?
3 Work in pairs.Discussthesequestlons
1 Which of the activitiesin 1 do you do?Give examPles.
2 Which of the activitiesdo you not do?l rhy not?
4 Choose four of the activihes you have accessto and Plan to use one a
week for the next month. Fitl in the table below as you do them.
Date used
Week
Activity
DetailE
1
to the
Lietenin7
radio
Nevt'Proqramme 22ndAuquot
Comment
Madenoiesonthe
- they
hea^lines
the mainideaa.
Setyourseu realistictargets- it would be Sreatto reada whole newsPaPer
don't have thalmuch time!
er eiv day,but most peo,-ple
[sten
to
somethinBin Engtishevery day
or
Readsomething
rajl8,e
oF
text t]?es thdt interestyou including oneslhat
[sten
to
a
Readard
more
formal
language.
contain
f\pose yoLrrselfto duthe?ltiawrittenand sPolen Englishas much as
POSSTOrc
Iind these words in the unit. Then check their mealing in your dictionary
and record them.
issuep.58
proiectp.59
notablep.59
A careeror a lob?
rctainp.59
diversep 59
influx p.59
contradictp.59
proportionp.60
exposep.55
Extensivereadingand listening
1 A good way to make fasLerprogressis to use Englishoutside the
classroom.Which do vou hdveaccessloListening
English speakers
the radio in English
films in English (with or without
subtitles)
TV in English
the lntemet
taped stories in English
sonSs
Reading
English languaSe:
newsPaPers
novels
text books
gladed rcaders (stories wdtten in
simplified language, written Ior
students)
magazines
the Lrtemel
2 How many do you use regularly?
3 Work in paifs. Discussthesequestions.
1 Vvhichof the activitiesin 1 do you do?Give examPles
2 V/hich of the activitiesdo you not do?W1Iynot?
4 Choose four of the activities you have accessto and Plan to use one a
week for the next month. Fill in the table below as you do them.
Date used
Week
Activity
Details
1
to the
Lieteninq
radio
New.pro1unme 22ndAuqleL
Comment
MaAenoteaonthe
- they
hea4finee
keveryquickly,
tha mainideae.
Setyourself tealisticlargets it would be gleat to read a whole newsPaPer
every day,bul mosl peopledon't ha\ e that much time!
Reacisomethingor listen to somethingin tnglish every ddy.
Readand listen to a ran8eof text t)?es thdt interestyou including oneslhat
containmore fomal language.
F\pose yourself to authentiawritten and sPokenEnglishas much as
possible.
Find these words in the u]rit. Then check their meaning in your dictionaly
and record them.
issuep.58
protectp.59
notablep.59
A careeror a iob?
etainp-59
diversep.59
influx p.59
conhadictp.59
proportionp.60
exposep.65
Crimeand punishment
:.i;2,(iq
I
'l
ReadthesedefiniLionsof six crimesand match them with the crimesin
the box.
shoplifting mugging terrorism robbery vandalism
burglary kidnapping fraud
1 to illegally takesomeoneaway and make them a pnsoner,especiallyin
order to make their family or the governmentgive you somemoney
2 to steal things ftom a shop
to attacksomeoneina public placeand stealtheirmoney otpossessions
to deliberately
ddmageor destroything*.espe(iallypublicproperty
to take money or property from someonerllegally
6 to enter a building illegally in order to stealthings
2 What are the definitions of the two extra crimes above?
A fine
Acaution
Capitalpunishment
A c'1enon.lo.J
"--+-^.-
Imprisonment
4 Work m pairs Compareyour rankingsand discusswhich punishment
you think would be most suitablefor eachof the crimesin 1.
Crime and punishment
1 Underline the main aimof this chariry
2 Underline the specificgpe of help they offer
yeartheyofferhelpto
bycrimeEvery
affected
forpeople
charity
isthenational
Support
Victim
and
England'Wales
across
charities
oflocalmember
a network
people
through
1.75million
around
hadmorethan650
theorganisation
in1998,
i,'"ii,". i"r".l^ir,"i,me oftie ttomeofficesurvey
inthecommunity'
withitsbranches
working
visitors
voluncer
tralned
andover10,000
emDlovees
6'000community-based
including
volunteers'
12,000
rjoostaffandaround
iit,,'"
hasbeen
ornotacrime
whether
service'
"'"*i""" """,
on",utt"" -o .onfidential
tl;'tl#;l;fi;;;fii"*
Victim
5upport
heinitialcontact.
Yes. No. Not Given
3 Read this text on burglary Do the statemenhsbelow reflecLthe claims of
the writer in the passagebelow2
Write:
YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossibleto saywhat the writer thinlc about this
1 There are mote casesof burglary dealt with by Victim SuPPort than any
other charity.
2 It is cofiunon for victims to want to discuss the effects of a crime
3 Specially trained volunteers from this charity sometimes visit lhe victims'
houses,
4 PeoPlemust inform the Police about a cdme before contacting Vi'tim
SuDDort.
5 People who have been burgled will never feel safe and rclaxed in their
homes again.
recorded
inthe
crime.In2001,aroundonein everysixcrimes
isa serious
butverycommon
Burglary
gets
with
ovel
a
million
and
in
touch
offers
suppon
Supponisa charitythat
UKwasburglaryVictim
peopleaffectedby crimeeachyear
andhowtheyarefeeling.
aboutwhathashappened
Mostvictinis
of crimewanttotalkto someone
provides
involves
a
servicewhich
suppon
can
be
helpful,
butVictim
Talking
to lriendsandfamily
youhave
or
not
regardless
of
whether
volunteer.Ihis
chalitycanhelp,
talklngto a speciallytrained
toldthepoliceoranyone.else.
waysevenif
beaffected
in a widerangeof different
People
whoarevictimsofburglarycan
havebeen
whose
houses
hasbeenstolen.Ilose
noneoftheirproperty
been
in
just
has
thatsomeone
maybeupset atthethought
burgled
andthiscanoftenmakethem
against
theirwishes
theirhome
feelinsecure.
alsohelp
supponcan
suppo(Victim
Aswellasoffering
after
peoplewho
becontacted
usuallyneedto
victims
dealwith
companies.
orinsu
rance
thepolice
a burglarysuch
aslandlordt
Crimeand punishment
Strategy
Matchingsectionsand summaries
Try lookingat the first
lineof eachsection.
This is oftenthetopic
sentence.Then lookfor
similaror relatedwords
tothosein the
summaries.
4 Now read the article on Victim Support. Match the summades (1-6) to the
sectionsfA-D)
BUTrememberthat
a
summarywill coverall
or most oI the main
ideasin the sectionor
paragraph,not just one.
Note that thercaremoresummanesthan sectionssovou will not uset}rcmall
I
Rangeof crimeswhich had affectedvictims.
2 Different kinds of help given to victims.
3 How successfulvictims felt the Victim Support servic was.
4 How successfu
I membersof the public feltlhe Victim upport service
5 lvhich victims were most ljkely tobe contactedby Victim Support.
6 How Victim Support Bot in touch with victims.
VictimSupportFindings
fiomthe1998BdtishGrime
Survey
thosevictims
contacted,
theinitral
A Among
contact
made
(and/or
byVictim
Supportwas
byletter
(69%).0nly
leaflet)
inmostcases
13%ofallinitial
c0ntacts
wereunann0unced'
Msits
ieavolunteer
calling
atthehome,
butfollow-up
visits
atterletters
andtelephone
calls
doubled
then!mbers
0fvictims
visited.
Among
allvictims
contacted
bywhatever
means,
(26%)
theproportjon
eventually
visited
was
simrlart0
(25%)
ea iertindtngs:1994
and1996
10
l27vl.
Typesof
contactvaried
consrderably
betweenvrctims
ofdifferent
offencetypes.
Victims
ofburglary
and
assaultwere
more
lkelythan
victims
olotheroffences
t0bevisited
byVrctim
Support
volunteers
over30%
ofcontacted
victims
inthese
categories
eventuall, t 5
received
avisit,
compared
withonly6%olcontacted
victims
olthett
Victim
Supportappears
tobesuccesslulir
matchinO It
support
t0thetypes
olcase
inwhich
needsare
likely
t0begreatest.
Victims
whosaidthattheyhadwanted
- especially
help
thosewhosaidtheyhadwanted
'someone
totalkto'-andthose
whodescribed
themselves
as'very
much
atected',
were
considerably
likelyto
more
have
(andtohave
been
contacted
been
visited)
byVrctim
Suppoftthan
those
whodidnot
expressany
needs
orwere
lessaffected.
Forexample,23%
ofthose
whosaid
they
wanted
'someonetotalkto'werecontacted
byVictim
Support
incomparison
Mth5%ofthose
whodrdnotexpress
such
aneed.
Vrctim
Suppoftvisits
were
l5times
more
likelyt0
those
whosaidtheyhadbeen'very
much'
afiected.
Thismaybepadlydue
tothekinds
ofoffence
- burglaryandviolence
priority
whichreceive
highest
-andpartly
theresult
ofco-ordinators
making
'educated
guesses'
fromcrime
reports
toidentify
victims
mostlikely
toneed
help.
Ahighproportion
ofpeople
VictimSuppo
rtcontacted
problem:91%
were
helped
withatleastone
when
volunteerandvictim
metface-to-face
74%ofsuch
given'moral
victimsfelttheyhad
been
support'.
Even40
25%ofthose
receiving
aletterfrom
Victim
Support
given
saidthey
hadbeen
moralsupport
The
proportions
whosaidtheywere
helped
withsecurity
advice
were
27%forface-to-face
contactand
9%for
letterS
Numbers
were
loosmallto
undertake
asystematic
c0rrelation
between
thekinds
ofhelpgiven
andthe
needs
expressed
However,
50%ofthose
naming
'moral
support'as
aneed
saidthatthey
hadreceived
thiskindofhelp.
Incontlast,
theneed
for'inlormation
fromthepolice'was
rarely
metbyVictim
Support
Holuever,
it isprobably
moreappropriate
for thepolice
t0providethis
information
drrectto
thevictim
Among
respondents
whorecalled
some
contactw
h
'very'or
Vrctim
Suppod,58%
|ated
theservice
as
'farrlyhelplul'.
Theproportion
wasconsiderably
higher
among
those
whohadhadvisits(80%)
orcontact
by
(69%)Even
telephone
letters/leafiets
alone
were
found
helpfulby
nearly
hall(4690)
Allhough
5890
isa
years
(see
slight
droponpreuous
Figure
1)from65%
in1996
and60%in1994,
the80%rating
offace-tofacecontact
as'very'
or'farrly
helpful'had
increased
years
0nprevious
BCS;70%,1994)
{76%,19S6
ThequalityolVictim
Support
service
appeared
tohave
thestrongest
effect
on'very'
or'fairly
helpfu
I'ratings,
particularly
personalkinds
forthemore
otcontact
(lace-to-face
andtelephone);the
speed
withwhich
Victim
Support
made
contactappeared
tobeless
si0nificant.
Crimeandpunishment
Sentencecompletion
5 Completeeachof thesestatementswith words takenfrom theEading
passage
onpage58 WriteNO MORETHAN THREEWORDSfor each
answet
ldentifying text type
6 This textls taken ftom
A
B
C
D
a guide for new worke$ within Victim Support.
an official govemment report.
a textbook for students studying sociology.
a newspaperarticleabout a oew Mctim SuPporlscheme
Definingrelativeclauses
1 Look at thesesentencesfrom the second text on page 57 Find and
underline the defining relative clausesand circle the relative pronoun.
suPPort and advice . ..
0 Victim Support is a charity@offers
a
which involves talking to a
...
plovides
service
1
but Victim Support
sDeciallv trained volunteer.
2 People who are victims of burglary can be affected in a wide range of
differentways...
3 Those whose houses have been burgled may be upset iust at the thought
4 Victim Support can also help victims deal with PeoPlewho usually need
to be contacted after a burglary
2 Answer these questions.
1 What two rclative pronouns can be used for things? People?
2 What is tlre differelj. ebetwee^uho andwhose?
3 Are commas needed in defining relative clauses?
Cdmeand ounishmenl
3 Look at this sentence.
Ahighproportion
ofpeople
whoVictim
Support
contacted
werehelped
withat
problem
least
one
Victitt S pportis the subjectof the sentence.
A highptoportiottofpeopleis theobject.
V{hatdoesthe relativeprcnoun referto - ihe subjector the obiect?
Note that a relativeprcnoun is not necessaryiJ it refersto the objectof ihe sentmce.
4 Complete each of the spacesbelow with an appropriate relative pronoun.
Choose (rofi that/which/uho/uhose/none
needed.Somewill have more than one
Possibiliry
0 The treatment ..Il4p!.Wli9h/I9n9.1q9d9d...
victims receive from the police
varies flom area [o area.
1 Somepeople.............................................
areburgledfind it no morethan
an iritating inconvenience.
2 Unfortunately,people..........................................havebeenbu
ale statistically more likely to be burgled again.
3 Face[o facecontactwasthemethod.............................................
most
people found helpful.
4 Burglalsusuallysellthethings.............................................
theystolequite
quickly.
5 If you make an insuEnce claim, you will need the clime rcference
number..............................
............... thepolicegiveyou.
6 All volunteers......
. work with victims have been
specially selectedand kained.
7 Convicted burglars are sometimes asked to apologize personally to the
people...................
.......................
possessions
theystole.
8 Volunteers
arepeople...............................
.. .........work freeof charge
becausethey thint the work is important.
5 Rewrite this passageadding the relative clausesto make it clearer.The
first one has been done for you.
who has already been convicted of burglary
who commitburglary
v*i*"eeeleeeanit
which are reported
who areburgled
Burglary is one of the most common climes Tohichpeoplecommit-Sotrre
fi8ures show that up to one in six crimes is a burglary. Therefore, many
people will be burgled at some point in their life. Some of those will find
it devastating, even if none of their possessionsare actually taken People
should realize the effect they may have on someone else's life. In my
opinion, if someone offends again, they should receive a stiffet sentence.
Grimeandpunishment p
Task2: Evaluatingand challengingideas,evidenceor an
argumenr
1 Complete this sentencein your own words.
Themainaimof sendinga personto prisonis to ...
2 In Task 2 of the IELIS Writing module you have to 'evaluate and
challenge ideas, evidence or an argument'. Read the IELIS Writing Task
below and answer the questions.
Presenta writtenargumentorcaseto an educatedreaderwithno specialist
knowledgeof the followingtopic.
Futurc plans to design prisonslor leaning and working, with bigget cells
containingcomputerc that will enable study and communication,have been
criticized lor ttying to tun p sonsinto'holiday camps'and for Wasting
taxpayerc'money'.
To what erte
do you agrce or disagrce with these views?
Timer40
minutes
1
2
3
Writeat least250words.
to thestatement,
whatwillprisonsbe likeinthefuture?
According
whatmightbewrongwiththeseprisons?
According
to thestatement,
Wouldyousaythatlhesenewpdsonsarea goodor badidea?Why?
3 Quicklyreadthissampleansweranddecideif thervriterisF,'or dgalrsf
new stvleDrisons
When
diecuesin|the prieoneyeteminthie countty
it ie importanltto point out that peoplehave
gtronqviewgbol:hfor anda1ainetanychanqeo
to
the exietinqeyoten.lnthie cauntrytherehas
in
beena lot of neqative
criticismof newpropasale
recenl weeko,
ag manypeoplefeeltheyare a waete
HoweveE
thereio nodoubtin mymind
of money.
that the pigon networkneadg1:obercviewea
....,........
wilh
urqently.Therefore,a .................
anychan4es.
rea^onsqivenlo 1upporL
For mple,prieonerawaDhbeqettinq bol:h
inthie scheme
and
phyeical
an4mentalexerciee
wouldnot beableto lazearaun4an^da nolhin4.
far
af coureetherewouldbeeomeopporrunltieo
Aeprivinq
leieure
timebutaqainthie ie betterthan
inmateaof all enjoymentwhatgaever
will
...............
theoenawdevelopmente
e .......,,...
io pnooneeemlikea holiday.
'ince
makeOoinq
gygtem
this new
woul44iveclear4oalefor
prigoneraI amcerLainit i9a moreconstructive
appraach,
Firet af all,prieanersetudyinqan4 wotkin,,
lbelieve 4 A furtherc ticiemof tthisneweystami5that it is
b ....................
...,,.....
iga poeitivemeaSure.
Althouqheuchchan^ee
a waeteof publi.maney,
maiivation
that thio , illnot onlylivapriaonere
I otill feellhat it
beexpen7ive,
willundoubLedly
an4 intereet,bultaleohelpthen livea relalively
wouldbea qoodideal;o spendnoneyondevelopinq
normallife,lna similarway,I tendto thinkthat
it
wassucceggful,
thegeprisons.lf the gcheme
improvedfaciliiieeand livinqcon4itionswillhavea
leee
likely
woulatum pribonereinto better citizeno
thaniha
morebeneticial
affectonthe prieoner
cn('esin Lhefuture.f ......................
Fortheeereaoong.
c.............................rc commit
oppoone.
lthelevelof crine mi1htbereducedand wewould
needto bemade.
chan1ee
beableto livein a eaferworld.
ne,rstyleprieons
arq','eLhatTheee
)omepeople
,/,/ill
.
Lbminto'holiaay
canpo'd...............................
tr
crimeandpunishment
T'P
Produce
a clearessay
by structuringeach
paragraph.lJse
language
appropriate
to giveopinions
andbackupeach
4 Thesephrase.havebeenremovedfrom lhe e*sayPutlheminlhe
approprjaiecategoryin the bo\ and then Placethem in the essay.
4 ii iqcledrthatthisissueneedsto
that this
I but I dm unconvinced
be consideredcarefully
wouldbe the case
5 I tully agreethat
2 in my v1ew,
6 I cannotacceptthat
3 as a result,
Introducingthe maintopic to evaluate
thisissue,it is importantto consrcler..
In ordertodiscuss/examine
that...
Somepeoplesay/argue
Theissueof X is...
Challengingideas
withthe view...
I disagree
I do not believethat...
Agreeing with ideas (to be backed up by reasonsl
I stronglyagreewith this vlew ...
Givingopinions
that...
I feel/believe
In my opinion...
certainty)
Thereis no doubtin my mind...{whichalsoexpresses
Itendto think...(moretentative)
Consequences/result
Therefore,...
Consequently,...
Y will/might/wouldresult .
lf X happens/happened,
(SeeUnit I for more information on conditionalsentences)
Parasaph 1
Main idea:
for and aqainet chanqin|pri^onsyatembfi aofinitelynee^oreviewin1.
People
Supportinginformation:
Lat of ne\ativecriticien ToPicwi beaiecuese^in eeeay
Crimeand Dunishment
Prediction
1 Work in pairs.Discussthesequestions.
1 What are acceptablereasonsfor missingschool?
2 What might children do insteadof going to school?
3 Did anyone in your school play truant?
Do you know what the consequencesor punishments are for truancy in
your country?
Note completion
18 Listen to the interview on truancvand
2
(ompletethenotes WriteNO MORE THAN THRtt
WORDS for eachanswer.
Accorainqto OaviaR.et1.ha\aorlinued aboence
from schoolcauA be haftlfrl ta a ah b'. eawat )on
a n aa L a l e a dl a a 1
-t
" qave.nnelt )rn r4to,'topt.ua.r, railq:
.
Ian4terrnlnpr.anment
.
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .? ' i - o 1 " 1 t e r , e ^
.3
Lorra saya reaaarafar truancy inc rae:
a
rrha??ine97
ax hane
Lamath nk the fa lawin1?eope ohard beinvalved:
parents,
ch aren,5....... ................
..... ,the
qovernnerlandsocialservlceo,
Exam
information
Inthistypeof
question,
you havea
numberof answersto
matchtogether.lt is
similarto
classification,
butyou
onry
use
can
eacn
choiceonce.Therewill
usuallybe more
you
choicesthan
Matching
3 For questions6-8,
Loma Coates (the charity rcpresentative) statesthis write L
ifDavid Renshaw(*re govemmentofficial) statesthis, wdte D.
if Jennifer Sirnpson (the mo ther) states this, wdte J.
if dle presenterstatesthis, write P
6 Over 12,000children played truant in the Spring. . .. .. .
7 Pdson sentenceswon't help childrenwho are unhappy at school .. . . . ..
8 Counsellingworks well .. .......
Crime and punishment
Reason/result
clauses
I^ the lll tS Wrjting module {and most academi(writine
task) it is
rmporrantto be able to linl ideastogetherwell so thdt yo"ur
argumenLflows.
lrom rhe modeIdnswerand idenrify which
,a.o^o1<..11"::
Kmg
words dre"TlCle:
usedto join
the ideas.
rcasonsgioen to suryott any changes.
2 Wfu<hof the linking words aboveare usedto give
a redsonl Vvhichare
used to expressa result?
3
Prrt so ot becauseinthe gaps below.
godlsfor prisoners,......................
it is
oacn.
rpproach......................
thisnew system
"O"jff;yt.n
"
tn" linkingwordsor phrasesin thissecrionshoutdyouuse
5 Com-plete_thesentenceswith an approp ate linker
showing reason or
result.More than one choicemay be possiblein each
case.
therefore
consequently
as because so
since as a result
od idea._...
.......... .. theymay get
ms are more comfortable than life
lappy to cornmif more cdme to refum
Writing: f urther practice
E Look at this sampleIELTSWrifing Task2 question.
wnlgn grgumentorcase to an educatedreaderwirhno
speciatist
ll::g1,a
knowledgeot the tollowingtopic.
ln rccent yearc, manycounties have become exlrcmely
concehed about
the.incrcasein c mes committedby young peopte.toign
neasures iii
-"'
sttict punishmentsarc necessaryto stop
i6utnL fro. ;;-ofi.-;J;g.Towhat extenl do you agree ordisagree wfth this
ion?
Trme:40
mrnutes
Writeat least250words.
Crimeand punishment
7 Here is part of a student's answer. Rewrite and improve the answer to
include somemore linkingwords.
qrawin1
Thenumber
eachyearThe
of crimeecammiutea
Wyoun4peoplekeepe
i6 not dolnq6nau4h
to cut crime.Everyyearl:hey
an
promige
1overnmenl;
inprovement.
lt neverhappens.
Theydon'l:.
meagurea.
takel:ouqhenau4h
I woubaqreethat youn|criminalo
arc nal friqhtenea
of the congequencee
af
Itheiractione.Th€ydo nolteeemto mindthe puniehment:e
1:h6y
r6ceive,
Theee
p,JnghmenLg
aretoo tiahl They.omm;Lno.e cr;,4e9.
Liqhtpuniehnenlto
ouchaa communilty
eervice
da notwork.Yaun1
p1ople
ehauld
bepuniehed
moreeeverely.
fhie willnakel:.hem
l:hinkmar6car1fully
aboul:what
tneyao.
8 Compareyo.t. ,,"rsionwith therewdttenversionon page162Thenwrite
your own answertothequestion.
Word stress
In somelanguages,
all wordsarestressed
in thesameplace.
Englishhas
many rules aboutword stressand theycanbe confusilg However,someof
thecommononesareusefulto leam.
1 How manysyllablesdo thesewordshave?
punishment suspension absentee prisoner
detention expulsion
2 Puteachword in 1 underits stressparrem.
oOo
ooo
3 What do you noticeaboui the words that havethe patternooo?
4 Lookat thesewordsthatall endin thesound/Jan/ andmarktheshess
patternabovethem.lvhat do you notice?
TIP
youlearn
a new
When
word,
nakesureyou
notewherethe
stressis otherwise
younayDe
misunderstood.
politician situation station examination
5 A gooddictionarywill tellyou wherethestressis on a word.Lookat this
dictionaryentry.How is lhestressmarked?
examination /rgLzemlnerlan/
noun
Crimeandounishment
Pdrt 2
1 Youhaveone
mrnutepreParahon Describea subjectyou enjoyedat schoolor college.
time. Readthe
Youshould say:
inStruchons
what the subjectwas
carefully and nake
how
long you studiedit
notesbefore
what
kind oI topicsthis subjectincluded
speakingto
you:rParmer.
Youshouldalsosaywhatyoulikedmostabout
uus suqecr.
Part3
2 Work in pairs. Takeit in tums
to ask and answer these questions.
1
2
3
4
5
6
lvhich subjects at school do you thinl are the most important?
How strict should school teachersbe?
yfhat are the best ways to deal with young people who break the law?
Do you thinl police officers should have higher salades?
If famous people commit a crime, should they be treated any differently?
How can people protect their homes ftorn burglars?
Listeningand writing simultaneously
Students taking the IELTS Listening module often find it difficult to write
down answers and continue to listen at the same time. Predictine the kind o{
inJormationyou are ljsteningforwill help.
1 Work in oairs. Look at this note comDletion exerciseand discuss these
questions.
1 \ rhat is the subject of this
listening? Do you know
anything about it?
What kind of infomation
2
Watchie a PaftnerohiPbettveenthe Toliceana
Neiqhbourhooa
is missing? (eg a location,
a date)
lvhat kind of word or
words will grammatically
]n the paot, peoPledidn'L
fit the space?(eg a noun, a
verb)
Nowadayo,peoplefrequently maveand this hao reauaed
2 L -119 Listenand fillin
tlle gaps u6ing NO MORE
THAN
THREE WORDS.
twa crimea
mentions
Thepaliaeman
5 ..........................
guoPiaiouz
you1hould
lf you.ee eomethin4
6 . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
il
a oommiticemambeE
Youaouldbecome
gein| invalved
Watahmayaba lowertha aootof your
in Nei1hbourhooa
Crimeandpunishment p
Understanding
verbsin essaytitles
lvhen writing essaysor assigtunentsit is important to unde$tand the verbs
that tell you what to actually do in the question.
1 Look at the examples below in ifalics and answer the questions. Use a
dictionary to check the meaning of any unlnown words
'Compare
ahdcontrasttecyclingschemesin different areasof the country.,
'Dtscrss the arguments
for and against recycling schemes.'
'Describe
how a rccycling schemeworks '
'Explain
why rccyclne schemeshave proved to be effective.'
'Identify
the key advantagesof recycling schemesand j sf?/yyour opinion.,
'Epaluatelhe
ellectiveless of the new recycling scheme.'
1
2
3
4
What is the differencebetweea comparcand contrast alrd etplnin?
ffiat is the differeicebetween eoaluatea d describe?
What is the differencebetweeiiilenhfu a ddiscuss?
How should youTrsfif an opinion?
2 Look attheseessayextracts.
Which is ar example of:
'1,
Comparingahdcontrasting
3 Eoaluathg
2 lltstilying an opinion
4 Desctibing
A 'I do not believe that capital punishment helps to reduce the number of
peoplemurdered.In fact,in America,where many stateshave the death
penalry there are many more murde.s each year than in my country_'
B 'On balance, I think that the govemment's policy of encouraging
community wotk rather than prison sentenceshas proved quite
successful-'
C 'The number of peoplearrestedfor petty crimeseachyear is quite similar
in eachcountry Howevet, the sentencesgiven to these cdminals are quite
different.'
D 'If a c me is considered less serious, the criminal is hied by a magishate.
A jury of 12 people will only be used in more serious cases,such as
assaultor murder.'
Find these words in the unit. Then check their meaning in your dictionary
and record them.
systematic
p.68
priority p.68
constructivep.71
Caimeand punishment
chalenge p.71
depdvep.Tl
apprcachp.74
versionp.T5
consequencep.T3 schemep.TT
Globalization
'The idea thatthe world is developinga single
economv ard culture as a result of improved
communications ard the influence of verv large
MacfitilIan Essenti ql D ictiDfiar!
comPanles.'
Scanning
1 Work in pairs. L$t threepositive aspectsand threenegativeasPectsof
globalization.
2 Put the paragraphs in the text under the following headings Note that
youwill find oneposihve statementand one negativestatementfor each
heading.
Global Communications
Global Travel and Tourisrn
Global Media
Global Business
=l!l:l
O*'
.-,' .{ Pl 'i , '*
ftr-'r- 9*
gt
a Nearlyfivebillionpeople,whichis abouteightypercent
haveno accesstoroliable
ofih€ world'soooulation,
have
telecommunications.
Ivlorethana billionDeoDle
n€veruseda teleohone
whoownairlines,relailchains,
b Thebigtouropelatorc,
accommodation
and
cruiseships,hotels,selfcatering
in
carrenials,takemosloflhe profitsof holidays
in a
counl es lor everyUSdollarspent
developing
ThirdWorldrcsort,35cents
slayinthecounir,.
c Tradeisworthfourtrilliondollarsa vear,whlchis 1 7
timesmoregoodsareflownor
milliona minutelTen
counviestodaythan30 yearcago.
shippedbehv€en
whoproduce
d l1'seslimated
ihalworkersin Indonssia
getaboulhalfa per
clolhesformultinational
companies
centoflhe tolalcostoflhe producttheymake
in 1990costaboutEl
e A phonecallfromUKto NewYork
a minuteIn 1930,il wouldhavecoslmoreihant10.
Todavatcoslsas littleas louroence,
lrlms,radio,newspapers,
Intemet,television,
magazines
arewdelyavailabbThroughthemwecan
leamaboutpeople,
eventsandplacesin Airica,As a,
Canada,
LatinAmerica,East€rnEurope,Ausiralia,
JapanandNorlhAmenca
whichis oneoflhe
A garmentworkerin Bangladesh,
wouldhaveto saveeighl
world'spoorestcounlries,
years'wag€s
to buya compulerIn subSaharanAkica
per1000
and33 tel€visions
rherear€12 newspapers
people,wh€roasin moredeveloped
regionsthereare
and625lelevisions-morethan20
286newsoaDers
today
fasterandmoreconvenient
Travelis cheaper,
thaneverbeiore,Peoplemakefii€ndsin foreign
lhingsabout
counlries,
discover
manyinleresting
culturesandcustomsas they
olherpeople's
lifestyles,
localpeople,
whowould
visitditlsrcntplaces-The
beneiit
havefewemployment
opportunities,
olherwise
fromjobsusingthekskillsandsaleof theircrafls
'a
:l
1 Both of thesesentencesuserelativeclauses.Answel the questions
a
uho prod ceclothes
It's estimfited
thatworkersn lndonesia
for fiultindtional
product
theymoke
the
total
cost
of
the
coftpa lesgetabouthalfa percentof
Which sentencehas a relative clause that identifies which person or thing
is being talked about?
Whichientence has a relative clause that adds extra infolmation, or a
secondidea to the mainidea?
Globalization
N o n - d e f i n i n gr e l a t i v ec l a u s e s
2 Look at thesesentenceswith non-definingrelativeclausesand identify
the main idea and the extra information grven
0
Nearlyfivebillionpeople,whichis abouteightypercentol the world's
populatron,
haveno access
to reliable
telecommunications,
Main idea:
Nearlyfivebillionpeoplehavenoacceo7ta reliabletelecomnunicatians.
Extrainformation:
Fivebillionpeopleie about eiqhtyper cent ofthe warld'ePaPulatian.
retailchains,cruiseships,hotels,
who own airlines,
1 Thebigtour operators,
takemostofthe profitsof
accommodation
andcarrentals,
sell-catering
countries.
holidaysin developing
Main idea:......... .....
t\tra information:
2
Tradeis worth four trilliondollarsa year,which is 1.7million a minute!
Main idea:
Extrainformatron:
A garmentworkerin Bangladesh,
whichis oneof theworld'spoorest
wouldhaveto saveeightyears'wagesto buya computer.
countfles,
\,,1a
in ider: ....
E\tra informdtion:
havefew employment
Thelocalpeople,who wouldotherwrse
opportunities,
benefitlrom iobsusingtheirskillsandsaleof theircrafts.
Mainidea:
Extrainformation:
3 Underline the correctalternativein theserules for non-definingrclative
clauses
1 The relativeclauseprovidesextra information and can/carmotbeleft out
2 Whoor Tohichcan/cannotbe replacedby traf
3 The relativepronoun can/cannotbe left out
4 Commasare/arenotused.
TIP
4 Link the ideasin the two sentences,
using commasto form one sentence
longer,
Although
c0mprex
sentences
aIe
oftenbetterin
writing,
do
academic
notinclude
a relative
Inevery
clause
sentence.
Remembet
youcanalsojoin
withlinking
clauses
words.
0
Globalization
Main idea:In 1999Thailand had more mobile Phonesthan Africa.
Thailandis a reldtivel)smrll counLry.
lxtra informdtion:
In 1999 Thailand,whichie a relativelysmallcountry,hai moremobilePhaneo
1 Main ideaI Greatercultural contacthasbeenencouragedby tourism.
Extra information:Tourismhas doubled over the last 15yeals.
2 Main idea:Thebananais worth more than €5blllion in world trade.
Extra information:The bananais B tain'smost popular lruit
3 Main idea Shimaeams lessthan $1.50for a day's work.
Extra mformation:Shimalives in Bangladesh
1 Which of these organizations do you know about? Match them to the
descdptionsbelow.
1 The United
Nations
2 Trade unions
3 Intemational
Monetary Fund
4
World Trade
Organization
5
Friends of the
Earth
6
IntemationalAid
Organizations
(such as Oxfam)
a The international organization that controls
trade betweencountries,
b Campaigns on environmental issues such as
rho dFFhh^,,cp
pFfp.i
c
An intemational organization that works to
balance and manage the world's economy and
to help countries with weak economies to
develop.
d An inLernational organization that encourages
countries to work together in order to solve
world problemssuchaswar, diseaseand
Poverry.
e Charities that Iaise money for famine and
disasterrelief.
f Organizations of workers that aim to improve
pay and conditionsofwork.
Exam
information
2 Predict \.vhich of these organizations are pro-globalization or antiglobalization.
Inthe IELTS
Listening
moduleyou will have
abouthalfa minuteto
lookthrough
the
questionsbetoreyou
listentothetape.Read
as manyasyoucan
andunderlinekey
words to listenfor.
3 You are going to listm to a lecfurc in three sections.Before each section
spend half a minute reading the questions and underlining key words.
20 Lookatquestions 1-6 andlistento the first section.
Questions 1 and 2
Idhich of the following areasdoes the lecturer say she will cover? CIRCLE
TWO ANSWERS.
A
B
C
D
E
F
Global inequalities
Poverty in the developing world
The history of globalization
The key argumentsfor and againstglobalization
Trade and economics
The World Trade Organization
Questions3-5
Complete the following sentencesusing NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
ORA NUMBER.
3 Many people feel globalization is about the economy o!
4 An exampleis the export of Japanese
5 Globalizationbeganapproximately...................._....ago.
Globalization
Question6
Which of theseis NOT mentionedasimPortantto the develoPmentof
globalization?
A the telephone
B the fax
C the postal service
D air travel
.121 Look at questions7-9 and listento the secondsection
4
Questions 7-9
Comptete the following notes using No MORE THAN Two wORDs
Anti-globalization groups - eg GreenPeaceand Friends of the Earth. These
are 7 . ... .....................organizations.They feel globalization causesglobal
warmin& and depletionof oil, 8as,E . ... .. . . ........ and sealife
Many businessesin develoPed nations are against globalization becauseof
competltion from 9 .. .
5
22 Look at questions 10-12 and listen to the final section.
Questions10-12
Completethis tableusing ONE OR TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER
Olganization
Established
Role
No. of
member states
Prevents members
123
favouring home industries
1946
11
WTO
IMF
TIN
Providestemporary
financialhelp
Promotessharedvalues
between LrN and the
.
12...................
1946
e lecturer usescertain words and Phrasesto
in the lecture.Recognizingthesecanhelp you
'signPosts'and divide
argument.Look at these
them into these categories.
Introduction
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sequencing
Con.luding/Summadzing
changing
toPic
7
8
9
10
11
12
I will start by considering . .
So,we've seenthat .. .
l'd now like to move on to . ..
Secondly,I will explain ..
So,let's begin with .. .
Finally,I intend to ..
7
..,20 22 Listen to the lectureagain and number the signPostsin the
order in which you hear them.
Globalization
Skimming
1 Write the numbers in the box nexl to the sentenceyou think it refers to.
lhen check your predictions by quickly skimming the text
150 10million 43 8,000million 25 million 80
fhe valueol all Lhecoffeeproducedworldwideeachyear
The number of people who eam LheirlivinS from coffee.
The number of countries which produce coffee.
The aeeof the farmer this articleis about
The number of farmers that eam their livine from coffee.
The number of times thaLcoffeebeans can be sold between
leaving the farmer and afiiving in the supermarket.
strategy
True. False. Not Given
Readthe questions
or
T/F/NGstatements
throughfirst,and
guessthe meaningof
anywordsyou do not
understand.
Readthe text producedby the FairhadeFoundationabout one family of
coffee growers in Colombia.
2 Do the statements aglee with the information in the ieading passage?
WIite:
TRUE if the statementis hue accordingto thepassage
FALSEif thestatementis Ialsea((ordingto the passage
NOT GMN if the inJormation is not given in the passage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The Menzas have hied growing cocaleaf instead of coffee.
In trade,onlv oil is more imDortantthan coffee
The Menzasreceive50%of ihe supermarketp ce for their coffee.
Theoroduction ofcocoais lessexDloitativethan cofJee
In 1989both world and qupermarket
pri(esdropped.
Setting up a co-operative is always an effective solution for thesefarmers.
The farmers have less and lessmonev to spend on their families.
VitelioMenzahasbeendependenton coffeein Colombiaall hislife.Now at 43 he isstillunable
to finishbuildinghishousedue to lackof fundsand isstrugglingto keephisfamilytogether.
Thefortunesof Vitelio,hiswife MariaEnithand their four childrenhavefluctuated
dramaticallyalong with the priceof coffee.
Overthe yearsthe familyhassufferedillnessbroughton by malnutrition.In other partsof the
samearea,5omefamilieshaveturnedto growingdrugsin orderto survive;higherpricesare
paid for cocaleaf (the raw materialfor cocaine).The Menzashavestayedloyal to the coffee
cropbut not without great personal5acrifices.
Coffeeisgrown in 80 countriesin a bandaroundthe equatorand providesa livingfor nearly10
millionfarmers.Altogether,morethan 25 millionpeopleworldwidedependon growing,
t0
processing,
tradingand retailingcoffeefor their livelihood.
Coffeeisthe secondmostvaluablecommodityafter oil. Not surprisingly.
it isthe mostvaluable
agricultural
commodityin world trade.ltstotal value- $8,000millionperyear- istwicethe
valueof exportsof tea and cocoaput together Butthe journeyfrom the Menzas'farm in
Colombiato the supermarket
shelfisa long and tortuousone with a succession
t5
of people
takingtheir cut alongthe way.
Globalization
shelfit hasbeenestimatedthe Menzas'coffeebeanscanchange
Fromtreeto supermarket
'150
times,whilstthe Menzas,like millionsof other coffeegrowers,retainonly
handsas manyas
price
payfor the crop.
consumers
a tiny shareof the
Between1989and 1993there was a 50% reduction in the world market price of <offee.An
examination
of the pricepaidto a {armerlike Menzaand the costto a shopperin the
supermarketrevealsthat both have lost out while many of the Playersin between havestill
managedto makegains.
Whenthe world pricefell by 50%during 1989,farmerssufferedan immediatefall in their
priceof coffee.Retailprices
incomesyet therewasno noticeablereductionin the supermarket
remainedstablefor four moreyearsbeforetherewasa fall of 20% in 1993.Yetwhen the
marketpickedup in 1994and the marketpri(e of coffeeroseby 50%,the retailpricerose
its priceevenwhen the marketfell againthe followingyear
immediately
and sustained
Forthe farmers,this meantthat the priceof coffeehad droppedbelowthe costof producingit
existence,
impacton their alreadyprecarious
for severalyearsin a row Thishad a devastating
forcingsomefarmersto abandontheir landand go in searchof work in the cities.Apartfrom
cities,thiscreateda viciouscirclein whichthe lack
for alreadyovercrowded
the consequences
reducedthe qualityand valueof the coffee,further redu(ing
of labourfor cropmaintenance
tne pnce,
Butfor smallfarmersthe world priceisonly one of the factorsunderminingtheir abilityto
shareof this price,they
makea decentliving.Indeed,if they were ableto get a reasonable
or transporttheir cropto market,limited
Withoutthe meansto process
would be pleased.
to selltheir
knowledgeof the frequentlychangingworld priceand a debt-drivennecessity
coffeethe momentit isripe (whenpricesare lowest),smallindependentfarmersfind
themselves
in a weak negotiatingposition.Theyare preyto localdealerswho buythe coffee
and sellit on to internationalmarkets.With only one majorharvesta year,farmersare
for cashby the time their cropisripe and are keento sellat whateverpricethey can
desperate
get. Not surprisingly,
localdealersare quickto exploitthis.
Thefarmers'needfor a quick5aleisa symptomoftheir inabilitytoget loansat a {air ratefrom
banks,pushingthem into the armsof loansharksto payfor fertilizers,harvestlabourand basic
Iiving costspriorto harvest.Many farmershave9ot together to set up co-operativemarketing
the middlemen.All too often,however,eventhe co-op
ventureswhichenablethem to by-pass
for cash,ratherthan
cannotget financeto buythe crop,and membersstillsellto localtraders
isclear.TheFairtrade
of low and declininglivingstandards
wait for a betterprice.Evidence
education,healthand
research
showsreducedspendingon housing,children's
Foundation's
food.
Sentence completion
TIP
Read
theinstructions.
asksfor
Thisquestion
0NE0BTWOwords.
Globalization
3 ChooseONE OR Two WORDS from the rcading passagefor each
1 The Menzashavemade ............ .. . to continueSrowing coffee.
asmuchasteaand cocoa
2 Coffeeis worth......................
.......of the final retail value
3 Coffeefarmersorily keep a .............
4 Any fall in the world price of coffeein 1989was not......... .. .. .. in the
supermarkets,
5 As thereis only one coffeecrop eachyear,farmershaveverylittle
. ...........
.......
by the time it is readyto haruest.
is
impossible
for farmerstoborrow money at a......... .. ...-...
6 It
Strategy
ldentifyingthe writer's purpose
Thinkaboutthetarget
audience.Students?
Membersof the
public?ls the style
formalor informal?
4 Whatis thepurposeof thepassage
onFairfrade?
To advise readers against buying non Fairtrade coffee.
B To explain to readers how coffee farmerc like the Menzas are exploited by
intemaLionalmarkets.
c To advise coffee farmers like the Menzas how to make a good living.
D To mcourage readers to protest about the cufient situation.
Guessingmeaningtrom context
5 Read the text again and try to find wotds which mean the same as:
1 drangedfrequentlv (paraA)
2 sellin-gto the publi'c (*paraC)
3 maintainedor kept (paraG)
4 not sale or secure (pala H)
5 wealen, rnakelesslikely to succeed(para l)
6 getting worse (para J)
1 _.There_are_rnany
words in the text coruIectedwith money and buying and
sellins.Match the words ar|d definitions.
lVhen you have fnished, check you:r answers in a dictiona.y.
1
2
3
4
5
5
7
8
9
10
funds
how much something costs to buy in a shop
commoditv
availablemonev
retail price
how much som'eLhing
coststobuv in lareeouanLities
marketprice money that someone-gets
from wbrking"
incorne
something that can be bought and sold
rniddleman
someone i^/ho lends mone/ to people at a very high rate of
interest
loan shark
a person or company that buys from producers and sells
to customers at a profit
trader/dealer someonewho buys something ot uses servtces
a person or organization that influences a sifuation,
consuiner
especially in business or politics
player
someone who buys and sells things
2- Divide these phrases from the text into three categories:expressions
which deEcribeprices going up/going down/stayinglhe same.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
world price fell by 50%
reduction ii the superharket price of coffee
pdces remained stable
a faII of 20"/.
the market picked up
market pdce of coffeerose by 50%
sustained its ptice
Globalization
The oassive
1 Read thesefacts about coffee and gadc!!!g
the passive verbs.
How is the passiveformed?
Didyouknov,...?
Thelrordaotfueis derivedfromthe Arabicwordogofrao, whichmeanswineor
wine:
Coffeewasknownin Europe
as'Arabian
exciternent.
in
Thecoffeeberrieswerefermented
At onetime coffeewasusedasa medicine.
waterto makea strongtastingtiquid.
andthe TropicofCapricorn.
Coffeeis grownbetweenthe Tropjcof Cancer
by Brazit.
0ne quarterto onethird of the world'scoffeeis produced
process
by whichcaffeineis removed
is the naturaIor chemicaI
Decaffeination
in the
of the caffeineis removed
coffeebeans.97olo
fromthe green(unroasted)
pr0cess.
2
Completethe tablewith the cofiect passiveform for eachtense.
PresentSimple
PastSimple
PresentPedectSimple
3 Readthe text again
1 Which sentenceincludesan 'agent'?
2 List threereasonswhy an agentrs not alwaysneeded Checkyour
answeNon Page152.
4
Look at thesetwo sentencesand answer the questions Both are
a Oneq arterLoonethirdof theuorld
b Btanlproilucesonequatterto ofiethil
Bnzil
1 V/hich sentencefocusesmore attentlonon the agent?
2 Which sentencefocusesmore attention on the Person or thing affected by
the action?
Globalization
5 Completethe text wiLh passiveverbsin the presenttense.
(make)from
upto 12 different
typesof cocoa
Chocolate
1 ...................
(sort)byhandbefore
being
Fkstthebeans2 ..........,...,,,..
beans.
whichis
roasted.Eachtypeof bean3 ...................
{roast)separately,
timeconsuming
butimportant.
(load)
intoa machlne
calleda
Next,
thebeans4 ...................
'wlnnower',
whichremoves
the hardoutershellsofthe beans.Afterthis
(mash)
intoa thickpasteandsugarand
thebeans5 ..............,,..,
(call)
(add).
the
Thispastet ...................
vanilla
L..,...,...........
'chocolate
liquor'.
(heat)
for!rpto 72 hoursto
Thenthechocolate
liquor
8 ...................
(blend)
evenly.
Following
this,the
makesuretheiiquidL...........,,...,.
heated
(temper)for
several
hours- repeatedly
liquorlO .........,....,...,
andthencooled.
(allow)
to coolandharden
b
tl ...................
Finally,
thechocolate
re
beingpackaged.
Task 1: Describing a process
In IELTSWriting Task1 you may be askedto desc be a Processusing
information Lakenfrom pictures or a diagram
The diagrcm below shows the process of milk production.
Writea report for a univercitylecturcr desc bing the infomation shown
Detow.
Writeat least 150words.
Time:20
minutes
milkpasteurized
andpackaged
cowsgrazrng
refrigeration
strorage
r
milking
machine
tlvrcea
milktankerdaily
delivery
to Dairy
supeF
markets
I anosnops
cheese,
cream
Globalization
1 To write a good answerto this tlpe of questionyou needto ioin the stages
of the proLessiogetherusinBseque;cers.F'hd six siquencersjn this extracl
from an inJomation leaflet.
l0
2 There are also two connectors which give the purpose for doing
something.
ih order to klll ar.y bactet a
which resultsin aprcd.ucl that does not separateinto milk and cream
1 l trhich of these linlers is followed by a verb phrase?
2 Which of these linkers is followed by a noun pfuase?
3 Underline the connectois in these sentences.Then add them to the text
abovein the appropdateplacesto grveextra information
1
2
3
4
asthisproducesloremilk ooerallthanonce0 day
because
it staysfresherlongerat around4 degreesC
ensurethat it is safefor conslhtlptnn
a d theret'ore
sothat the! canbesold
Writing:furtherpractice
sprn curup
unload shake
wash heat filter
remove add
exlracl
4 WorL in pairs.The diagram below shows how sugar is producedfrom
verbdlly to yoLlr
sugdrbeets.Usethe verbs"inthe box to describethe P:rocesa
partner.
an
b+
beet
ake
c0sseEes
(small
pieces
of beet)
at70'
@ r-
heateo
-l
Several
suoar
rlltimesto
rc
lf_--1 cenrrruge
evaporate ll
lulce g=2
l(tustallize
water
sugar
5 Writea rcpo for a unive5ity lecturerdescribingthe informationin the
diagam aboutsuqat.
tme:zu mtnules
Globalization
Writeat least150 words.
r
2 3 Listen to this exampleof a Part 2 answer Completethe missing
detailsby identifying the topic questionand the key points the speakerhad
to include.
P^rl2
2 Practisetalking about the
points on this card to your
parlner for 1 2 minutes
Tatkabout
Part 3
3 In Part 3 of the IELTS
Speaking module the examiner
willask you somequestions
related to the topic you were
talking about in Part 2. Here are
someexamplesof questionsthe
examinermay then ask,
Nowadays thereis more contactbetweencountrieson a global level so the
world is often describedas a 'global village'.
1 How can developedcounhieshelp less-developedcountries?
2 Do you prefer tobuy well-known intemationalproducts or locallyproducedgoods?
Whatare the main rolesof internationalorganizationssuchas the United
Nations?
chanSedin thelast50yearsl
4 How hasgJobaI commLrnication
5 Are cheapholidays and increasedglobal toudsm necessadlya good
thins?
B a l a n c i n gt h e a r g u m e n t
T'P
Donotgive
short
answers
inPart3.Give
a considered
opinion
anda|easttwo
reasons
tosupportit.
1
24 Listen to a possibleanswerto one of the Part3 questionsabove
and decidewhich questionisbeing answered.
2 Listen againand answerthesequestions.
1 What rwo reasonsin favour of thispointdoes the student Bive?
2 V\ahattwo rcasons against this point does the student give?
3 Look at the tapescdpton page 172and answerthesequestions
1 Wlatphrase doesthe speakeruseto indicate thatthere arc argumentson
both sides?
2 What phrasedoessheuseto give her opinion?
3 What other phrasesdo you know to Biveopnions?
4 Part 3 canbe quite
challengingbecauseyou
donothavean
oppoitunity to piepare
your answersfirst. Here
are somephrasesthat
may help you
Useful language
tl you think you underctand the question, but
I m not exactlvsurewhatyou mean,but ...
but perhaps...
That'sa ratherdifficultquestion,
tf you needa secondto think about it.
question.
That'san interesting
Lerme see,
Globalization
Revisingand recyclingvocabulary
Flash cards
Theseare ca:rdswiLh the
word on one side and a
translatiorL drawing or
explanation on the
other.
1 work in pairs.
Discuss these questions.
1 How could you use
them?
2 l,Vhen could you
look at them?
Grouping and
categorizing words
fluctuate negotiate
stable commodity
sustain viciouscircle
victim cleargoals
truancy constructive
detention review
2 Groupin8 vocabulary will help you to remember individual words For
exarnple, i{ you had these words you could puL them into categories as
follows:
describing trends
related to business
collocations I like and
want to use
fll.tctuate,stable,s stail
negotiate,commoility
aiciouscircle
Look at these words from the previous unit. Put them into your own
categorres,
Other ways oI rcmembedng vocabulary
3 Here are some other ideas for leaming vocabulary Vy'hichof them have
you tried?
1!likekeepinla
voaabularydiary of
wordethai I learn
cver! Aay.
2 I try to uee
newwora6a6 900n
a6 poaaibleafter I
leam them.
5 I otick upa liet of
r,ewwofd6everywaaknexL
Lothe bathroommi r 50
that I canlaokat them
ftry
whileI amcleaninq
teethl
4 I write dav,/n
each new word I leam
ten timeo - it helpo me to
remenber the 6Pellin4,
too!
Find these words in the unit. Then check their meaning in your dictionary
and record them.
keyp.80
sldrptom p.83
impactp.33
Globalization
prior p.83
declinep.83
sufferp.83
revealp.83
maintainp.84
supportp.38
What'sthe alternative?
alternatiye medicine h:lrb:netrvmedrsrn/noun [uncount]
medicalueatmemusingmethodsthat aredifferentfrom *re
usual!flesrernscientific methods. MacmillanEssential
Dictionary
1 What is the difference between conventional and altemative medicne?
2 Look at the statements below
Put (C) next to those which you
think are conventional medicine
and (A) next to thosewhich you
Lhinkare alternativetherapiesThen compareyour answerswith
yourParmer,
t having an injection
2 havinga head massage
3 having an operationin a
hospital
4 taking an aspiiin/paiacetamol
for a headache
5 smelling oils
6 taking a herbal ddnk
3 Ifyou havean illness.which of
the followingpeople would you
consult?WhJt,4 lhy not?
1
2
3
4
a family member
a doctor
a chemist
an experton alternativetherapies
Classification
St.ategy
Theremaybe many
examples
of each
categoryor none,
Lookfor wordsand
phrases
in thetext
whicharenot exactly
the sameasthe
descriptions
but have
a similarmeaning.
4 You are gorng to read a text about four different types of alternative
medicine Quickly read the textand classifythe descflptronsaccordingto
which ofthe followingthey refer to. Note that you may use the lettersmore
than once.
Acupuncture(A)
Reflexology(R)
Iridology (I)
ChiropracticManipulation (C)
1
2
3
4
5
6
invented200yearsago
inventedmore than 2,000yearsago
hasbeensuccessfullyusedas a painkiller
involves applying pressure to neck, elbows, knees and so on
can tell thepractitioner every illnessthe patient hashad
focuseson the handsand feet
Whatt the alternative?
E
What's the
alternative?
5>a$4{4rra-.
split oud vhetho th.l
dentaandbackpain Matis lhetheory?|
mqraine,
o$eoanhrith,
canbe
apeEonlhealth
texture
andLocat
.oour,
tnat
he
cks
andsmoking
Retlexology
islh€theGpeunc
\ hat is it? Relhxology
aok.
Whatis involved?Aswellasmanua
it
bya qualifed
P|actitioner,
to buyr€fexooqyluidesan
reflexo
o
|5fordo-iLyou6ell
toDr
According
whatistheevidenc€?
by
mechanei
isnoknown
there
Saffett,
oJ
publish€d
ar€view
Ernstrecently
Professof
buth€
on rdoloqy,
ilerature
thescenufk
Acupuncture
isoneoltheoldest
whatk it?Acupuicture
pcctltionercan
Whatisthe lheory?The
us€d
a lernative
commonly
andmost
d
than
Chlna
mor€
origlnatngin
therapes,
h
2,000yea6ago
nsnlmuate
Whatisinvolved?Th€rap
and€ightsecondary
12main
connectto
pathwayr
which
arccaedmeridlans
0sv
'Patients
and
Jimly:
ftnstsays
Profeisor
fromusing
d
b€dBcouraged
shou
therapists
tothe
impukes
andnerve
nutrients
reli€ves thlsriethod'
andlhereby
bodyzon-a
corr€sponding
ManiPulation
chiropractic
ii
studypublished
Whatir the evidence?A
IYtherPine
th€loinltesPecla
ion
what doesit involve?Achiropractor
toimprove
uengthehands
manipu
atasioints
mobityandrelieve
PaLn
h€pedthepatenlsasthma
relhxology
merdians
donot
slnce
acupun.turc,
ationorn
blood
circu
eithef
correspondto
lullyhow
pathways
Nooneunde6tand!
k some
evd
works,
butthere
acupuncture
thatstimulat
may
thefowofe
therc
tri!qer
pankille15su
cels
Wfiatisthe theory?
pfoper
y,il
cdnceanse functioning
Pract
tonersc a mthatrefexology
canlead
Thisirrltation
paftof thebodY8Y
isfeltinanother
a
d t d o e s n o t Whatis the evid€n(e?Goingto
Researchelsatthe
Whatk th€evidence?
lridology
eye
Whatis it? A(ordinqto r doloqBgthe
apac€bo
Th€same
patents
whoreceived
can
thatacupunclure
hasasoshown
team
ol theneckcan
s r,,1an
PUlation
aftery
tissue
ol th€venebGl
result
ina nrcke
s€case!,
works
tor
thatacupuncture
evld€nce
Glossary
placebo:
is not
a substancethat
butthepersontakingit
medicine,
it is medicine,
andsotheyget
believes
a seriousmedical
osteoanhritis:
conditionthat affectsjoints,eg the
to
makingit difficultfo.you
knees,
an illness,
usuallynota
ailments:
E
whattthealternative?
into
practitloneflooks
Whath involv€d?The
thepupi's
thepatlenfs
eyeandchecks
c
thatchiropract
tocondude
researchers
d aqrans
p gmentatton
agdnstiridology
Prolessor
e
exst Herbs
.onfigurdtions
dozen
Severa
lworKsI0I
witht rr
bedtohep thepatieni
rhenpr€9cl
d tions'and
lln€ss
dlagnosed
M u l t i p l ec h o i c e
5 Choosethemostsuitableanswerfor questions
1-5.
A(cordinglo rofessorErnst,acupunctureis not
A sufferfrom backpain.
B haveproblemswiih your teeth
D want to loseweight.
B uldology
C reflexology
D chiropractic manipulation
Dr Banett
t reflexoloqy
A canhe
ightloss."proved
B cannotbe
to wor
C couldhelp'solveasthma roblems.
D canbe relaxing.
\ Ihlch ofthe following statementsbestsums up
the ovemll content of this arti.le?
A Alterndhvelherapieswill be morecommonin
A
B
C
D
D Somealtemaii\e theraptescanbe effectivebur
there are limitations.
acupuncture
iridology
reflexoloqv
chiropraitrcmanipulation
thetuture.
rho,:^i6<
rra aaaa.rivo
6 In groups,discusswhich of thesealtemativemethodsyou would be most
willing to tly (or havetried already).Give reasonsfor yourchoice
7 Do you know or have you experiencedany other alternativemedical
techniques,eg aromatherapy?
1 The parts of thebody in the box appearin the readingtext.Usethem to
labelthe diagrams.
spine hands feet pupil lungs neck back
2 Matchtheseverbswith theirdefinitions.
to find out what physical
or mental problem
someonehasby
examining them
to useyourhands to
move or pressagainst
part ofsomeone'sbody
aspart ofa medical
treatment
to press, rub and squeeze
someone'sbodyin order
to reducepain orhelp
them relax
to make pain less
unpleasant
to encouragea part of
someone'sbody to work
fasteror better
a
massage
b
manipulate
c
stimulate
d
relieve
e
diagnose
What'sthe alternative?
El
Real conditionals
A real conditional is used to talk about a possible situation and its likely
results.
Possiblesituation
Result
(I/clause)
(Main clause)
lflfeelrcallyiU
I &oto thedoctor
1 Read this short text on the common cold.
Acoldis a contagiousviral drsease
whrch injects the
soft Iining of the nose Ifvou havea cold. the mosr
characteristic svmp tom rs a runnv nose.
Usuallyit is amildcondition andunlessvou ee
unluckv. recovervtakesplacewithin abouta week.
Itis most commonduring rhe cold winter months
and affects children and adults of all ages Mosr
peoplewill catcha cold two to four times ayeal
If vou havecaushta cold vou will be contagious
tuom the dav before rhe illness breaks out until one
to threedavsaftervou feelbetter.When vou cough
or sneezethe inJecrionwill be spreadbv anborne
droplets. It mav also be spteallrlhand if somcone
has the virus on their hards and rhen puts them
closeto their eyesor hands This is possiblythe
most commonway of cacchinga cold
Provrdedit clearsuo within one to twoweeks. there
is no needto seeadoctor.
2 Look at the underlined sentences,which are all examples of real
conditionals, and answe! the questions
1 Wlat tensesor verb forms are used in the fclause?
2 What verb forms carrbe used in the ft41,4clause?
3 What other words can be used instead of f? Do these have the same
meaning?
4 Is it possible to change the order of the clauses?\l/hat haPPensto the
comma?
3 Look at thesepossiblesihtationsand usethem to wdte leal conditional
Write two ot threesentencesfor eachsituation.
sentences.
0 Your temperature drops.
Ifyour temperat re drops,lou'Il beableto go bttckto work
lfyo rter peraturedrops,youmaybeableto 8Dbackto uork
youuoh'tbe abletogobackto uork nlessyour temperatwe
drops
to
\ootk.
be
able
to
back
Ptootdedyour temperahlredrops, !o11'II
8o
1
2
3
4
E
What'sthealternative?
You live in a big city.
You eat healthy food
You wash your hands
You feel really ill.
lntonation
1 Intonationis the way your voicedsesor falls when you speak Look at
these sentencesand answer the questions.
1 If your temperaLure
remainshigh, you won'tbe ableto go backtowork.
2 If you stay at home,you'll get betterquickl)z
Should the speaker'svolcerise in the frrstclauseor the secondclause?
Should the speaker'svoice fall in the firstclauseor the secondclause?
2 Work in pairs \ rhat is the intonation in thesesentences?Mark them, arld
crv rhpm r^ oA.h ^rhar
1
2
3
4
Unlessyou wash your hands,you'll catcha cold
lvhen you call a surgert they make you an appointment.
Speakto the pharmacistif you need someadvice.
If you take this medicine, you'll feel better
3
25 Now listen and checkyour answers.
4 Look at the words with boxesabovethem.Doesthe speaker'svoice se
or fall on eachof them?Why?
tr
tr
Popular altemative therapies include reflexology, acupuncture,
.!tr
herbalrnedicineand massage
5
26 Listen to a conversationbetweena studentand a lecturer What
do you noticeabout the sfudent'sintonation?How doesthe lecturerfeel?
6
21 Listen to the sameconversationagain.What differencedo you
notice?Mark arrows on the tapescripton page 172to show where the
intonationrisesand falls.
Pafl2
Talkabout an activityyou have done to keepfit or healthv.
eg, some kind of physicalexercise,a diet,siopping
smoKtng,etc.
You should sayj
What the activitv was
What you did exactly
How long you did this activityfor
Also say whetherthe activitywas successfulor not_
Part3
Vvhat are the best ways to keep healthy?
1 /hat type of food and drink should be avoided in a healthy diet?
Do you think healthcarefacilitiessuchas hospitalsneedtobe improved?
How important is altemativemedicinein today'ssociefy?
Wlat sort ofperson doesa doctor needto be?
\ /hatwill medicaltrearmentbe like in50 years'time?
What'sthe alternative?
E
:xam
4formation
Task2 oftheWriting
Expressing your opinion
Useful language
1 Readthe extractsbelow and
decidewhlch ofthe categorieseach
ofthe opinionsbelongsto. Write A,
B or C next to sentences1-5.
that ...
It is oftensaid^hought
why ...
It is difficultto understand
Manypeoplerefuseto acceptthis...
that ...
It is (im)possible
that ...
It is (un)likely
that ...
It is (in)conceivable
moduleexamines
yourabilityto express
an opinionlogically
lt is usual
andclearly.
writingto
in academic
youropinrons
express
in a moreimpersonal
A Formal appropriate
for academicwriting or more
formal speaking.
B Semi-formal acceptable
ic writinSincludhg I
in someacadem
C Informal - acceptablein more inform
academicwritine
speakrng.
0
and everydayspeech.
echbut not aPproPdatein
Pivate healthcareis growing in PoPularity,but it is imPortantto
consider those who are unable to afford it.
3 I firnly believethat nursesshould eam more
money.
It couid be arquedthdt peopleshould be offeredmore
choiceir the iype of medic;l treatmentthey receive.
I totally disagieewith the view thatpeople should pay
for their healthcare.
6 Modem drugs - the bestway to cure an illness?
What a load of rubbishl
ftP
tr
tr
tr
tr
tr
tr
tr
G i v i n g r e a s o n st o s u p p o r t y o u r o p i n i o n s
2 March the opinionsin the left column with the apProPdatereasonson
writing
do
Inacademic
the right
notuse
contractions,
eglt's,therc's,they'rc,
t -a' ' lney work tonghouts
an0
etc.0rquestr0n$
I The majority of PeoPleaccePt
and have veiy stressful
question
tags,eg'/s
that modem drugs are the
jobs
it'l',
thatfaill',' doesn't
most effectiveway to cure an
etc.
illness.
E SomepeoPlemight want
aimto
When
writing.
usem0tetmpersonal
phrases.
However,
it is
usuallyacceptableto f3 Itcouldbe arguedthat PeoPle
use'l'ot'ne
should be offered more choice
inan
Th"
occasionally
p-tif
in the type of medical
"tut*ho..ld
this for
IELTS
es$av.
everyoneftom
I totally disagreewith the
q
What'sthealternative?
3 Read these statements and use an appropdate phrase to give your
opinion using a different example each time. Then add a reason to each of
your oPln ons,
0
Moderndrugsarealwdysthebestway to curean ilLness.
Itotally digaqreewiI;hthig viewbecaueein manycaoesthe oi^eeffectg are
woreethan the illneseite?lf
1
2
3
4
Doctorsare overpaid.
AlLemative therapists should get conventional medical training fust.
A hospital is the bestplaceto recoverfrom an illness.
People should get medical advice before visiting other counhies.
Usingadverbs
appareny
naturally
fortunately
surprisingly
unfortunately
clearly obviously
4 Toshowa readerwhatyouthink,youmayuseanadverbLookatthe
words in the box and answer the questions
1 Which one is used io say what seemsto be true, when all the facts are not
known?
2 \ {hich one expressesa negative opinion?
3 Wlich one expressesa positive opirlion?
4 Which one refe$ to something that is different from what you might
expect?
Which three refer to an opinion that is what you might expect?
5 Put appropriate adverbs in these sentences.More than one may be
possible as the answer will depend on your opinion.
1 ... ......... .................. , if you have a broken leg, the hospital is thebest
placeto 8o.
many people are susplcious of altemaLive
medicine.
somealternativetherapiescanbe dangerousto
your health.
when doctors make mistakes, there are often
senous consequences.
60% of people worldwide rely on nonconventional medicine,
large dmg companies take a significant interest in
herbal medicine.
6 Answer this question.
'Currcntly therc is a trcnd towards the use of altemative foms of medicine.
However,at beg these methods arc ineffective,and at worst they may be
dangercus.'Towhat extent do you agrce with this statement?
Timer40
minutes
Writeat least250words
Whatb the alternalive?
E
Matching headings and note taking
Readone of two short textsabout medicalethicalquestions.
1 Work with a partner
modifedaninals Match the paragraphswith the
StudentA: ReadGenetically
headinss.
Student B: ReadHrmrn clorlhS.Match the paragraphswith theheadings.
animalsllunan
modified
Genetically
cloning
Headings
ls this safetor humansT
WhatelsecouldGM animalsbe usedforT
Whataboutthe animals?
what areGM animals?
another
thathavehadgenesfrom
eyareanimals
intotheirDNAtogivethemnew
eciesinserted
goatshavebeengenetically
Forexample,
aractefistics.
.lgineered
silkintheirmilk
spiders'
to produce
B
l
- micehavebeen
research
Tohelpwithmedical
genes
to helps.ientistsfind
wiLhhuman
engineered
diseases
suchascancet
outhowtocurehuman
intohumans
produce
organs
fortransplantation
with
engineered
imalshavebeengenetically
bodies
willnotreject
genes
sothathuman
human
whentransplanted.
theirorqans
-for example,
giant
fastgrowing
morefood
Tomake
salmon.
-for example
animals
thenature
ol some
Tochanoe
pet
thatthey
don't
qenetically
engineeringcatsso
instinct.
havea hunting
maybe.some
effects
knowswhatthe
No-o reallv
maybe
GManimals
thateating
scientsareconcerned
mayproduce
poisonous
newgenes
inanimals
because
to.
bodyisnotused
human
newproteinsthatthe
into
willescape
thatGManimals
isalsoa concern
There
genes
theirmodified
tnewild,whetetheywillspread
for
salmon,
bythenewsuper
wildfishcouldbedisplaced
example.
D
produce
ananimal
need
tobekilledto
A lotofanimals
- upto a hundred
foreachone.Genetic
withnewqenes
ill ordamaged
alsotends
toproduce
engineeririg
now
sheep,
cloned
the
sheep,
thefirst
Dollv
animalsvery
earlyage.
anhritis
aia
has
g
what's the alternative?
H6adings
ls it legalT
Why mightpeoplewantto clonehumans?
Why ban cloning?
How is it done?
What exactlyis cloning?
A....................................
Cloning
isthecreation
ofacellororganism
whlch
is
genetically
identicalto
anotherThere
aretwomatn
issues
intalking
abouthuman
cloning:
thecreation
ofa
newperson
withthesame
genes
assomeonewho
is
aliveorhaslived(reproductive
cloning)and
th creation
ofembryos
inorderto makeneworgans
orcel for
(therapeutic
medical
punoses
orresearch
cloning)
ollythesheep
wascloned
bytransfer.ing
thenucleus
of
bodycellintoaneggwhichhadaheady
haditsnucleus
removed.
Human
cloning
wouldprobably
bedonethe
same
way.
c ....................................
it hasbeen
banned
intheUSandin Britain,Alan
Milburn,
thehealth
secretary
announced
recentlythat
theUKwillban
anyattempt
athuman
cloning.
D....................................
1 Togrowaneworgan
fortranspla
ntation.
parents,
2 Forinfenile
asawaytohavea child.
3 Torecreate
a lovedperson
whohasdied.
4 Totrytolivefofeverbycloning
yourselI
E....................................
There
maybea largenumber
ofmiscarriages
and
- it
deformities
before
a human
issuccessfu
llycloned
took272attempts
to create
Dollythe
sheep,
theworld's
firstcloned
sheep.lt
could
alsohavea neqative
psychological
impact
ontheperson
cloned
because
they
wouldnotbeunique,
andtherewouldbe(onfusion
in
families
aboutrelationships-a
baby(lonedfrom
a man
wouldbemorelik histwinbrother
thanhisson.l\,,lany
groups
religious
a
o
objectbecause
theyseeitas
'playing
God'.
TIP
Notetaking
isan
important
skill.
Pickout
themainideas
and
writethem
inshort.
simple
sentences.
2 Readyour text againand makenotesunder theseheadings.
tr"t;
Why some people are
in favour of this.
Your opirdon on this
3 Work in pairs.Tell eachother aboutyour topic
1
28 You are going tohearpart ofa seminarin which sh]dentsare
discussing human cloning. Listen and answer the questions.
Multiple choice
1 Cloning that is used for diseasetreatment is called
A ethical cloning.
B therapeutic cloning.
C reproductive cloning.
D human cloning.
2 According to Ron, clones
A are non-thinking machines.
B are robots.
C would notbehave alike
D could be usedinwa$
3 According to Ron, reproductive cloning would have greatest advantages
for
A identical twins.
B scientists.
C govemments.
D infertile couples.
4 \Arhichof these organs doesAlice mention could be 'gro$'n'?
A a kidney
B an eye
C a liver
D an intestine
5 According to Barry, therapeutic cloning is easier for people to accept
because
A it couldn't really happen.
B complete humans aren't being made
C it isn't'playing God'.
D everyone would benefit.
What'sthealternative?
El
Avoiding repetition
A coughis a reflexactionwhichhappenswhennervesare stimulatedin the
liningofthe respiratorypassagesby somethingwhichshouldnot be !hc@.IIjs
maybe dust,a pieceof food,or phlegmcausedbyan infection.Thelungsare
nolmallya stedleenvironment,
so if dirt or dustget intolhco ![ig couldcause
ground
clears
for bacteriaand infection.Coughing
lhem to becomea breeding
painfulyou
the lungs.lf !l is
maytry not to coughand![iE can be dangerous
becauseit can leadto a chestinfectionandevenpneumonia.
1 Look atthe underlinedwords inthepassaEeabove.Prcr\oms(they,them,
efc.)and other re{erencelinls such as tlen, tftere,this, that, these,thoseand one
of
are used to help avoid repeating the same words and improve the coftesiotx
the text.
'the lining of the
In the first sentenceoI t\epaftglapt., thele rcfers to
respiratory passages'earlier in the sentence.What do the other underlined
words refer to? (This could be a single word or a whole pfuase.)
2 Use referencelinls to replace the llderlined
sections.
It is the
0 Hay fever is an allergic reaction to dust and pollen.
most common allergy in the world.
1 The nose, sinus, throat and eyesare most affected. The nose. sinus. dltoat
4Ebyctbecom e iiritated and swelluP
2 People usually first start to get hay fever in childhood lgqple often find
that the symptoms improve by lhe time peqplC are thirty or fortjr
3 About 5% of people worldwide have hay {ever. Ihclqlcllegcdpesplc
where about
who havehav fever is hiqher in industridlizedcoLrntries,
15%of the DoDulationsuffer ftom hav fever.
4 If you have hay fever, don't mow the lawn if you have 4lqa4 and try to
keeovour doors and windows shut, askeeoinevouJ doorsand windows
qhgl!will help to keep out the pollen.
5 People sometimes think that hay fever happens in late surnmer, yet hey
ftyq does not only happen in late summer but throughout the spring
and summer
6 Some of the s]'rnptons of hay fever are red and itchy eyes,sneezin&
coughingandarumy nose.@
itchJzelres,sneezing. coughing and a runny nose can be very unPleasant
and seriously a{fect your quality of life
3 Look at a paragraph you have written recently. Can you improve its
cohesion and avoid repetition usin8 appropiate referencelinls?
q
what'sthealternative?
U n r e a lc o n d i t i o n a l s
An unrealcondiLionalis usedto talk aboutan unlikely or
situation and its result
imaginary
unlikely or imatinary situation result
(ifclause)
(main clause)
ild werccloned
fromhis
1 Look at the examPleaboveand answerthesequestions'
$ihat tenseor verb fotm is used in the fclause?
Is the speaker talking about the Past?
What v'erb forms calibe used in the second clause?
Is ltpossible to changethe order of the clauses?
morecorrectto useocrelidn {zrs'althouth
Notethatin thei/clauseil i\ considered
in lesslormalsituahons
nuiu" tp"ot"o *;tt oft"n use,,,ls especiallv
t o! second
df{ectedPsychologi(ally
you//be/d
'ty;u,ve.ehuman clone/you/be
D( aftecrel Pelcholaq;cally
yau
uouta/coud14"Vht
cb
hurnan
a
human cloningTbelegalized/people^iveforever'
legalized'
i"i..i r" p" *.iilt -" children4rumancloning'4ce
a hu man,/becloned/they/not be unlqLle
genes
4 GM animals/escape into the wild/they/sPrcad their
Poisonous
5 welmake food/from CM animals/4t'lbe
into the wrld
wild
animals/they/escaPe
o CM animals/displace
about:
3 Writ" yorrr o.nors"r,tencesusin8 unteal conditionals
0
1 Human cloning
2 GM animals
What'sthealternative?E
Editing 1
Leaming to correctyour own mistakeswillhelP you imProveyouraccuracy
dnd get I bettermark in IELTS,as well as being very useful for your future
studies.
1 Look at the followinq extractfrom a student s pieceof writing One
exampleofeach g?e ofirror hasbeenidentified.Can you identily tle other
underlined erlors?
Punctuation
Wrong word order
Word missing
1
2
3
4
Word not needed
Wlong form
Wrong word
Wrong tense
5
t'
7
8
k 2 pA!9!fu Univerew
etudentI etudinaEueinees
I amaninternational
I am4 ^uitedbueineee
I havebeenherefor 5 fglla9yfog19pyfo.I belive
5 t'hclagtyearan4
in rnyfather'ecomPany
becauge
I wofued
manaqemenl
frommyfathenI am
knowledqe
I waslearnina
practicalbueineso
bothclaeeic
andPoP.
I enjoy
lietenmuoic,
7 onmanythin6e.
6 int€rcotina
an
A b haaprovided
I likeverymuchreadin4forei^nnovelsbecause
of learninq
|theEnllleh.
opportunity
2 Correct the errors the student has made.
3 Now find and correct seven mote errors in the next ParagraPh What t)?e
of error are they?
lfl rDillget a gooddegree,Iamgoing ltork in myfather's compan!again This is a
bestway.for meto learning the busifless.I uill uork rcry hardly, that uill pleasemy
fatheL and I hopeI wiII sootrpromoted!
4 Find and corect enors in your own work. Make a nobeof errors that you
often make and look for these fust.
Find these words in the unit. Then check their meaning in your dictionary
and record them.
involve p.90
representp.91
claim p.91
E
What'sthe alternative?
subjectivep.91
overallp.92
appropriatep.95
aspectp.95
ba1tp.97
opporhmityp.101
Contents
1 Studying
abroad
Page 6
Skimming
Prediction
DiaEraN
MultiPle choice
2 Earth today
Prediction
Page1a
3 Out ol this
Page 30
4 All in the
Skiming dd
scad'i.ag
T/F/NG
Shori @weE
cu*inSmeains
homcontext
Predichon
Tablecompletion
Notecompletion
Page 42
a iob?
Tsk 1
Sel<tin8
' sisnific&t
infonnatid
co;i;nsdata
mddetrribmE
trends
Part2civing
Aiticl6
Task2
O€dizationand
cohermce:
lntrodu.tions
The mah body
ConclusioE
S.ming
Guessing meamg
fromcont€xt
Taek I
CohparinS dd
contlastinEdata
Page 54
Y/N/NG
6 Crime and
Page 66
Skiming
Y/N/NG
Matching
sectidsand
Tsk 2
Evaluatinghd
.hallengihg ideas,
*idence orm
a.86ent
Contents
7 Globali'
T/F/NG
Page 7a
Task2
8 What's th'
lditing 1
Page 90
9 Gadgets
lditing 2
T/I/NG
D.awrnC
Page 102
Task2
1o The
P a g e1 1 4
Page 126
Matching
12 IELTS
Page13a
Y/N/NG
s
IELTSTask1
IELIS Task2
IELTSListening
IEUISReading
IELTSSpeaking
IELTSWntihg
IEtjIS Speaking
Contents
Introduction
IELTSFoundation is designed to help you improve your IELTS score arld
progress towa:rd6your goal of studying at an English speaking unive$iqr
There are 12 topic - based units whidl cover each of the four IBLTS acadernic
modules arld all task t1pes, as well as giving carefully guided support ard
exam focused practice. This book aims to build up your skills and
confidence, so earlier units are graded to allow skills development, while
reading and listening texts in later urdts are of a level authentic to IELTS.
Whatdo you needto do to improveyour IELTSscore?
I Youneedto irnproveyourprodu.tivelanguage
skills
IElfS,Foundation gives you step-by-step guidance with eachtask t)'pe in the
Writing module. At the back of the book there are model answers for eachof
the Writing questions with notes to help you imprcve your own writing
techniques.
There are also plenty of questions to prepare you for the Spealing module, as
well as Pronmciati6ii sections to give you practice in difficult areasof
spoken English, such as sentenceshess and intonation. For both Writing and
Speaking there are Useful language boxes containing vocabulary and
ph-rases
to usein thesemodulesof lELTS.
2 You need to improve your receptive language skills
For the Reading module there ale not oily a vadety of texts and IELTS tasks,
but also exercisesto help you deal with unknown vocabulary alld imptove
your active reading skills.
As well as the Listening module task tfpes, IELTS Foundation gives you
exba
rcises to improve you:r confidence and active listening skills in
addition to the complete lecording scripts which are used and analysed for
languageuse.
Introdudion
3 Youneed to improve yourlanguage accuracy
Throughout the book" essential grammar exerciseshave been built into each
unit. Thesehave been selectedas areaswhere students at your level most
often make mistakes in wdting and speaking The language work is put into
a context, to show you how grammar really works in academic English
There are also fr.lrtller practice activities in Lheback of the book which can be
usedfor sfudy athome.
4 You need to increaseyouracademic vocabulary
Academic vocabulary is very important, parricularly in the Reading and
Writing modules. There are vocabulary building exercisesthroughout the
book, extla practice exercisesat the baclg and in addition, a Dictionary focus
box at the end of eachurlit. Theseboxes contain words that have been
carefully selectedfrom the unit to be of maximum use for you in your
academic reading and writing. Using thesewords coEectly will help you
achieve a better academic style h your writing.
5 You need to leam aboutlhe exam
For any exam, learning about the structure and about the task tt?es will help
you to succeed,and IELTS is no exception IELTS Foundation takes you
through all parts of the exam, #ving strategies to help you answer the task
t)?es and useful exam tips6 You need to improve your study skills
Succeedingin a test is not just about doing well on the day - irnproving your
English siSnificantly means knowing how best to use your study time. Each
urrit of the book includes useful and relevant study skills, which will also
help you in both IELTS and life at unive$ity.
Introduction
Studying abroad
Why study IELTS?
01 Listento Li Chatalkingto theAdmissionsOfficer.
1
Completethe form.
.
Name:Li Cha
Tutor:StePhenEnnis
Class:2
Age: 1-..-Startdate:14thFebruary Finishdate:3
4
Cdntactnumberin Australia:
Yearsof studYof English:5
Formingquestions
1 Use this information about Li Cha to completethe questions.
Farnily ard friends
I live with my Brdndmother
in Hong Kong.
Mv brotheri! calledShdo- he'sninFteen.
Hobbies
I like playing tabletennis
Reasonsfor taking IELIS
Future plans
I wdnt to studvTTand Computingat Svdney
r r-:,,^--:-.:- u L h
1 -u-!-[Lc-rr dr ^,
urtrvErmry
I'd like to work with computers.
Studvingabroad
2 Correctthe mistakesin thesequestions.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Does he lives here?
Do you can speakChinese?
How often speakyou English?
How old you are?
Why you went there?
1.4/hoteachmg you?
\ /hat you are doing?
How to completethis form,please?
\ /here do he live now?
1 /hen you will go home?
lvhat time is itstart?
Doeahelivehere
7
Expanding answers
1 Choosethe most suitableextra information (a-h) for the short answers(0-5).
h
0 My grandmother
1 He's nineteen2 I like playing table
tenrlis
So I can go to the
University of Sydney
inAustralia
4
c
d
IT and computng.
5 I'd really like to work
with computem.
I
h
In fact,l'm good at most indoor sports I'mnotvery
interestedin wdtching them on the TV, though
He's a year older than me. We'vealways got on
really well and spend a lot of time together
I'm a bit newous about my final exams though!
I think I could be quite successful.l'm very
motivated and I'm not friehtened of hard workl
lhev do exactlvthe courseI want lo do and I think
campuslife ab;oadwillbe fascinating.
I'm really fascinatedby them and can spendhours
working on my own PC athome.
He works for a major sofrware company. He works
longhours, and getsvery tired Buthe likes what he
does,
She's quite old, but fulI of life Sometimesshe's a bit
strict though.
Exam information
In Part1 ofthe Speaking
moduletheexaminerwill askyou general
questions
aboutyourself.
TIP
Give
fullanswers
and
addextrainformation
aboutthe
topic.
1 Imagine you are the examiner. Wdte down five questions about these
subjects.
Their home town
Their studies
Family and friends
Fufure plans
Hobbies
2 Work in pairs.Takeit in turns to be the examinerand candidate.
Studying abroad
1
02 Listento Professor
Goodingtalk abouther experiences
in other
count es.ComDlete
thetablebelowasvou listen.WriteNO MORETHAN
THREEwoRDS for eachanswer.
Country
Prcblem
Egvpt
2
3
short days
Ln,n
4.^,ltrtn,+
ChihA
E.^,rl.ln'+
Dependent prepositions
After many adjectives,verbsand nounswe use a preposihon
Example:
I'm borcd with thie film L6t'ewatcheamethin1ele6.
1 Find five adjectivesand thei dependentprepositionsin the Expanding
answelssectiononpage 7.
2 Now comptete the following sentencesftom Listening 2 with the correct
PrePosrtron
0 Iwas interested . ....i4.....leaming atl about the country.
1 I was particularlyfascinated .. . . . .. the archiLecture.
2 Life in Indonesiais very different -..... .. ... .. life in New Zealand.
3 I'm very keen. . . . .. . . .. spicy food
4 I was pretty good ......... . . .. cross-countryskiing.
5 I was a bit nervous . ............ . going to a country where I couldn't
read anythmg
6 He was really enthusiastic.. . . ....... . his work.
3
i-tu Listen to ProfessorGooding againand checkyour answers
4 Look at sentences0 and 5 in exercise2 What happensto the form of the
verb after a preposition?
5 Fill in the missingdependentprepositionsin the tablebelow
6 Work in small groups.Roll a dice and look at the senlencewith this
number.Then talk aboutit for 30 seconds.
Th
Acountrvwherelife is very different..
. your own.
A country you \douldn't be keen .. ..........visiting.
A languageyou'd be enthusiastic.
Acity you'dbe nervous .
.. visiting.
learning.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Studying abroad
1 Readthefirstparagraphof thetextaboutcultureshock.
Wt'€t is cutture shock?
'C,iltu'e shoch describesthe impactof moving
from a familiarcultureto one whichis unfamrIar
It is an experiencedescribedby peoplewho have
travelledabroadto work,liveor study;it can be
felt to a certarnextentevenwhen abroadon
holiday.lt includesthe shockof a new
environment,meetinglots ofnew peopleand
learningthe waysof a differentcountry.lt also
includesthe 9l.ochofbeing sepa'atedfrom the
peoplein your rfe,maybefamily,
1 0 important
friends,colleagues,
teachers:peopleyouwould
people
normally
talkto at timesof uncertainty,
WhenfamrIar
whogiveyous!pportandguidance.
sights,sounds,smellsortastesareno longer
15 thereyoucanmissthemverymuch.lfyouare
tiredandjetlagged
whenyouarrive,smallthrngs
to their
canbeupseltingandoutofall proportion
realsapnificance.
2 According to the author there are many different causesof culture shock.
Urulcdilc any you can find in the text
3 What do you know aboul the climate,food, language,dressand nrles of
behaviotu in Bdtain? How are they differen[ from your countly?
4
Now read the rest of the articleand comDarevour ideaswith the author's.
Daeri
Cttmate
Manystudentsfindthatthe Britishclimateaffects
lfyoucomefroma warmclimate,youmayfindit
2A thema lot,Youmaybe usedto a muchwarmer
uncomfortable
to wearheawwinterclothing.Not
climate,oryoumayjustfindthegreyness
and
all studentswLlifindthe styleofdressdifferent,
dampness,
during
thewintermonths,
butforotherspeople'sdressmayseem
especially
40 immodest,
unattractive,
comicalor simplydrab.
difficultto get usedto.
'Rute''
Fooat
of hehaviour
ruleswhichaffectthe
YoumayfindBatishfoodstrange.lt maytaste
Everyculturehasunspoken
waypeopletreateachother Forexample,
the
25 difierent,
or becookeddifferently,
or rt mayseem
havea repltationfor punctuality.
Britishgenerally
tastelessor heavycompared
withwhatyouare
In business
andacademic
lifel.eeprngto
lme is
useoro,
45 importantYoushouldalways
beontjme For
LanEua€e
classesandmeetings
withacademic
and
lectures,
Constantly
listeningandspeaking
in a foreign
administrative
staff.
Social
life
is
a
little
more
youmayhavelearned
language
is tiring Although
complicated.
Arranging
to meetandseea filmat
English
verythoroughly,
it is possiblethatthe
8pm
means
arriving
at
8pm.
Butifyouareinvited
youdiscoverwhen
youarrivein
regionalaccents
50 to visLtsomeone's
homefor dinnetat 8pmyoLl
the llK makethe language
hardertounderstand
shouldprobably
aimto arriveat about8.10,but
thanyouthought.PeoplemayaLsospeakqurckly
Whengoingtoa studentparty
not
laterthan
8.20
andyoumayfeeltooembarrassed
to askthemto
probably
meansanytrme
an
invitation
for
Spm
35 repeatwhatthey
havesaid.
onwardsl
from9.30pm
Glossary
-slightwetnessin the air
dampness
-clothingor behaviour
somepeople
immodest
thatshocksor embar.asses
drab- dullor boring.colourtess
reputationtheopinionthatotherpeoplehaveaboutsomeone
punctuality not beinglate
Studyingabroad
5 Look at the model of culture shock below which shows the first five
stagesof adjustmentmarked 1-5.
A
you firstorrivein o newculfure,
B Wlren
drtterences
ore inldguingond you moyleel
ex(rred,strmutoted
ond curious.Atfiia slogeyou
orestillprorecred
byrheJose
memory
ot yourhomecullure.
HOItE
COUNTRY
HOME
COUNTRY
U(
l4q
Now match the stages(1-5)with paragraphs(A-E).
Strategy
Multiple choice
Readallthechoices
carefully
and
underline
keywordsin
the question(seefirst
examprer.
6 Circle the appropriate letters A-D.
Eliminate
answers
whichareclearly
wrong.
lMake
sureyou can
Iindthe answerin the
text (notjust what you
thinkistrue).
1 According to the wdter, you may feel paq:EJe when you fitst ardve in a
new culturebecause
A you have no experience of this culfure yet.
B you still feel in touch with your own culture.
C your family and friends are not around.
D you do not notice any differences to your own culture.
According lo the wdtet in the third stage of the transition it is normal to
reet
A negativeaboutthe new culfure.
B frightened of asking for help.
C happy to retum home.
D protected by the recent memory of your home.
This text was written
A to help intemational sfudents returning home after a period of study.
B to promote intemational study to students from around the world.
C to wam intemational students of the dangers of living abroad
D to aid intemational sfudents who have just a(ived in a new countrv.
7 Workinpairs Discusswhichcountryyouwould like to live or studyin.
\^rhatdo you thinl you might enjoyaboutliving there?
Studying abroad
Note comDletion
Completethe gapswith
EITHERthe exactwords you hearif they fit Fammatically
OR d ifierentwordswhichha\ e thesdmemeaning
1
0:l You are going to hear an intemational studentadvisergiving
adviceon cultu:reshock.Listen and completethe notesbelow using NO
MORE THAN THREE WORDS for eachanswer.
waya to minimize the efiects ol cutture
shock
Keep_I ........ ........ friends and farnily
at home, through phone calls or
email. Make sure you have g ......
..._..... ofyour frienas and familv too.
Eatwell, especially food from g
Mal(e new friends _ 4 ................. will understand
what you,re feeling.
Also male friends with local students ifyou
can.
Use the drop in cenhe and otier seMces
which can give you
6
Exam information
Strategy
Usethe preparation
timewell.Youcan
makenotesif you like,
but rememberyou
onlyhave1 minute.
Thinkofoneortwo
thingsto sayabout
eachpointon the card.
In Part2 of the Speaking
module,the examinerwill giveyou a cardwith
someprompts.Youhave1 minuteto prepareto talkfor 1-2 minuteson the
topicon the card.Theexaminerwill not interruptyouor askquestions
while
you arespeaking.
In Part3,the examinerwill askyou somemoregeneralquestions
relatedto
the topicin Part2.
1 Work inpairs.
Student A: Look at Card A. Student B: Look at Card B.
Take 1 minute to prepare. Then take it in tums to Lalkon your topic for
1-2 minutes..Wlen you have finished,your partner may ask you one
or rwo quesflons,
Describea leisureactivity eg a hobbv,
sport
or gamethat is popular in your
country.
You should say:
W_ha
t this activity is and what people
do
where they do it
Why people enjoy doing this activiry
And alsosay what you Iike or dislike
about
UUSacn1.1tJ4
Studyingabroad
Describea t\,?i(at dish from your country that
you would iii<eto give a visitol from another
count4/.
You should say:
What it is made flom
When it is eaten (every day or on a special
occasion)
Whv this dish is PoPular
Ard alsosay whetheryou like or d islike I his dish
Note comoletion
Completethegapswith
hn H ERtheexdctwordsyou hearif theyfii grammatically
OR diFferent
wordswhichhavethesamemeaning
1
studentddvisergivjng
Youdregoingto hearan international
adviceon culture shock.Listen and completethe notesbelow using NO
MORE THAN THREE WORDS for eacharswer
Ways to minimize
minimize the
ly'?eeflects
ellects ol culturtJ
culturE shock
*..1. t-.:.:.............toendsand family at home.
through phone calts or
email. Mafte sure you have2 ...... ..... .... of your
friends and familv too.
Eaiwell. especially food from g
Mal{e new friends - 4 ..._.............will understand
what you,re feeling.
Also make friends \vith local students ifyou
can.
Use the drop-in centre and other services which
can give you
Exam information
Strategy
Usethe preparation
timewell.Youcan
makenotesilyou like,
but rememberyou
onlyhave1 minute.
Thinkof oneorNvo
thingsto sayabout
eachpointon the card,
module,the examinerwill giveyou a cardwith
ln Part2 oI the Speaking
someprompts.Youhave1 minuteto prepareto talkfor1+ minuteson the
while
will not interruptyou or askquestions
topicon the card.Theexaminer
you arespeaKrng.
to
In Part3,the examiner
will askyou somemoregeneralquestions'related
thetopicin Part 2.
1 Work in pairs.
Student A: Look at Card A. Student B: Look at Card B.
Take 1 minute to prepare. Then take i[ in tums to talk on your topic for
1-2 minutes. yy'henyou have finished, your partner may ask you one
or two quesnons.
Describea leisureactivity eg a hobby,
sporr
or gamethatispopularh your count4i
You should say:
What this actjvity is and what people
du
where they do it
V\rhypeople enjoy doing this activity
And alsosay what you like ordisli-l.e
abour
tlus achvity.
Studyingabroad
Descdbe a tfpical dish from your country that
you would iiice to give a visitor from another
country.
You should say:
What it is made from
Wlen it is eaten (every day or on a sPecial
occasion)
whv this dish is poPula!
And ako say whether you like or dislike this dish'
u ate the examrnerAsk your Partnerthreeofthe
fterwards,changeroles.
examcandidate.Answer the questionsas fully as
possible Afterwards,changeroles
youfound
where
o Haveyoueverbeento a country
thefoodstrange?
- or whatdoyouthinkmjght
Whathappened
Didyoutry it, or didyoulookfor foodfromyour
happen?
owncountry?
in touch o Whatdoyouthink arethe bestwaysto find and
o Whatdoyouthinkis thebestwayto keep
makenewfriendswhenabroad?
you're
from
away
withfriendsandfamilywhen
Why?
home?
own
doyoutikemostaboutyour
a Whatthings
cuLture?
yougoto for support
ifyou were
o WhowouLd
abroad
andyouhada probtem?
studying
UnderstandingkeYfeaturesol data
T'P
statement
Theopening
general
contain
should
butdon't
information,
simply
repeatthe
wordsinthediagram.
Themainpartofyour
should
contain
answer
referenceto
specific
datashown
inthe
diagram.
1 In a Task1 question,Youareaskedto descdbea chart,diagram,tableor
graphm at leasi150words Hereis a tyPicalqueshon:
Thisbar chattiltustnteslhe numberof studentsstudyingdiffercntsubjectsat
universityleveloveta live'yeatperiod.
Writea rcportfora univercitylecturerdesc bingtheinformationbelow
u Medicineand
Dentistry
I BiologicalSciences
tr PhysicalSciences
I ComputerSciences
and
E Engineeaing
Technology
96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01
axis
axes horizontal
barchart key
l i n eg r a p h
verticalaxis
2 Labelthesediagrans with words from thebox
a
1
d
Studying abroad
Strategy
3
Askyourselfthese
questions
aboutely
WritingTask1.
Firstly,makesureyou
understand
whatthe
diagramshows.Then
selectthemainideas
andgroupthe
information.
Do not
simplylistevery
statistic.
1 What information does the hodzontal axis show?
2 What information does the vertical axis show?
3 What do the columls reprcsent?
4 Doesthebar chart show factsand figuresabout (a) one time or
(b) changesover time?
5 What arc the most significant changes?
6 Should you group facts and figures by (a) number of students or
(b) subjects?
Look at the bar chat and answer these questions
Writing an introductory statement
4 Look at this introductory paragraph taken fiom an answer to the example
writing task arld answer the questions.
tol. Accardin4to the chart eome
eubjectebecamemorepopularoverthie peria^,whileothereAroppedin
papuhrity.
1 The fist sentencetells us
A whatthe graphshows.
B what the horizontal axisshows.
C whdthappenedin lq96and2001.
2 The second sentencetells us
A about specificsubjects
B about the veftical axis.
C generally what happens in the graph
3 In an answet the wording of the inhoductory paraglaph should be the
same as the r^rording of the question. T/F
4
The intoductory paragraph should cover the main ideas. T/F
Describing data which shows changes over time
5 The second and third paragraphs give more specific details.
Completethesesentenceswilh the nameof the subiectarea.
Subjectswhichbecame more populal
0 There was a slight increase in the number of students
tak1ry..Mpdj9:!t e.altd.p.p.fi.i9..tW.......
.
1 ...... .............
showeda sleadyincrease.
2 There was a sharp increase in the number of students studying
3
Togetherwith.. ...
popular subjectsin 2001
.... was still one of the two most
Subjectswhichbecame les8popular
4 Therewas a slight Iall in the number of studentsstudying .....
showed a steady drcp in popularity.
b ......................
remainedthe leastpopularsubjectof the five.
Studyingabroad
6 Add sornefigures from the bar chart to support the statements in
exercise5. Use figuresand/or thesephrases.
just under nearly just over
over
Example:
Therewao a oliqhlt increase in Lhe numberg of gtu4ento takin1 Medicine
an4 Denl;.io1try,fron iuet under 4O,OOOin 1996 to nearly 47,0OO in 2OOl.
7 Using the sentencesfrom exercises2-6, write your answerto the question
on page 12.
8 \Ahen you have finished your answer, compare iL with the model answei
onpa8e 160 Your answerdoesnot have tobe exactlyLhesame,but canyou
seeanything in the model answer thatyou couldhave usedin yours?
Understanding how sentences work
1 Look again at the last part of the model answeron page 160.
TIP
Therc
+vetbto beisa
pattern
common
inthis
typeofwriting.
Thepattern
ofsubiect,
verb,objectis
nearly
alwaysusedinwritten
English
sentences.
Thismaybedifferent
fromyourlanguage.
..En1ineerin4
and Technolory
ehoweda dea4y Aropin populadty,from neady
140,)aOtujueLover120,0A0.
HoweveE
taqetherwithCamputer
1ciencee,
Enqineerin1
andTechnoloqy
waeetilloneof thetwomootpopular
eubiectin
2041.
1 Find an exampleof eachof theseparts of speech
0 a verb in the past tense
2
3
4
5
6
thoweA
a linking word
a noun
an article
a preposition
an adverb
2 \ hatis the subjectof the sentence?
2 Look at thesesentenceswhich are taken ftom the model answeron
pa8e 160.Divide eachsenlenceinto threeparts as in the examples.Write
eachone in the table.
1
2
3
4
5
Othersdropped in populadty.
This remainedthe leastpopularsubjeciofthefive.
BiologiealSciences
showed a steadyincreaseover the iive-yearperiod
Therewas a sharpincreasein the popularity of Computer Sciences.
There was a slight fall in the number of students studying Physical
JClences
Studying abroad
Subject
Verb
Object
Thechart
showg
howmanyeltu^entsw6reotuayinqfivedifferentsublecte..
morepopular
overthiepenoa.
Someeubjecte became
3 Thesesentencesarepart of a Writing Task1 answer.Look at the bar charts
and put eachsentenceinto the codect ordet
studying
in theu5, 1995-1998
Foreign
students
USstudents
studying
abroad,1995-1998
450,000
More and more collegestudentsftom the United States/tostudy/are
gomg aDroao
Americanstud,efts/in 1,997
to
collesecreditsabroad/100,000
19987eamed
are coming to study in the Us/that while Amedcan students/however,
recent figures/are leaving/the country to study abroad,/thousands of
foreiqn sfudents /show
1n1997to 1998,/werc/there/500,000foreign studentsstudying at
Amedcan collegesand universities,/over10o/'more than in the previous
year
1 Readthisquestion.
Thisbat chartshowsthe
percentage
ofAustnlian
graduatesin full-time
employmentfourmonths
afteI geduating,between
1995and2001.
Writea reportfora
universitylecturer
descibingthe
infotmalion.
Writeat least150words
Studying abroad
46./o
E4
a2
80
7S
76
't995
1997
1999
2001
Ouantifiers
Sports studentsenioyed watching
Sports studentsenioyed playing
25
tr Football
trlabletennk
tr Tabletenni5
tr Baseball
tr Basketball
E Easketball
D Hockey
tr Hockey
1 Look at the sentencesdescribinethe bar chartsand corect the mistakes
with quantifiers in each one.
Alot of studentlikes playing tabletennis
Ofatddcar , fte plalinAI A!2cIenn:a.
tudents spendmuch time watching football
1
2 Majodty of the studentsprefer watching football to playing it
3 Someofsh'ldentslike playing basketbalt.
4
6 The largenumber ofstudents enjoy watching football.
7 Severalof the student don'tDlav anv sDorts.
8 The studentsspend the larg6 arirouit df time watching sport
2 Underline the bestalternative
0
1
2 Mad is generallyused in statements/questions/negative
sentenceswlth
countable/uncountablenouns.
3 Mdr?yis usedwith countable/uncountablenouns
4 You can add adlectivesto a nL nber and anamounLof to showhow large
or small the number or amount is, a largenumberof people,a small
titllountof time.A nunlbero/is used th countable/uncountablenouns.
An nnorLnlof rs usedwrth counfable/uncountablenouns.
sPecificin meaning.
3 Write more sentencesabout thebar chartsusing thesequantJiers
Some(of) most(of) several(of) themajorityof a/thenumberof
an^heamountof a lot of much many
Note:Lols(o, ismther informal, and notsuitable for academicwriring
Studyingabroad
Waysof recordingvocabulary
Translation is not always the best way to remernber the meaning of a word or
phrase. Look at these tfuee different suggestions.
1 Use the word or phrase in a sentencethat means something to you. Write
sentencesusng these adjectives and prepositions.
Exanple:
I'm keenon Chineeefoodana alavinl baoketbalL
1
2
3
4
5
keenon
nervousabout
good at
interested in
fascinated by
2 Draw pictures or diagrams to illustrate the following trends.
Example:
definitions with the words.
1
2
3
4
5
b
7
relaxed
confused
confident
excited
frusfated
cunous
hostile
a cdn and not worried
b behaving in a very unJriendly or threatening way
c iararting to find out about somelhing
d certain about your abilities and not nervous or
frightened
unable to understand something or think clearly
about it
very happy and enthusiastic becausesomething
good is going to happen
feeling annoyed and impatient becauseyou are
prevented from achieving something
Look at the words from this unit in the dictionary focus box. Record them
using one of the ways suggested in the Study skills secLion.
eliminatep.l0
adjustment
p.10
potentialp.l0
Studyingabroad
rejectp.l0
acceptp.10
minidfze p.11
illustrate p.12
specificp.l3
statisticp.13
Earthtoday
In groups, list some of the
problems and benefits of
dif{erent modes of transport.
Prediction
Strategy
Makingpredictions
aboutwhatyouare
goingto readcanhelp
you to understandthe
te)dmore quickly
when you readit. Look
at any pictureswith
the text and at key
words in the title or
first paragraph(here
in bold).
1 Readthe-fifsL
paragraPhot Uusarb(le.
2
1
2
3
A They are nois, smelly and difty, and
cost Eore and more every year We
moan about them all the time. vet
we are hopelesslyaddicted. _
Answer these que
l4rho or what db vou thinl thev are?
What tlpe of pro'blemsdo thev cause?
Why aie we hopelesslyaddicled ro thesethings?
3 What do you think the main focus of this article will be?
Quickly read the article to check.
Eaith today
B Bdtons love therr carsnore than any other
H While road congestiongrows, the study
Europeans,a major new EU study shows.
The numberor commurerscycLngand
walking in this country 1sdeclining, while
the number o{ cars and lorries on the road
has tnpled in the last 30 years.
shows, the cost of alternative forms of
tralsport is rising sharply.Britons pay
some of the world's most expensivebus
and train faresfor servicesthat are
crumblingrhroughlack of irvestment.
c The report, The Hour of Choice - the first
ma;or transport study by the European
Commrssron for a decade- sayscongestion
costs Europeup to t85 billion a year.
D Road traffic in the EU is forecastto
increaseby 50 per cent by 2010 and au
travel by 70 per cent.'Europe is being
asphyxiatedby congestion,'the study says.
Transport chie{s will use its findings thrs
week to urge Ministers to do more to
reduceroad traf{ic.
E In Bdtain that means trying to cut the need
to travel, said David Begg, chairrnan of the
Commissiol for IntegratedTransport - the
Government's advisory body: 'We rely far
too much on the car.'
F Beggblamedthe increasein traf{ic on the
Srowth of out-of-town shopping and
businessparks in the Eighties. 'Bad pohcres
have increasedcar and truck use which
makes people demand more roads,but that
only leads to more congestion-It's a bit like
a herorn addict always looking for another
Iix.'
G Brusselswants to cut rraiiic andpollution
In the last 20 yearspubLc transport fares
have risen by an averageof 55 per cent
Only l0 per cent o{ our {aresare subsidized,
comparedwith an averageof 40 per cent on
the Continent.
ID an attempt to easeoverqowding in the
sLre.,the EU is to considerforcirg airlines
to pay a tax on aircraft loise and
greenhousegasemissions,which could
raise airfares,
K But EU sourcessay Brusselswill avoid
recommendrrg large dses irrpetrol and
diesel taxesafter the prctests in Bdtain and
Franie last autumn
Congestion charging- forcing motodsts to
pay to drive into city centres- is seenas
more e{Iective.The report will encourage
other countdes to follow Brrtam m
allowing local authodties to adopt such
measures.
M Environmental campaitners hope a stiong
endorsementat the Europeanlevel will
bolster what they seeas Britain's
weakenn8 resolveto push congestion
charging and other geen measures.
with extra taxes on noto sts and haullers.
The money would help the rail and bus
servtces,
Guessingmeaninglrom context
4 Find a word in the text that means the sanreas:
0 personwho regularly travelsa (long) distanceto get
to work (paragraphB)
1 abbreviation for LheEuropean Union (paragraph B)
2 ten years(paragraphC)
3 tuIl of traffic (paragraph C)
4 unable to breathe (paragraph D)
5 given financial aid by the government (paragraph l)
6 mainland Europe(paragraphl)
Earth today
commuter
Britons love their cars more than any other
Europeans,a malor new EU study shows.
The number of commuters cycling and
walking in this country is declining, while
the number o{ cars and lorries on the roau
has tripled in the last 30 years.
c The report, The Hour of Choice - the first
major transport study by the European
Commission lor a decade- sayscongestion
costs Ewope up to 585 billion a year.
D Road traffic in the EU is forecast to
increaseby 50 per cent by 2010 and air
travel by 70 per cent.'Europe is being
asphyxiatedby congestion,'the study says.
Transport chjefs will use its findinBs this
week to urge Ministers to do more to
reduce road traffic.
In Brrtam that means trying to cut the need
to travel, said David Begg,chairman o{ the
Commission for Integlated Transport - the
Government's advisory body: 'We rely far
too much on the car.'
Beggblamed the increasein traffic on the
growth of out-of-town shopping and
businessparks in the Eighties. 'Bad pohcres
have increasedcar and truck use whiclt
makes people demand more roads,but that
only leadsto more congestion It's abit like
a heroin addict always looking for another
Iix.'
G Brusselswants to cut traffic andpollution
H While road congestion grows, the study
shows, the cost of alternative forms of
transport ls rising sharply. Britons pay
some of the world's most expensivebus
and train faresfor servicesthat are
crumbling through lack of investment.
In the last 20 yearspublic transport fares
have risen by an averageof 65 per cent.
Only 10 per cent oi our fares are subsidized,
comparedwith an averageof 40 per cent on
the Continent.
In an attempt to easeovercrowding in the
skies,the EU is LoconsiderforcingairLnes
to pay a tax on aiicraft noise and
Bleenhousegasemissions,which could
raise air {ares.
K But EU sourcessay Brusselswill avoid
recommendilg large dses in petrol and
diesel taxesafter the protests in Britain and
Francelast autumn.
Congestion charging- forcing motorrsts to
pay to drive into city centres- is seenas
more effective.The report wrll encourage
other countries to lollow Britain in
allowing local authorities to adopt such
measutes.
M Environmental campaigners hope a strong
endorsementat the Europeanlevel will
bolster what they seeas Bdtain's
weakening resolve to push congestion
charging and other greenmeasures.
wlrh extra taxes on motorisrs and hauLiers.
The money would help the rail and bus
services.
Guessing meaning from context
4 Find a word in the text that means the same as:
0 person who regularly travels a (long) distance to get
to work (paragaph B)
1 abbreviation for the European Union (paragraph B)
2 ten years(paragaph C)
3 tulI of traffic (paragraph C)
4 unableto breathe(paragraphD)
5 given financial aid by the govedunent (paragaph I)
5 mainland Europe (paragraph l)
Earth today
commuter
Matching paragraphs to headings
Exam
information
In the IELTS
Reading
moduletherewill
usuallybe more
headingstochoose
from than paragraphs.
Also,youmay not
needto find a heading
lor everyparagraph.
Rememberto
readthe
instructionscarefully.
Strategy
Decidewhatyouare
lookingfor 1anumbet
a noun,an adjective.
a
verb etc.).
Do not use more
words than you are
allowed.
Youmay omit art;cles
(a/the).
5 Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-H from the list of
headines below.
Example:
0 Thec!!! ofp@!9
1
2
3
4
5
6
H While roadcongestiongrows,the study
shows,the cost of alternative IoI!q!_g[
tr4nspO4is rising sharply.Britons pay
someof the world/smost expensive
bllg
andtrain faresfor servicesthat are
crumblingthroughlack of investment.
The costof conqestion
Predictions of tiaffic increases
Causesof the Lrafficconsestion in Bnram
A summary of whal the ieport says about Bdtain and transport
A British suggestion to improve the situation
A suggestion from Brusselsto improve the situation
Shortanswerouestions
the section
. 6 Read the text again and answer these questions. lhlelh
whbie you found the answer.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS
AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
1 How many more cars aIld lorries are there in Britain now compared with
30 yearsago?
2 How much does congestion cost Europe each year?
3 By how much will road haffic in the EU rise by 2010?
4 By what percentegehave public hansport fares risen in the last 20 yeaIs?
5 What percentageof public tlansport faresare subsidizedin B.if,?lr?
6 Wlat percentage of public transport fares are subsidized in Erlope?
7 Answer thesequestionsusing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from
tne passage.
1 \ltrhat methods of getting to work are now less popular in Bdtain?
2 Why is the service offered by trains and buses in Bdtain getting worse?
3 \ /hat does Brussels think is likely to be a more effective measure than
increasing taxeson fuel?
Choosing the best title
8 Choosethe most suitabletitle for the reddingpassage.
1 The increasein road accidents in Britain
2 The need for public transport
4
5
The costofpollution
The solution to road haffic
Earthtoday
Subject-verbagreement
1 Thesesentences
aretakenfrom the readingtext.IhlcIUIc
verb in the sentence.Is the verb singular or plural?
the subjectand
0 Road traffic in the EU ig forecast to increaseby 50 per cent. sinqular/ olural
singular/plural
I Bad policjeshave increasedcar and truck use.
2 The cost of altemative forms of kansport is dsing
singular/plural
snarorv
3 In the iast 20 years public transport fares have dsen
singular/plural
by an avenge of 65 pe! cent
singular/plura
4 Onlv 10Der cent of our fares are subsidized.
2 l-ook at the subject-verb agreementin each of these sentences.Is itcorrect
or incorect? Rewrite the inco[ect sentences.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
drive travel cycle
catch commute
walk own ride
Naba4yseems., ,
Nobody seemto enjoy havelling to work by train.
One of mv sisters ddves a sDorts car,
None of the cars wa6 stopp;d by the police.
Much of my work involves visiting different companies.
Most people in my country owns a car.
Somq of the students in my classcycle to college.
Neither of us travels on Dublic tlansDort much.
A lot of my time is spent-driving to and from work.
Car use$ in Britain pays high motoring taxes,
3 Cornplete the sentencesusing these verbs.
0
1
2
3
4
Children in my country
Most peoplein modem society
None of the studentsin my class
genemtion
Someof today'syoung_er
EveryoneI know
walkto achool
Numbersandfigures
Academic courses often involve the intemretation and analvsis of different
nunrbers and figures.
$450 80km/h
5,900m 30ks 3.75
13111/a6 59% /+
500km2 4,016km
4t1
54"C
Earthtoday
1 Look at the figures in the box. Identify the following:
1
2
3
4
A decimal
A date
The size of an area
Aheight
5
6
7
8
2 Work in pairs.
StudentA: Saythecategory.
Aweight
A distance
Apnce
A fraction
9 A speed
10 Ape(entage
11 Atemperature
StudenlB: Readdrcfigure.
Shortanswers
Exam information
Readthe questioncarefully-usuallyyouhaveto answerthistype
of
questionwith a numberor upto threewords,but you maybe askedfor
something
else,eg,no morethanTWOworos.
Youranswerswill be in noteform, not whole sentences,butthev needto
answerthe questiongrammatically.
The orderot the questionsalwaysfollows the orderof the text.
01 Listenand answerthe questionsusing NO MORE THAN
1 _
THREEWORDSORA NUMBER-1 How much waste, on average, does one person
produceeachyear?
2 lvhat proportion of our waste is biodegradable?
3 What proportion is glass?
4 . How much waste is buried?
_5 Why is some waste bumed?
6 When will waste have to be reduced?
Exam
information
Makesureyou keepto
the word limit, and
that your answers
makegrammatical
sense.
Sentence completion
z LomPlete the notes.
Write NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS for each
amswet
Youranswersmight
bewordsfromthe
text, butyou may also
haveto changethem
to fit the word timit.
Earthtoday
Presentsimplevs. presentcontinuous
1 Look dt thi. e\tract from the Iisteningtext.Lllllctlilc e\a mplesof the
presentcontinuousand the presentsimple.
'rgdone,mostlyby localcouncils.
.
or takingawayallme
)in collections,
.J:
10
mostpeopleare notbotheringto taketh
'recyclingbins"
oftencalled
providespecialcontainers,
"lso
"o.Lio"irioun"if"
gldssandphperin Theypullheseoutsidetheirhouses
ioi r""iOlntiio
"orr"ct
as theirrubblsh,andtheyarecollectedand recycleo'
at the sametime
I see.So areyousayingthatrecyclingis moreimportantthanactuallyreducing
waste?
beingdesigned-witlI"^Y::g^^
manyproductsare increasingly
J : No.Nowadays,
people
far moreawareaboultnese
are
general'
in
15
reiyctingin ririndandithlnk,
issues.
2 Write in your own examplesfrom the text
The presentsimplecanbeu8edto de8cribe:
1 A regularhabitual action
2
Something which is generally true
The presentcontinuous canbe used to describe:
I
Somethinein Droeressdt this soecificmoment
A changing,developingor temporarysituationhappeningaroundnow
but !9tllce€Esalily3tjhiElpcsi$s!0oment
Earthtoday
Sentencestress
1 In English,not every word in a sentencehas the samestressUnderline
the word or words in thesephrasesfrom the listeningyou think would
usually be stressed.
1 .. keepinganimalsin zoosis really cruel . .
2 ... they causeso much noiseand pollution
3 I'm convincedthat more peoplewould recycleif . .
2
15 Listen to the peoplegiving their opinions.Whatkinds ofwords
in a sentenceare usually stressed?\ 41ichonesarenot usually stressed?
TIP
Usinq
correctstress
patterns
willmakeit
easierforyou
to
beunderstood.
3 Usually the important words in a sentencearenouns,verbs and
adjectives.\/Vhichwords are stressedin thesephrasesto make them sound
'stronger'?
1 Ifyou askme. .
2lmuchprefer
I
I h^no<rlv rhinL rh,r
4
AS Listen to the tape againto check.Now practisesaying these
phraseswlth the correctstressand use them next time
Giving and justifying opinions
1
0 5 Listen to the different peopletalking about threeof thesetopics
r-.1 .^nhl6rd
rh. r,hlo
Shouldcarsbe bannedin city centres?
\Arhyare rainJorestsdestroyed?
How canpollution be reduced?
Shouldwe control urban growth?
\ rhy recycle?
Are zooscruel or useful?
Main reasons
2 Look at the words and phrasesin the languagebox below Usethem to
give your opinions on the topics in 1.
Useful language
In my view/opinion
...
lf you askme...
l'd rather(+ baseform)/ | preler(to+
baseJormor -ing)...
| (strongly/firmly/personally/
honestly)
believe/thinldleel
that...
l'm convinced
that..,
More imperaondt
rgue/think that...
Somepeoplesay/a
Backing up opinions with
.,.
Forexample/instance,
,..
In my expenence/country
Earth today
3 If you live in a city now, would you say it is too crowded? In what
situationsdo you noticethis most?Describeto yourpartnerhow you feel in
thesesituations
4 Look at someof the problemscausedby overpopulationin cities.Rank
theseproblems,putting numbersnext to the categories.(1the most sedous
6 the leastserious).
housing shortages
streetcdme
unemployment
traffic congeshon
pollution
healthproblems
5 Compareyour ranking with your partner and give reasonsfor your
choices.
Organizing your writing
1 ffiiti.rg u.ry
o! assrgnmentinvolves a number of different stages.
"ssay
Decideon a logical
order for thesesta8es.
Write lhe essay.
Note down a roughessayplaIlorganizedby paragraPhheadings.
A nilv.a
rLo.r
'6.+i^n
Checkfor efiors.
Readthe instructionsand questioncarefully.
Brainstormideas
2 Readthisquestion.
no specialist
readerwith
Present
a wnttenargument
or caseto an educated
knowledge
of thefollowing
topic.
Thereis an excessivenumberof carcon ourrcadstodayand thisleadsto
shouldensurclhalpublic
manyprcblems.Individial,
andgovemments
ltansporlplaysa moteimpottantrolein moden life in orderto tacklethese
ptootems.
Towhatextentdoyouagrcewiththisstatement?
Trme:40
minutes
TTP
3 Answer thesequestions.
Look
ataprevious
piece
ofwriting.
How
manywords0n
average
00youwflIe
ona lineandhowmany
a 250lines
wouldmake
wordanswer?This
will
giveyoua goodidea
minimum
aboutthe
need
amountthatYou
Writing
to writein IELTS
Task2.
1
2
3
4
Earth today
Writeat least250words
Who are you writing for?
Wlat is the main topic in this question?
How long do you have to write this essay?
Wlat is the minimum nurnber of words you aie rcqured to wdte?
4 Think about what the writing task involves UElc!!!e
the question.
the key words in
5 Answer Lhesequestions.
I Who areyolr wrilin8 for and how will thischangeyour wrihng style?
2 ls it possibleto start your essayby chanBingthe first sentenceof Lhe
question?
3 Wlatdoes the secondsentencesuggesL?
4 What does the achral wdling task ask you to do in this essay?
6 Brainstormideas The first part of the questionstatesthat foorrrr?ycdrsor?
lheroadscanleadto nqn! problems
1 Write down threeproblemscausedby anexcessrvenumber ofcars and
any vocabularyyou mightwant to use.
2 How are ndrviduals and governmentsresponsiblefor causingsomeof
the problemsmentionedabove?
3 How cangooerfimenfs
reducesomeof theseproblemsin termsof public
transport?Give examples.
4 How carri11di1)idLnls
reduce sorne of theseproblems in terms of public
transport?Give examples
7 From your ideas,outline a rough plan.
ParagtaplJl,InLrcductiotl Increase
ifi trafficin general
Paraglaph2
Paragraph3
Paragraph4
Paragraph5 Summaryof opihion PLtbIictnnspott rcr! itnportanL
8 write the essay.
Strategy
Followyourroughoutlineandwriteyouressayasquicklyas possible.
llse paragraphs.
Eipressideasandopinionsbackedup by examples
andevidence.
Payattention
asyou write
to grammatvocabulary,
spellingandpunctuation
9 Editing. Checkgrammar,vocabularyand spelling.
Make sure that you leaveyourcelfa few minutes to checkyourwork foi any
obvious grammar (for examplearticles,tenses.plurals, 3rd person,subjectverb agreement,etc ), vocabularyor spellingmistakes.You will not have
Limeto changeLhemain contentof your essaybut you mi8ht noticesome
errors thatcanbe easilycorrected
1 O Work ln pairs. Readthe exampleof a student'sanswerto this question
Then discussthe questions
1 Do you thmk the candidatehas answeredthe questionsufficiently?Clve
reasons.
2 Do you think the answerhasbeenwell organized?
3 Are the mistakes(1-8)gramlnat vocabularyor spellng? How would you
correctthem?
4 Whatother mistakescan you find?
5 What is your opinion of the essayin general?
Earth today
Theoe
Aaye,ae the amaunteof (1)tranoporteie inqeaein4(2) conoiderablely,
the pollution.9a,]tiea
thinkthie iooneof the mainr1asoncaueinq
people
qoo)i^eathat, the qovernment
andh^ividualeehouduse|thepublic
trangporltmorcthanlhe pdvatetrangpartinor^erto tacklethe nunerauo
probleme.
Tobeqinwith,(3) the raieinTof the u6eof the publictraneportcanhelpthe
if
to re4ucethe amounl:
of theprivatetransporl:,Farevample,
^overnment
or
moreandmorepeople
4oto workand4o homebybuoea,traing,
there willbefewerpeople(4) ueetheir owncare,so l:hat, lhere
under4round,
willbeleootraneport:on the roaa.ln this way,lol:eof problemowillbeeolved,
the
trafficjama,roadaccidente,
anA5oon.Anywaye,
euchae air pollution,
whichare
ideaehoubbebaeedonthe hlqhqualitypublictransporteatvicee,
providedbythe 4overnmentin ar4erto attract marepaggenqere.
the amountaf peaple
De6i^eo,
abpeople's
livintetandar^o(5) ie improvin1,
ieanothor
ie inffeasinqdranatically..Thie
whohavetheirownf.raneporLe
(6) Decauee
therewould
rea^oncauoethe increaoinT
of l:heroaaaccidente,
(7)arenot qualified,
benumbere
of driverewhohavetheirowntraneporLa
eomeof themmay.justddvinqfor fun,90,ilti5 eafert'otravelW the Public
drivera,
bueesarethe begt
trangportsduata l:hequalified
andexperience4
mple.
that the (0) inneasin7of ueinqtho Publlc
Tooumup,I etronqlyeupporL
trangportsigan1fficientwayto tacklethe I;raffican4the enviranment
problemg.
Writing: further practice
11
Follow the stageson pages25and 26and write an essayfor this
questron.
tuesenta witten argumentot caseto an educatedrcadetwithno specialist
knowledgeof the followingissue.
of utbanareashasled to numercusptoblems.ldentifyoneor
Overpopulation
twose ous onesandsuggestwaysthatgovenmentsandindividualstackle
theseprcblems.
Time:40
minutes
Earthtoday
Writeat least250words.
Ouantiliers
Complete the exercisesand check your answers in the grammar boxes.
T'P
[JseeachLanguage
focussection
to improve
youlmostrecent
prece
ofwriting.lt willhelpyorl
to useandrememberthe
grammarnexttime.
1 Replacethe words n itaticswifht'eTn/afeuflittle/a littte.
i altogether.
ter
tumber of people driving into the city
rber of carjourneys they make,but it is
still not enough
3 Nof m,?nypeopLebelieveLhatcarsshould be barutedin city centres.
4 The Coveinmienthavehad \ompsuccessin controlling the'nurnberof cars,
but not asmuch as they had hoped.
We use afew alJ.da little to talk about small quantities in a positive way. We
use/ca,and /ilflp in a simildr way but the ma anns.is aeeaive.A few/fi,rD
are
usedwith countablen ow:s and'atitfle,\ittlewith incouitable nJuni
2 Underline the best alternative.
0 Nowadays eaerypeople/pqllgLwho can aIIotd it f;4glhaoea cat.
1 Everyone need/needs
clean ail..
2
3
4
-4ll is followed by a plural or uncountable no vn. Eachand mery are followed,
by a sinBular or countable noun. Often it does not maher if wd use e4c, or
eoerylbut we must use eachto rcIet lo two lhlrrgs.
3 Complete the Senterrceswlthboth/elther/neithet
O .....0-Qth....
tocatpeopleand thecouncil should domore to recyclewaste.
1 The councilmust.................
provide more recyclingbins or acceptthat
waste will grow.
2 .---..........option will really do much to help the environment
3 We should reuseorrecycle,but preferably.................
.
4 .................
local peoplenor the councilwill acceptresponsibility.
AII thesequantifiersare used to refer to iruopeopleor things. Bol, means
this one and that one. It is followed by a plural noun. fitlrd meansthis one
o/ this one. It.is followed by a singulai noun. Ncilhermeausnoteither,nol
tfls one tor uus one.
4 Underline the bestaltemative.
0 The governmenth as comeup with other/qlqbllsolution to the problem.
I Thereport willbeof interesttoen\ironmentalistsand olhcr/anoiher
people interested in the debate.
2 T\erc rs oriy other/anofherthree months before the next world summit on
the envirotunent,
3 The charity reporte d ttrat otheiaflother children would die without more
d nkine water.
4 fhe Environmentalgroup said the policy would eventually lead to
other/ahotherenvfto mental disaster.
Both olhcrarrdanoth?rcan be used to referto additional peopleor thingsof
the rlpe alreadymentioned.Offt?ris usedwith plural (dunfublenoun; and
anolherbefotesir.Alecountablenouns and beforinurnbers.
Earthtoday
What makes a good learner?
1 Look at these statements.Tick the ones that are true for you.
1 I keep a record of new vocabulary and can use it again when necessary
2 After a lesson or unit I always review my work or anything new I've
rcamt.
3 I own and know how to use a monolingual dictionary
4 I use Engljsh outside the classroom whenever possible.
5 I ky to.read and listen to English outside the classroom whenever
posslbre.
6 I arn aiming to develop an academic writing style.
7 I try to use or y English in the classroom.
8 I check my work and make a note of errors I comnoily make.
9 I take note of useful academic words especially when reading.
10 I know the most effective ways to prcpare for tests and exam-s.
2 Wolk in pairs. Discuss how and when you have used the strategies in 1.
3 Ndlri decide which tfuee study skills you do most effectively now and
which three you would most like to ifirprove.
Clfitena Good leattet sve Eths
Example bf what you do now
1
2
3
FrrIfie Good leamel ggad.s
ExamDle of what vou will do
1
2
3
Find thesewords in the unit. Then check their meaning in your dictionary
and record them.
majorp.19
folcep.19
measure p.19
Earthtoday
interpretationp.21
analysisp.21
categoryp.2s
evidencep.26
vbanp.27
individual p.27
Out of this world
Look at thesepicturesand
answer the questions,
Skimming and scanning
The numbersbelow all appearin the article \ /hat do they refer to?Find
e answersas quickly aspossible.
Strategy
Look quicklythrough
the articlefor just the
numbers.When you
f i n d o n e , l o o ka t t h e
words around it to get
60
2 220
3 8
I
Ma'e.a.4e.
. ....
.
4 't4
625
2 Readthe articlequickly.Are thesestatementsTrue or False?
1 Denni5Tito s spdcetrip costmoreihdn any otherholiday.
2 I rtowent to
"pa(ewith dn all Americdncrew.
3 uennrsalehamburBers
in \pa(e.
T l
T F
f F
True, False or Not Given
1 Do thesestatementsagreewith the inlormation in the article?
Write: TRUF if thestatempnt
is trueaccordinq to theDassdp
F{LSE if the5rdtement
is falseaccordiigto thepassl
NOT GMN if the information is not given in tiepa
ge
The weather on the day of the lauachwas good
Tito*leptin a specrally
designedRus*ianjleeprngbag.
I rrowaqrnetrr5tnon prote\stonal
astronautin space.
fhe rocketwas launchedat 3amMoscou time.
5 Tito did not enioy wearing his cosmonaut,ssuit
Short answers
Answer thesequestionsusing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR
NUMBER
1 What did doctorsuseto wash the crew?
2 Who is Suzanne?
3 How long did it taketo get to the testcentre?
4 V\&atw l liquids be kepr in?
Out ofthisworld
First space tourist grins
down on planet Earth
AIt was a gunc leap for the tourist
indusuy and the mosr expensiveholiday
in history.When Denms Tiro, a 60-yearold Californian, blastedoff yesterdayhe
was burning money at the rate of{30,000
a mile.The Internaoonal SpaceStarion,
with which he docks romorrow, orbits
220 miles abovethe Earth and the 8 day
excursionis costinghim d I 4m.
B A firsr classreturn ticket from London
to NewYork in an arcraft or aboard the
QE2 costsa mere dl a mile, measuredin
a straEhcline
HThe final countdown beganar 3am Moscow
time, when Tito and his companions,Talgat
Musabayev, the flight commander, andYurl
Barurin, a former politicianwho becamea
cosmonaur tlree years ago, were awoken at
*reir horel.
t0
C The Soyezrocket withTito on ttoard
ascendedftom the launchpad of the
Baikonur Cosmodromeon the barren
steppesof Kazakhsranrn cenEalAsia
under sunnyblue skres.Atelevision
monitor showedTito in a white spacesuit
and a plexrglasshelmet, grinning broadly.
J Afler a 40 mmure ride Lodre test centle, he
was fitred wrrh hls cosmonautsuit.In keepmg
wirh superstition,rhe spacemenwere not
allowedto watch the settingup of the booster
rocker.Instead,they performed their own
bizarredtual; a ceremonialurination on the
tyres of dre minibus that took rhem ro the
launchpad- rhe sameone ftom whichYurr
65
Gagann becamethe firstman in space
DA ground controller asked'How do you
feel?"Khorosho (good)'Tito replied in
Russian
E American and Russianspaceofficials
had arguedwhether it was safeforTito to
board the space station, with NASA
relenting only after he had agreednot to
sue if anythingwent wrong, and to sleep
only in Russiansectionsofdle craft
25
30
F He has been allowedonly ?kg of
luggage,a dictaphone,tlvo pens d€signed
to work in zero gravity, rhree cameras and
nine CDs among them songsfrom the
Beatlesand Andrea Bocelli, rhe blind
Italian tenor.
6 As rhe surgeofpower tookhim
sk'$rard,Tito must have caredlittle.
Amateurs haveflown in spacebeforeamong them rhiee congressmen and a
Saudip nce-but he was floatinginto
history asthe first paying tourisr.
Out of this world
I A team ofdoctors washedthe crew with a
specialalcohol lotion before dley dressedin
disinfec[edlongjohns and ordinary uniforms
for brealdasrand a final meetingwith
relatjves.Abour 25 frmily members,mcluding
two sonsand a daughrer,aswell asbusiness
partnels, friends, and Suzanne,his former
55
wife, travelledto Kazakhstanto bidTito
farewell.
K In space,Titowill be sustainedbyRussian
soups,juice) tea and coffee,all iD toothpastelike tubes,ftuit and ready cookedvegetables
as well as canned meats.'I do miss a good
hamburger,'he said.
L He is unl*ely to miss the gruelling physical
requirementsofsecuring his place in ihe
annals.Zero gravity flighrs and head spinning
sessionsin a c€ntdfuge- creatinggravitational
forceseight times thoseon Earth - might have 15
been enough to deterlesserciuzensTito
and was said by
never lost consciousness
Uainersro havebeen an exemplarystudenl.
M'I'm not a professionalastronaut,'hesaid,
'butI'm as dedicaredto the mission as any
astronautwo uld be'.
40
80
Guessingmeaningfrom context
3 Guess the definitions of the words flom the context.
blostedolf (paft.A)
A exploded
B landed
C left Earth for space
docks(patu.A)
A joins together
B ardves
C sees
3
orbits(pata.A)
A goes rouid
B goesdom
C goesup
4 ascmded(pata.C\
A moved quickly
B went up
C flew
deter(para.L)
A make s.odecidenot to do
sornething
B encourage s.o to do something
C force s.o to do something
ercftplary(pala.L)
A lazy
B excellent
C healthy
Articles
Look at theseeramplesofhow articlesare used.Ma tch the exampleswith
'
Iirilefinite afiicles (a/an)
l ' I d o m i s s a g o o dh a m b u r q e rh,e' s a i d .
2 'U/hm DennisTito,a 50-yiar-old Californian,blastedoffyesterdav
he
'
was burning money at the rate of f,3Q000a mile.,
3 A team of doctorc washed the crew with a special alcohol lotion ...
a Usea/a with singular,countablenouns the tirst time they are fien Lioned.
b Usea/a to meanpel or ar?rvwjth distances,times,et(.
c Use a/a when the noun referred to is one of manv
Definite article (the)
l'It
wasa.giantleapfor thetouristindustryand the mostexpensive
nolloav
tn hlstolv
2'...and nine CDs-- among them songsfrom the Beatlesand Andrea
Bocelli, the blind Italian ienor'
3 '.-.Yuri Gagarinbecamethe filst man in space.'
4 'A team of doctors washed the crew with i special alcohol lotion...,
b
c
d
2 Look at these sentencestaken from the text and fill in the missins artictes.
Then checkyour answersagainstthe te\t.
1Itwas.................giantleapfor.................tourisLindusb-y...
2 When DermisTito, .................
60 year old Californian .. .
3.................IntemationalSpaceStatiorywithwhichhedockstomorow.
4 .................
firstclassreturn
ticketfromLondontoNewYork...
5 ... costsamere€1.................mile
Out of this world
6
7
8
9
10
ftom... .. .. .......
Soyezrocketwith Titoon boardascended
. .. ...........
laulchpad ...
white sPacesuit.
televisionmonitorshowedTitoin...............
..............
.. and to sleeponly in Russiansectionsof ........ .......crafl.
.. he was floatinSinto historyas...............
. firslPayinStourist. .
astronaut',
he said ..
...'l'm not..............professional
Listeningfor gist
Exam
information
Therearefourpartsto
module.
the Listening
ThisListening
is a Part
2 typetext. In Part2
youwill hearone
persontalkingin an
everydayor social
situation.
1
06 You will hear someone talking to a classin a language school
about a hip Listen and answerthesequestions
1 Where is the trip to?
2 How long will the trip last?
Multiple choice
06 Listen to the first part of the recording again and answer
2
questions 1-4. Circle the appropdate letter.
3 They will cross the Channel
1 Mary Goldingis
A by coach
A a student
B by.hovercraft.
B.acoordinator
C byfelly.
C the btudent officer
D by train.
D the French teacher.
t
Thc rrin hpoine
A
B
C
D
Exam
information
Forclassification
tasks,you will needto
matchstatementsto
oneofthreeoptions.
Youmighthaveto use
eachoptionmorethan
4 They will retum home at around
A 10:00
B 21:00
C 22100
D 11:00
Classification
3
07 Listen to the next part of Lherecording and answer
queshonsF8.
Wilt you have to pay for theseactivities?
Write F if it is free
I if it is included in the cost of the triP
P if you have to pay for it yourself
5 a boat ride
6 a cathedral
7 artgalleries
8 train journey
Out of this world
^n
Wednesday4th Apdl.
Saturday3lstMarch.
Saturday4th April.
Wednesday31stMarch.
Prediction
1 In Broups,brainstorm any negativeeffectsthat tourism might have,
giving specificexamplesfrom your own country ifposslble.
'Ecotourismis responsible
traveltonaturalareasthat conserves
the environmentand sustainsthe wellbeingof localpeople'
( Ttu I 11
ter n0t iot1aI Ecatoltti sm SacE t! )
2 I4Ihatdo you think a good ecotouristshould/shouldn't do?
Example:
Ecotaurioto ohaub never leavebehindany rubbieh,
Reading for gist
3 Qurckly read thetextc delmesfor Ecotolrisfsbelow Choosethebest
answerto this question
1 \ rhen doesan ecotouristneedto think carefullyabout their hoLday?
A Before
C After
B Du ng
D AII of the above
r
e
E4
JM'
v*
Fad6
roo*
.JAjJ
r4
-'' ,l zl ' ,
*&d
Farc,ft5 el\Me
.1
Beforeyougoon yourholidayreadaboul
lhe placesyouarego ng to visitandchoose
yourecotouroperatorAFTER
askingthe
followingqueslions:
Doesthe operatorcomply
wlththe EAA
Ecotourism
Codeof Practicee
ls therean economicbenefilgoingbacklo
or stayinginthe localcommunity?
Doesthe operaioruselocaltourguides,
servicesandsupplieswherepossible?
I Don'texploitan areawhenfood
gathering
I Don'tdisturbwildTife
or wildlifehabitats
yourselfwilhlocal
10 Familiarize
regulations
yourself
11 Don'twash
oryourclothes
in
naturalwalerbodies
12Whentraveling,
spendmoneyonlocal
enterprises
plant
13Considerthe
implicalions
of buyjng
and
animalproducts.
Find
theyte
out
if
Whileyouareon tourminimize
the negative
rareor endangered,
lakenfromlhe wild,
social,environmental
andeconomical
and
if
the
trade
is
approved
of by local
impaclsof yourvisit
aulhorities
1 Flememberyou
area guest
14 Don'tencourage
illegaltradeby buying
2 Be culturally
sensitive
and respectlocal
productsmadefromendangered
customs
specres
3 Allowenoughtimein eachplaceto
appreciate
it
4 Travelby yourownmusclepowerwhere 15 Encourage
a naturalandcullural
possible
understanding
ofthe placesyouhave
5 Be carefulnotto introduce
exolicplants
visited
ot anrmals
16Considertheenviron
mental
andcullural
6 Stayon thetrack(trail)
effecisof yourvisitProvidefeedbacklo
7 Leavean areacleanerlhanwhenyou
yourtravelagentand
tout operatots,
government
foundit
agencies(whomanagethe
areasvisited).
ifOut olthis world
:l
Guessing meaning from context
4 Look at theseverbs ftom the lext. Match them with the dictionary
definitions.Use the contextof the text to help you.
respect appreciate
introduce exploit
encourage
di€+tlFb familiarize
aidurb
0 to fri8hten animalsor birds so lhey run dway.
by not doing
importance
of
something
1 show that you understand the
anything against it
2 learn or expe ence something so that you know aboul it.
3 to recognize the good or special qualities of a pe$on, place or th1ng.
4 to usenatural resourcessuchas trees,water or oil so you Eainas much as
possible.
5 to provide conditions that helP something to haPPen.
6 bring sornething such as a plant or animal into a country or environment
for the first time.
Summary completion
ComPleteit with words
5 Lookat this summaryoI Guidelines
t'orEcotorlisfs.
the
box.
ftom
Strategy
Makesureyour
answeris
grammatically
correct
andagreeswithwhat
is saidin the text.
Euests an ecotouroperator respect endangered
a holidaypackage educate Iocal positive negative soap
customers rubbish d a n g e r o u s
mustchoose1 ................. . carctully.
Accordingto theEAAecotourists
Theymust makesute that theyto ow the code of practice,use
........economic
guidesandsetvices,
........
andhavea 3 ...........
2 ............
impacton the community.
Beadthe words before
and afterthe 9ap
carefully
andthen
readthewhole
sentencetocheckthat Cettainguidelinesshouldbe tollowed.For example:
it makessense.
...andshould
Toutists
shouldnot fotgettheyarc 4 .................
Iocalhabitsandlaws.Whenwalkingtheyshouldnotleave
5 .....................
thetnckandavoidpollutingwaterwith6.....................Theyshould
buyproductsmadetrcmplantsot animalswhichare 7. ...................
1 Work in pairs.
3-6.
Student A: Look at Guidelines
for Ecotourists
Student B: Look at G idelines
for Ecotourists7-L0.
Talk for atleast one minute aboutyourfour guidelines.ParaPhraseand add
examples to expand on the basic inJormation. Use the expressionsfrom the
useful language box
Useful language: giving advice
good idea/necessary
to ...
It is importanvessential/a
etc....
Try(+intinitive)
to avoid/use/buy/spend,
ought
should/shouldn't,
Whentravelling/on
holiday,ecotourists/people
to/oughtnotto,musvmustnot,..
Out of this world
2 Work in pairs. Takeit in furns to ask and answerthesePart 3 questions
What arethe benefitsof visiting different countries?
Wlat arethe negativeeffectsof tou sm?
Wlat do y needto do beforeyou 8o abroadonholiday?
yy'hattype problemscanPeoPlehaveonholiday?
How should countries encoutage toutists to come to their country?
How do you think tourism in your country will changein the future?
Prediction
1 \ou wanl to Lravelbytrainto Edinburghand you Pione the Lrain.enquir
line.Think abouLthety?eof informdtionyou wdnt and write down the
following inJormation.
doesa ticketto Londoncost?
1 Threequestionsyou might ask,eg FIot.,1l11tch
person
milt.l
askyo.u,egwhat tine do
enquiry
the
train
2 Threeduestions
yolt hopeLotfaoel?
Table completion
2 Look at questions 1-{ Vy'hichanswers are times?Which is a date?
OS L$ten to a telephoneconversationbetweena student and a hain
3
eriquiry assistant.Fill in the information in the sPacesin the boxes
Strategy
Thesewill helpyou
Lookat the partsof thetablethatarealreadycomplete.
predictthe type oI answerthat is needed.
Date of travel
I
Single or Retum
2
Standardor FirstClass
T'P
ifthenumbering
Check
goesacross
ordown
thetable.
Ourwardjoumey Depart Birmingham 08.05 5
Retum joumey
14.35
Arrive Edinburgh
4
Changeof hain?
Direct Changeat Stockport
DepartEdinburgh
76.45 18.05
Arrive Bimingham
20.2'l
Change of train?
Direct 6
out of this world
T'P
to
Saythe
tabledetails
yourself,
egAdvance
purchase.
ItwillhelpVouto listen
inthetext
forthem
09 Listen to the secondPart of the recordingand answer
4
questions 7-10.
T)?e of ticket
ApexSuper Apex Peak 9
Saver
Saver
OffPeak
Saver
Advancepurchase14 days
8
None
None
Travelon Friday Yes
Yes
tes
10
Price
f,47.30
f54
€38
Labellinga diagram
Strategy
moduleThere
ofdiagramin the Listening
Therearemanvdifferenttypes
picture
process
obiect.
plan.
a
ofan
or
a
a
may bea inap,
Lookatthe diagrambeforeyou listenandthinkaboutwhatit shows.Look
for kevleaturesand their positions,eg if it is a plan,whereis the speaker
standing?lf it is a process,wheredoesit startan4Jinish?
1O The student is at the train station information desk Listen to the
5
final part of the recording and answer questions 11-14.
The train station
The student
is here
Outofthisworld
1
with plentyoi vdried
.Austra i5a verypopuldrtourisldestindtion.
sightsand ing\ Lodo.Answerlheseque\Lions.
Wllat reasonscan
you think of for
visiting
Australia?
Have you ever
been to Australia?
If not would you
like to go?
I{hyll{hy
not?
What was your
experience like or
what do you
imagine it would
be like?
2 Readthis Taskl question.
The table below shows how many tourists from live counties visited
Austftlia in ditfercnfyearsfrcm 1991,1999.W te a rcpottlot a univercttv
lecturcr desc bing the infomaion below.
Counlry oI Residence
United States
.
Canada
tUnited fingdorn
Germany
Other Europe
1991 I
1999
772
509
140
389
200
Note:The fitures are in thousands(000s)
TIP
Whendescribing
data
youonlV
need
towrite
aboutthe
most
important
information,
notallthefigures
shown
inthe
dragram.
Task 1: Selecting significant informa on
3 Which of thesestatementswould be the nrost snilablegenenldescriptialt
for the data above?
1 Therewas a decreaseinthe number ofv$itors toAushalia in the 1990s.
2 Therewas an incteasein the number of visitorc to Aushalia in the 1990s.
4 Which threestatementsfrom the list below would it be most suitableto
include as specificinJormation,and why?
'l
Therewere 102,000visitors from Germany in 1993.
2 Over the whole period the UK had the most visitors toAustralia.
3 The number of visitors from Canadadecreasedbefween1991and 1993
4 In this period the biggestincreasein touristswasfrom other countriesin
EuroPe.
5
6
Out ofthis world
5 Lookat thismodelanswerto thequestion.Quicklyreadthe textand
underline onestatementabouteachof the countries
af olthercounttieo
froma number
of visiiorota Ausl:ralia
the rigeinthe number
Thetabteohotao
ltheUnitedKinldam,
at the aau onthe lJniteathtu^' Canada'
worldwide
overthe 1ggo5.Laokinq
fromall
of vigitoroto Ausltralia
wecan9eethat the number
Germany
andothercountrieoinEurape,
overlhe decade
theeecauntri1e(1)increaeeieignificantly
(3) norc than doubled
(2)Thebig4eatinarease
waein visitorofromolthercauntriesin EuroPe,
whiah
itedKinqaom'(5)
lar4eetnumberof vieilorsin lotal camefrom
overthe pedod,(4)The
overthe
roeetrom 250to5Og thouean^,Vieitarefromthe Unitea51:ate.aleo(6)inarcaoed
roeeoverthe
the
fi4ure(6)
althou4h
fewervieitoreframCanaaa,
wereaoneiderably
decade.(7)fhere
occurrin|inthe eecondhalfof t:he
sane periodlron 51,oooto75,0Oo,withmosl:af the increas1
(g) fherewerealmootae matryvieitorefrcm the lJnituaKingdomae fromallofthe otherEuraPean
by1999(1O)therewerenearlyas manytouri6t' frcm the
However
includin4
Germany.
co,untriee,
aountrie1ao fiom the UnEed9tate?
other European
aea touriatdeetination
inpopularity
is increaeinq
Thetablein^icateolhaltAueltralia
Strategy
T a s k 1 r C o m p a r i n g d a t a a n d d e s c r i b i n gt r e n d s
Look to see if the data
changesover t|me or
is only about one
fixed time.lf it
changesover time,
you will needto
describe the general
pattetns or trends Yotl
can see,
In TaskI oi theWrihngmoduleyou will usually be dsl'edto de'cribea
graph,iableor chart.ihis will usually medn(omParingand contrasting
aifferentoartsof the informationor data.
6 Look at the text again and grouP the Phrasesin bold into one of these
Onee\amplefor edchtyPeis 8i\ en
cateSories.
b Comparing data
(1\. . .inqeaeedei4nificantly
averth6 decade.
(2)Thebilqeetincreasewae
in.
Usef ul language: describing trends
rose
increased
Thefigure
Thenumber{of...) decreased
fell
slightly
gradually
steadily
snarpry
["'a
significantly
dramatically
doubled
rripled
Out of this world
7 For eachof the examplesbelow,write sentencedescribingthe trcnd
shown in the data in that section. Use the seful language box"to help you.
0us
f 1991 1
lUK
at-995 |
't999
't999
Thenumber
Canada
3
Germany
I
335 l 50ql
Useful language: comparing data
Simplecomparatives
Aushalia
Cermany
German
the UK.
German
the UK.
Comparativestructuresto comparefigures
There were
Strategy:
Writing Task 1
answers
Readthestatements
significantli lfewet(C)
considerably more
far
less (U)
slightly
(noun)
*r".1
nearly
below llckthe 5
Therewere almost/more
sentences
thatgivegood
ilh_
advice,
1 Describe
the dataand
Simple supedatives
giveexamples.
_
Canada -i6
2 Writesentencesabout
bbge"
lcountry.
allthedatausingsimilar
lggryry L
cgtlgrPgllry"
senlencepatterns,
3 Writean introductory
Superlative stnrcturesto describefigurcs
sentence
sayingwhatthe
datais describing.
lncrease
4 Checkyourspellingand
lar
numberof ...
was from ..
grammar
5 Givepersonal
opinions.
mostsignificant
6 Stanwith anygeneral
statements
and moveto
specificinformation.
8 Write sentencescomparing the data in each section.
7 Useexactlythesame
wordsgivenin the
0 7993
quesI|on.
ic
ln 1993therewerenorethantwicea9 many
I M a k ea l l y o u r
48
vioitarg
from Oermanya9 frcm Cana4a.
general.
statements
I Trytoexplainthe data
1 1999
3 1999
or grvereasons.
10 Organize
and present
the datalogically.
Out otthis world
Reflecting on what you have learnt
TIP
Attheendofeachunit,
gobackoveryourwork.
Checkthatyou
everything
understand
grammar
,
revisethe
and
anovocaDurary. /
,/
1 Write down threenew things that you haveleamt from this unit a Piece
of vocabulary,a skills or taskstrategy,a grammarPoint, etc Put them in
order of imDortancefor you,
I
2
3
2 Work in pairs. Tell your Partner why these things will be useful to you
3 Look through the ujlit again and answer these more sPecific questions
1 Vocabulary: V\hat does asceniled/lredr.?
2 Language: (Articles) 'lt was #ant IeaP for -
tourist industry
. . .', the ot a?Ca yolt explain why?
3 Listening: Write aown tshategy to helP with aTableCompletiontask.
4 Speaking: Irnagine yo v want to gioeadoicclo a friend who wants to
improve his/trer English. Thint of two suitable smtences using Phrases
inapduced in this unit
Reading:Write down a straLegyto helPyot, n a SummaryCofiplelionlask'
Wtj tinq: T]1ir* of one other w ay to saylcll sharply arrd incrcascdsteadil y '
',
Dqqw diagrams to show ihese movements.
4 Is t}rcre anything in the unit that you did not understand well? V\hat
could you do aboutit?
5 Is there anything that you want to go back and rcview to rcfresh your
memory? When will you do this?
Find these words in the unit. Then check their meaning in your dictionary
and record them.
sustainp.31
uniquep.32
i$plication p.34
Out of this world
conserve P.34
benefitp.34
basicp.35
occurP.39
contlastp.39
hend p.39
All in the mind
A Readthe instructionmanual.
B Watchsomeoneelseusingit.
C Have a go at using it wit[ someguidance.
-2.1-omparey-ouranswerwith othersin your class Do ) ou prefer to leam in
orfferentwaysa
If you chose:
A Youmay learnbest through words.
B You may leam bestthrouAh visuals
C You may leam best by doing.
Is this true for you?
Summary completion
Strategy --Summarycompletion
is similarto sentence
completion;
exceptthatthe gaps
arewithina paragraph
summarizing
the listening.
- usuallyyou needto useno morethanthree
Fleadthe questioncarefully
words,butyou mightbe askedto usea differentnumber
Readthe paragraph
beloreyou listenandthinkaboutthekild of information
that is missing.
Makesureyouranswersfit grammatically
andarespeltcorrectly.
ll ListenLothefirst partof theiall. Completethesummarvusine
O MORE THAN THREf WORDSfor eachanswer
Linguistic intelligence
TIP
Readthe
summary
carefully.
Whatkindof
information
is missing?
LJnderline
keywordsto
listenfor.
Peoplewith linguistic intelligenceare good atcommunicatingwith others
a n dt h e yf i n di t e a s yt o 1 - . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . T h e yl i k ew r i t i n ga n d L e n dt o
think inwords, not pictures.
They have the ability to explaiD teachand 2
to agreewith their viewpoint.
.......other people
Jobsthatthesepeoplemightdo include joumalists,teachers,
3..-.. .. .. .. .... .. ......poliLicians
and writers.
All in the mind
2
,2 Listen to the secondpart of the talk and comPletethis summary
Logical Mathematical intelligence
Thesepeoplefind it easyto seePatternsand 4..
bits of information.
......-..
beLween
Thesepeopleare likely tobecomeinvolved in science,comPuter
programmming,5 . ...
, accountingor mathematics
Inl€rperEonalintelligence
Thesepeopleunderstandhow peoplefeel and think and have Sood
6 . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .s. k i l l s .
They make good counsellors,salespeoPle,
Politiciansand managers.
Intrapersonalintelligence
or PhilosoPhers,thesePeoPlearegood at
Often good researchers
7 .. - . ---. ---- . -.........lhei! own abilitiesand emotions
Visual-Spatial intelligence
Peoplewho like drawing and desr8ningand have a good
8 . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . .- T h e yc a nu s ec h a r t sa n dm a P sL o o
Bodily Kinaestheticintelligence
Beinggood at dancingor athleticsmay indicatethts is a strength Gardner
arguesthat skilful control over yourbody's movementis an intelligence,
though othersmay disagree.
Musi.al intelligence
Thesepeopledon't always9....... ...-...... . . ., butthey areoftengood
musiciansor songwritets.
Multiple choice with more than one option
T'P
Readthe question
carefullytoseehow
manyanswelsare
about
i 3 In the lasl section,the lecturetmakessomesuSSestions
3
more
effechvely
can
sfudv
in eachintelligen(e
how peoplewilh sLrengths
for eachintelligence
he suggests
CircletheTWO actrvities
10 and ll Linguistic intelligence
Writing
B Group discussions
Reading
D Grving lectures
E Memorrzingfacts
12 and 13Visual-Spatialintelligence
A
B
c
D
E
Allinthemind
Using mind maps
Lookmg atpaintings
Problemsolving
Watchingvideos
Reading
14 and 15Musical intelligence
A
B
C
D
E
Tapping out rhythms
Listeningto backgroundmusic
Playing instruments
Leaming through songly cs
Writingmusic
-rngform and infinitive
1 Look at these statements.Which intelligence do you think they represent?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
I enjoy (make)thingswith my hands. I enjoymakin1,..
I love (visit) art galleries.
I dislike (work) alone.
I appreciate (spend) time alone
BeforeI useit, I need (understand)how somethingworks.
I like (leam) the words of songs.
I would like (speak)severalforeign languages.
2 Now complete the sentenceswith tl€ correct form of the verb in brackets.
3 Someverbs are followed by an infinitive, some by an -ing form and some
arefollowedbvboth. Put theexamDlesinto the table
Followed by -irg
Followed by infinitive
Followed byboth -izg
and infinifive
ery0y
4
h which column would these sentencesgo? wly?
1 Ileamby (do)
2 I am activelyinterestedin (make)the world a betterplace.
3 I'm keenon (write).
avoid consider try
agree begin decide
fail imagine mind
nope promrse
reluse practise
stop want wash
remember forget
Involve
5 Now put the verbs in the box into the same table. Use your dictionary
ifnecessary
6 Sometimesitis possibleto useboth -in8 and inJinitive.
Exa'J..plei Leabeqanta du4y/beqan etudyinq.
However, there is usually a difference in meaning. Look at these examples
and answer the questions.
a I like war,chinqmueic videoo.
b I liketo learn more abaut myoelf
1 Wllich sentenceis about enjoying something?
2 l ahichsentencesuggeststhat something is a worthwhile thing to do?
Note:This clistinciionis true in Bitish English,but not in AmericanEntlish where
both could beusedto srlggestenjo],ment
c I tried to openthe window
d, TN oo1ninhthe win^ow.
3 Whiih setit".r.u
effort or difficulty?
"rrggests
4 Which sentenceis
a sug8estion?
e I toppe4tuuktohim.
f I toppe4tukinqta him.
5
6
I which sentencedid I stop doing something else in o/dsl to talk?
In which sentenceam I now avoiding him?
g
I remenbertellin4hin.
h I remenbere4
tu tullhin.
7 Which sentenceis about a memory?
8 Which sentenceis about remembering someth'rl9 beforeyou do rt?
Allin the mind
7 Compleieihis Lext\rith thecorreciform ofthe verb
Beingastuclentinvolvesl(take)..."responsibilityfor2(organize)
abour
3 (learn)
,,your own time Thereforeyou need
anc!
janning yo,.rrtime anclworkloacleffectivelyYoucan learnto do this through Practice
aboutwhai worksor doesn'twork for you'
through stoPping4 (ihink) .. ... ....
goalsancttargets'andgiveyourselfsmallrewards'
Try5 (set) .............. .. ....yourself
regularbreakslfyou fail
Don'ttry6(clo).......... -. ... .. too muchatonce-have
clon'tfeelbad
you expeciecl'
... .. . a pieceofworkasquicklyas
7(finish)........
you finclthat you avoid even
just be more realisticin your Planningnext time lf
excusesand start
(make)
"
8 (start)...... . .... .. .. ..... work' stop 9
toclay!Youwill feel much berteronceyou clo
Connected speech
lvhen native speakets speak English, they naturally join words together
TIP
Two things they do are:
aware
of
Being
pronunciation
willhelp
yourlistening
skills.
1 Miss sotnds out, eg dinneronddancing/ dlna€n do:nsll/
\ y'hichsoundsare missedout in theseexamPles?
fiextweek
bfit1d fiew
/ t/ and / d/ are :usuallymissed out when they are followed by a consonant
sound.
4 Look at Recording14on Page169and seeif you can find other
examples.Then l$ten and checkyour answers
2 Changesounds,eI ifi Bristol/rmb stel/
Which sounds are changed in these examPles?
Tin man
Tm pin bowling
/n/ will often changeto /m/ if it comesbeforethe sounds /m/ /p/ or /b/'
14 Now look at Recording14on Page169and seeif you can find other
examples. Then listen and check youl answeis.
All in the mind
1 In gro ps,discusswhichanimalsyou think arethemost/theleast
intelligen Givereasons
for your views.
Tablecompletion
Strategy
Lookatthetableandanyexamples
g;venandcheck:
whatis neededin eachcolumn,
it you shouldtakewordsfromthe passage
or trom a box,
how manywordsyou areallowedto use
2 Readone of fhe threeshort passages
dnd completeLhetable.
ChooseNO MORE THA\ FOUR W-ORDSfrom the pa\sagefor each
answer,
Text1:Crows
Text2: Dolphini
Text3:Orang-urans
.
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
2......
3 Discoverif
lsor.
A male ond femolecrowwere
giveno choic€betweeno
stroightgordenwire ond o hook
in orderto lifto smollbucketof
food ftom the bottom of o
ploshctube.Afterthe mole bud
took the hook,Bettythe femole
crowbentth€ tip ofthe stroight
wire to moke o replocement
Thiswoson amozing
ochievementos Bettyhod been
kept in a laborotory for two
yeorsby the ecologyreseorch
groupond hod neverseen
gordenwirc before,
experimentwoscorried
This
out
by the Zoology
I
I Deportmentot Oxford
Universityondsetout to testthe In the nextstogethe birdswere
setthesom€chollenge fo
obili9 of Betty,o New
retrievethe bucket of food, but
Coledonionclow,to moke
this
time the reseorchers
only
simpletools.
rS Tesrabiliryto
providedstrolghtwiresIn nine
out often triols,Bettybentthe
wire ond pulled up the bucket.
Tobendthe wire shesometimes
stuckoneend into o stickypiece
oftope wroppedoroundthe
bottomof the tubeor held it in
her feet,then pulledthe tip with
herbeok
Thisspecies
of crowis very
skiltul ot moking toolsond
oftenusessticksond leovesin
the wild. However,the foctthot
this bird hod the obility to moke
the ght implementfor the,ob
from unfomiiior moteiols, os
this study proved, shows
unheordof onimol intelligence,
soythe reseorche$.
All in the mind
hese stuctiesrvele undertaken
by Earthtrusr, an
inrcrnauonal rcscarch rnd
educadonal organisat'on, D
Halvan as part ofProject Delphis
The main objectile $'as to
condu ct screntrfic research in
order to lind evidencc that
dolphins are extremety sell
aware. In addition, Earthtn'st
aims ro raise global a$areness
abour dolphins and to imProve
conservation eFor$ worldwide.
Atrhough it hasbeen well
recorded that dolPhins are largebraired social crcatures. ha\1ng
th(r capaci ty for selfawareness is
lt1 even morc re\€alingsign of
inklligence In the pastonlY man
aDd a fe$'apes werc thotrghl to.
possessthis faculry.
markinga subject,theD
obsening the animal'sreactiolr
to a mirrorimage - torching
himself indicatesself-a$'areness,
whereastouching the mirror
sho$'ssocialbehaviour
suggesringthe subjectrs
investigadnganother individ ual
Fivebortletreckdolphinsrvere
'marked by puttitrgzinc oxide
on theirsrdesand then their
behaviourwasvideotaped
through a one-waymilTor.
Control experiments$'ere also
conducredin orcterto:
'nrrked',/'unmarked'
B comparemrrror bchaviourto
- behavionrwitha real stranger
through a barred gaie
comparedolphrnswatching
carried
C
research
with
prelroN
;\
on T\r and in the
themseh,es
our rn rhis area on mar and apes,
scu-a!'arenessis meas red bY
In the projcct the dolphins
tooked in the mirror then Fvisted
and turned a lot revealtng that
drey seemeclto have seen rhe
zinc oxrde mark and rherefore
suBg€sting drat they are self:
a1\are,Ifthis is the case,then
such evidence pro\ndes a
signi{ican t insigh t into animal
irtelLgencc as previouslYonlY
man and aPeshad demonstratect
the capacrty for sett:alvaren€ss.
Ptoiect
language
Orang-utan
incre$e the numberofchoices
TestsNere then conductedon the
arllnnlsto fiDd oul if they could
makethe correctselectionand
what their accrracyratevas.lf
rheydid choosethe right synbol
Computerswith touch-sensitive lor an object,xbel.lrangand then
rervardsr"eregivennr the form of
rvereplacedin rhc cages
screens
otAzy and his little sisterIrdah
in Partictlhr
Femaleorang-ulaDs
show
The resultsofthe research
are known to have good manual
90%
rchieved
orang-LrtrDs
that
rvx undertakenas
skillsbut the mxlestend to use
This research
rccuncy and thereforchavethe
part ofthe OraDg run Language their lips rrore Objectswere
pased thmugh thc barsand rvhen abiliryro con'mrurrcateby
l,rcject at the Snnthsonirn
NationalZoologicalPrrk in New the creaturestonchedthe screen. quickly relatingabstnctsyDlbols
ro ob;ects.lnlact the animalshrve
a particularsyurbolbasedon
York which hrs beenorgorng
norv progresed to using syrnbols
siice 1995The anrptlrposewas Arabic numeralswould apPerr
to identiry actionsand rheyare
Once a Dunber otobjectsancl
to tcstthe abrliryoforrDg utrns
norv alsousingArabicnumeralsto
their corrcspondnrgsyn$olshad
to corlxlrunicrteand the study
,denriryquantities.
beenintroduced,nore symbols
Nascarriedout by teshng
could
Nere pnt p on the screento
rvhctherthesecrearures
rememberabstractsymbolsand
then usethissystemto xccurately
labelobjectsUnusually.Ihe
public could actur y watch lhese
takeplaceat the zoo
observations
Allin the mind
Note comoletion
5 Complelelhesenotesaboutthepassage
you har e read.
ChooseNO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passagefor each
Tert 1
Crcwachasehaakar 5t'raiqhtw re ln ar^er t a
,,,,,,, aantainerAfler malecrawt'oakhoo\'tne
1 , ,,,., ,,,,,,,,,.,,,
wtrertamakeanother
femaebna (6efiy)2
one Reoearchers\ave betl'y rnareaLraTht wlreanAin ien I'eot'5
.
" llme'
ohemara\el la fiake ahaakS
Researchfin^inqs
Crowsabletrar.ake2n a??rc?rialelaolfrofi+
" "
'
that lhq! ha[ nal seenor rse+ moch,?ravAhq neweviaerced
aninal nlelli4ence
Iert2
Melha^ use^lo conduct
Z)ncaxiaewae wtr on side.
of botrleneckaalphinea
behavlaurwa. flltl1edthror\h
2 .............. .. ........... the
aol?hn. moveaabartra al
6u44e51,h4
lhey ha^ nat cea the
Methoa useala conducl t eot6
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .
Researchfi!1ainq.
Oolphin',like
+ , - ,, , ,, , - , ,,,, , , , , , , , , ,f ,i a
, y
ReoearchfrndtnAg
Task2: Organizationand coherencerparagraphing
1 Readthis question.
Present
a writtenargument
orcaseto an educated
readerwithnospecialist
knowledge
of thefollowing
topic.
Academic
achievement
at schooloruniversity
is theonlytruemeasurc
of a percon'sinlelligence
Towhaterted doyouagreewiththisstatement?
Time:40minutes
Writeat least250words
Think of your essayas a sandwich - the inhoduction and conclusion
paraglaphsarethe breadwhile the main body (usually2 4 paragraphs)
is the filling. The first and last paragraphs are essential in holding the
sandwichtoSether!
All in the mind
lntroductions
Paragraph1
The first paragraphis the intloduction to thetopic.
Strategy
A goodintroduction
will includeclear,
relevant
information
aboutthetopicbut
shouldnot repeatthe
questionword-forword,lt canalso
includethe viewof the
writerwhichwill be
laterin the
developed
2 Lookbackat theouestion.thenrcadthe threeintroduchons
belowanddecide
which is best.Why isit more suilablethanthe other two?
Introduction 1
meanspassingexamssuchasA levels
Academic
achievement
at schoolor university
orgettinga Degreeor Masters.There
is nodoubtthatyouneedto beclevertodothis.
Introduction 2
at schoolor university
istheonly
Manypeoplebelievethal
academic
achievement
huemeasure
of a person's
intelligence.
However,
therearetwosidesto this
statement
andotherpeoplewoulddisagree
withthisview
Introduction3
success.
Thereis nodoubtthatpeopleareoftenjudgedintermsof theireducational
Peopleneedto passexamsto goto university
andstudyfora degreeandthemajority
However,
thisis surelynot
ofjobsandcareersrequirethesetypesof qualrfications.
theonlywayto measureintelligence.
The main body
There.are3 paragraphsin the main body of this essay.
Palaglaph 2 :
3 Identifv the toDic sentenceand the main idea from the sentencesbelow
Then put them in ihe correct order (1 4) to form a coherent paragraph.
trueof peoplewithpractical
skillssuchascarpenters
or
Thisis oftenparticularly
ptumoerc.
Thereare alsofurtherexamplesof peoplewho havenot achievedacademicsuccess
in education............
Althoughlhey may not havepassedmanyexamsat school,they havesuccessfrrlly
learnta tradeor skillwhichdefinitelyrequiresintelligence......
Thereare manypeoplewho leaveschoolatthe age of 16 yet go on to have
successf
ul careers,.......,,,,
Now answerthesequestions:
1 What specificexamplesaregiven to support the main idea?
2 Which different ty?e of intelligence is mentioned to support the main idea?
3 How does the writer provide a link with paragraph 3?
Paragraph3
4 Now do the same task with this paragraph which is the next section in the
mam Dooy:
Suchskillscannolnecessarilybe learnton a courseorfrom a bookyetcouldbe
...........
considered
to be more'natural'forms
of Intelligence.
'
It cannotbe deniedthat creativeor artisticabilityis anotherformof intelligence.
Musicianshavethe skillsto performcomplexpiecesof musicwhileartistscan create
piecesof workthrough
parnting
orsculpture............
beautiful
1 \ lhat t)?e of intelligence' is the main topic of this paragraph?
2 \ lhat specific examples of skills are mentioned to support the main idea?
3 How is 'academic' intelligence different ftom this t ?e of skill?
Allin the mind
Palaglaph 4
T'P
Goodwritersshow
linksbetween
paragraphs
inanessay
andwlfii, a paragraph.
Thi$isshownby
rcletenco
or
loxicallinks.
5 Read the last paragraph in the main body and ihen answer the questions
Alinalexampleof anotheraspectof intelligenceis knowledge,whichpeople
may not havedonewellat
oftenacquirethroughself-studyor experience.They
'educated'bylearningabouta subject
schooloruniversitybut havebecome
or by dealingwitha varietyof reaFlifesituationsand problems.
independently
successfulpeoplewho oftenlack
Indeed,therearemanyhighly'qualified,
'commonsense'andwho wouldbe lessableto copewithsuchditticulties.
SentenceI: Which phraseintroducesa fu rther R?e of intelligen(e(and thus
provid;s a link with the p(eviousParagraPhs)?
Sentence2: i4lhich word refers back?o the peoirieiriseitence 1?
Sentence2: lvhich words refer back to sef-sfudy in sentence1?
Sentence2: Which wordsrelerbacklo experieflcein sentence1?
Sentence3: l trhichwords refer back to problerrsin sentence2?
Conclusions
6 Write a conclusion by reading the Introduction and Main Body and then
:summarizing the line of argurnent used in this essay.
7 Read this question.
Presenta writtenargumentor casetoan educatedreaderwithno specialist
knowledgeol the followingtopic.
Parcnts and family backgroundhave more inlluence than teachercon a
young percon'slearning and academic achievement
To what ertent do you agrce with this 'tatement?
The main bodv of an answer to this question i,sProvided First read it
quickly. Then;rderline the main iddas and supporting information in each
faragraph.
Paragraph2
Many peoplebefievel:hai weinherit intelfi^encefrom aur Paren
Lhe.a^e That chidrcrto+aifLedparen,s4a on Loropeat I hetr
thia ii not aiwavathi caae.tn hct' iL i5 fa
aL echoot.Howeve.,
it ie often
I ,ucceaa
likelyLnat
Pangraph 3
an4
Eartychibhoodie a keystaqe in a chib'e develoPment
fut
inl;hbchild'a
timi canhavefar-reaihin71oneequencea
All in the mind
Useful language
Paragraph4
Introductions
Lat6r in life,ao the chill eltarto echooLteach1rebeqinttohavea 1reater
influence.
Aften,oneor moreleacherscan haveconsiAerable
influenceavera
ular sub|ectar helpinlt:hemto choooea
It istrueto saythat ...
Thereis no doubt
that ...
In recentyears...
people
N4any
consrder...
Conclusions
Conclusion
In conclusion,
...
Toconclude.
,,,
Tosum up,...
Overall,
it is clear
that...
8 Work in pairs or small groups Add an appropdateinhoduction and
Listening and writing simultaneously
li., Listen to part of a tutorial discussionbetweena student and
1
tutor (Dr Williams). As you listen, complete the notes.
'Natu
Topic:
ersus Nurturri'
l s a c h i l d1
Or do parents,teachers,Iriends
2
Lengthof assignment
3
Previousstudies/research
Comparisonbetween:
Geneticfactors
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .f.a. .c. t. o
. .r.s.
Pointsto remembel:
Focuson studieswith similarpatternandcomparewith thosethat don't
f o l l o ws a m et r e n d st h e na n a l y sw
e h y t h e5 . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal
opinions- backup statements
with clear 6
- Citesourceof informaflon
Usingreferences
Includebibliography
at endof assignment
Putin alphabetical
order7
Furtherquestions
/pointsto discussin I
Allin the mind
Lexicallinks
TTP
Writersusedifferent
words
withsimilar
or
related
meaningsto
linkdifferent
partsof
thetexttogether.
Under$tanding
these
linkscanhelpyou.
1 Lookbackat thetextson pages46and47.
Replaceeachword below with anotherword in the textwhich hasa similar
meanlng,
Text 1
tool (n)
Text2
animal (n)
Text 3
undertake(do research)(v)
2 Look at this text.The first sentenceof eachparagraphis missing.Match
the paragraphs and the sentencesin the boxes
Then underlinewhat le\ical links helDedvou to do this task.
They can,and do, comnunicatewith humans.Thercis a linguistchimp
.................................
called Nim Chimpsky with a vocabulary of125 signs, all used correctly.Chimps can solve
problems,use tools and when they lose their teeth, even imprcvise a makeshift food
blender. Two observershave now claimed to seechimps in the wild leaving eachother
"notes". Separategroirps ofchimpanzees have different ways of doing things, and pass
theseways on through the generations:that is, chimpanzeeshave culture, iust as humans
have culture. In a word, they mightbe hunan. Monis Goodman,a geneticistat Wayne
StateUniversity sclioolofmedicine in Detroit, arguesthat chimpaazeesshould be
includedwil h humansin the sameevolulionarygrouping.
....... ................
.......The evidenceis in the DNA. Instead of compadng digits, or spinal
structure, or the teeth, taxonomists- scientistswho deal in evolutionary relationships have nowbegun to consider the basic information oflife, reproduction and development.
Goodmanand his coileaguesreport iniheir article that they compared g7 genesin six
different species:humans, chimpanzees,gorillas, orang-utans,old world monkeys and
mice. DNA is common to all life: the closer the DNA match, the closer the evolutionary
Iink. Humans and chimps came out with a similadty of gg.4%. On the strengthof this,
Goodmansays:think again,humans.
But at anotherlevel,he is raisingan argumentabouthuman links with
.................................
the rest ofcrcation. Are humans a breed apart, with dominion over fish, flesh and fowl? Or
are humans just gifted apes,Iucky enoughto have an edgeover their nearestrelatives?AId
if the latter, then what rcsponsibilities do humans owe to their fellow creatrues?
lf apeswerereclassified
ashumal, would they then be entitledto human
. ...............................
dghts? And ifapes were classified as human, would Homo sapiensbe guilty ofgenocide?
At onelevel,he is revivingan argumentabout
*ft.t is it tliat maies arimals alike' and
"i"."iii"ttio",
different,andhow do you logicallygroupthem
Chimps have language.
So a small changein classification tmnslates
into a big one in moral attitudes,
A l l i n t h em i n d
Using a dictionary
What do you use your dictionary for? Looking up the meaning of words? A
good dictionary has so much morc useful information than just the meaning
and is essential for leaming a language
In order to use a dictionary effectively, you need to understand the
abbreviationsthat arc usedin it.
tcI
adj
1 Match theseabbreviations to their mearuns.
uncountable noun - that cannot be used with a/an and have no plural form
IT]
somebody
countable noun
sb
adverb
tul
something
adv
adjective
abbreviation
transitive verb .used with a direct object, eg I atetny lunch.
intransitive verb - has no direct object, eg He slepl until noon.
[]
sth
abbrev
that are used with a/an or a number and have a plural
Now look in your dictionary to Finddn exampleo?3achone.
What othei abbreviations does your dictionary have?
A good dictionary has a lot of information about each word. Find out how
much your dictionary can tell you.
2 Look up:
1 intelligent - How many different words are listed with a sidlar
mearunqa
2 should - What grammatical rules are therc abo17tlrsi^g shoulil?
3 instruction - Which words are often found together (collocate) \ rith
instruction?
4 poli.y Is this word corunonly used?
5 high,/tall - \.4'/hichword do we use for a shelf which is a long way off the
sround?
6 equipmenl-Isitcountable?
7 foduitous - Is this a fomal or inJormal word?
8 sometimes-l rhatDart of sDeechis this word?
9 subway \Arhatis the differince in meaning of this word in England and
America?
10 eye Why would yonlook somebodyin theeye?
Find thesewords in the unit. Then check their meaning in your dictionary
and record them.
abstractp.4T
ry.rnbolp.47
insightp.47
Allin the mind
essentialp.48
correspondp.48
influential p.50
input p.50
lackp.51
capacilyp.52
have 6
numberready
word process
unlesshandwriting
specified
don'tleaveany
blanks
relatethisto job
description
8..................-..........................i........
Future plans and arrangements
There are severaldifferent ways of talking about the future in English.
Look at theseexamples.
l'll meet
l'm going to meet
l'm meeting I meet
1 Look at the underlined sentencesfrom the listening below. Find an
e\ample of:
1
2
3
4
5
a future plan/intenhon made at the time of speaking
a fufure plan/intention madepreviously
a future fact or prediction
the present continuous used to talk about a future arrangement
the oresent simDle used to talk about a scheduled or timetabled event in
the future
J: So whatare vou doingon Wednesdav?Shallwe go to thistalk?
Sr Maybe- what'she goingto talk about?
J: Umm, let me see - it says here ihat tbqlcqtucJilLgevedgokirg&Lrryarlk4d
writingaoolications,
Includingtipson howto impressyourpotential
aswell.
employers.
lt saysthatthere'llbetimeforquestions
S : Thatsoundsperfect,actually.WhaltlmclocqilstaIt?
J : Says7 o'clockhere.
OK,l'llmeet
vouhere,...
A careeror a iob?
2
16 Choosethebestoption to completetheseextractsfrom the listeningListen again to checkyour answers.Underline the besLaltematives.
S: Do you knowwhatyou wanllo do? OAre vougoingto be /Willyou be/ Arc you
belrg a singerin a bandall yourlife?
J: No,I'd liketo be, but my dad wouldkillme ...Witha degreein Business,
I'vegot quiteafew options,but lthink I'd liketo go intomarketing.
S: That'dbe interesting-'l you'rcgoingto make/you'llmake/youle makinggood
moneyIoo, 2 arcn't you/won't yon
J: lcould do, bul that'susuallyafleryou'veworkedyourwayup a bit.Whatabout
you -do you know what 3 you'rc going to do/you dd?
S: I reallywantto try and get a job overseas- my sisterand her two kidslive
in Australia,and l'd liketo go outthere...
Jr Realfy,that'dbe grealt.4I'mgoingto comeand visityou/l'll comeand visityoul
Jr Whydon'twe makeit a bit earlier- say halfsix,and we can go and havea
quickdrinkin the barfirst.
S: GreatlListen,I'vegotlogo,S l'm meeting/lmeet/l'llmeetTariqin len minutes.
6l'm seeing/l'llsee/l see you in the barat 6.30on Wednesday,
then.
Jr OK - see you then.
Scanning
and find theinformation.
Quickly readihesethreejobadverLs
Which job
1 only requires6 months'previous expe ence?
2 is temooraff?
I
'1
4
5
.pn',iFc
useslanguages other than English?
involves deliverins letters?
PAtoMarketing
Manager
(Fluent in French or Dutch)
Maternitycontractfor 6
months.Large,Birminghambasedcompanyrequirea PA
with at least2 years'
experiencein a busy
secreta al role,fluentin
Frenchor Dutchto business
level,written and spoken
Dutieswill includeUE,
generalcorrespondence,
producingreports/
presentations,
clientcontact
and hotel/travelbookings
You should be ealopulle!
literatein Powerpointor
anotherpresentation
packageand havea stable
gY, and gsad-qs[Eurieallsl
and orqanizational
skills
A careeror a job?
q,lFo'pal
AdninislrotionAiristont- CorCreditSoles
Our clientis lookingforon Administrotion
Assistontto
iointheir
young,dynomicleomin CorCredilsoles.Yourrolewill be inputting
newopplicotions
ondgenerolly
oss;sling
fie
ond processing
odminislrotors
Thisposlrequires
o leomoloyer,whois llexible,well
u,irho oooJllnIJ hr.our-ondolleo"f
oroonizedond methodicol
6 ionrhr orevious
exoerien..in J-;rilo-o1". n -nf'!"nt
will includeorronoino
bleohonemonnerisessentiol.
Duties
visitors,
postdistribution
ond moinroining
ouerseos
trouel,.eceiuing
Youshouldbevery
stotionery
levelsoswelloswordprocessing.
fomiliorwithWordond Excel.
BusinessGraduates
Areyo! qraduating
in Business
thissummer?
Areyoulookjng
for
your
potentiat?
Lookno
anopportunity
to exptore
andreach full
company
tooking
for
furtherlWearea [arge,mutti-national
graduates
througha series
of chattengjng
to beflture leaders
ouatification,
eganMBA.
Guessingmeaninglrom context
2 Matchtheunderlinedwordsin thejobadvertswith thetudefinitions.
0
a similar subject
rebte4Aiecipline
1 ableto talk on the phoneeasily
2 you havenot movedjobs
frequentlv
3 woidprocessing
a high pass mark from
university
5 someonewho works well with
other people
4
5 able to speak French very well
7 ableto usea comPuter
8 ableto adaPtto changes
9 a seconddeglee(aftera
Bachelor's)
10 ableto sPeak,\ /rite and organize
well
11 logical and careful
72 cheerful and able to seethe
funny side of things
3 Now put the phrasesinto these cateSodes.
Qualifications
Qualihes
Other
Skills
Understandinginformation in tables
1 The table below shows women's attitudes towards work and family life
in the UK, between 1980and 1999 Work in Pails Which statements do you
agree with? Why?
7999
1980 7993
Yoagteeingwith the statement
18
48
19
A man'sjob is to eam the noney; a woman's
job is to look after the home arld family
14
29
Women can't combine a career and children
A job is all right but what most women really
want is a home aJld children.
If her children are wetl looked after it's good
for a \domafi to wotk.
If a woman takesseveralyearsoff to look after
her children she should exPecther career to
suffer.
40
15
75
72
42
35
2 Answer thesequestions.
1 Wlat do the statistics tell you about how attitudes have changed in
B tain?
2 How have things changed in your country over the last 50 years with
regard to women working?
3 H5w do people feelabouitheseissuesin your country?
A careeror a iob?
Yes. No. Not Given
T'P
Makesureyou
canfind
theevidence
inthetext
ifyouanswer
Yosorl{o.
lfyoucannotfind
the
evtdence
answer
I{otGiven.
3 Read the text on the changing prcfile of the labour force in Canada. Do
the statements below agreewith the inJormation &iven in the reading
passage?Write:
YES if the statement aereeswith the information
NO if the statement co;rtradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
1 In 1999morc than half of Canadian women were in paid employnent.
2 Most women now continue to work when their childrcn are young.
3 In the tuture, there is urlikely to be a shortage of leachercin the labour
lorce,
More workers are likely to be sharing a house with both their children
and their parents.
5 Employerswill needto employ a wider rangeofpeople.
6 Organizations employing people from just one ettmic group will die out.
infomotontechnoogy,ski ed irodesond heolth
As thelobourforcebecomesmorediverse
womenhoveolwoysworkedin thenhomesond
denogroph
collyrtolsobecoresrore dr/erser_
communilies
on on Lrnpoid
boslsond o proportionof
brms
ofemployees
needs,fomiy demondsond
womenhoveworkedfor poy o!tsideihe home,
polenrlo
coreglving
responsibilllles
ndivid!os wirh
womensroteofenlry in ihe poid lobourforcehos
youngchidrenrnoyspono wlde oge ronge,
increosed
morkedly
sincetheeory50s n 195I , less
especloy lftheyhovede oyedchidbeoring
thononeq. o-.-ofworer n Co.odo t2a%lw- e .
Employees
moyfoce motipe cofegrvingdemonos,
theJobourforce By 1999, thepropoaionhod more
wlth
both
children
ond ogelngfomiy mernbers
to
fion doJbledto 55i Themos notobeincreose
in
provlde
core
for.
An
lncreosins
number
ore
likey
to
wornensporlicipolionroleshosbeenomongwomen
corefor on immedlote
or extendedfomiy member
with childrenBetween1976 ond 1999, the
with
o
heo
th
problem
longtermdisobiliv,eiiheron
or
porticipoiionrolefor womenw th ch ldrenund-.rl6
y in iimesofocuie
o
regu
or
bosis,
or
unexpecled
gew ftatr|39%toTl% Womennow moinioino
wi ho"e forniymernbers
need
Mony
in dislonl
sirongobourforceoltochrnent,
incLrdingduringlheir
whoseneedswi be ofconcernto fiem
oca
es
chidbeorlngyeors,reflecllngo cornmltmenf
bothto
theirfomiyroesond to lhelrpoidwork
Proiecrlons
indicorethot50%ofthe workforceof
2015 is olreodyln thelobourmorketThe
Concornilonlb
lhisshiftin he genderd sklbution
of
combinorion
ol o shrlnklngobourpoo ond skils
lhelobourforcehosbeeno sh fi in ls oge struclure
shorloges
meons
ihorinorderro rneellhelrresource
Likethepopulofionin genero,thelobourforce s
needs,orgonizotions
wlll needto retoinond develop
ogeing As thebobyboorners,
now conceniroied
in
increosingly
on
dlverse
workforce,comprhing
iheirm d lo lolecoreeryeors,opproochrefirement
womenond rnen,new immigronis,
vrsibleminorly
oge, obourshorloges
ore forecostlno wide rongeof
groups,peope with dlsoblllties,
youngpeopleand
occupolions,
incudlngmedicineond heolth,
oder workersookingfor o postrehremenlcoreer.
teoching,ond publicserviceForecosls
indicolethat
Thisworkforcewii hoveo wide rongeofob igotions
therellremenlwove
wilconlinueuntial eosl2020
outsideolthe workploceond will notbe wel served
Beyond2015, theConodron
lobourforcels
po icies
proiec|edb grow oro roteof essthonholfo percent by'onesizefitsoll'humonresource
provideflexibiiV,'bo once',ond
Empoyers
who
peryeor,underone thlrdof itscunenlgrowhroie li is
opportunities
tor conlnuouseorningond
unrkelylhotollvoconciescon be fi ed by young
developmenlwi
hoveo slrolegicodvonlogein o
people,os thekoditionolobourforceentront
tight
lobour
morket,
ondwiI rnokean impo anl
populolon(youlh
oged l5-24) iiselfis
shrinking
conhibulion
to thewel'beingofemployees,fomilies
Loborrshortoges
hoveo reodybeennobd in certoln
geogrophc oco es ond in seecredfieds suchos
A careeror a iob?
M a t c h i n gh e a d i n g st o p a r a g r a p h s
4 Choosethe most suitableheadingsforparagraphsA-F.
Strategy
ldentifykeywordsin
the headings.
Look{orsimilaror
relatedwords in
the paragraphs.
1 Womeninte[upt their careersto carefor family
2 Both rnenand women in the labour forcehave child caredemands
3 Increasingproporhon ofemployeeswithboth child and eldercare
oemanos
4 The majority of women still work in 'traditional' fenale occupations
5 Most mothers in Lhelabour force work full time
6 Motherslesslikely to be employedthan women without children
7 Number of Canddidn\aomen \^orkins inLredses
8 G r e a l e 5i ni c r e a si e
nworkingwomenrsdmon8lhocewithchildren
A
rn2000, 60%ofconodionwomen
oged 15 ondoverwerein he
Conodionobour{orce,r pkorn42%n
1976 Beiween1976 ond 2000, ihe
number
ofwomenrnthe obourforce
periodthenumber
ofmenin the obour
forcegrew by on y 4O%,from6 2
rni ion to I / rnrion
roieIncrease
B Thelorgestporircipoton
nosoeenornongwornenwrn pre
schoolchidrenBeir^reen
I976 ond
1999, lheporlicporionroleotwomen
evenmofedrorno|comongwornen
wrh o todder or infont:therotefor
womenw tho youngestch
ld under3
morethondoubed,from28%,n 1976
t o6 l % n 1 9 9 9
coreer
C Work conunulrys mporronrro
moioriV
of womenexpenence
signfconrbreoks
in empoyrnenr
Neo'lyMo fiirdsoFwomen
162%lwho
hovee"er heldpoid lobshove
expefencedo work nErruplion
ofs x
monihsor rnore n coflrosl,ony on-.
quorter
o[ther molecounterpans
127%l
hovehodo wor[ Inferruploi
losfngs x
Tnonll-rs
or rnore Marr oge, molernlly
eoveondcoreofch ldrenoccount
for
62%ol womens worklnlerruplons
n sprteoftheremorkobe
growthin ther
porllcipolion
role,wornenwrfhchrdren
^,-.r .* 1.1,.
r^ h^ " rh.l^L^ .
fofcerhonrhose
w,thouln)999,76%
otwomenunderoge 55 withoul
children
underl6 orhomewere n fie
lobourlorce Ih s compcresto o
porhcrpoton
roteol 69%ornong
womenwlthch ldrenunderI6
Thevostmoloniy
women
ofemployed
wrlhch dren*ork ful tme {30 hounor
moteperweek) n 1999,7l%ol
womenwlfi or eosrone
employed
chld underoge I 6 ot homeworkedfuI
ume,os d d 68%ofempoyedwomen
wilhoneor morechtdrenunder3 yeors
ol oge
A nolionoy represenlolive
empoyee
surveyconduced ty theConlerence
BoordofConodoin 1999 ndrcobd
ho lheproporton
ofempoyees
who
bothcorelor elderly{omly memben
ondhovech ldrenothomes now l5%,
...^-.....1
hA
\"/-^ 4..^4.
A careeror a job?
^^^
Strategy
Lookatthediagrams
andcheck
carefully
you understand
what
Youmay be askedto
chooseIabelsfrom a
boxorlrom thetext.lf
youchooselrom a
text,checkhow many
wordsyou areallowed
L a b e l l i n ga d i a g r a m
A Percentageof women in the labour force with pre-school children and with
childrenaged 3-5.
.fulltime
B PercentageoI women with childrenwho work
C Number of men and women in the labour{orce.
D ProportionoI employeeswho both carefor elderlyrelativesand children'
of men and women who have not taken a breakin
E Percentages
employment.
FrE.2
FiB.1
FiB 3
100
s50
Suffixes
A suffix is a letter or a grcuP ofletters added to the end ofa word
Recognizingsuffixescin halPyou to Suessthe meaningof words you
don't know
Look at thesewords from the readin8textson pages59 and 60 These
suffixesare all typical NOUN enclings.
proJecrron
flexibility
attachment
1 Look back at the textsand find fuither examplesof words endinBm:
+ion (11)
-ity (5)
-ment (4)
'fanrily' as the words you have
What other wor s do vou know in the same
found?Are ther any ;uffixes which tell you what Part of sPeechthey are?
(-ized=adj)
eg otga ize(-i.ze=verb)dlsoryanized
Use a dictionary to help you
A careeror a iob?
Task 1: Comparing and contrasting data
1 Unemployment is a problem in many parts ot the world. Answer Lhese
questrons.
unemploymentin vour countrv?
1 What;re'thebe5t
ilacesto loo( for a newjob?
2 Look at this IELIS Writing Task 1 question and answer these questions.
1
Wllat period of time is shown?
2 !1y'hatare the key points you would mention?
3 How would you group the data?
The table below shows the unemploynent rctes in 2OOOlot men and women
in diftercntparts of the wo d.
Wite a rcpott for a univercitytecturerdescribing the informationbelow
Time:20minutes
Writeat least150words.
Tu""*proy*"r*
Country
Australia
Belize
Dapan
Morocco
lNetherlands
Both
bo
sexes
t"i"<Xl
Male
Female
o.c
12.7
8.9
r 4.9
220
3.3
3
o
Tt
20.3
4.5
2
3 Now read this sample answer aIld compare your ideas with the author,s.
bolhbel'ween
Ihe chartindicate.lhat, L)nemploymart'
i5
for
examp
e,
unemploymanL
lnlhe Ne'herlands,
nal,iano
andsexeb.
eIe lorworteri5
ftma*aby.owlor.y3.3'1").9&the
ab
inot'her
developed
counf'rie5,1wh
fualthatfar men,
be \eenthemale
io
al aifferenae
JaoanandArstralia,there
Net'hedani1,
metlzre
andin bol,hcaoea,
ani fumaleratreb,
V\klhe
However.
Ihe latal nta inlheae
sllqhtlymarelikalyta beunemployed,
i5 .llqhllyhiqhe(.
caunlries
aremuch
counf'riea
ln r(iarked
aontrao',t'hefiE)reein le65developed
Morccco
on
averaqe.
22'/,in
hi4her,12.7'L
in Oelize,
andanenormoua
menandwamen
ln
belv,teen
allhouqh
Ihe
differcnce
Neverl:,heleo^
ie larqe,in belizewamen
aremarethantu/iaeao likelynal la have
Morocco
it1
paidwark,
de6?it'e
lhe nuchlower
Therdore,
4eneraurcmPlaymenf'
Nhere
are
women
lherea5
theraarcas manyunem?layad
7el:ze,
153words
men
in
Marocca,
urem?layei
A careeror a iobT
Contrast linkers/markers
1 Look at the underlined words in the sarnple answer. What do they have
in common?
2 Although many of theseexpressions have similar meanin8s, they often
have different forms. Look at this information
But
Exanrple:
of the Netherlandsanl Aueltraliaare similatbltthe
Theeconomiae
nlte ia muchhi4her]n the latter.
unemployment
Betwee two clauses-it cannotbegin a
Wheredoesit gDin asentence?
senlence,
Wat doyou fioticeaboutitspltllctuation?IJs:ually,it is not usedwith commas.
what is it followedby? Asubject and a finite verb (. . the unemPloy'ment late
i s . . .)
Note:A finite verb is onewhich is markedaccordint to tense/numberor Person/
egsheplays,theyhaoeplayed,I pLay
3 Now write example sentencesand answer the questions above for these
contlast malkers,
Although
In spite ofldespite
However/On the other hard
Conversely/On the contrary
4 study this graph.
ntes in dittercntarcasoI the
Thegtaphbelowshowsthe unemployment
wo dlrcm 199|-2001.
Rate
Un€mployment
12
t0
I
5
W te a rcpoft fora universitylecturcrdescibingtheinfomationabove
Writeat least150words
minutes
Time:20
Note: The lrends shown for the four areascan be comPared and contrasted but in
this graph changesover time also need to be described
A careeror a iob?
5 Completethegapsin thesentences
below using a conkastmarker or
appropdateword or phraseselectedfrom the box you do not haveto useall
despite different higher rosesignificantly however although
similar rise fall increased bigger
1, ln moetofthe area6ohown
ontheline,raph,th6unemplaym1nt
rate
beqanto
from1991to
1992.
......................
,fromabout1993therar,e
2 ...................Augtraliaand1theUnitedqttateg9howed..
overall,
Augtraliaugually
hadan unemployment:.
rateabout2%
thanihe U9.
l:.he
lowest:
unemploynent
................
ratein 1991
...havinq
at 27,,the
number
ofpeople
unemplqea
inJapan.. ....... .. ......1:oju6t
under6%in
2001
6 Write two more sentencescomparing or conhasting the arcasshown in
the graph.
Writing: f urther practice
1 Work in pai$. Look at the questionbelow and answerthe questions.
TIP
In whatorderwould
you dothesetasks?
Brainstorm
ideas
Sta( writing
Makean outline/plan
Understand
the
question
1
2
3
4
What do the pie charts tell you about each countly?
What time piriod is shown?
What compadsons and conhasts are there between the two countries?
How will you group the information?
The two pie chatts below show how employmentis diided inTanzania and
lreland.
Wite a rcport for a univercitylecturer describing the inlormationbelow
Exam
information
Tanzania (1999)
Agriculture 79%
Services(including tou sm) 14 2%
Manufacturing 6.2%
Construction0.60l.
I ne oata In tELt5
WritingTask1 may be
shownin morethan
onediagram- it could
be a piechart,a graph
or table.
It is importanttostudy
alltheinformation
caretullyandthen
compareanocontrast
the keyfacts.
Ireland (1999)
Agriculture and forcstry 2.0%
Energyand water 1.3%
ManuJacturing21.5%
Construction4.1%
n SeNices71.1%
Time:20
minutes
Writeat least150words.
A careeror a job?
Extensivereadingand listening
1 A good way to rnake faster progress is to use EnSlish outside the
classroom. Which do vou have accessto'
LiBtening
Englishspeakers
the radio in English
films in English (with or without
subtitles)
TV in English
the Intemet
taped stories in English
songs
Reading
Fndlich l,nm,,oe
newsPaPels
novels
text books
gladed rcaders (stories written in
simplified language, wdtten for
students)
magazines
the Intemet
2 How many do you use regularly?
3 Work in pairs.Discussthesequestlons
1 Which of the activitiesin 1 do you do?Give examPles.
2 Which of the activitiesdo you not do?l rhy not?
4 Choose four of the activihes you have accessto and Plan to use one a
week for the next month. Fitl in the table below as you do them.
Date used
Week
Activity
DetailE
1
to the
Lietenin7
radio
Nevt'Proqramme 22ndAuquot
Comment
Madenoiesonthe
- they
hea^lines
the mainideaa.
Setyourseu realistictargets- it would be Sreatto reada whole newsPaPer
don't have thalmuch time!
er eiv day,but most peo,-ple
[sten
to
somethinBin Engtishevery day
or
Readsomething
rajl8,e
oF
text t]?es thdt interestyou including oneslhat
[sten
to
a
Readard
more
formal
language.
contain
f\pose yoLrrselfto duthe?ltiawrittenand sPolen Englishas much as
POSSTOrc
Iind these words in the unit. Then check their mealing in your dictionary
and record them.
issuep.58
proiectp.59
notablep.59
A careeror a lob?
rctainp.59
diversep 59
influx p.59
contradictp.59
proportionp.60
exposep.55
Extensivereadingand listening
1 A good way to make fasLerprogressis to use Englishoutside the
classroom.Which do vou hdveaccessloListening
English speakers
the radio in English
films in English (with or without
subtitles)
TV in English
the lntemet
taped stories in English
sonSs
Reading
English languaSe:
newsPaPers
novels
text books
gladed rcaders (stories wdtten in
simplified language, written Ior
students)
magazines
the Lrtemel
2 How many do you use regularly?
3 Work in paifs. Discussthesequestions.
1 Vvhichof the activitiesin 1 do you do?Give examPles
2 V/hich of the activitiesdo you not do?W1Iynot?
4 Choose four of the activities you have accessto and Plan to use one a
week for the next month. Fill in the table below as you do them.
Date used
Week
Activity
Details
1
to the
Lieteninq
radio
New.pro1unme 22ndAuqleL
Comment
MaAenoteaonthe
- they
hea4finee
keveryquickly,
tha mainideae.
Setyourself tealisticlargets it would be gleat to read a whole newsPaPer
every day,bul mosl peopledon't ha\ e that much time!
Reacisomethingor listen to somethingin tnglish every ddy.
Readand listen to a ran8eof text t)?es thdt interestyou including oneslhat
containmore fomal language.
F\pose yourself to authentiawritten and sPokenEnglishas much as
possible.
Find these words in the u]rit. Then check their meaning in your dictionaly
and record them.
issuep.58
protectp.59
notablep.59
A careeror a iob?
etainp-59
diversep.59
influx p.59
conhadictp.59
proportionp.60
exposep.65
Crimeand punishment
:.i;2,(iq
I
'l
ReadthesedefiniLionsof six crimesand match them with the crimesin
the box.
shoplifting mugging terrorism robbery vandalism
burglary kidnapping fraud
1 to illegally takesomeoneaway and make them a pnsoner,especiallyin
order to make their family or the governmentgive you somemoney
2 to steal things ftom a shop
to attacksomeoneina public placeand stealtheirmoney otpossessions
to deliberately
ddmageor destroything*.espe(iallypublicproperty
to take money or property from someonerllegally
6 to enter a building illegally in order to stealthings
2 What are the definitions of the two extra crimes above?
A fine
Acaution
Capitalpunishment
A c'1enon.lo.J
"--+-^.-
Imprisonment
4 Work m pairs Compareyour rankingsand discusswhich punishment
you think would be most suitablefor eachof the crimesin 1.
Crime and punishment
1 Underline the main aimof this chariry
2 Underline the specificgpe of help they offer
yeartheyofferhelpto
bycrimeEvery
affected
forpeople
charity
isthenational
Support
Victim
and
England'Wales
across
charities
oflocalmember
a network
people
through
1.75million
around
hadmorethan650
theorganisation
in1998,
i,'"ii,". i"r".l^ir,"i,me oftie ttomeofficesurvey
inthecommunity'
withitsbranches
working
visitors
voluncer
tralned
andover10,000
emDlovees
6'000community-based
including
volunteers'
12,000
rjoostaffandaround
iit,,'"
hasbeen
ornotacrime
whether
service'
"'"*i""" """,
on",utt"" -o .onfidential
tl;'tl#;l;fi;;;fii"*
Victim
5upport
heinitialcontact.
Yes. No. Not Given
3 Read this text on burglary Do the statemenhsbelow reflecLthe claims of
the writer in the passagebelow2
Write:
YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossibleto saywhat the writer thinlc about this
1 There are mote casesof burglary dealt with by Victim SuPPort than any
other charity.
2 It is cofiunon for victims to want to discuss the effects of a crime
3 Specially trained volunteers from this charity sometimes visit lhe victims'
houses,
4 PeoPlemust inform the Police about a cdme before contacting Vi'tim
SuDDort.
5 People who have been burgled will never feel safe and rclaxed in their
homes again.
recorded
inthe
crime.In2001,aroundonein everysixcrimes
isa serious
butverycommon
Burglary
gets
with
ovel
a
million
and
in
touch
offers
suppon
Supponisa charitythat
UKwasburglaryVictim
peopleaffectedby crimeeachyear
andhowtheyarefeeling.
aboutwhathashappened
Mostvictinis
of crimewanttotalkto someone
provides
involves
a
servicewhich
suppon
can
be
helpful,
butVictim
Talking
to lriendsandfamily
youhave
or
not
regardless
of
whether
volunteer.Ihis
chalitycanhelp,
talklngto a speciallytrained
toldthepoliceoranyone.else.
waysevenif
beaffected
in a widerangeof different
People
whoarevictimsofburglarycan
havebeen
whose
houses
hasbeenstolen.Ilose
noneoftheirproperty
been
in
just
has
thatsomeone
maybeupset atthethought
burgled
andthiscanoftenmakethem
against
theirwishes
theirhome
feelinsecure.
alsohelp
supponcan
suppo(Victim
Aswellasoffering
after
peoplewho
becontacted
usuallyneedto
victims
dealwith
companies.
orinsu
rance
thepolice
a burglarysuch
aslandlordt
Crimeand punishment
Strategy
Matchingsectionsand summaries
Try lookingat the first
lineof eachsection.
This is oftenthetopic
sentence.Then lookfor
similaror relatedwords
tothosein the
summaries.
4 Now read the article on Victim Support. Match the summades (1-6) to the
sectionsfA-D)
BUTrememberthat
a
summarywill coverall
or most oI the main
ideasin the sectionor
paragraph,not just one.
Note that thercaremoresummanesthan sectionssovou will not uset}rcmall
I
Rangeof crimeswhich had affectedvictims.
2 Different kinds of help given to victims.
3 How successfulvictims felt the Victim Support servic was.
4 How successfu
I membersof the public feltlhe Victim upport service
5 lvhich victims were most ljkely tobe contactedby Victim Support.
6 How Victim Support Bot in touch with victims.
VictimSupportFindings
fiomthe1998BdtishGrime
Survey
thosevictims
contacted,
theinitral
A Among
contact
made
(and/or
byVictim
Supportwas
byletter
(69%).0nly
leaflet)
inmostcases
13%ofallinitial
c0ntacts
wereunann0unced'
Msits
ieavolunteer
calling
atthehome,
butfollow-up
visits
atterletters
andtelephone
calls
doubled
then!mbers
0fvictims
visited.
Among
allvictims
contacted
bywhatever
means,
(26%)
theproportjon
eventually
visited
was
simrlart0
(25%)
ea iertindtngs:1994
and1996
10
l27vl.
Typesof
contactvaried
consrderably
betweenvrctims
ofdifferent
offencetypes.
Victims
ofburglary
and
assaultwere
more
lkelythan
victims
olotheroffences
t0bevisited
byVrctim
Support
volunteers
over30%
ofcontacted
victims
inthese
categories
eventuall, t 5
received
avisit,
compared
withonly6%olcontacted
victims
olthett
Victim
Supportappears
tobesuccesslulir
matchinO It
support
t0thetypes
olcase
inwhich
needsare
likely
t0begreatest.
Victims
whosaidthattheyhadwanted
- especially
help
thosewhosaidtheyhadwanted
'someone
totalkto'-andthose
whodescribed
themselves
as'very
much
atected',
were
considerably
likelyto
more
have
(andtohave
been
contacted
been
visited)
byVrctim
Suppoftthan
those
whodidnot
expressany
needs
orwere
lessaffected.
Forexample,23%
ofthose
whosaid
they
wanted
'someonetotalkto'werecontacted
byVictim
Support
incomparison
Mth5%ofthose
whodrdnotexpress
such
aneed.
Vrctim
Suppoftvisits
were
l5times
more
likelyt0
those
whosaidtheyhadbeen'very
much'
afiected.
Thismaybepadlydue
tothekinds
ofoffence
- burglaryandviolence
priority
whichreceive
highest
-andpartly
theresult
ofco-ordinators
making
'educated
guesses'
fromcrime
reports
toidentify
victims
mostlikely
toneed
help.
Ahighproportion
ofpeople
VictimSuppo
rtcontacted
problem:91%
were
helped
withatleastone
when
volunteerandvictim
metface-to-face
74%ofsuch
given'moral
victimsfelttheyhad
been
support'.
Even40
25%ofthose
receiving
aletterfrom
Victim
Support
given
saidthey
hadbeen
moralsupport
The
proportions
whosaidtheywere
helped
withsecurity
advice
were
27%forface-to-face
contactand
9%for
letterS
Numbers
were
loosmallto
undertake
asystematic
c0rrelation
between
thekinds
ofhelpgiven
andthe
needs
expressed
However,
50%ofthose
naming
'moral
support'as
aneed
saidthatthey
hadreceived
thiskindofhelp.
Incontlast,
theneed
for'inlormation
fromthepolice'was
rarely
metbyVictim
Support
Holuever,
it isprobably
moreappropriate
for thepolice
t0providethis
information
drrectto
thevictim
Among
respondents
whorecalled
some
contactw
h
'very'or
Vrctim
Suppod,58%
|ated
theservice
as
'farrlyhelplul'.
Theproportion
wasconsiderably
higher
among
those
whohadhadvisits(80%)
orcontact
by
(69%)Even
telephone
letters/leafiets
alone
were
found
helpfulby
nearly
hall(4690)
Allhough
5890
isa
years
(see
slight
droponpreuous
Figure
1)from65%
in1996
and60%in1994,
the80%rating
offace-tofacecontact
as'very'
or'farrly
helpful'had
increased
years
0nprevious
BCS;70%,1994)
{76%,19S6
ThequalityolVictim
Support
service
appeared
tohave
thestrongest
effect
on'very'
or'fairly
helpfu
I'ratings,
particularly
personalkinds
forthemore
otcontact
(lace-to-face
andtelephone);the
speed
withwhich
Victim
Support
made
contactappeared
tobeless
si0nificant.
Crimeandpunishment
Sentencecompletion
5 Completeeachof thesestatementswith words takenfrom theEading
passage
onpage58 WriteNO MORETHAN THREEWORDSfor each
answet
ldentifying text type
6 This textls taken ftom
A
B
C
D
a guide for new worke$ within Victim Support.
an official govemment report.
a textbook for students studying sociology.
a newspaperarticleabout a oew Mctim SuPporlscheme
Definingrelativeclauses
1 Look at thesesentencesfrom the second text on page 57 Find and
underline the defining relative clausesand circle the relative pronoun.
suPPort and advice . ..
0 Victim Support is a charity@offers
a
which involves talking to a
...
plovides
service
1
but Victim Support
sDeciallv trained volunteer.
2 People who are victims of burglary can be affected in a wide range of
differentways...
3 Those whose houses have been burgled may be upset iust at the thought
4 Victim Support can also help victims deal with PeoPlewho usually need
to be contacted after a burglary
2 Answer these questions.
1 What two rclative pronouns can be used for things? People?
2 What is tlre differelj. ebetwee^uho andwhose?
3 Are commas needed in defining relative clauses?
Cdmeand ounishmenl
3 Look at this sentence.
Ahighproportion
ofpeople
whoVictim
Support
contacted
werehelped
withat
problem
least
one
Victitt S pportis the subjectof the sentence.
A highptoportiottofpeopleis theobject.
V{hatdoesthe relativeprcnoun referto - ihe subjector the obiect?
Note that a relativeprcnoun is not necessaryiJ it refersto the objectof ihe sentmce.
4 Complete each of the spacesbelow with an appropriate relative pronoun.
Choose (rofi that/which/uho/uhose/none
needed.Somewill have more than one
Possibiliry
0 The treatment ..Il4p!.Wli9h/I9n9.1q9d9d...
victims receive from the police
varies flom area [o area.
1 Somepeople.............................................
areburgledfind it no morethan
an iritating inconvenience.
2 Unfortunately,people..........................................havebeenbu
ale statistically more likely to be burgled again.
3 Face[o facecontactwasthemethod.............................................
most
people found helpful.
4 Burglalsusuallysellthethings.............................................
theystolequite
quickly.
5 If you make an insuEnce claim, you will need the clime rcference
number..............................
............... thepolicegiveyou.
6 All volunteers......
. work with victims have been
specially selectedand kained.
7 Convicted burglars are sometimes asked to apologize personally to the
people...................
.......................
possessions
theystole.
8 Volunteers
arepeople...............................
.. .........work freeof charge
becausethey thint the work is important.
5 Rewrite this passageadding the relative clausesto make it clearer.The
first one has been done for you.
who has already been convicted of burglary
who commitburglary
v*i*"eeeleeeanit
which are reported
who areburgled
Burglary is one of the most common climes Tohichpeoplecommit-Sotrre
fi8ures show that up to one in six crimes is a burglary. Therefore, many
people will be burgled at some point in their life. Some of those will find
it devastating, even if none of their possessionsare actually taken People
should realize the effect they may have on someone else's life. In my
opinion, if someone offends again, they should receive a stiffet sentence.
Grimeandpunishment p
Task2: Evaluatingand challengingideas,evidenceor an
argumenr
1 Complete this sentencein your own words.
Themainaimof sendinga personto prisonis to ...
2 In Task 2 of the IELIS Writing module you have to 'evaluate and
challenge ideas, evidence or an argument'. Read the IELIS Writing Task
below and answer the questions.
Presenta writtenargumentorcaseto an educatedreaderwithno specialist
knowledgeof the followingtopic.
Futurc plans to design prisonslor leaning and working, with bigget cells
containingcomputerc that will enable study and communication,have been
criticized lor ttying to tun p sonsinto'holiday camps'and for Wasting
taxpayerc'money'.
To what erte
do you agrce or disagrce with these views?
Timer40
minutes
1
2
3
Writeat least250words.
to thestatement,
whatwillprisonsbe likeinthefuture?
According
whatmightbewrongwiththeseprisons?
According
to thestatement,
Wouldyousaythatlhesenewpdsonsarea goodor badidea?Why?
3 Quicklyreadthissampleansweranddecideif thervriterisF,'or dgalrsf
new stvleDrisons
When
diecuesin|the prieoneyeteminthie countty
it ie importanltto point out that peoplehave
gtronqviewgbol:hfor anda1ainetanychanqeo
to
the exietinqeyoten.lnthie cauntrytherehas
in
beena lot of neqative
criticismof newpropasale
recenl weeko,
ag manypeoplefeeltheyare a waete
HoweveE
thereio nodoubtin mymind
of money.
that the pigon networkneadg1:obercviewea
....,........
wilh
urqently.Therefore,a .................
anychan4es.
rea^onsqivenlo 1upporL
For mple,prieonerawaDhbeqettinq bol:h
inthie scheme
and
phyeical
an4mentalexerciee
wouldnot beableto lazearaun4an^da nolhin4.
far
af coureetherewouldbeeomeopporrunltieo
Aeprivinq
leieure
timebutaqainthie ie betterthan
inmateaof all enjoymentwhatgaever
will
...............
theoenawdevelopmente
e .......,,...
io pnooneeemlikea holiday.
'ince
makeOoinq
gygtem
this new
woul44iveclear4oalefor
prigoneraI amcerLainit i9a moreconstructive
appraach,
Firet af all,prieanersetudyinqan4 wotkin,,
lbelieve 4 A furtherc ticiemof tthisneweystami5that it is
b ....................
...,,.....
iga poeitivemeaSure.
Althouqheuchchan^ee
a waeteof publi.maney,
maiivation
that thio , illnot onlylivapriaonere
I otill feellhat it
beexpen7ive,
willundoubLedly
an4 intereet,bultaleohelpthen livea relalively
wouldbea qoodideal;o spendnoneyondevelopinq
normallife,lna similarway,I tendto thinkthat
it
wassucceggful,
thegeprisons.lf the gcheme
improvedfaciliiieeand livinqcon4itionswillhavea
leee
likely
woulatum pribonereinto better citizeno
thaniha
morebeneticial
affectonthe prieoner
cn('esin Lhefuture.f ......................
Fortheeereaoong.
c.............................rc commit
oppoone.
lthelevelof crine mi1htbereducedand wewould
needto bemade.
chan1ee
beableto livein a eaferworld.
ne,rstyleprieons
arq','eLhatTheee
)omepeople
,/,/ill
.
Lbminto'holiaay
canpo'd...............................
tr
crimeandpunishment
T'P
Produce
a clearessay
by structuringeach
paragraph.lJse
language
appropriate
to giveopinions
andbackupeach
4 Thesephrase.havebeenremovedfrom lhe e*sayPutlheminlhe
approprjaiecategoryin the bo\ and then Placethem in the essay.
4 ii iqcledrthatthisissueneedsto
that this
I but I dm unconvinced
be consideredcarefully
wouldbe the case
5 I tully agreethat
2 in my v1ew,
6 I cannotacceptthat
3 as a result,
Introducingthe maintopic to evaluate
thisissue,it is importantto consrcler..
In ordertodiscuss/examine
that...
Somepeoplesay/argue
Theissueof X is...
Challengingideas
withthe view...
I disagree
I do not believethat...
Agreeing with ideas (to be backed up by reasonsl
I stronglyagreewith this vlew ...
Givingopinions
that...
I feel/believe
In my opinion...
certainty)
Thereis no doubtin my mind...{whichalsoexpresses
Itendto think...(moretentative)
Consequences/result
Therefore,...
Consequently,...
Y will/might/wouldresult .
lf X happens/happened,
(SeeUnit I for more information on conditionalsentences)
Parasaph 1
Main idea:
for and aqainet chanqin|pri^onsyatembfi aofinitelynee^oreviewin1.
People
Supportinginformation:
Lat of ne\ativecriticien ToPicwi beaiecuese^in eeeay
Crimeand Dunishment
Prediction
1 Work in pairs.Discussthesequestions.
1 What are acceptablereasonsfor missingschool?
2 What might children do insteadof going to school?
3 Did anyone in your school play truant?
Do you know what the consequencesor punishments are for truancy in
your country?
Note completion
18 Listen to the interview on truancvand
2
(ompletethenotes WriteNO MORE THAN THRtt
WORDS for eachanswer.
Accorainqto OaviaR.et1.ha\aorlinued aboence
from schoolcauA be haftlfrl ta a ah b'. eawat )on
a n aa L a l e a dl a a 1
-t
" qave.nnelt )rn r4to,'topt.ua.r, railq:
.
Ian4terrnlnpr.anment
.
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .? ' i - o 1 " 1 t e r , e ^
.3
Lorra saya reaaarafar truancy inc rae:
a
rrha??ine97
ax hane
Lamath nk the fa lawin1?eope ohard beinvalved:
parents,
ch aren,5....... ................
..... ,the
qovernnerlandsocialservlceo,
Exam
information
Inthistypeof
question,
you havea
numberof answersto
matchtogether.lt is
similarto
classification,
butyou
onry
use
can
eacn
choiceonce.Therewill
usuallybe more
you
choicesthan
Matching
3 For questions6-8,
Loma Coates (the charity rcpresentative) statesthis write L
ifDavid Renshaw(*re govemmentofficial) statesthis, wdte D.
if Jennifer Sirnpson (the mo ther) states this, wdte J.
if dle presenterstatesthis, write P
6 Over 12,000children played truant in the Spring. . .. .. .
7 Pdson sentenceswon't help childrenwho are unhappy at school .. . . . ..
8 Counsellingworks well .. .......
Crime and punishment
Reason/result
clauses
I^ the lll tS Wrjting module {and most academi(writine
task) it is
rmporrantto be able to linl ideastogetherwell so thdt yo"ur
argumenLflows.
lrom rhe modeIdnswerand idenrify which
,a.o^o1<..11"::
Kmg
words dre"TlCle:
usedto join
the ideas.
rcasonsgioen to suryott any changes.
2 Wfu<hof the linking words aboveare usedto give
a redsonl Vvhichare
used to expressa result?
3
Prrt so ot becauseinthe gaps below.
godlsfor prisoners,......................
it is
oacn.
rpproach......................
thisnew system
"O"jff;yt.n
"
tn" linkingwordsor phrasesin thissecrionshoutdyouuse
5 Com-plete_thesentenceswith an approp ate linker
showing reason or
result.More than one choicemay be possiblein each
case.
therefore
consequently
as because so
since as a result
od idea._...
.......... .. theymay get
ms are more comfortable than life
lappy to cornmif more cdme to refum
Writing: f urther practice
E Look at this sampleIELTSWrifing Task2 question.
wnlgn grgumentorcase to an educatedreaderwirhno
speciatist
ll::g1,a
knowledgeot the tollowingtopic.
ln rccent yearc, manycounties have become exlrcmely
concehed about
the.incrcasein c mes committedby young peopte.toign
neasures iii
-"'
sttict punishmentsarc necessaryto stop
i6utnL fro. ;;-ofi.-;J;g.Towhat extenl do you agree ordisagree wfth this
ion?
Trme:40
mrnutes
Writeat least250words.
Crimeand punishment
7 Here is part of a student's answer. Rewrite and improve the answer to
include somemore linkingwords.
qrawin1
Thenumber
eachyearThe
of crimeecammiutea
Wyoun4peoplekeepe
i6 not dolnq6nau4h
to cut crime.Everyyearl:hey
an
promige
1overnmenl;
inprovement.
lt neverhappens.
Theydon'l:.
meagurea.
takel:ouqhenau4h
I woubaqreethat youn|criminalo
arc nal friqhtenea
of the congequencee
af
Itheiractione.Th€ydo nolteeemto mindthe puniehment:e
1:h6y
r6ceive,
Theee
p,JnghmenLg
aretoo tiahl They.omm;Lno.e cr;,4e9.
Liqhtpuniehnenlto
ouchaa communilty
eervice
da notwork.Yaun1
p1ople
ehauld
bepuniehed
moreeeverely.
fhie willnakel:.hem
l:hinkmar6car1fully
aboul:what
tneyao.
8 Compareyo.t. ,,"rsionwith therewdttenversionon page162Thenwrite
your own answertothequestion.
Word stress
In somelanguages,
all wordsarestressed
in thesameplace.
Englishhas
many rules aboutword stressand theycanbe confusilg However,someof
thecommononesareusefulto leam.
1 How manysyllablesdo thesewordshave?
punishment suspension absentee prisoner
detention expulsion
2 Puteachword in 1 underits stressparrem.
oOo
ooo
3 What do you noticeaboui the words that havethe patternooo?
4 Lookat thesewordsthatall endin thesound/Jan/ andmarktheshess
patternabovethem.lvhat do you notice?
TIP
youlearn
a new
When
word,
nakesureyou
notewherethe
stressis otherwise
younayDe
misunderstood.
politician situation station examination
5 A gooddictionarywill tellyou wherethestressis on a word.Lookat this
dictionaryentry.How is lhestressmarked?
examination /rgLzemlnerlan/
noun
Crimeandounishment
Pdrt 2
1 Youhaveone
mrnutepreParahon Describea subjectyou enjoyedat schoolor college.
time. Readthe
Youshould say:
inStruchons
what the subjectwas
carefully and nake
how
long you studiedit
notesbefore
what
kind oI topicsthis subjectincluded
speakingto
you:rParmer.
Youshouldalsosaywhatyoulikedmostabout
uus suqecr.
Part3
2 Work in pairs. Takeit in tums
to ask and answer these questions.
1
2
3
4
5
6
lvhich subjects at school do you thinl are the most important?
How strict should school teachersbe?
yfhat are the best ways to deal with young people who break the law?
Do you thinl police officers should have higher salades?
If famous people commit a crime, should they be treated any differently?
How can people protect their homes ftorn burglars?
Listeningand writing simultaneously
Students taking the IELTS Listening module often find it difficult to write
down answers and continue to listen at the same time. Predictine the kind o{
inJormationyou are ljsteningforwill help.
1 Work in oairs. Look at this note comDletion exerciseand discuss these
questions.
1 \ rhat is the subject of this
listening? Do you know
anything about it?
What kind of infomation
2
Watchie a PaftnerohiPbettveenthe Toliceana
Neiqhbourhooa
is missing? (eg a location,
a date)
lvhat kind of word or
words will grammatically
]n the paot, peoPledidn'L
fit the space?(eg a noun, a
verb)
Nowadayo,peoplefrequently maveand this hao reauaed
2 L -119 Listenand fillin
tlle gaps u6ing NO MORE
THAN
THREE WORDS.
twa crimea
mentions
Thepaliaeman
5 ..........................
guoPiaiouz
you1hould
lf you.ee eomethin4
6 . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
il
a oommiticemambeE
Youaouldbecome
gein| invalved
Watahmayaba lowertha aootof your
in Nei1hbourhooa
Crimeandpunishment p
Understanding
verbsin essaytitles
lvhen writing essaysor assigtunentsit is important to unde$tand the verbs
that tell you what to actually do in the question.
1 Look at the examples below in ifalics and answer the questions. Use a
dictionary to check the meaning of any unlnown words
'Compare
ahdcontrasttecyclingschemesin different areasof the country.,
'Dtscrss the arguments
for and against recycling schemes.'
'Describe
how a rccycling schemeworks '
'Explain
why rccyclne schemeshave proved to be effective.'
'Identify
the key advantagesof recycling schemesand j sf?/yyour opinion.,
'Epaluatelhe
ellectiveless of the new recycling scheme.'
1
2
3
4
What is the differencebetweea comparcand contrast alrd etplnin?
ffiat is the differeicebetween eoaluatea d describe?
What is the differencebetweeiiilenhfu a ddiscuss?
How should youTrsfif an opinion?
2 Look attheseessayextracts.
Which is ar example of:
'1,
Comparingahdcontrasting
3 Eoaluathg
2 lltstilying an opinion
4 Desctibing
A 'I do not believe that capital punishment helps to reduce the number of
peoplemurdered.In fact,in America,where many stateshave the death
penalry there are many more murde.s each year than in my country_'
B 'On balance, I think that the govemment's policy of encouraging
community wotk rather than prison sentenceshas proved quite
successful-'
C 'The number of peoplearrestedfor petty crimeseachyear is quite similar
in eachcountry Howevet, the sentencesgiven to these cdminals are quite
different.'
D 'If a c me is considered less serious, the criminal is hied by a magishate.
A jury of 12 people will only be used in more serious cases,such as
assaultor murder.'
Find these words in the unit. Then check their meaning in your dictionary
and record them.
systematic
p.68
priority p.68
constructivep.71
Caimeand punishment
chalenge p.71
depdvep.Tl
apprcachp.74
versionp.T5
consequencep.T3 schemep.TT
Globalization
'The idea thatthe world is developinga single
economv ard culture as a result of improved
communications ard the influence of verv large
MacfitilIan Essenti ql D ictiDfiar!
comPanles.'
Scanning
1 Work in pairs. L$t threepositive aspectsand threenegativeasPectsof
globalization.
2 Put the paragraphs in the text under the following headings Note that
youwill find oneposihve statementand one negativestatementfor each
heading.
Global Communications
Global Travel and Tourisrn
Global Media
Global Business
=l!l:l
O*'
.-,' .{ Pl 'i , '*
ftr-'r- 9*
gt
a Nearlyfivebillionpeople,whichis abouteightypercent
haveno accesstoroliable
ofih€ world'soooulation,
have
telecommunications.
Ivlorethana billionDeoDle
n€veruseda teleohone
whoownairlines,relailchains,
b Thebigtouropelatorc,
accommodation
and
cruiseships,hotels,selfcatering
in
carrenials,takemosloflhe profitsof holidays
in a
counl es lor everyUSdollarspent
developing
ThirdWorldrcsort,35cents
slayinthecounir,.
c Tradeisworthfourtrilliondollarsa vear,whlchis 1 7
timesmoregoodsareflownor
milliona minutelTen
counviestodaythan30 yearcago.
shippedbehv€en
whoproduce
d l1'seslimated
ihalworkersin Indonssia
getaboulhalfa per
clolhesformultinational
companies
centoflhe tolalcostoflhe producttheymake
in 1990costaboutEl
e A phonecallfromUKto NewYork
a minuteIn 1930,il wouldhavecoslmoreihant10.
Todavatcoslsas littleas louroence,
lrlms,radio,newspapers,
Intemet,television,
magazines
arewdelyavailabbThroughthemwecan
leamaboutpeople,
eventsandplacesin Airica,As a,
Canada,
LatinAmerica,East€rnEurope,Ausiralia,
JapanandNorlhAmenca
whichis oneoflhe
A garmentworkerin Bangladesh,
wouldhaveto saveeighl
world'spoorestcounlries,
years'wag€s
to buya compulerIn subSaharanAkica
per1000
and33 tel€visions
rherear€12 newspapers
people,wh€roasin moredeveloped
regionsthereare
and625lelevisions-morethan20
286newsoaDers
today
fasterandmoreconvenient
Travelis cheaper,
thaneverbeiore,Peoplemakefii€ndsin foreign
lhingsabout
counlries,
discover
manyinleresting
culturesandcustomsas they
olherpeople's
lifestyles,
localpeople,
whowould
visitditlsrcntplaces-The
beneiit
havefewemployment
opportunities,
olherwise
fromjobsusingthekskillsandsaleof theircrafls
'a
:l
1 Both of thesesentencesuserelativeclauses.Answel the questions
a
uho prod ceclothes
It's estimfited
thatworkersn lndonesia
for fiultindtional
product
theymoke
the
total
cost
of
the
coftpa lesgetabouthalfa percentof
Which sentencehas a relative clause that identifies which person or thing
is being talked about?
Whichientence has a relative clause that adds extra infolmation, or a
secondidea to the mainidea?
Globalization
N o n - d e f i n i n gr e l a t i v ec l a u s e s
2 Look at thesesentenceswith non-definingrelativeclausesand identify
the main idea and the extra information grven
0
Nearlyfivebillionpeople,whichis abouteightypercentol the world's
populatron,
haveno access
to reliable
telecommunications,
Main idea:
Nearlyfivebillionpeoplehavenoacceo7ta reliabletelecomnunicatians.
Extrainformation:
Fivebillionpeopleie about eiqhtyper cent ofthe warld'ePaPulatian.
retailchains,cruiseships,hotels,
who own airlines,
1 Thebigtour operators,
takemostofthe profitsof
accommodation
andcarrentals,
sell-catering
countries.
holidaysin developing
Main idea:......... .....
t\tra information:
2
Tradeis worth four trilliondollarsa year,which is 1.7million a minute!
Main idea:
Extrainformatron:
A garmentworkerin Bangladesh,
whichis oneof theworld'spoorest
wouldhaveto saveeightyears'wagesto buya computer.
countfles,
\,,1a
in ider: ....
E\tra informdtion:
havefew employment
Thelocalpeople,who wouldotherwrse
opportunities,
benefitlrom iobsusingtheirskillsandsaleof theircrafts.
Mainidea:
Extrainformation:
3 Underline the correctalternativein theserules for non-definingrclative
clauses
1 The relativeclauseprovidesextra information and can/carmotbeleft out
2 Whoor Tohichcan/cannotbe replacedby traf
3 The relativepronoun can/cannotbe left out
4 Commasare/arenotused.
TIP
4 Link the ideasin the two sentences,
using commasto form one sentence
longer,
Although
c0mprex
sentences
aIe
oftenbetterin
writing,
do
academic
notinclude
a relative
Inevery
clause
sentence.
Remembet
youcanalsojoin
withlinking
clauses
words.
0
Globalization
Main idea:In 1999Thailand had more mobile Phonesthan Africa.
Thailandis a reldtivel)smrll counLry.
lxtra informdtion:
In 1999 Thailand,whichie a relativelysmallcountry,hai moremobilePhaneo
1 Main ideaI Greatercultural contacthasbeenencouragedby tourism.
Extra information:Tourismhas doubled over the last 15yeals.
2 Main idea:Thebananais worth more than €5blllion in world trade.
Extra information:The bananais B tain'smost popular lruit
3 Main idea Shimaeams lessthan $1.50for a day's work.
Extra mformation:Shimalives in Bangladesh
1 Which of these organizations do you know about? Match them to the
descdptionsbelow.
1 The United
Nations
2 Trade unions
3 Intemational
Monetary Fund
4
World Trade
Organization
5
Friends of the
Earth
6
IntemationalAid
Organizations
(such as Oxfam)
a The international organization that controls
trade betweencountries,
b Campaigns on environmental issues such as
rho dFFhh^,,cp
pFfp.i
c
An intemational organization that works to
balance and manage the world's economy and
to help countries with weak economies to
develop.
d An inLernational organization that encourages
countries to work together in order to solve
world problemssuchaswar, diseaseand
Poverry.
e Charities that Iaise money for famine and
disasterrelief.
f Organizations of workers that aim to improve
pay and conditionsofwork.
Exam
information
2 Predict \.vhich of these organizations are pro-globalization or antiglobalization.
Inthe IELTS
Listening
moduleyou will have
abouthalfa minuteto
lookthrough
the
questionsbetoreyou
listentothetape.Read
as manyasyoucan
andunderlinekey
words to listenfor.
3 You are going to listm to a lecfurc in three sections.Before each section
spend half a minute reading the questions and underlining key words.
20 Lookatquestions 1-6 andlistento the first section.
Questions 1 and 2
Idhich of the following areasdoes the lecturer say she will cover? CIRCLE
TWO ANSWERS.
A
B
C
D
E
F
Global inequalities
Poverty in the developing world
The history of globalization
The key argumentsfor and againstglobalization
Trade and economics
The World Trade Organization
Questions3-5
Complete the following sentencesusing NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
ORA NUMBER.
3 Many people feel globalization is about the economy o!
4 An exampleis the export of Japanese
5 Globalizationbeganapproximately...................._....ago.
Globalization
Question6
Which of theseis NOT mentionedasimPortantto the develoPmentof
globalization?
A the telephone
B the fax
C the postal service
D air travel
.121 Look at questions7-9 and listento the secondsection
4
Questions 7-9
Comptete the following notes using No MORE THAN Two wORDs
Anti-globalization groups - eg GreenPeaceand Friends of the Earth. These
are 7 . ... .....................organizations.They feel globalization causesglobal
warmin& and depletionof oil, 8as,E . ... .. . . ........ and sealife
Many businessesin develoPed nations are against globalization becauseof
competltion from 9 .. .
5
22 Look at questions 10-12 and listen to the final section.
Questions10-12
Completethis tableusing ONE OR TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER
Olganization
Established
Role
No. of
member states
Prevents members
123
favouring home industries
1946
11
WTO
IMF
TIN
Providestemporary
financialhelp
Promotessharedvalues
between LrN and the
.
12...................
1946
e lecturer usescertain words and Phrasesto
in the lecture.Recognizingthesecanhelp you
'signPosts'and divide
argument.Look at these
them into these categories.
Introduction
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sequencing
Con.luding/Summadzing
changing
toPic
7
8
9
10
11
12
I will start by considering . .
So,we've seenthat .. .
l'd now like to move on to . ..
Secondly,I will explain ..
So,let's begin with .. .
Finally,I intend to ..
7
..,20 22 Listen to the lectureagain and number the signPostsin the
order in which you hear them.
Globalization
Skimming
1 Write the numbers in the box nexl to the sentenceyou think it refers to.
lhen check your predictions by quickly skimming the text
150 10million 43 8,000million 25 million 80
fhe valueol all Lhecoffeeproducedworldwideeachyear
The number of people who eam LheirlivinS from coffee.
The number of countries which produce coffee.
The aeeof the farmer this articleis about
The number of farmers that eam their livine from coffee.
The number of times thaLcoffeebeans can be sold between
leaving the farmer and afiiving in the supermarket.
strategy
True. False. Not Given
Readthe questions
or
T/F/NGstatements
throughfirst,and
guessthe meaningof
anywordsyou do not
understand.
Readthe text producedby the FairhadeFoundationabout one family of
coffee growers in Colombia.
2 Do the statements aglee with the information in the ieading passage?
WIite:
TRUE if the statementis hue accordingto thepassage
FALSEif thestatementis Ialsea((ordingto the passage
NOT GMN if the inJormation is not given in the passage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The Menzas have hied growing cocaleaf instead of coffee.
In trade,onlv oil is more imDortantthan coffee
The Menzasreceive50%of ihe supermarketp ce for their coffee.
Theoroduction ofcocoais lessexDloitativethan cofJee
In 1989both world and qupermarket
pri(esdropped.
Setting up a co-operative is always an effective solution for thesefarmers.
The farmers have less and lessmonev to spend on their families.
VitelioMenzahasbeendependenton coffeein Colombiaall hislife.Now at 43 he isstillunable
to finishbuildinghishousedue to lackof fundsand isstrugglingto keephisfamilytogether.
Thefortunesof Vitelio,hiswife MariaEnithand their four childrenhavefluctuated
dramaticallyalong with the priceof coffee.
Overthe yearsthe familyhassufferedillnessbroughton by malnutrition.In other partsof the
samearea,5omefamilieshaveturnedto growingdrugsin orderto survive;higherpricesare
paid for cocaleaf (the raw materialfor cocaine).The Menzashavestayedloyal to the coffee
cropbut not without great personal5acrifices.
Coffeeisgrown in 80 countriesin a bandaroundthe equatorand providesa livingfor nearly10
millionfarmers.Altogether,morethan 25 millionpeopleworldwidedependon growing,
t0
processing,
tradingand retailingcoffeefor their livelihood.
Coffeeisthe secondmostvaluablecommodityafter oil. Not surprisingly.
it isthe mostvaluable
agricultural
commodityin world trade.ltstotal value- $8,000millionperyear- istwicethe
valueof exportsof tea and cocoaput together Butthe journeyfrom the Menzas'farm in
Colombiato the supermarket
shelfisa long and tortuousone with a succession
t5
of people
takingtheir cut alongthe way.
Globalization
shelfit hasbeenestimatedthe Menzas'coffeebeanscanchange
Fromtreeto supermarket
'150
times,whilstthe Menzas,like millionsof other coffeegrowers,retainonly
handsas manyas
price
payfor the crop.
consumers
a tiny shareof the
Between1989and 1993there was a 50% reduction in the world market price of <offee.An
examination
of the pricepaidto a {armerlike Menzaand the costto a shopperin the
supermarketrevealsthat both have lost out while many of the Playersin between havestill
managedto makegains.
Whenthe world pricefell by 50%during 1989,farmerssufferedan immediatefall in their
priceof coffee.Retailprices
incomesyet therewasno noticeablereductionin the supermarket
remainedstablefor four moreyearsbeforetherewasa fall of 20% in 1993.Yetwhen the
marketpickedup in 1994and the marketpri(e of coffeeroseby 50%,the retailpricerose
its priceevenwhen the marketfell againthe followingyear
immediately
and sustained
Forthe farmers,this meantthat the priceof coffeehad droppedbelowthe costof producingit
existence,
impacton their alreadyprecarious
for severalyearsin a row Thishad a devastating
forcingsomefarmersto abandontheir landand go in searchof work in the cities.Apartfrom
cities,thiscreateda viciouscirclein whichthe lack
for alreadyovercrowded
the consequences
reducedthe qualityand valueof the coffee,further redu(ing
of labourfor cropmaintenance
tne pnce,
Butfor smallfarmersthe world priceisonly one of the factorsunderminingtheir abilityto
shareof this price,they
makea decentliving.Indeed,if they were ableto get a reasonable
or transporttheir cropto market,limited
Withoutthe meansto process
would be pleased.
to selltheir
knowledgeof the frequentlychangingworld priceand a debt-drivennecessity
coffeethe momentit isripe (whenpricesare lowest),smallindependentfarmersfind
themselves
in a weak negotiatingposition.Theyare preyto localdealerswho buythe coffee
and sellit on to internationalmarkets.With only one majorharvesta year,farmersare
for cashby the time their cropisripe and are keento sellat whateverpricethey can
desperate
get. Not surprisingly,
localdealersare quickto exploitthis.
Thefarmers'needfor a quick5aleisa symptomoftheir inabilitytoget loansat a {air ratefrom
banks,pushingthem into the armsof loansharksto payfor fertilizers,harvestlabourand basic
Iiving costspriorto harvest.Many farmershave9ot together to set up co-operativemarketing
the middlemen.All too often,however,eventhe co-op
ventureswhichenablethem to by-pass
for cash,ratherthan
cannotget financeto buythe crop,and membersstillsellto localtraders
isclear.TheFairtrade
of low and declininglivingstandards
wait for a betterprice.Evidence
education,healthand
research
showsreducedspendingon housing,children's
Foundation's
food.
Sentence completion
TIP
Read
theinstructions.
asksfor
Thisquestion
0NE0BTWOwords.
Globalization
3 ChooseONE OR Two WORDS from the rcading passagefor each
1 The Menzashavemade ............ .. . to continueSrowing coffee.
asmuchasteaand cocoa
2 Coffeeis worth......................
.......of the final retail value
3 Coffeefarmersorily keep a .............
4 Any fall in the world price of coffeein 1989was not......... .. .. .. in the
supermarkets,
5 As thereis only one coffeecrop eachyear,farmershaveverylittle
. ...........
.......
by the time it is readyto haruest.
is
impossible
for farmerstoborrow money at a......... .. ...-...
6 It
Strategy
ldentifyingthe writer's purpose
Thinkaboutthetarget
audience.Students?
Membersof the
public?ls the style
formalor informal?
4 Whatis thepurposeof thepassage
onFairfrade?
To advise readers against buying non Fairtrade coffee.
B To explain to readers how coffee farmerc like the Menzas are exploited by
intemaLionalmarkets.
c To advise coffee farmers like the Menzas how to make a good living.
D To mcourage readers to protest about the cufient situation.
Guessingmeaningtrom context
5 Read the text again and try to find wotds which mean the same as:
1 drangedfrequentlv (paraA)
2 sellin-gto the publi'c (*paraC)
3 maintainedor kept (paraG)
4 not sale or secure (pala H)
5 wealen, rnakelesslikely to succeed(para l)
6 getting worse (para J)
1 _.There_are_rnany
words in the text coruIectedwith money and buying and
sellins.Match the words ar|d definitions.
lVhen you have fnished, check you:r answers in a dictiona.y.
1
2
3
4
5
5
7
8
9
10
funds
how much something costs to buy in a shop
commoditv
availablemonev
retail price
how much som'eLhing
coststobuv in lareeouanLities
marketprice money that someone-gets
from wbrking"
incorne
something that can be bought and sold
rniddleman
someone i^/ho lends mone/ to people at a very high rate of
interest
loan shark
a person or company that buys from producers and sells
to customers at a profit
trader/dealer someonewho buys something ot uses servtces
a person or organization that influences a sifuation,
consuiner
especially in business or politics
player
someone who buys and sells things
2- Divide these phrases from the text into three categories:expressions
which deEcribeprices going up/going down/stayinglhe same.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
world price fell by 50%
reduction ii the superharket price of coffee
pdces remained stable
a faII of 20"/.
the market picked up
market pdce of coffeerose by 50%
sustained its ptice
Globalization
The oassive
1 Read thesefacts about coffee and gadc!!!g
the passive verbs.
How is the passiveformed?
Didyouknov,...?
Thelrordaotfueis derivedfromthe Arabicwordogofrao, whichmeanswineor
wine:
Coffeewasknownin Europe
as'Arabian
exciternent.
in
Thecoffeeberrieswerefermented
At onetime coffeewasusedasa medicine.
waterto makea strongtastingtiquid.
andthe TropicofCapricorn.
Coffeeis grownbetweenthe Tropjcof Cancer
by Brazit.
0ne quarterto onethird of the world'scoffeeis produced
process
by whichcaffeineis removed
is the naturaIor chemicaI
Decaffeination
in the
of the caffeineis removed
coffeebeans.97olo
fromthe green(unroasted)
pr0cess.
2
Completethe tablewith the cofiect passiveform for eachtense.
PresentSimple
PastSimple
PresentPedectSimple
3 Readthe text again
1 Which sentenceincludesan 'agent'?
2 List threereasonswhy an agentrs not alwaysneeded Checkyour
answeNon Page152.
4
Look at thesetwo sentencesand answer the questions Both are
a Oneq arterLoonethirdof theuorld
b Btanlproilucesonequatterto ofiethil
Bnzil
1 V/hich sentencefocusesmore attentlonon the agent?
2 Which sentencefocusesmore attention on the Person or thing affected by
the action?
Globalization
5 Completethe text wiLh passiveverbsin the presenttense.
(make)from
upto 12 different
typesof cocoa
Chocolate
1 ...................
(sort)byhandbefore
being
Fkstthebeans2 ..........,...,,,..
beans.
whichis
roasted.Eachtypeof bean3 ...................
{roast)separately,
timeconsuming
butimportant.
(load)
intoa machlne
calleda
Next,
thebeans4 ...................
'wlnnower',
whichremoves
the hardoutershellsofthe beans.Afterthis
(mash)
intoa thickpasteandsugarand
thebeans5 ..............,,..,
(call)
(add).
the
Thispastet ...................
vanilla
L..,...,...........
'chocolate
liquor'.
(heat)
for!rpto 72 hoursto
Thenthechocolate
liquor
8 ...................
(blend)
evenly.
Following
this,the
makesuretheiiquidL...........,,...,.
heated
(temper)for
several
hours- repeatedly
liquorlO .........,....,...,
andthencooled.
(allow)
to coolandharden
b
tl ...................
Finally,
thechocolate
re
beingpackaged.
Task 1: Describing a process
In IELTSWriting Task1 you may be askedto desc be a Processusing
information Lakenfrom pictures or a diagram
The diagrcm below shows the process of milk production.
Writea report for a univercitylecturcr desc bing the infomation shown
Detow.
Writeat least 150words.
Time:20
minutes
milkpasteurized
andpackaged
cowsgrazrng
refrigeration
strorage
r
milking
machine
tlvrcea
milktankerdaily
delivery
to Dairy
supeF
markets
I anosnops
cheese,
cream
Globalization
1 To write a good answerto this tlpe of questionyou needto ioin the stages
of the proLessiogetherusinBseque;cers.F'hd six siquencersjn this extracl
from an inJomation leaflet.
l0
2 There are also two connectors which give the purpose for doing
something.
ih order to klll ar.y bactet a
which resultsin aprcd.ucl that does not separateinto milk and cream
1 l trhich of these linlers is followed by a verb phrase?
2 Which of these linkers is followed by a noun pfuase?
3 Underline the connectois in these sentences.Then add them to the text
abovein the appropdateplacesto grveextra information
1
2
3
4
asthisproducesloremilk ooerallthanonce0 day
because
it staysfresherlongerat around4 degreesC
ensurethat it is safefor conslhtlptnn
a d theret'ore
sothat the! canbesold
Writing:furtherpractice
sprn curup
unload shake
wash heat filter
remove add
exlracl
4 WorL in pairs.The diagram below shows how sugar is producedfrom
verbdlly to yoLlr
sugdrbeets.Usethe verbs"inthe box to describethe P:rocesa
partner.
an
b+
beet
ake
c0sseEes
(small
pieces
of beet)
at70'
@ r-
heateo
-l
Several
suoar
rlltimesto
rc
lf_--1 cenrrruge
evaporate ll
lulce g=2
l(tustallize
water
sugar
5 Writea rcpo for a unive5ity lecturerdescribingthe informationin the
diagam aboutsuqat.
tme:zu mtnules
Globalization
Writeat least150 words.
r
2 3 Listen to this exampleof a Part 2 answer Completethe missing
detailsby identifying the topic questionand the key points the speakerhad
to include.
P^rl2
2 Practisetalking about the
points on this card to your
parlner for 1 2 minutes
Tatkabout
Part 3
3 In Part 3 of the IELTS
Speaking module the examiner
willask you somequestions
related to the topic you were
talking about in Part 2. Here are
someexamplesof questionsthe
examinermay then ask,
Nowadays thereis more contactbetweencountrieson a global level so the
world is often describedas a 'global village'.
1 How can developedcounhieshelp less-developedcountries?
2 Do you prefer tobuy well-known intemationalproducts or locallyproducedgoods?
Whatare the main rolesof internationalorganizationssuchas the United
Nations?
chanSedin thelast50yearsl
4 How hasgJobaI commLrnication
5 Are cheapholidays and increasedglobal toudsm necessadlya good
thins?
B a l a n c i n gt h e a r g u m e n t
T'P
Donotgive
short
answers
inPart3.Give
a considered
opinion
anda|easttwo
reasons
tosupportit.
1
24 Listen to a possibleanswerto one of the Part3 questionsabove
and decidewhich questionisbeing answered.
2 Listen againand answerthesequestions.
1 What rwo reasonsin favour of thispointdoes the student Bive?
2 V\ahattwo rcasons against this point does the student give?
3 Look at the tapescdpton page 172and answerthesequestions
1 Wlatphrase doesthe speakeruseto indicate thatthere arc argumentson
both sides?
2 What phrasedoessheuseto give her opinion?
3 What other phrasesdo you know to Biveopnions?
4 Part 3 canbe quite
challengingbecauseyou
donothavean
oppoitunity to piepare
your answersfirst. Here
are somephrasesthat
may help you
Useful language
tl you think you underctand the question, but
I m not exactlvsurewhatyou mean,but ...
but perhaps...
That'sa ratherdifficultquestion,
tf you needa secondto think about it.
question.
That'san interesting
Lerme see,
Globalization
Revisingand recyclingvocabulary
Flash cards
Theseare ca:rdswiLh the
word on one side and a
translatiorL drawing or
explanation on the
other.
1 work in pairs.
Discuss these questions.
1 How could you use
them?
2 l,Vhen could you
look at them?
Grouping and
categorizing words
fluctuate negotiate
stable commodity
sustain viciouscircle
victim cleargoals
truancy constructive
detention review
2 Groupin8 vocabulary will help you to remember individual words For
exarnple, i{ you had these words you could puL them into categories as
follows:
describing trends
related to business
collocations I like and
want to use
fll.tctuate,stable,s stail
negotiate,commoility
aiciouscircle
Look at these words from the previous unit. Put them into your own
categorres,
Other ways oI rcmembedng vocabulary
3 Here are some other ideas for leaming vocabulary Vy'hichof them have
you tried?
1!likekeepinla
voaabularydiary of
wordethai I learn
cver! Aay.
2 I try to uee
newwora6a6 900n
a6 poaaibleafter I
leam them.
5 I otick upa liet of
r,ewwofd6everywaaknexL
Lothe bathroommi r 50
that I canlaokat them
ftry
whileI amcleaninq
teethl
4 I write dav,/n
each new word I leam
ten timeo - it helpo me to
remenber the 6Pellin4,
too!
Find these words in the unit. Then check their meaning in your dictionary
and record them.
keyp.80
sldrptom p.83
impactp.33
Globalization
prior p.83
declinep.83
sufferp.83
revealp.83
maintainp.84
supportp.38
What'sthe alternative?
alternatiye medicine h:lrb:netrvmedrsrn/noun [uncount]
medicalueatmemusingmethodsthat aredifferentfrom *re
usual!flesrernscientific methods. MacmillanEssential
Dictionary
1 What is the difference between conventional and altemative medicne?
2 Look at the statements below
Put (C) next to those which you
think are conventional medicine
and (A) next to thosewhich you
Lhinkare alternativetherapiesThen compareyour answerswith
yourParmer,
t having an injection
2 havinga head massage
3 having an operationin a
hospital
4 taking an aspiiin/paiacetamol
for a headache
5 smelling oils
6 taking a herbal ddnk
3 Ifyou havean illness.which of
the followingpeople would you
consult?WhJt,4 lhy not?
1
2
3
4
a family member
a doctor
a chemist
an experton alternativetherapies
Classification
St.ategy
Theremaybe many
examples
of each
categoryor none,
Lookfor wordsand
phrases
in thetext
whicharenot exactly
the sameasthe
descriptions
but have
a similarmeaning.
4 You are gorng to read a text about four different types of alternative
medicine Quickly read the textand classifythe descflptronsaccordingto
which ofthe followingthey refer to. Note that you may use the lettersmore
than once.
Acupuncture(A)
Reflexology(R)
Iridology (I)
ChiropracticManipulation (C)
1
2
3
4
5
6
invented200yearsago
inventedmore than 2,000yearsago
hasbeensuccessfullyusedas a painkiller
involves applying pressure to neck, elbows, knees and so on
can tell thepractitioner every illnessthe patient hashad
focuseson the handsand feet
Whatt the alternative?
E
What's the
alternative?
5>a$4{4rra-.
split oud vhetho th.l
dentaandbackpain Matis lhetheory?|
mqraine,
o$eoanhrith,
canbe
apeEonlhealth
texture
andLocat
.oour,
tnat
he
cks
andsmoking
Retlexology
islh€theGpeunc
\ hat is it? Relhxology
aok.
Whatis involved?Aswellasmanua
it
bya qualifed
P|actitioner,
to buyr€fexooqyluidesan
reflexo
o
|5fordo-iLyou6ell
toDr
According
whatistheevidenc€?
by
mechanei
isnoknown
there
Saffett,
oJ
publish€d
ar€view
Ernstrecently
Professof
buth€
on rdoloqy,
ilerature
thescenufk
Acupuncture
isoneoltheoldest
whatk it?Acupuicture
pcctltionercan
Whatisthe lheory?The
us€d
a lernative
commonly
andmost
d
than
Chlna
mor€
origlnatngin
therapes,
h
2,000yea6ago
nsnlmuate
Whatisinvolved?Th€rap
and€ightsecondary
12main
connectto
pathwayr
which
arccaedmeridlans
0sv
'Patients
and
Jimly:
ftnstsays
Profeisor
fromusing
d
b€dBcouraged
shou
therapists
tothe
impukes
andnerve
nutrients
reli€ves thlsriethod'
andlhereby
bodyzon-a
corr€sponding
ManiPulation
chiropractic
ii
studypublished
Whatir the evidence?A
IYtherPine
th€loinltesPecla
ion
what doesit involve?Achiropractor
toimprove
uengthehands
manipu
atasioints
mobityandrelieve
PaLn
h€pedthepatenlsasthma
relhxology
merdians
donot
slnce
acupun.turc,
ationorn
blood
circu
eithef
correspondto
lullyhow
pathways
Nooneunde6tand!
k some
evd
works,
butthere
acupuncture
thatstimulat
may
thefowofe
therc
tri!qer
pankille15su
cels
Wfiatisthe theory?
pfoper
y,il
cdnceanse functioning
Pract
tonersc a mthatrefexology
canlead
Thisirrltation
paftof thebodY8Y
isfeltinanother
a
d t d o e s n o t Whatis the evid€n(e?Goingto
Researchelsatthe
Whatk th€evidence?
lridology
eye
Whatis it? A(ordinqto r doloqBgthe
apac€bo
Th€same
patents
whoreceived
can
thatacupunclure
hasasoshown
team
ol theneckcan
s r,,1an
PUlation
aftery
tissue
ol th€venebGl
result
ina nrcke
s€case!,
works
tor
thatacupuncture
evld€nce
Glossary
placebo:
is not
a substancethat
butthepersontakingit
medicine,
it is medicine,
andsotheyget
believes
a seriousmedical
osteoanhritis:
conditionthat affectsjoints,eg the
to
makingit difficultfo.you
knees,
an illness,
usuallynota
ailments:
E
whattthealternative?
into
practitloneflooks
Whath involv€d?The
thepupi's
thepatlenfs
eyeandchecks
c
thatchiropract
tocondude
researchers
d aqrans
p gmentatton
agdnstiridology
Prolessor
e
exst Herbs
.onfigurdtions
dozen
Severa
lworKsI0I
witht rr
bedtohep thepatieni
rhenpr€9cl
d tions'and
lln€ss
dlagnosed
M u l t i p l ec h o i c e
5 Choosethemostsuitableanswerfor questions
1-5.
A(cordinglo rofessorErnst,acupunctureis not
A sufferfrom backpain.
B haveproblemswiih your teeth
D want to loseweight.
B uldology
C reflexology
D chiropractic manipulation
Dr Banett
t reflexoloqy
A canhe
ightloss."proved
B cannotbe
to wor
C couldhelp'solveasthma roblems.
D canbe relaxing.
\ Ihlch ofthe following statementsbestsums up
the ovemll content of this arti.le?
A Alterndhvelherapieswill be morecommonin
A
B
C
D
D Somealtemaii\e theraptescanbe effectivebur
there are limitations.
acupuncture
iridology
reflexoloqv
chiropraitrcmanipulation
thetuture.
rho,:^i6<
rra aaaa.rivo
6 In groups,discusswhich of thesealtemativemethodsyou would be most
willing to tly (or havetried already).Give reasonsfor yourchoice
7 Do you know or have you experiencedany other alternativemedical
techniques,eg aromatherapy?
1 The parts of thebody in the box appearin the readingtext.Usethem to
labelthe diagrams.
spine hands feet pupil lungs neck back
2 Matchtheseverbswith theirdefinitions.
to find out what physical
or mental problem
someonehasby
examining them
to useyourhands to
move or pressagainst
part ofsomeone'sbody
aspart ofa medical
treatment
to press, rub and squeeze
someone'sbodyin order
to reducepain orhelp
them relax
to make pain less
unpleasant
to encouragea part of
someone'sbody to work
fasteror better
a
massage
b
manipulate
c
stimulate
d
relieve
e
diagnose
What'sthe alternative?
El
Real conditionals
A real conditional is used to talk about a possible situation and its likely
results.
Possiblesituation
Result
(I/clause)
(Main clause)
lflfeelrcallyiU
I &oto thedoctor
1 Read this short text on the common cold.
Acoldis a contagiousviral drsease
whrch injects the
soft Iining of the nose Ifvou havea cold. the mosr
characteristic svmp tom rs a runnv nose.
Usuallyit is amildcondition andunlessvou ee
unluckv. recovervtakesplacewithin abouta week.
Itis most commonduring rhe cold winter months
and affects children and adults of all ages Mosr
peoplewill catcha cold two to four times ayeal
If vou havecaushta cold vou will be contagious
tuom the dav before rhe illness breaks out until one
to threedavsaftervou feelbetter.When vou cough
or sneezethe inJecrionwill be spreadbv anborne
droplets. It mav also be spteallrlhand if somcone
has the virus on their hards and rhen puts them
closeto their eyesor hands This is possiblythe
most commonway of cacchinga cold
Provrdedit clearsuo within one to twoweeks. there
is no needto seeadoctor.
2 Look at the underlined sentences,which are all examples of real
conditionals, and answe! the questions
1 Wlat tensesor verb forms are used in the fclause?
2 What verb forms carrbe used in the ft41,4clause?
3 What other words can be used instead of f? Do these have the same
meaning?
4 Is it possible to change the order of the clauses?\l/hat haPPensto the
comma?
3 Look at thesepossiblesihtationsand usethem to wdte leal conditional
Write two ot threesentencesfor eachsituation.
sentences.
0 Your temperature drops.
Ifyour temperat re drops,lou'Il beableto go bttckto work
lfyo rter peraturedrops,youmaybeableto 8Dbackto uork
youuoh'tbe abletogobackto uork nlessyour temperatwe
drops
to
\ootk.
be
able
to
back
Ptootdedyour temperahlredrops, !o11'II
8o
1
2
3
4
E
What'sthealternative?
You live in a big city.
You eat healthy food
You wash your hands
You feel really ill.
lntonation
1 Intonationis the way your voicedsesor falls when you speak Look at
these sentencesand answer the questions.
1 If your temperaLure
remainshigh, you won'tbe ableto go backtowork.
2 If you stay at home,you'll get betterquickl)z
Should the speaker'svolcerise in the frrstclauseor the secondclause?
Should the speaker'svoice fall in the firstclauseor the secondclause?
2 Work in pairs \ rhat is the intonation in thesesentences?Mark them, arld
crv rhpm r^ oA.h ^rhar
1
2
3
4
Unlessyou wash your hands,you'll catcha cold
lvhen you call a surgert they make you an appointment.
Speakto the pharmacistif you need someadvice.
If you take this medicine, you'll feel better
3
25 Now listen and checkyour answers.
4 Look at the words with boxesabovethem.Doesthe speaker'svoice se
or fall on eachof them?Why?
tr
tr
Popular altemative therapies include reflexology, acupuncture,
.!tr
herbalrnedicineand massage
5
26 Listen to a conversationbetweena studentand a lecturer What
do you noticeabout the sfudent'sintonation?How doesthe lecturerfeel?
6
21 Listen to the sameconversationagain.What differencedo you
notice?Mark arrows on the tapescripton page 172to show where the
intonationrisesand falls.
Pafl2
Talkabout an activityyou have done to keepfit or healthv.
eg, some kind of physicalexercise,a diet,siopping
smoKtng,etc.
You should sayj
What the activitv was
What you did exactly
How long you did this activityfor
Also say whetherthe activitywas successfulor not_
Part3
Vvhat are the best ways to keep healthy?
1 /hat type of food and drink should be avoided in a healthy diet?
Do you think healthcarefacilitiessuchas hospitalsneedtobe improved?
How important is altemativemedicinein today'ssociefy?
Wlat sort ofperson doesa doctor needto be?
\ /hatwill medicaltrearmentbe like in50 years'time?
What'sthe alternative?
E
:xam
4formation
Task2 oftheWriting
Expressing your opinion
Useful language
1 Readthe extractsbelow and
decidewhlch ofthe categorieseach
ofthe opinionsbelongsto. Write A,
B or C next to sentences1-5.
that ...
It is oftensaid^hought
why ...
It is difficultto understand
Manypeoplerefuseto acceptthis...
that ...
It is (im)possible
that ...
It is (un)likely
that ...
It is (in)conceivable
moduleexamines
yourabilityto express
an opinionlogically
lt is usual
andclearly.
writingto
in academic
youropinrons
express
in a moreimpersonal
A Formal appropriate
for academicwriting or more
formal speaking.
B Semi-formal acceptable
ic writinSincludhg I
in someacadem
C Informal - acceptablein more inform
academicwritine
speakrng.
0
and everydayspeech.
echbut not aPproPdatein
Pivate healthcareis growing in PoPularity,but it is imPortantto
consider those who are unable to afford it.
3 I firnly believethat nursesshould eam more
money.
It couid be arquedthdt peopleshould be offeredmore
choiceir the iype of medic;l treatmentthey receive.
I totally disagieewith the view thatpeople should pay
for their healthcare.
6 Modem drugs - the bestway to cure an illness?
What a load of rubbishl
ftP
tr
tr
tr
tr
tr
tr
tr
G i v i n g r e a s o n st o s u p p o r t y o u r o p i n i o n s
2 March the opinionsin the left column with the apProPdatereasonson
writing
do
Inacademic
the right
notuse
contractions,
eglt's,therc's,they'rc,
t -a' ' lney work tonghouts
an0
etc.0rquestr0n$
I The majority of PeoPleaccePt
and have veiy stressful
question
tags,eg'/s
that modem drugs are the
jobs
it'l',
thatfaill',' doesn't
most effectiveway to cure an
etc.
illness.
E SomepeoPlemight want
aimto
When
writing.
usem0tetmpersonal
phrases.
However,
it is
usuallyacceptableto f3 Itcouldbe arguedthat PeoPle
use'l'ot'ne
should be offered more choice
inan
Th"
occasionally
p-tif
in the type of medical
"tut*ho..ld
this for
IELTS
es$av.
everyoneftom
I totally disagreewith the
q
What'sthealternative?
3 Read these statements and use an appropdate phrase to give your
opinion using a different example each time. Then add a reason to each of
your oPln ons,
0
Moderndrugsarealwdysthebestway to curean ilLness.
Itotally digaqreewiI;hthig viewbecaueein manycaoesthe oi^eeffectg are
woreethan the illneseite?lf
1
2
3
4
Doctorsare overpaid.
AlLemative therapists should get conventional medical training fust.
A hospital is the bestplaceto recoverfrom an illness.
People should get medical advice before visiting other counhies.
Usingadverbs
appareny
naturally
fortunately
surprisingly
unfortunately
clearly obviously
4 Toshowa readerwhatyouthink,youmayuseanadverbLookatthe
words in the box and answer the questions
1 Which one is used io say what seemsto be true, when all the facts are not
known?
2 \ {hich one expressesa negative opinion?
3 Wlich one expressesa positive opirlion?
4 Which one refe$ to something that is different from what you might
expect?
Which three refer to an opinion that is what you might expect?
5 Put appropriate adverbs in these sentences.More than one may be
possible as the answer will depend on your opinion.
1 ... ......... .................. , if you have a broken leg, the hospital is thebest
placeto 8o.
many people are susplcious of altemaLive
medicine.
somealternativetherapiescanbe dangerousto
your health.
when doctors make mistakes, there are often
senous consequences.
60% of people worldwide rely on nonconventional medicine,
large dmg companies take a significant interest in
herbal medicine.
6 Answer this question.
'Currcntly therc is a trcnd towards the use of altemative foms of medicine.
However,at beg these methods arc ineffective,and at worst they may be
dangercus.'Towhat extent do you agrce with this statement?
Timer40
minutes
Writeat least250words
Whatb the alternalive?
E
Matching headings and note taking
Readone of two short textsabout medicalethicalquestions.
1 Work with a partner
modifedaninals Match the paragraphswith the
StudentA: ReadGenetically
headinss.
Student B: ReadHrmrn clorlhS.Match the paragraphswith theheadings.
animalsllunan
modified
Genetically
cloning
Headings
ls this safetor humansT
WhatelsecouldGM animalsbe usedforT
Whataboutthe animals?
what areGM animals?
another
thathavehadgenesfrom
eyareanimals
intotheirDNAtogivethemnew
eciesinserted
goatshavebeengenetically
Forexample,
aractefistics.
.lgineered
silkintheirmilk
spiders'
to produce
B
l
- micehavebeen
research
Tohelpwithmedical
genes
to helps.ientistsfind
wiLhhuman
engineered
diseases
suchascancet
outhowtocurehuman
intohumans
produce
organs
fortransplantation
with
engineered
imalshavebeengenetically
bodies
willnotreject
genes
sothathuman
human
whentransplanted.
theirorqans
-for example,
giant
fastgrowing
morefood
Tomake
salmon.
-for example
animals
thenature
ol some
Tochanoe
pet
thatthey
don't
qenetically
engineeringcatsso
instinct.
havea hunting
maybe.some
effects
knowswhatthe
No-o reallv
maybe
GManimals
thateating
scientsareconcerned
mayproduce
poisonous
newgenes
inanimals
because
to.
bodyisnotused
human
newproteinsthatthe
into
willescape
thatGManimals
isalsoa concern
There
genes
theirmodified
tnewild,whetetheywillspread
for
salmon,
bythenewsuper
wildfishcouldbedisplaced
example.
D
produce
ananimal
need
tobekilledto
A lotofanimals
- upto a hundred
foreachone.Genetic
withnewqenes
ill ordamaged
alsotends
toproduce
engineeririg
now
sheep,
cloned
the
sheep,
thefirst
Dollv
animalsvery
earlyage.
anhritis
aia
has
g
what's the alternative?
H6adings
ls it legalT
Why mightpeoplewantto clonehumans?
Why ban cloning?
How is it done?
What exactlyis cloning?
A....................................
Cloning
isthecreation
ofacellororganism
whlch
is
genetically
identicalto
anotherThere
aretwomatn
issues
intalking
abouthuman
cloning:
thecreation
ofa
newperson
withthesame
genes
assomeonewho
is
aliveorhaslived(reproductive
cloning)and
th creation
ofembryos
inorderto makeneworgans
orcel for
(therapeutic
medical
punoses
orresearch
cloning)
ollythesheep
wascloned
bytransfer.ing
thenucleus
of
bodycellintoaneggwhichhadaheady
haditsnucleus
removed.
Human
cloning
wouldprobably
bedonethe
same
way.
c ....................................
it hasbeen
banned
intheUSandin Britain,Alan
Milburn,
thehealth
secretary
announced
recentlythat
theUKwillban
anyattempt
athuman
cloning.
D....................................
1 Togrowaneworgan
fortranspla
ntation.
parents,
2 Forinfenile
asawaytohavea child.
3 Torecreate
a lovedperson
whohasdied.
4 Totrytolivefofeverbycloning
yourselI
E....................................
There
maybea largenumber
ofmiscarriages
and
- it
deformities
before
a human
issuccessfu
llycloned
took272attempts
to create
Dollythe
sheep,
theworld's
firstcloned
sheep.lt
could
alsohavea neqative
psychological
impact
ontheperson
cloned
because
they
wouldnotbeunique,
andtherewouldbe(onfusion
in
families
aboutrelationships-a
baby(lonedfrom
a man
wouldbemorelik histwinbrother
thanhisson.l\,,lany
groups
religious
a
o
objectbecause
theyseeitas
'playing
God'.
TIP
Notetaking
isan
important
skill.
Pickout
themainideas
and
writethem
inshort.
simple
sentences.
2 Readyour text againand makenotesunder theseheadings.
tr"t;
Why some people are
in favour of this.
Your opirdon on this
3 Work in pairs.Tell eachother aboutyour topic
1
28 You are going tohearpart ofa seminarin which sh]dentsare
discussing human cloning. Listen and answer the questions.
Multiple choice
1 Cloning that is used for diseasetreatment is called
A ethical cloning.
B therapeutic cloning.
C reproductive cloning.
D human cloning.
2 According to Ron, clones
A are non-thinking machines.
B are robots.
C would notbehave alike
D could be usedinwa$
3 According to Ron, reproductive cloning would have greatest advantages
for
A identical twins.
B scientists.
C govemments.
D infertile couples.
4 \Arhichof these organs doesAlice mention could be 'gro$'n'?
A a kidney
B an eye
C a liver
D an intestine
5 According to Barry, therapeutic cloning is easier for people to accept
because
A it couldn't really happen.
B complete humans aren't being made
C it isn't'playing God'.
D everyone would benefit.
What'sthealternative?
El
Avoiding repetition
A coughis a reflexactionwhichhappenswhennervesare stimulatedin the
liningofthe respiratorypassagesby somethingwhichshouldnot be !hc@.IIjs
maybe dust,a pieceof food,or phlegmcausedbyan infection.Thelungsare
nolmallya stedleenvironment,
so if dirt or dustget intolhco ![ig couldcause
ground
clears
for bacteriaand infection.Coughing
lhem to becomea breeding
painfulyou
the lungs.lf !l is
maytry not to coughand![iE can be dangerous
becauseit can leadto a chestinfectionandevenpneumonia.
1 Look atthe underlinedwords inthepassaEeabove.Prcr\oms(they,them,
efc.)and other re{erencelinls such as tlen, tftere,this, that, these,thoseand one
of
are used to help avoid repeating the same words and improve the coftesiotx
the text.
'the lining of the
In the first sentenceoI t\epaftglapt., thele rcfers to
respiratory passages'earlier in the sentence.What do the other underlined
words refer to? (This could be a single word or a whole pfuase.)
2 Use referencelinls to replace the llderlined
sections.
It is the
0 Hay fever is an allergic reaction to dust and pollen.
most common allergy in the world.
1 The nose, sinus, throat and eyesare most affected. The nose. sinus. dltoat
4Ebyctbecom e iiritated and swelluP
2 People usually first start to get hay fever in childhood lgqple often find
that the symptoms improve by lhe time peqplC are thirty or fortjr
3 About 5% of people worldwide have hay {ever. Ihclqlcllegcdpesplc
where about
who havehav fever is hiqher in industridlizedcoLrntries,
15%of the DoDulationsuffer ftom hav fever.
4 If you have hay fever, don't mow the lawn if you have 4lqa4 and try to
keeovour doors and windows shut, askeeoinevouJ doorsand windows
qhgl!will help to keep out the pollen.
5 People sometimes think that hay fever happens in late surnmer, yet hey
ftyq does not only happen in late summer but throughout the spring
and summer
6 Some of the s]'rnptons of hay fever are red and itchy eyes,sneezin&
coughingandarumy nose.@
itchJzelres,sneezing. coughing and a runny nose can be very unPleasant
and seriously a{fect your quality of life
3 Look at a paragraph you have written recently. Can you improve its
cohesion and avoid repetition usin8 appropiate referencelinls?
q
what'sthealternative?
U n r e a lc o n d i t i o n a l s
An unrealcondiLionalis usedto talk aboutan unlikely or
situation and its result
imaginary
unlikely or imatinary situation result
(ifclause)
(main clause)
ild werccloned
fromhis
1 Look at the examPleaboveand answerthesequestions'
$ihat tenseor verb fotm is used in the fclause?
Is the speaker talking about the Past?
What v'erb forms calibe used in the second clause?
Is ltpossible to changethe order of the clauses?
morecorrectto useocrelidn {zrs'althouth
Notethatin thei/clauseil i\ considered
in lesslormalsituahons
nuiu" tp"ot"o *;tt oft"n use,,,ls especiallv
t o! second
df{ectedPsychologi(ally
you//be/d
'ty;u,ve.ehuman clone/you/be
D( aftecrel Pelcholaq;cally
yau
uouta/coud14"Vht
cb
hurnan
a
human cloningTbelegalized/people^iveforever'
legalized'
i"i..i r" p" *.iilt -" children4rumancloning'4ce
a hu man,/becloned/they/not be unlqLle
genes
4 GM animals/escape into the wild/they/sPrcad their
Poisonous
5 welmake food/from CM animals/4t'lbe
into the wrld
wild
animals/they/escaPe
o CM animals/displace
about:
3 Writ" yorrr o.nors"r,tencesusin8 unteal conditionals
0
1 Human cloning
2 GM animals
What'sthealternative?E
Editing 1
Leaming to correctyour own mistakeswillhelP you imProveyouraccuracy
dnd get I bettermark in IELTS,as well as being very useful for your future
studies.
1 Look at the followinq extractfrom a student s pieceof writing One
exampleofeach g?e ofirror hasbeenidentified.Can you identily tle other
underlined erlors?
Punctuation
Wrong word order
Word missing
1
2
3
4
Word not needed
Wlong form
Wrong word
Wrong tense
5
t'
7
8
k 2 pA!9!fu Univerew
etudentI etudinaEueinees
I amaninternational
I am4 ^uitedbueineee
I havebeenherefor 5 fglla9yfog19pyfo.I belive
5 t'hclagtyearan4
in rnyfather'ecomPany
becauge
I wofued
manaqemenl
frommyfathenI am
knowledqe
I waslearnina
practicalbueineso
bothclaeeic
andPoP.
I enjoy
lietenmuoic,
7 onmanythin6e.
6 int€rcotina
an
A b haaprovided
I likeverymuchreadin4forei^nnovelsbecause
of learninq
|theEnllleh.
opportunity
2 Correct the errors the student has made.
3 Now find and correct seven mote errors in the next ParagraPh What t)?e
of error are they?
lfl rDillget a gooddegree,Iamgoing ltork in myfather's compan!again This is a
bestway.for meto learning the busifless.I uill uork rcry hardly, that uill pleasemy
fatheL and I hopeI wiII sootrpromoted!
4 Find and corect enors in your own work. Make a nobeof errors that you
often make and look for these fust.
Find these words in the unit. Then check their meaning in your dictionary
and record them.
involve p.90
representp.91
claim p.91
E
What'sthe alternative?
subjectivep.91
overallp.92
appropriatep.95
aspectp.95
ba1tp.97
opporhmityp.101
1 You will hear somebody describing trends in world music salesfrom the
late sixties to the presentday. \Mhatdo you think are the most significant
changesthat have taken place in terms of buying and selling music in this
period?
Fig.1
Fig.2
2
3? As you listen
to the first part complete
Fig. 1 from the information
you hear.Note that the
first part hasbeendrawn
tor you.
3
,, . 33 As you listen
to the secondpart fill in
the missing information
from Fig. 2.
e ...................,.
cassettes
2o/o
c ............,........
ra
.9
i5
c
o
G
80 85 90 95
Years
4
r '=€ Now
listen to the talk on
Internet and mobile
phone usageup to
the year 2000and
complete the
missinginformation
on Fig. 3 and Fig.4.
Internetpenetration
by the endof theyear2000
2000Internet
%
Mobilephonedensity
bytheendof theyear2000
ffi# 2000M. densitv
TheWorld
(overall
figures)
Gadgetsand gizmos
Exemplification
It is always important to support your statementsand opinions by providing
examples.
1 Look at thesesentencestaken from the listening texts.The words in bold
show ways of giving examplesor referring to data.
world musicsalesfrom the late sixtiesto
Todayl,m going to brieflyoutlinethe trends in
the presentday as shown on this graph'
such as the introductionof stereoLPs
This increasewas causedby new developments
and lateraudio cassettes'
A m e r i c a , i n p a r t i c u | a r , e x p e r i e n c e d a t r e m e n d o u s g r o w t h i n sCDs'
a|es,butotherEuropean
also sold millionsof
countries,for exampleBritainand Germany'
of hardwareto copy music'for
It may also be connectedto the increaseJavailability
instance,CD burners.
pie chartshows that in the year 2000
Now if you could toot at the following data:this
67'7% of sales'
CDsdominatedthe marketand accountedfor
and mobile phone usersin different
Internet
of
percentage
The bar chartillustratesthe
regionsof the world by the end of the year 2000'
2 tJsethe different words or phrasesin the box to fill in the gaps in the
sentences.
shows
example for example such as
in the caseof like
as shown
1 This bar chart
...the percentageof householdsin the UK which
had a DVD player tn2002.
in the graph,therehasbeena dramaticincreasein DVD
2 ......................
ownership in most countries in WesternEurope.
...Germanyhave a largeproportion of
3 Certaincountries
householdsowning DVD players, while in others,
Portugal, the figure is much lower.
4 In many countries the number of householdspossessinga DVD player
.. of this is the UK.
doubled over a short period of time. A clear
Sweden'
While in a few countriesthe figuretripled,as '.'......'.'..........
isentence(notethe use of commas).
Gadgets and gizmos
Srawimg *onelus;0ris
It is important to summarize or highlight the main points that have been
mentionedpreviously in a written text or presentation.Use thesephrases
to help you.
I n c o n c l u s i o n / T sou m u p / O v e r a l l.,. .
I t c a n b e c o n c l u d e dt h a t . . .
It is clear/evidentthat ...
T h e e v i d e n c es u g g e s t st h a t . . .
S took at the data you completedin Listening2. Completethe sentences.
Essays
donothaveto
havefiveparagraphs.
However,
astimeis
limited
intheIELTS
WritingTask2 rt-6
p a r a g r a p ihssl i k e ltyo
b ea p p r o p r i a t e .
Strategy
T h ec o n c l u d i npga r a g r a pwhi l l s u mu pt h e m a i ni d e a ( sd)i s c u s s ei dn t h e
essayor givethewriter'sopinionbutshouldnot introduce
anynewtopics.
0
IL ia evidenLfrom the pie charf,thaL minidiacahavenoLyet had a eiqnifican
effect on worldmuaic6ale6.
From the information shown on the graph,it can be concluded that ...
2 From the data shown on this pie chait, it is clearthat ...
3 The evidencefrom the first bar chart suggeststhat ...
1
G Work in pairs.Takeit in turns to answertheseexam questions.
Part2
D e s c r i b ea m a c h i n et h a t h a s m a d e a b i g i m p a c to n y o u r l i f e .
You should say:
W h a t t h i s m a c h i n ei s a n d w h a t y o u u s e i t f o r
r achine
W h y y o u b o u g h tt h i s p a r t i c u l a m
How often You use it
And also say what differenceit has made to your life'
Part 3
1
2
3
4
5
6
What do you think are the most
important inventions of the last 50 years?
How have mobile phones made
communication easier?
Which household appliances do you
think people need most?
What are the disadvantages of modern
technology?
Do you think we rely too much on
modern technology?
What technological developments might
happen in the future in transport,
education or health?
Gadgets and gizmos
C o u n ta b l ea n d u n co untablenouns
1 took at the examplesand completethetable.
Uncountable
petrol
the petrol
(threelitres of) petrol
somepetrol
How muchpetrol?
Countable
Acar
the car
three cars
some cars
How many cars?
Canuse a/an
Canusethe
Can make the noun plural
Countable
Uncountable
Yea
No
Need to use a quantifier to specify how
much (such as a piece of)
Canusesome
Canusemuch
Canusemany
advice advance
fact pollution
money toxin
transport
knowledge news
progress machinery
information research
travel dollar journey
vehicle politics
report equipment
machine
2 took at the nouns in the box (left). Theseare all words that you are quite
likely to use in IELTS.Are they countableor uncountable in English?
3 took at this extract from a student's essay.Find and correctfive
countable/uncountableerrors.
Moderntechnologyenablespeople to travelfurtherand faster,for lessmoney.
Thiscan only be a good thing.
Towhatextentdo you agree with thisstatement?
andwethinkthatthismakesourlives
in technology
yearwemaKenewprogresses
Every
as weare
onlymakeourlivesmoredifficult
advances
sometimesluch
However,
easier.
to do moreandmorein thetimeavailable'
expected
andreturnallwithina coupleof
country
wemayvisitanother
arefaster,
:.
Nowthattransports
days,whichisverytirin$.Trave|isnoLongerSomethingtobeenjoyed'
doesn'tcostas manymoneyas it didin the past'However'I
longdistances
travelling
certainly,
whichcausesmorepollution'
people
,
to travelmorefrequently,
thisencourages
and.
of otherplace.s
to gainmoreknowledge
.
on the otherhand,a traveldoeshelppeople
it willneverhavethe
but
example,
for
books,
from
i
get
informations
of
lot
a
we can
cultures.
for ourselves'
sameimpactas actuallyseeingsomething
.---. ,,,:, ,;ii
Gadgetsand gizmos
Task 1: Describing how something works
1 Work in pairs. Discussthesequestions.
1 V/ould you like to go up in a hot air balloon? \tVhy?AVhynot?
2 How do you thinktheywork?
2 ffre diagrams below show how a hot air balloon flies.
Use a dictionary for any unknown vocabulary.
3 Dru* lines between the labelsand the relevant part of the diagram.
How
andailnailoon
woilrs
Hotairballoon
used
Basket
rope
Quickrelease
attached
to vehicle
Balloon
inflated
by
fans(coldair)
Crownropeattached
to balloon
Propane
gasburner
Powerful
jetsof flame
Gadgetsand gizmos
lnfinitives of purpose
4 Look at theseextractsfrom the model answer and answer the questions.
Thebattoonitoelf ie madeof rip proof nylon,ao aa to be li7ht and veryatronq'
A crownropeie alooa\Lachell6o ao not to launchLheballoonbeforethe pilot
ie ready.A'propane7ao hea\er6endopowerfulief,aof flameupwardeinto the
balloon,Thieheata Lheair ineidethe balloonin orderto lifL iL,Whenthe air ie
hot, f,heballoonrisee,
1 Look at the underlined phrase.Doesit describehow somethingis used,
or why it is used?
2 \tVhatverb form follows the underlined expression?
3 Which other expressionin the example doesthe samething as soasto?
4 What are the negative forms of theseexpressions?
5 Use the two expressionsfrom the above exerciseto improve these
sentences.
0 Pilotswear safetyharnessesbecausethey don't want to fall out of the
basket.
?ilof,ewearoafety harnesoeaeo ao noLto fall out of the baoket.
1 Balloonsare usually bright colours becausethey should be easily visible.
2 Many peopleusemobile phonesbecausethey want to stayin close
contactwith'their friends and colleagues'
3 Peopleuse computersbecausethey want to get information quickly.
4 The public must usetheir carsaslittle aspossiblebecauseit's important
that they don't causeunnecessarypollution and congestion.
6 took at the diagram of How ahot air balloonworksandcompletethe model
answerusing NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS.
A sportshot air balloon consistsof a largebag attachedby
to a2 .........
1 ................
....., in which usuallyup to
four people stand.The bailoon itself is made of rip proof nylon, so asto
to a
..............
be light and very strong.A quick releaserope3
by fansblowing cold air.A
vehicleand theballoon4 ................
crown rope is also attachedso asnot to launch the balloon before the pilot
is ready.Apropane gasheatersendspowerful jets of flame upwards into
the balloon. This heatsthe air inside the balloon in order to lift it. When
the air is hot, the balioon rises.
When the balloon is flying, its speedand direction 5
by the wind which varies at different altitudes. However, the pilot, who
needsto wear 6 ................
, canmaintainor changethe heightby
. Thiscontrolstheflow of gasto 8 ................
7 ................
Gadgets and gizmos
g : $qs
hfLdrd€Ere
r€fu#r pra*€E**
F Answer this question.
Thisis a diagramof a fire extinguisher.Usingthe diagramand the notes
given, writea descriptionof how thisfire extinguisherworks.
P u lpl i n
Pushdown
lever
Release
lever
to stopgas
cartridge
of gas
Water
forced
upsiphon
tube
g
$**st*u"e
$erg a n*d \ftrritfrFlg si *'m*..x
8tmme* a*s$
.-ii-.;
G
Listen and write down the titles and authors of the set books you
need for a course in Economics.
Dontwritedown
youhear,
everything
justnotedownthe
keyinformation.
jAuthor(s)
-,--1,----=-------
1i
2
R
=.,1iListen to Steven'stelephonemessagesand completethe table
below with the information he needsto return the calls.
icontact
- _----Fopdi;-eet
illr":t-ry]:T'9:11"1-jHln:ryI3d
__-_=
ffl""ah tod"yto
-T--
1 ...............
idisiusscontract.
i
ii i 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
;I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
in1or2 4567622.
i
iNow too late for lunch, coulo you
,
t t w L / L J 1
-'---t-
i
ri
2i
Gadgets and gizn"los
Editing 2
What have been the three most significant technologicaldevelopmentsof the
past century?
T Work in pairs. Brainstorm what you think have been the three most
significanttechnologicaldevelopments.
2 Readthis answer to the question.Did the writer mention the samethree
developmentsasyou?
Theseareoft'en
int'echnoloqy.
developmenlo
yearseeeenorntous
Thepaothundred,
have
ourlivesmucheasierinmanyway6.Morover,Ihey
mad,e
andhave
oavinT
labour
oociely'
in
our
chan1eo
alsodrivenmanydramat'tc
advanceeis onewhichwenowall
lN couldbearQuelhaN oneof lhe moel imVorNanN
lI ie nowdifficult'lo imaginea life whereconlacNing
Nakef or qranled,lhelelephone.
whichwould'beNake
lef'Ner,
oeeinqthemf aceNoface or wril'inqNhem
involved,
eorneone
dayeof mobilephoneo,
weeksNoreachlhem,turNhermore,inlhese
or poooibly
d,ayo,
lhatr iN
and port'able'
so
emall
neededNocallsomeonehas become
Nheequi?ments
aeetrtof,o be onlya etep awayfrom lelepaLhic.
coneequencee,io
ar-reachinq
d,evelopmenlNhaNhashaaf
the eecond,lechnolo1ical
majority?eoplein lhe
revolution.Ihe
t echnoloqy
and,l,heinformaNion
Lhecamputrer,
worldcan uselhe lnlerneNand emailIo eaeilyacce66a new6,any
Aeveloped
from med\callo linancialqroblemo.
or yeNan adviceon everyI,hinq
informaNione,
Nhewaohinqmachine'
of 4reaNoocialeignilicance
developmenNthaNhasbeen
AnoNher
onereaoonwhy
wao
and
chore,
waea majorhousehold
clotrhes
?riorNothie,waehinq
t'o be ableNohavea career'WilhNhe
woftlenwereNra1pedin Nhehomeand unlikely
womenhad'morefreedomI'o chooset'o havea
advenNof euchlabouroavinqdevices,
eltecv
ofaeneaythatl,his has hada verydeolabilizinq
careerao wellas a family.They
manywomenI'o haveoaNiotinqcareers,and'I leel
buLir,hae alsoenabled,
on f amilies,
on bala nce, ha e been a very pooilive f orce in oociet'y'
in my o7iniontrheset'hree
many o?heradvanceecouldoaytrobeeiTnificance,
AlNhouqh
areNheoneswhichhavechangedeocielyNhemosf'.
? Answer thesequestions.
1. Look at the first two paragraphs.Thereare six mistakesunderlined.
Correct them and say why they are wrong.
Look at the rest of the text. There are eight more mistakes.Find them and
correctthem.
Compareyour answerswith your partner's.
Find these words in the unit. Then check their meaning in your dictionary
and record them.
Gadgets and gizmos
rank p.104
launchp.105
enablep.109
convincep.105
simultaneouslyp.105
significancep.1,13
attribute p.105
creditp.105
access
p.113
em
Fnedietf
G Workin pairs.Discussthefirstparagraphof thistext'
Do you think
this is a good
tdea?rNhy?/
\tVhynot?
A E n g i n e e r sa r ew o r k i n go n s o f t w a r et o l o a d
every photo you take,every letteryou write
in fact your every memory and experience
into a surrogatebrain that neverforgets
Would you
want tobuy
this software?
Why?/Whynot?
anything.
2 Readthe rest of the text and answer the questions'
t'4
i
!
the
dubbed
uenture
r
I c
sl
r w h i c he n g i n e e r a
tab-inSan
"r"n""
t o n u i t Om u l t i m e d i a
'i"r" J"opr"'t life events
' i m a g i n eb e r n g
.r'"ni".
- l i k es e a r c ho n y o u r l i f e "
r-e-o f t h e d e v e l o p e r s .
-.
our
fr"'" motivation?Microsoftarguesthat
t
and simply forget stuff' Much
n?l';j5lff;:: i';,"
ase'
) c u m e n t sl i k eh i s
rg to post everythingfrom
i h o . " v i d e o sa n d w o r k
mailis automatically
r ,a s i s a n y t h i n gh e r e a d s
and meetings
" " *.",: ' *;j""";:","H'"";ffiffi:"r""",t"""1, nversations
securitv
corpJrate
and
,iu".v
f
:!il""tp.-ir'"
"t
i
t
risksare clear'
bettel tuy-t
{
l"
takesup?.hus"amount
thesystem
ot course
o
;;;, i; i"'lr.r""rr ""ieliableinterpretations
i
"
that
aui sett9"1:"1"1".t-,:111lt::tl::.
;i;-";;;y.'',ioo-gisabyte
buitda faithfulmemorvon
andinstead
i
pc.
drivewillcostless
i
i
1
i
i O
I
to storeas
!
ffii'r'".t";il'""t "*i.'"r, t'e
Bell and his colteagues developed
hard
u""tr," to store four
enough
is
tt"'"t
t'iO
if'tun $300
i
MylifeBits
{
;;;:i?iy*:^:","^'If,?Y-l?f
tn"u
what
tosolve
-oae'rrooate
brain
i5i';li?10"0
yi:-"T'"il"""il'l'
"li'ii" I ;::4;ilii:I"^1:YL'":'::*"-T#,
^I
;:li:l;n:::l,Tl!i:t'Ifx?i*nffifi
:::5'ffi#::H'"i:i,
n'[:u:l;:ff
is
Microsoo,'-'I.9^"I'""' t
il; speech
to','savs
ioor.'ni
? :i5:##ft',;;;;[;;
ff
T,:i-5::il:",fill";l
movtes'
A d d t o t h i s t h e r e e l s o f hr o-m' -e- ^ ^ ^ A . r ^ ^ , , m o n t q
t
$
uiOLo,up"t,bundlesof lettersand.documents t
ill?il X,il;,;il'*",;;;;i";;l"we
- a major
it,becomes
findins
atone
';;;i::;i:"""'v'r'vvvtet
o'ov
ssedr
e a rur
c hro
a b l e 't o o
in
Belrjust.tvpes
have,i r to recarta
inhispast,
period
tn""
ih" out",heisinterest:9
I
l1 yll]f::ilt
i
;;i;;;;timerine"rp'h"l:-":1:T:il t h e W e b
t h i n g sh e h a s r e a do n
""t"it",i""s,
E Berorehespeaks",?:::.T^?:,i.:j::i""'*'""
t "::ffi;ffinJ"'n"i"""ia"J.
Multimedia
f * C o r n p u t l n gM a c h i n e r y
The future of comPuting
T
The system can also be usedto build
narrativesinvolving other people,eventsor
p l a c e sS
. e a r c h i n gf o r a f r i e n d , sn a m ew o u l d
b r i n gt o g e t h e ra c h r o n o l o g i c asl e t o f f i l e s
d e s c r i b i n gw h e n y o u b o t h d i d t h i n g st o g e t h e r ,
for instance.
A l t h o u g hM y l i f e B i t si s e s s e n t i a l l ya l a r g e
d a t a b a s ei,t m a y g r a d u a l l yb e c o m ea
repositoryfor many of our experiences.
N o w t h a t m a n y m o b i l ed e v i c e sc o n t a i n
p h o t o m e s s a g i n cga m e r a s y, o u c o u l ds a v e
everydayeventsonto the system.,Userswill
eventuallybe able to keep every document
they read,every picturethey view, all the
a u d i ot h e y h e a ra n d a g o o d p o r t i o no f w h a t
t h e y s e e , ' s a y sG e m m e l l .B e l lb e l i e v e st h a t f o r
s o m e p e o p l e ,e s p e c i a l l tyh o s ew i t h m e m o r y
problems,MylifeBits will become a surrogate
memory that is able to recallpast experiences
i n a w a y n o t p o s s i b l ew i t h t h e f a m i l i a rb u t
d i s p a r a t er e c o r d sl i k ep h o t o a l b u m sa n d
scrapbooks.'You'll begin to rely on it more
and more,'hebelieves.
A reallyaccurate,searchablestore of events
c o u l d a l s o h e l p u s p r e s e r v eo u r e x p e r i e n c e s
more vividly for posterity.Doug de Groot,who
w o r k s o n c o m p u t e rg e n e r a t e dh u m a n b e i n g s
calledavatarsand other types of digital ,life'
a t L e i d e nU n i v e r s i t yi n t h e N e t h e r l a n d ss,a v s
B e l l ' ss y s t e mc o u l d e v e n t u a l l yf o r m t h e b a s i s
f o r ' m e e t t h e a n c e s t o rs' t y l ee d u c a t i o n atlo o l s .
w h e r e p e o p l ew i l l q u i zt h e i r a n c e s t o r so n w h a t
h a p p e n e di n t h e i r l i f e t i m e s .
A system like MyLifeBitswas first suggested
i n 1 9 4 5w
, h e n p r e s i d e n t i a l t e c h n o l o gayd v i s e r
VannevarBush hatchedthe then farsighted
i d e ao f a n i n f i n i t ep e r s o n a a
l r c h i v eb a s e do n
t h e e m e r g i n gd i g i t a lc o m p u t e r .H i s i d e a sa l s o
inspiredthe internetarchivewebsite.
Glossary
Surrogate- a replacement
Dubbed- called,or given the name of
Repository- a placewhere largequantitiesof things are stored
Disparate- belongingto very differentgroups
I Posterity the peoplewho will live in the future afteryou are dead
-l
lM:ldl:
Multiple choice
Questions1-3
3 According to the text, which THREE of the following are problems with
conventional ways of storing our memories?
A
B
C
D
E
F
We forget when things happened.
It canbe difficult to find a suitable shoeboxto keep things in.
It can be difficult to find where we have stored our photos, letters, etc.
We forget what recordsof our past we have.
We accidentally throw away important documents.
We tend to keep too much stuff.
Questions4 and 5
According to the text, which TWO of the following are possible
disadvantagesof the MylifeBits project?
A
B
C
D
E
The future of computing
It canbe unreliable.
It may not be very secure.
It canbe very time consuming.
It requires a very large amount of computer memory.
It is very complicated to use.
Note completion
Completethesenotesusing No MORE THAN THREE woRDS
from
e readingpassage.
Classification
Strategy
In this classification
taskyou haveto identifywhich peoplethe statement
refersto.
Scanthrough the text to find the namesand read backwards
and forwards
a r o u n dt h e m .
Rememberthat the answercourdbe in directspeech:,rt,sinteresting,
or reportedspeech:He said it was interesting.
check your answerscarefullyas sometimestwo peopret
opinionsare very
closeto eachother in the text.
5
Classify the following opinions as expressed by:
A Doug de Groot
B Gordon Beli
C Jim Gemmell
D VannevarBush
Note: You may use any answer more than once.
1
2
3
4
5
In the fufure we will be able to save most of what we see
and hear.
MyLifeBits will be especially helpful for people wnor" -"."ories
are not
very good.
Conventional *uy:.o{,\""pilg
photos and so on are not as good because
the memories aren't all kept iione place.
our descendants will be a-breto leain about our lives through
systems
like MylifeBits.
The price of storing information will go down in the near future.
Thefutureof computing
Expressing the future: predictions and intentions
1 Look at someways of talking about the future taken from the text on Pages
LL4and 115.
1 ... engineersat Microsoft'sMedia Presencelab in san Franciscoare
aimins to build multimedia databases...
2 ... Beforehe speaksat December'sAssociationfor computing Machinery
Multimedia conferencein JuanLes Pins, France,Bell is going to log
everything he possibly can onto his MylifeBits database.
3 ... fre t noping to posi everythingfrom lettersand photos to home videos
and work documents.
4 ButBelI calculatesthat within five years,a 1000-gigablrtehard drive will
costlessthan $300...
5 Although MylifeBits is essentiallya large database,it may gradualllr
becomea repositoryfor many of our experiences'
6 Bell believesthat for somepeople,especiallythosewith memory
problems, MylifeBits will becomea surrogatememory . "
7 Dottgde Groot ... saysBell'ss)rstemcould eventuall)rform the basisfor
'meet the ancestor'style educationaltools .. '
2 Classifyeachof the statementsas
A a prediction or future possibility (in someone'sopinion).
B an intentibn or plan.
3 Wnut grammatical similarities can you seebetween the verbs in A and the
verbsin B?
4 Look at the timeline below. Complete the sentencesusing someof the
languagefrom the text on Page114.
This
evening
Youmaybeasked
questions
aboutyour
futureplansin Part1
oftheSpeaking
r.
module.
0
1
2
3
4
5
Next
weekend
Your next
holiday
Next
year
ln 10
years
This evening| ... aim to 7et my eooayfiniahedbeforeI 4o out'
This eveningI ...
Next weekendL..
On my next holiday I ...
Next year...
In L0years'time ...
5 No- find out information about your partner's future and reportback to
the class.
Thefuture of comPuting
Prefixes
1 How do you know that all thesewords are negative?
impossible
Understanding
the
meaning
of prefixes
c a nh e l py o ug u e stsh e
m e a n i nogfn e w
words,
,.,..
unlikely
inconceivable
2 took at the table below. Write the prefixes next to their meanings and add
an examplefor each.
il-
re-
mis-
dis-
micro-
trans-
anti-
pre-
not or to reverse an action
again orback
across
against
wrong or badly
not (with somewords beginning with 1)
illeqal
before
small
3 ' Th"se prefixes indicate a number. Write them in the correctbox.
qua-
dec-
bi-
4 Guess the meanings of these words. Then check your answers in a
dictionary.
1
2
3
unicycle
mismanage
microbiology
4
5
6
monorail
prepackaged
transnational
I Work in pairs. Discussthese
questions.
Think about a school that you
havebeento.
How many pupils were there?
What were the teacherslike?
Wasthere one you particularly liked
or hated?Why?
Who was your best friend?
Wereyou huppy there?
How manv of vour old school friends
have you keptin touch with?
Do you know what they are doing?
Would you like to know?
Describeit in as much detail as you
can to your partner.
The future of computing
l? You are going to hear a discussionabout a web site called
'FriendsReunited',which helps peopleto contactold schoolfriends.Look at
questions1-6 below and listen to the first part of the discussionto complete
them.
Questions1-3
Completethe tableusing NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for eachanswer.
|uiie McDonald
1.
Has been looking at the site.
D r 2 . . . . . . . . . . J. .o. .n. e sPsychologist Has done several studies into 3 ..
Questions4-6
2 Completethe flow chart using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS or
A NUMBER for eachanswer.
Itow to use 'FriendsReunited'
Log on to the site.
ffixarur
iq'n#mnffimtftq3ffi
your
. Gi vedetailssuchasyouremailaddr ess,
if differ ent.
cu rre ntsur nam eandyour4 ...............
Spellingis important
in the IELTSListening
m o d u l e- y o u r
answersMUST be
spelt correctly,and
they MUST make
grammaticalsense.
Write some noteson your currentlife (optional).
Findyourschool,or 5
Find informationabout peoplethat you know.
Contactthem by email (cost6
3
per year).
,..-,3* Look at questions7-l2andlisten to the secondpart.
Questions7-L2
Circle the correct answer.
7 Dr Jonescomparesthe websiteto
A asoapopera.
B a comedy.
C history.
D a family reunion.
shouldn't becometoo important to us.
Dr jones thinks
A our own success
B money
C other people'sopinions
D material goods
The biggest problem of this site is for people who have
A beenin love.
B beensuccessful.
C remained childless.
D beenunsuccessful.
The future of computing
10 Another problem that the site might causeis if someone
A has too many bills.
B is ill.
C doesn'tlike their job.
D is in anunhappypartnership.
11-Dr Jonesthinksthat'FriendsReunited'
is .................
for mostpeople.
A harmless
B damaging
C useful
D funny
12 Which one of the following doesDr Jonessay is a problem?
A Curiosity
B Addiction
C Insecurity
D Voyeurism
1 Work in pairs.Answer thesequestions.
Do you think that 'looking back nostalgically' is a bad thing?
Do you think your school days were better than your life now, or not? \tvhy?
Is it a good idea to try to get in touch with old friends and acquaintances?
Would you be interestedin logging on to such a site in your country?
If you had to describeyourself and your life in 20 words for a website like
'FriendsReunited',what would you write?
Yournameon leavin"g
scho
Yourcurrentsurname(ifditferent)
\bur nicknameat school(optional)
rlbui,sChi:ttitrriiiiimer,
Notesaboutyourself- whatareyou doingnow
*3.1:"
Thefuture of computing
Stresspatterns
Usually, words in the samefamily have related and predictable stress
patterns.
TIP
Whenyoulearna new
word,markthestress.
C h e c k t h a t y konuo w
in
thestresspatterns
theotherwordsin
thesamefamily,
nost?lgia nost?lgic nostBlgically
However, in someword families, the stresspatterns depend on the form of
the word.
t Look at the dictionary entry for this word family. Which of the three
forms has a different stresspattern?
100.
qual ily /'kwoh,fat/
qualification
qualified /kwohfard/
uil
lkwohffketJn/ ,
..it]{',e,.i.i]r.s],*]|]]|.*r$.r'ol.*fl*|.-|,|9..:i...,9l],{.,''ii::|itl.]]l.31.1ls
2 Now look at the word familiesbelow.Use a dictionary to find out which
three have a shifting stresspattern.
U
Thefutureof computing
(adj)
secure
(n)
security
responsible
compulsive
curious
addictive'
responsibility
compulsion
curiosity
addict
annoymg
annoyance
1 work in pairs.Takeit in turns to practisetheseexamquestions.
Part2
Talkabout the emailsor lettersyou write
to a
particularperson
You should say:
Part 3
what other useswill computers have in the future (eg in education,health,
leisure,etc.)?
Do you think children will benefit more from using computers?
Do you think the Internet will changeshopping patternJin the future?
How do you think the Internet might affect the way people work?
Are'there likely to be more negative effectsfrom the Internet in the future?
use the languagein the box to talk about your predictions. Rememberto give
reasonsfor your opinions.
will probably
will definitely
The Internet
could
might
may
becomemore popular.
changethe way peoplework.
help children to learn.
Task 2: Analysing the question
1 Look at this IELTSwriting Paft2question and underline the key words.
Evenif youhavestrong
feelings
aboutthe
topic,consider
both
sidesofthe
argument.
.,,!
Presenta writtenargumentor caseto an educatedreaderwithno specialist
knowledge
of thefollowing
topic.
ln the last20 years therehavebeen significantdevetopmentsin the fietdof
informationtechnology(lT), for examplethe WortdWideWeband
communicationby email.However,futuredevelopmentsin lr are liketyto
havemore negativeeffectsthanpositive.
Towhatextentdo you agree with thisview?
main topic Computers in_generalor Information Technology?
J:.$"
Will you write about the past, the present or the future?
Do.you n_eedto give detailed factual information or your own ideas and
opinions?
The future of computing
Brainstorming ideas
First, think carefully about the topic in the question.Undel the two headings
beloW write three more positive ind negative future developments.
Positive
Lot of information on Internet
Communication quicker/ easier
Negative
Difficult to navigate Internet
Reduces face-to-facecontact
B a l a n ci n gyo u r a rg um ent
It is important to consider both sides of an argument and this can be done at
sentenie level and/or in the essay as a whole.
Strategy
The main sectionof an
essaycontainsthe main
i d e a s o, p i n i o n sa n d
supporting i nformation
organizedinto clear
p a r a g r a p hw
s hich
progresslogicallyfrom
the introductionto the
conclusion.
In coherentessayseach
p a r a g r a p hh a sa m a i n
ideaand informationor
examplesto supportthis
main idea.The sentence
t h a t c o n t a i n st h e m a i n
idea is known as the
TopicSentenceand is
usually,but not always,
the first sentencein a
paragraph.
2
Sentencelevel
Positive
TheWorldWideWeb
provides useful information
Negative
The World Wide Web is difficult
to navigate
L Which of the sentencesbelow is more positive about using the World
WideWeb?
a \Mhile the World Wide Web can provide useful information, it is often
difficult to locateexactly what you are looking for.
b The World Wide Web cin be dilficult to navigate. However, it does
provide a lot of very useful information'
2 Now read this sentenceand answer the questions.
While email communication is quick and easy,it often reducesface-tofacecontact.
There are two points:
Point 1
Email communication quick and easy
1
2
a
J
4
Point 2
Reducesface-to-facecontact
Which point does the writer agree with most?
Does the point that the writer wants to emphasize come first or
second?
'email communication'.
In the second clause, which word replaces
What other contrasting linking words could be used instead of
'while'?
3 Look at the positive and negative points youbrainstormed about future
IT developments.write sentencesshowing balancedargumentsby
following thesestages:
Decide which point you want to emphasize.
Changethe noun of ihe secondsentenceto a pronoun if necessary.
Add a suitable contrasting linker.
Exampie:
Whilethereare likelyto be newtypee of compuf,erentertainmentfor children
in LhefuLure,iL io importanLthat they do other activttieetoo'
3 Balancingthe essayas a whole
with a ,Towhat extent....'type of question,you needto decidehow far
you agreeor disagreewith the statementand why.
Work in pairs. Readthe question again and briefly teli your partner what
you think, giving clear reasonswhy.
The future of computing
4 Readthe sample answer and answer thesequestions'
Doesthe writer agreeor disagreewith the statement?
more positive or
Does the writer ifii"f. future it developmentswillbe
more negative?
Sample answer
tmation technoloqYhavebeen
nave
leb and emailcommunication
',L"'"
:i:1il2y,:::,,1i::;::;'
::
beneficial.
it,
Ontheonehand,thelnternet,oneofthemootoi7nificantdevelopmentoin
u
IT,willcontinuetohaveaVerypowerfulinfluencean
d t h equicker
r e i a n oand
d o u b':lt i t h a g
much
hao become
manypoottivea+?elto' atoia,tcommunication
l:
c h e a p e r a g t h e r e i o n o w e a e i e r a l a e o | t o m o r e i n feducational
o r m a t i o n ' Tpurpooeo,
heWorldWide
:i
havealaobeenugedfor
communication
email
and
Web
Ontheotherhand,therearelikelytobegeriouaneqativeeffecbginourlivee
believethatthelnLernetwiltbeugedevenmorefori|te7alactivitiegouchag
porno\raphyortnformationtheft,tnaddition,IthinkmoraCornPutervirugeo
to crash'
.tl
cau6elarqeneLworko
wi, becreatedand this miqht
i
I n a d d i t i o n , m o r e a n d m o r e p e o p l e w i l l b e a b l e t obecome
a 7 7 e oaddicbed
o t h e W oto
rldWide
We
:,1
manypeopteto
cauoe
rnay
this
and
world
1:
alloverthe
o u r f i n ; , e m a t l o r c h a t l i n e a ' A s a r e o u l t ' f a t c e - t o ' f a c e c o m m u n i c a t i o n a u:
nd
gocialcont,actwillbereducedwhichlthinkcouldhavene4ativeeffectoon
ii
in general'
humanrelationohiPo
InconcluaionitigclearthatdevelopmentainlTwi|Iundoubbed|yconttnue
arapidpacebuttherewillbemanyneqativeeffecLa'W,hatpeopleneedtod
iocarefullyconatderandaimtominimizethedrawbackgooagnottoletrou
informationtechnoloqy'
Iivesbetotatty domina\edby
Now look back at the essay in more detail. Summarize
the main- points in
by gi'ing clear
h paragrapr,to ,"l"irlri, ih6 *rit"r ualancestheir argument
sons and examPles'
Thefutureof comPuting E
Recording vocabulary
1 Look at thesetwo methods of recording vocabulary.
Which do you prefer and why?
A list
monitor
floppy disk
hard drive
hardware
Internet
keyboard
monitor
mouse
Program
screen
software
virus
A mind
map
h a r dd r i v e
COMPUTERS
program
A mind map canbe a useful way of recording and revising vocabulary.They
areusually topic based.You candraw one asyou study a particular subject
and then continue to add words to it as you learn them later on.
Check you kirow all the words in this mind map by looking in a dictionary.
2 tnthe box below are somemore words associatedwith computersand
the Internet.
m e m o r y a n e m a i la d d r e s s a c h a t r o o m s p a m c l i c k
a CD ROM surf post drag a website scrolldown
crash search save
Work in groups.Add the words in the box to the mind map above.To do this
you will need to organizeor categorizethem.
1 Divide the words into thoseyou think are specifically connectedwith the
Internet and thosesimply connectedwith computers.
2 Now divide eachgroup into nouns and verbs (somemay be both).
3 Now you may wish to divide your groups again into words with similar
or relatedmeanings.
4 Now draw your mind map.
There is no one correctanswer. Organizethe words in the way that is best
for you.
Find thesewords in the unit. Then checktheir meaning in your dictionary
and recordthem.
E
Thefuture of computing
link p.114
conventionalp.115
classifyp.116
securep.115
generatep.1L5
emphasizep.123
chronologicalp.115
expressp.116
Iocatep.123
utithur
w
q,,t
svlruq
1' Look at these
advertisements'
What is the Productbeing
advertisedih eachone?
ffio ur" the adverts aimed at?
the c-od9set'up bY th"-\!Y^-^"
one of theseadverts would' break
around
tesel and similar codes each
Advertising Standardt ;;;ti;;i;"
with
is
problem
t'n! tl"iiri.
d. tn pairs, decide *n", y.""inT"i
NowlookatthestatementstakenfromtheASAcodebelowandmatcheach
from the code (1-8)'
advertisement(A-D) with the .ori".ir".tion
Note: There are more extracts
than advertisements'
'
"*
, l3;:SffiT:ll,#H:il"Js:filt#"J,??tE;i1,fl'"i,.
*1iii3'?f::l':'f,l"i:J::[#?3
dlsiurbchildren'
'ertisingmessages'
urgedin 1-d,Y."-1'::T
3 Childrenshouldnot be
productsfor them'
shouldnot depicttoy wea.pons,which
' Advertiseme_nts
7
their parentst" o"v i..tit'"lar
colour)andcanoe
assuchby
iin size'shapeand
;';;iilic
ecognisable
with realweapons'
confused
[oriaisor programmes'
ffll?t?""J'?'ttt"
in an equallyclearmanner.
8 Advertisements'elceRl-llfetvmessages'sh
oridentified
ment,
lul"!rsnn!lru,rtln#:'fl,::iflil'^
propersupervlslon'
without
r::rr:::::r::::rl:r::':
: . : p r : . : : i r : a : i : : : : : : r . l la: l : : : ; : : : r : : : : r : r r : r ; : : : : r :
The art of advertising
Wereyou surprised by any of theserules?
Do you know the rules about advertising to children in your country?
Do you think advertising could be harmful for children?
Do you think advertisingto children should be banned?
ldentification of beliefs or arguments
1 Match the beliefs or arguments in the statements(1-5) with the people or
organizationsmentioned in the text (A-F) on pages 128 and129.
Note: You may use any answer (A-F) more than once.
Children as young as
seven or eight
understand what
advertisements are
trying to do.
Poor families seetoo
many advertisements
showingproducts they
cannot afford.
Children do not
understand the
difference between
adverts and television
Programmes.
Children are more easily
influenced than adults.
Television companies
need the money from
advertising to make good
children's programmes.
Strategy
To help you with this
type of task,first
u n d e r l i n et h e p e o p l eo r
organizationsin the text
to help you locatethe
answermore quickly
A Dr Brian Young
B NigelWalmsley
c Independent TelevisionCommission (ITC)
D StephenColegrave
E Lars Maren
F The Children's Society
Multiple choice
2 Readthe two texts on pages 128 andl2g,whichargue for and againsta
ban on advertising to children.
Rupert Howell believesthat the current rules on children's advertising in the
UK are
A
B
C
D
tr
Theart of advertising
effectivein protecting children.
nottoughenough.
better than the rules in other countries.
likely to encouragepester power.
3 According to Rupert Howell',s article, the results of banning children's
advertising could include
ChooseTHREE answers.
A an increasein the number of imported children's plogrammes.
B an increasein the costof imported children'sprogrammes'
C an increasein the costof producing children'stelevisionPlogrammes.
D a reductionin the quality of children'sprogrammes'
E a reduction in the quantity of children's programmes'
F a reductionin competitionbetweenchildren'sprogrammemakers.
4 According to Helen seaford,the British advertisingindustry is worried
by Sweden'sproposalsbecause
A advertising allows people to make choices.
B Sweden is-not the ohly European country to ban children's advertising.
c British children watch more-adverts than in any other European country'
D even four year olds can recognize well knownbrands'
5 The cost of advertising toys and games
A
B
C
D
is less than the cost of advertising chocolate and snacks'
has increased dramatically in recent years.
is more in the UK than elsewhere in Europe.
has an impact on their price to the consumer.
kickoffthedebate.
experts
C Let's take research first. The UK has done its
own. Dr Brian Young of Exeter University found
clear eviden ce tltat children's advertising literacy
develops from the age of four and thatby tlte age
of seven or eight they have developed a good
understanding of the purpose and intent of
advertlsing. Last year, the Independent
Tblevision Commission scrutinised the rules
governing toy advertising and concluded that'as
to media technolog-v of all
i result of
""potut"
kinds, the children were quick to assimilate and
interPret what theY were shown''
Howell
RuPErt
ll0says
A In 1991, Sweden introduced legislation to ban
television advertisements that'purposefully'
alttaclthe attention of children under the age of
12. Why? Because the Swedish government
acceptedresearch stating that most children
could not recognise the difference between
advertisements and programmes until they were
10. Lars Maren, deputy director of the Swedish
ministry of culture, says that television
advertising leaves chiidren'vulnerable to abuse
and decepiionby adults' and'they do not
understand what advertising is''
B It is widely expected that it will use its
presidency oflhe nuropean Union to push for
ihe introdlction of such aban Europe-wide' The
UK government has indicated that it will resist
thisiuggestion from Sweden' That resistance
shouldbe supportedby the UK media and
advertising industry. Let me explain why'
D In 1996, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Food commissioned research into the role of
advertising in children's choice of food' It found
that'there is no serious evidence to suggest that
advertising is the principal influence on
children's eating habitsl
E I am convinced that children have anundoubted
ability to view and assess advertising
competentiy and with discernment' Kids are not
gu11iLie.Thly're smart. I also have faith in the
idvertising industry's regulations, which pay
special regatdto the child audience and contain
to ensure that chiidren are not
nrovisions
-exp
o sed to inappropriate commercial me ssages
or influence.
;:::::.:::.-,::::::::r:.::Utt::p:::,r::::r::::t:::.::rr::,rr::li:tl:t.:::r:rr'
The art of advertising
Advertising in the UK - andthat includes all
advertising, not just children's - is conducted
responsibly. The ITC's regulations are taken
seriously and constantly revised. The number of
complaints from viewers is minuscule.
Lt
H
But there's another aspect to television
advertising: aban on Children'sadvertising
would ltave a catastrophic effect on the funding
of independent children's television
programrning. Nigel Walmsley, Carlton TV,s
cltatr:rrran, has made the point that ITV last year
invested €35m in original programme
commissions for children's television. He says
that if ITV did not have the advertisine revenue
of around$40m that it earns from children,s
advertising, then'quite simply, it could not
make original children's progtarnrnesl The
alternatives would be to remove children,s
programming from the ITV schedules, or
broadcast low-cost programmes brought in from
the US and elsewhere, or turn chiidren,s
television into subscription-on1y channels.
Quality would suffer, and the range of
prograt::rr.es would falTaway.
Advertising is fun. It's educational, too.
Advertising helps children to discriminate andto
grow up. And, just like adults, they know, or they
soon learn, that they can't autornatically have
what they see advertised. Abanon television
advertising would be an infringement of the
freedom of commercial speech If it,s legal to
sell, it's not only acceptabTeto advertise it, but
essential. Advertising encourages new product
development and it fosters competition, which
always benefits consumers - including children.
Rupert Houellis chair of HHCL & Partners and
President of the Institute of Practttioners in
Aduettisins
K A great deal of research has been done - using a
variety of different methods - andthe
conclusion is that children's understanding of
advertising develops in line with their own
psychologic al, ernotional and intelle ctual
development. So it is not until the age of 12 that
their understanding of advertising can be said to
be cornparable to that of adults. For example,
four-ye ar-o1ds ar e a7re ady'br and cons cious, and
nine-year-olds will respond immediately when
asked about product preferences.
L At the Children's Society, we see some of the
poorest families struggling to keep their heads
above water while being bombarded with images
of consumption they can i1l afford - in a country
where one child in five needs free school meals
because they live in a low-income family €50m
ayear is spent on advertising chocolate and
snacks to children, whereas advertisements for
healthy foods during children's television time
are wb.eard of.
M And finally there is the issue of pester power.
Most parents want to bring their children up
well, with decent rnotaT standards and a
balanced outlook on life. It is deeply insidious
for advertisers constantly to undermine them in
what is anJ,'way a difficult task.
N Listen to Stephen Colegrave ofSaatchi and
Saatchi (an advertising company): 'Children are
much easier to reachwith advertising They pick
up on it fast and quite often we carLexploit that
relationship and get them pestering their
parents'
O It is against this highly resourced b arrage of
aggressive marketing that our utrrent rules must
be judged. In the past six years, spending on
advertising toys and games during children's
television has risen fromE26rnto €150m.
Yt$$ays
llelen
$eafnrd
Children watch a lot of television. Advertisers
know this. And they know that advertising
influences children. It gets children and their
parents to buy more of what they,re sel1ing.The
number of advertisements watchedbv British
children tops European Ieague tables.On
average British children watch 18,000 adverts
per year and those in low-income families see
most.
It's not surprising with statistics like this that the
advertising industry is worried by the prospect
of Sweden seeking to extend to the EU the
controls they andthree other European
countries have put inplace with considerable
SUCCCSS.
The art of advertising
P The Swedish initiative to extend their ban on
advertising during children's television is
welcome Children do not need to nractise
watching advertisements as a prep-aration for
adult life. and good-quality children's television
could be financed by subscription or by
reserving a section ofthe licence fee
Q As we struggle with the question of how to
ensure that children see high-quality television,
it is the interests of the child which should be at
the centre of our attention.
Helen Seafordis Head of Planning qt The Children,s
Society, a children's chaitg
Modals of obligation and prohibition
1 Look at these sentences, taken from the reading texts. They all contain
modal verbs.
0
1
2
3
4
Advertisements must not portray violence, undue aggression, or
menacing or horrific elements likely to disturb children.
Children should not be urged in advertisements to ask their parents to
buy particular products for them.
Advertisements must be clearly recognisable as such by children and
separated from editorials or programmes.
Advertisements should take into account the level of knowledge,
sophistication and maturity of the intended audience.
Children do not need to practise watching advertisements as a
preparation for adult life.
Put the modals from the sentencesabove into these categories.
Prohibition
Obligation
strong
weak
lack of
obligation
strong
weak
mu6t not
2 'Now do the same for the modals in these sentences.
1
2
3
4
Advertisers have to follow certain rules about advertising to children.
Advertisers ought not to encourage children to eat too many snacks.
Parents ought to monitor the advertising that their children see on TV.
'pester
power'.
Parents don't have to respond to
3
Lookback at the texts. \Mhat form of the verb follows modals?
Now look at the other sentences from exercises 1 and 2. Some of the verbs are
followed by a different form of the verb. \Mhich ones?
4 Work in pairs. How are these modals expressed in the past? Fill in the
table.
Presenttime
ought to
Pasttime
ouqhtto have+ pa6t participle
should
have to
must
don't need to
don't have to
shouldn't
5 Here are some other lexical expressionsto expressprohibition and
obligation.
Prohibition
Obligation (weak)
Advertisingtoys is banned ...
Advertising toys is forbidden ...
Advertising toys is not allowed ...
There is a ban on advertisingtoys ...
Parentsare expectedto monitor ...
Parentsare supposedto monitor ...
It is the parents'responsibility to monitor
Parentsare responsiblefor monitoring ...
The art of advertising
6 Write about five rules in vour country.
Example:
Youoiould carryyour drivinqlicencewiLhyou,buf,youdon't haveLo'
Thereis a banon omokin7in publicplacee,
#S Listen to a tutor giving feedbackon a student's work. Write
7
down any examplesyou heaiof languageto talk about obligation/lack or
obligation or prohibition.
1 You should spend about 20 minutes on questions1-13 which arebased
on the text below.
TheGlobalProilucttheworlilasa sin$,lemarket?
a smallerplace'
theworklisbecoming
-^
A Forbusinesses,
quickerantl
becoming
iiavet anrltransportationare
to any
instantaneous
canbe
atii.t, .otntnunications
tlown'
breakin$
are
barriers
trarle
antl
orit oi tft. *ortrl
"C;;ta;;tfly, therearetremendousopportunitiesfor
t"sin.ites to broatlentheir marketsinto forei$n
.oo"tti.t. Thechallen$efacin$thosepromoting
whethermarketing
pi"at.tt
'*.tftoA. Sf.Uallyis to determine
ittoukl bethe sameactosstheworld or if they
on
tftoomf . tAtpteil to rlifferentmarketsbased
speciflc culturalfactors'
'shrinking' of the
arguethat, with the
B
" Manytheorists
is inevitable'over time'
*-"iia, Sl"balstan?artlisation
that
beensuggestetl
has
it
*O tt Jio"o-ies develop,
another
ole
into
blend
will
patterns
consumerbuying
D
Kelogg'the
anrlnationaldiffet.tti.t mty aisappear'
very
been
has
cerealproducer'
Americannreakfast
atternsin
i" challen$in$consumpti,on-p
iJit."titt
for
France'
In
States'
the"United
outsitte
;",-ttil
of'
unheartl
almost
were
cereals
ft.tH"st
.*t*pf.,
was
market
the
that
andriarket researchsug$estetl
liki Kellog'Ilowever' torlay'
Jot.a to companies
forbrealdastcerealsacross
tlemand
gto*iit$
ttt.t.it
of products
standarrlisation
the
fr.u.rtfreless,
fi*...
1ilsly the
i5
way
ioiworfawiae consumptionin this
analysisof
an
from
evirlent
mosteffectivestrategris is
marketing'
of
aspects
$lobal
thefollowin$key
betterbusinesspracticeby
C
" First of atl' it is consirlered aniesto,chan-$tgtit
it*V f tig., establisherl comp
ttren31,lat1ttt1
;;;dfi"ftffi onecountrvto
The art of advertising
1999.
SpaininAugust
H It canbeconcludedthat globalstandardisation
of
productsto 'flt' all marketsis unlikely to bethe
most
viableoption.MarketinSmethodsemployerlwill
l.pqnd onmanyfactors,suchasttretypeofproduct,
the_degree
of competition,thereputaii'onof'thefum
a_ndlor
thebrand,the stateof the economyinto which
theproductis to belaunchedandhow ani *t .n to
l1u1ch.In short,thekeyto marketingsuccess
on a
globallevelis to havesufficientinfor"mationon
trow
cultural differencesarelikrly to affectthe marketing
of
aproductandthenallow the appropriatedecisionsto
bemade.
Ma tch i n gh e a d i n gsto par agr aphs
1-7
Questions
Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-H from the list of
adings below. Write the appropriate numbers (I-X) after each question.
N.B. Therearemore headingsthan paragraphsso you will not useall of them.
List of Headings
i
Launchinga new soft drink product
ii The main benefitsof the singlemarketlaunch
iii Researching
culturaldifferencesand providinginformation
iv The lackof culturaldifferencesin the world today
v
Examplesof launchinga productin one marketat a time
vi The emergenceof global marketingand its challenges
vii The world as a singlemarket:a successfulcase
viii Specificculturaldifferencesto consider
ix Differentmarkets,adapted products
x Successin the global market- key factors
0 ParagraphA VI
1 ParagraphB
2 ParagraphC
a
J
4
ParagraphD
ParagraphE
5
6
7
ParagraphF
ParagraphG
ParagraphH
The art of advertising
Note completion
Questions8-11
3 Usi.,g the information in the passagecomplete the notes using NO
MORE THAN THREEWORDS:
Globalmarketing
to
Worldqellinq emaller- chancelor buoineeoee
8 . . . . . . . . . . ..........q.. l o b a l l y .
producl
worldao oinqlemarkelwith st andardieed
Nreating
Companieo
nol alwayoapproVriabe,
to take into accounl:
Therefore,factors
A, Ada?Nlhe?roduclto e?eciticmarket's
...Ford(Vlondeo)
eqCocaCola9
launchlhe?roducN
differenNwayeNo
D.Com?are
' W a 0 e f i allal ' u n c h
1 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l a u n c h o r
Allcounlrieoat sameNime
)ne or Lwocount'riegafler another
Examplezlnt'el
playere
ExamplezDVD
and\7
. . .m o v i e s '
differences
culbural
C.Consider
abouNcommonbueiness
and
Acquire
knowledqe raieeawareneoe
pracliceeand localcuelomo
Multiple choice
Questions12andL3
4 Choosethe appropriatelettersA-D.
12 According to the writer
A all types of company adapttheir productsto different markets.
B having the sameproductior differentmarketscannevel be successful.
C car minufacturers are unlikely to develop totally different models for
differentparts of the world.
D it is bettei to launch a product in different markets at the sametime.
13 The writer concludesthat
A marketing strategiesdepend mainly on the product type'
B successfufpromotion of a product dependson being informed about
cultural differences.
C the launch of a product is not particuiarly significant.
D companiescan gain global suicessby settingup officesall over the
world.
The art of advertising
Reviewof usefullanguage
in your country' Are
work in pairs. Talk about products that are advertised
they advertised using different methods?\Mhy?
Wii", aspectsof adve"rtisingare unethical or unaccePtable?
1 Look at this IELTSWriting Task2 question:
readerwithno specialist
Presenta writtenargumentor caseto an educated
toPic'
of thefollowing
knowledge
and unacceptablein
someof the methodsusedin advertisingare unethical
today'ssocietY.
Towhatextentdo you agree with this view?
Writeat least250 words.
Time:40minutes
StrategY
Checkyou understandthe question
Brainstormideas
do You need?
How manYParagraPhs
supportingevidence
with
your
opinions
E*pr"t.
argument
Presenta balanced
RememOerto include-anintroductionand a conclusion
to understand
U"" tint ing words to help makeyour essayeasy
When writing an
IELTSessaY,do not
use contractions. ,l
j
2
plucethe phrases on page L35 under the correct heading in the useful
languagebox'
i U se f ul la n g u a g e
I Introducingan essay
'" " " '
manY
Inthe21otCentury,
PeoPle'
Possibleresults
GivingexamPles
Adding a Point
Drawingconclusions
The art of advertising
R e m e m b e irn I E L T S
WritingTask2 you
have40 minutesand
need to write a
m i n i m u mo f 2 5 0
words.
Phrases
TakingX as an example...
In recentyears there have been many developmentsin
This might lead to ...
After examining the issuesit is evident that ...
Firstly,it is important to consider...
I would acceptthe view that ...
Thereis no evidenceto suggestthat ...
Overall,it is clearthat ...
The final point to consideris ...
It is certainlytrue to say that ...
It is not only ... but ...
I am unconvincedthat ...
This would have an effecton ...
To illustratethis point ...
And thereis the issueof ...
3 Write an answer to the question.
1 Work in pairs.Discussthesequestions.
Think of an advert you have seenrecently.
Where did you seeit? (TV,radio,
billboard?)
What was the brand name?
What was the target market?
Wasthere a slogan?
What was memorableabout it?
2 Advertising companiesuse many
different methods to persuadeyou to
buy their products. Work in pairs.
Match thesemethods (a-h) with their
definitions (1-8).
a Giving information about a
product
b Basedon scientificevidence
c Endorsementbya famous
Person
d
e
f
g
h
Anti-advertising
Specialoffers
Positiveimages
Repetition
Comparison
1 The name of the brand is used so often that peoplebegin to associateit
with the product, eg Hoover for vacuum cleaners.
2 Simply explainingwhat the product is. Usually used for new products.
3 This method focuseson why the product is better or cheaperthan other
similar products.
4 A pop star or an actor saysthat they like/use the product.
5 An advert saysthe product hasbeen'scientificallytested'or 'proven to be
betterin tests'- often used for cleaningproducts,eg washing powder.
6 Price- a cleardirect method - it's only f9991
7 This is a modern method, which is designedto be amusing. It makesfun
of other methodsof advertising.
8 The product is advertisedusing attractivevisual images,eg healthy,
young, beautiful people,beautiful scenery,cute children or animals,etc.
Which of thesemethods do you think is the most effective?Why?
The art of advertising
Classification
Questions1-5
1 ll,"-i*+O You aregoing to hear threeradio adverts.Write
A if the statementrefers to the first advert.
B if the statementrefers to the secondadvert.
c if the statementrefersto the third advert.
1
2
3
4
c
This advert usesthe'special offer'method.
This company has a web site.
This advert usesthe'anti-advertising'method.
This advertisesa product that you don't have to pay for immediately.
This company claims to be cheaperthan its rivals.
Multiple choice
Questions6 andT
2 l":;l;i +t You are now going to hear someMarketing students discussing
the samethree adverts in a seminar.Listen and answer thesequestions.
6 The first advert is for
A a commercial organization.
B a shop.
c a government organization.
D a non-government organization.
7 Which of thesestatementsis true for the first advert?
A It is advertisinga product, not a service.
B The methods it usesare unique.
c It is expensive.
D It advertisessomething that other companiesprobably don't offer.
Questions8 and 9
3 Circle which TWO adverts use repetition.
1st
2nd
3rd
Questions 10-74
4 Completethe notesbelow using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.
L0 The main methodusedin the secondadvertis the ................
11 The offersin the secondadvertend ................
12 The woman in advert 3 feels
about the language of advertising.
13 Anti-advertisingis ofteneffectivebecauseit is ................
14 According to one of the students,people believe what they are
told, evenif it is
\Mhich advert do you think is the most effectiveand why?
The art of advertising
Finding useful language in reading texts
One of the best w4ys of improving your writing is to notice and use useful
languagein the texts you read.
1 Look back at the text on pages128and 129 andfind the following:
ParagraphB
Away of saying many people think something will happen.
ParagraphD
A way of saying that something cannot be proved.
ParagraphE
A way of saying that you really believe something.
ParagraphG
Away of introducing a new argument.
2 Lookat theseexamplesof making two points. Which sounds stronger?
If it's legal to sell, it is acceptableand essentialto advertise it.
If it's legal to sell, it is not only acceptableto advertise it, but essential.
3 Wnut dependent prepositions are used with the following phrases?
ParagraphB
Have an influence.............
ParagraphE
Beexposed
ParagraphC
Have a (catastrophic)effect
ParagraphK
Becomparable
.............
Write your own example sentencesto help you remember thesewords and
phrases.
Advertioinqfo childrenio not onlyacceptable,but a poaitively7oodthin1,ao it
allowathem Lo learnthatthey cannot haveeverfuhin7they want,
Childrenahouldnot be expoeedLotoo rnuchadvertiainq,
Find thesewords in the unit. Then checktheir meaning in your dictionary
and record them.
The art of advertising
differentiate p.126
ensurep.129
broadenp.131
legislation p.128
constantly p.129
featurep.131
discriminatep.l29
original p.129
unethical p.L34
t Work in pairs. List threereasonswhy
students go abroad to study.
How do you think an education in another
country can help you be successfulin your future career?
2 You are going to listen to someonetalking about how his British
educationhas contributedto his success.
4il Readthe questionsbelow and underline any important words.
3 At r*e. the questionsusing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.
1 \AIhyare the audiencevisiting the university?
2 \Alhatarethe speaker'sbestmemoriesof university about?
3 Where is the speakerfrom?
4 ' The speakersaysthat in his country a degreefrom a British university
helps to get
5 What subjectdid the speakergraduatein?
6 After graduating, which organization did the speakerwork for in his own
country?
7 Havinga Britishdegreeshowsemployersthat the studentis .................
8 When did he finish his post-graduatecourse?
'.
i'; Top tips for the IELTSListening modute .
4 What is important to rememberwhen you are doing the Listening
module?Look at the hints below and predict what the missingwords might
be.
, il Listen to a teachergiving somehints to students about the
5
Listeningmodule. Completethe notesbelow using NO MORE THAN
THREEWORDS.
1 .............
. carefullyso you know exactlywhat type of
answer is required, eg multiple choice,no more than 3 words, etc.
2 From the information given, try to predict the context for the task. \AIho
will be speaking,why and on what topic?
3 Readthe .............
in orderto identify the type of
information required,eg name/location,date,etc.
4 As you listen write your answersdown as quickly aspossiblebut try to
keep concentrating.
5 If you are not sure of the answer,make a note of
o i"in"";i;;;il;;;;iil;;;;,f:? ilil:iliJ3l, .u,"r.,uy
then
quickry
IEUfS preparation
Collocations
6 Mut.h the words in listAwith thosein list B. If necessary,
useyour
dictionary to find out what they mean. They were all included in recording 42.
List A
a field
a strong
the public
academic
a major
fierce
, List B
factor
of study
excellence
competition
sector
reputation
7 Check your answersin the listening script on page 1,75.
Schwa in unstressed syllables
1 Look at thesewords. Which syllableis stressedin each?
\tVhatis the sound of the vowels which are underlined?
preparation
universlty
technical
professional
presgntation
cqnsidered
sqpport
Remember
Many unstressedsyllables,whatever the vowel is, have the schwa /e/ sound.
Make a note of lal as well as the stresspattern when you leam a new word.
2 U"ea gooil dictionary to mark the stressand the /e/ (theremaybe more
than one) in thesewords.
organizing
tertiary
politician
inspiration
audience
1 Everybody sometimesworries about exams.Look at thesestatements.
Tick the onesthat apply to you.
Myfuturewillbe ruinedif I failldon'tgetthegradesI want.
I am notluckywithexams.
I'mjust nogoodat exams.Somepeopleare,I'mnot.
getmoredifficultas youworkyourwayup.
Exams
I haven't
covered
thesyllabus,
so I won'tpass.
Theexamswillexposemeas a phoney,
or stupid.
Work in pairs.Discussyour answers.
s, No, Not Given
2 Oothese statementsreflect the views of the writer in the reading text on
page1.40.
Write:
YES if the statementreflectsthe views of the writer
NO if the statementcontradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to know what the writer thinks about this
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
IELTSpreparation
If you fail an exam,it may be impossible to get the job that you want.
Many people who have not passedexamshave had satisfying careers.
Practiceis not as important asluck.
A large percentageof people who fail an exam,fail again when they
re-takeit.
It is unhelpful to compareyourself with others.
Examsbecomemore difficult at higher levels becauseof the greater
technicalskill or knowledge required.
Examinersexpectyou to have thoroughly studied the syllabus.
Time managementis an important factor in exam success.
beliefsaboutexarns
Sispellingirratimmai
Hereare six commonbeliefsthat are heldabout
examsandtheiroutcome,all of whichhavesome
about
elementsof falseassumptionor irrationality
them.
fifiyfuture will be ruinedif $faifidon't get the
gradeslwant"
are an tmportantwayin which
Examinations
for another;what is difficulton one dayis not on
another.
Certainly,examinationsdemandmorespecialist
and expeltise,as you
understanding
knowledge,
movethroughtheirdifferentlevels.Theymay
becomemoretechnical,involvemoreabstract
ideasand concepts,involveyou in greater
and morespecialistjargon.This
specialization
dbes not meantheybecomemoredifficult'
I lraven'tcoveredthe syllahtls,so I won't pass,
or not.
It isn't irrationalto fearthat you haven'trevisedor
understoodenoughofthe subjectyou havestudied
to passa course,lt maybe true that if you have
and revisedlittleof the courseyou have
stuOieO
left yourselfat riskof failingto accumulate
sufficientmarksto pass it. lt maybe that youwill
needsomeluckin the choiceof questionsthat
appearin the examPaper.
it is irrationalto believethat if you haven't
However,
goingto fail
coveredthe syllabusyou are inevitably
students
or
teachers
the course.Fewcourses,
'coverthe syllabus'in the senseof payingfull and
do not
eoualatteniionto all partsof it. Examiners
there
expectyouto havedoneso. Theyaccept.that
are botjndto be areaswhereyouare underTheywantto see
prepared,unclearor uninformed.
whatyoudo understandandwhat
you demonstrate
you havePrePared.
to find enough
Evenwhenyou are struggling
questionsto answer,youwillfindthat manyhave
somekindof linkor associationwithyourcourse
findsomelinkswhichyou
content.Youwillnormally
canbuilduPintoan answer'
Theexannswili exposernefrs a phnney,or stupld"
with &xarn$"
I am n'lotNuc[tY
techniquecan be learned
examination
However,
and the elementof luck
by anybody,
veryeffectively
whatyou haveto
reducedto a minimum.Practising
roomis the key,as Arnold
do in the examination
of all
Palmer,one of the most successful
'Themore$olfers
I practise'the
time is quotedas saying:
luckierI get.'
peopleare, l'm't
{'m just mogmorlnt exarms'Somne
nmt"
Therearetwo elementsin this view.Oneis that
will determineanyfuture
yourpast performance
'atterirpts.
the otheris that in comparingyourself
inadequate.
with others,youfind yourperformance
Theanswerto the first elementis that the past
frequentlyls escapable.By buyingthis bookand
readingthis page,you haveset out to become
'good-t exams'.Otherpeopleare largely
Theydo not dependfor their success
irrelevant,
uponyourlackof successor viceversa.
Hxsrmsg€t more difficult a$ you work your way [Jp'
Difficultyis a relativeword'Whatis difficultat one
age is nbt at another;what is difficultwhenyouare
in an activityis not whenyou are
inexperienced
is difficultto one personis not
what
expdrienced;
the commonfear in many
Youmayexperience
will exposethem as
exams
the
that
students
can be seenas poisedwith red pensto expose
Youmayfeel
and misunderstanding'
yourignorance
you
or that
as
stupid,
see
friends
and
tnat rdmity
tutorswill rejectyou,as theyfeel let downor
fooled,
abilitv.
IELTSpreparation
Summary completion
3 Complete the summary using words from the box.
effective increase ineffective ability reveal
disappointedin satisfiedwith decrease change
experience developing furiouswith
their lack of
Many studentsareworried that examswillL..........
level.
They can also
intelligence,or inability to be studying at a particular
judge
harshly
or that teachers,
them
imagine that examinerswill deliberately
them.
friendsand familywill be 2.......................
is not usuallythe problem.Most peoplewho starta
In fact,3.......................
courseare able to complete it successfully.More often, problems are caused
learningstrategies
or
by the student'snegativeattitude,4.......................
simply the circumstancesof their life at the time.
p tips for the IELTSReadingmodule
4 Completeeachof the tips (1-5) below with a sentence(A-H) from the
box.
0 Make sure you understand the questions.
1 To improve your readingspeedand comprehensionyou
should read in Englishasmuch aspossible.
Don't use your dictionary to check the meaning of every
newword.
Read the title and the first paragraph carefully.
Reading the first line of each paragraph (the topic sentence) is
also a quick way of getting a good general idea of the content.
You won't have time in the exam to read all of the text very
thoroughly.
5 Rememberthat the questionsusually follow the sameorder
as the text.
A Thesetechniqueswill help you to understand what the text is about.
B Try to guessthe meaning from context if you can.
C Underline key words to help you know what to look for before you start
reading the text.
D Rememberthat your answersmust be spelt correctly.
E As well asbooki, try newspapers,websites,magazines,even
advertisements.
F Answer the questionsin order,but if you find one is very difficult, don't
waste time - leave it until the end.
G Readthe text quickly to locatewhich sectioncontainsan answer and
read that sectioncarefully to find it.
H Write your answersin pencil.
Which two sentencesare not used?Do they also give good advice?
IELTSpreparation
Collocations - make and
1 Decide if the words or phrasesin the box are precededby either makeor
do and then put them in the appropriate column.
a course money a l i s t a n a r r a n g e m e n t
a decision progress a c h o i c e a n e x p e r i m e n t
an exercise a speech s o m e w o r k a n a p p o i n t m e n t
research a noise a l o s s t h e w a s h i n gu p
a degree a mistake h o u s e w o r k u p y o u r m i n d
make
do
2 Decide which of the collocationsabove could be put into one of these
categories.
Relating to study
Dohomework
Domestictasks
Doehoppinq
Relating to money
Makea profit
3 No- put the remaining words into suitable categories.Beprepared to
give reasons.
4 fiU in the gaps in the sentenceswith makeor do intheappropriate form.
0
1
2
3
4
5
5
What plans have you .....nade........
for your next holiday?
Have you ever
...a speechin public?
How good areyou at
...decisions?
How oftendo you............
the housework?
...a lot of money quickly?
What do you think is the bestway of
When do you usually
...your homework?
...mistakeswhen you speakEnglish?
How do you feel about
5 Work in pairs. Discussthe questions.
IELTSpreparation
Top tips for recording,rememberingand using new vocabulary i {
6 Underlinethe correctverbto completethe sentences.
Set/identifu/achieae
yourself a goal of learning L0
new words every week.Choosethe words you
learn carefully.
Inaent/experiment
/makewith different ways to
record new vocabulary,eg mind maps, pictures,
etc.(SeeUnit 1)
lnrsest/buyflook
a good leamer's dictionary.
As well as writing down what a new word
means do/get/makea note of pronunciation,
collocations, an example sentence, part of
speech,etc.
Try to use/experiment/create
the new vocabulary
in suitable contexts.
Try to reaise/aiew/watchvocabtlary as often as
possible. ]ust ten minutes aday can really make
a difference.
You are now going to carry out a whole IELTSSpeakingmodule. You will
alsobe assessing
your partner's performancein this section.
1 Part1
In Part 1 of the Speakingmodule you will be askedto talk about familiar topics.
1 Write down possiblequestionsthat the examiner might ask you on the
following topics
Where
...? (Country/CIty/Town)
...? (Family)
What
...?(Study/work)
What
? (Livenow)
Where/Who ......................
How/What ......................
? (Freetime/ interests)
What
...? (Plansfor the future)
2 Readthe information in the box and underline the most suitable answer.
Part L tips
Be relaxedandfriendly/formalandsertous.
to thequestions.
ansTpers
Giaeonewordanswersflonger
Answer the questionsclearlygioing details/quicklywithout details.
It is possible/not
possibleto prepare for this section.
3 Work in pairs. Takeit in turns to ask your partner the questions.Then give
your feedback.
IELTSpreparation
2 Part2
't Readthe information in the box below and underline the most suitable
answer
Part 2 tips
You have to talk about onetopic/morethanonetopicwhich shouldbeeasy
to talkabout/youmaynotknowanythingabout.
somenotesor thinkbeforeyou start speaking.
Start talkingimmediately/Make
without worrying about
Organizeyour replyasit is on thecard/speakfreely
organizingyour reply.
You don't needto/shouldmention all the.points on the card.
You need to speakfor a minimum of 1 minute/2 minutes.
At the end of this sectionthe examinerwlllaskyou a simple
question/comment
on your performance.
Readthe information in the box below. In Part 2yort have 1 minute to
prepare a 1-2 minute talk on a topic. You can make notes if you wish.
Part2
Describea particular situation or event in which you were
s'uccessful, ut exam,a sporting event, a competition' etc'
"g
You should say
\Atrhatthe situation/event was
When and where it haPPened
What preparation was involved
you should also say how you felt about achieving this success.
3 Takeit in turns to speak forT-2minutes on this topic. When the time is
up, ask one of thesequestions:
Do vou think vou will achievemore successin the future?
Wouta you li(e to achievemore successin the future?
Give feedbackto your partner on their performance.
3 Part 3
I
Readthe information in the box below and underline the most suitable
answer.
Part 3 tips
This section willfocus on a newtopic/berelatedto thetopicin thepreaious
section.
This sectionwillbe rnorepersonal/general.
answers.
You are expectedto give oneword/moreextended
Youmayneedto talk aboutthepast,presentandfuture/youwill only be
talkingaboutthefutur e.
You will need to askquestionsaboutthetopic/giaeopinionson thetopic.
Ask/donot asktheexaminer for yourband scoreat the end.
IEITS preparation
Work in pairs.Ask eachother thesePart 3 questions'
How is successmeasuredin today's society?
How important do you think it is to have a good job?
Do youbelieve successfulsportsmenand women earntoo much money?
Can you name a successfulpersonyou admire and saywhy?
Do you think money equalssuccess?
Do you think there is too much pressureon young people to passexams?
Do you believepop-starsearntoo much money?
Can you name a successfulperson you admire and say why?
Then give feedbackto your partner on their performance.
ti
*
I
o
c
s
o
p tips for the IELTSSpeakingmodule
Greet the examiner.
Be polite, friendly and relaxed.
If you don't hear something,ask the interviewer to repeatit.
eg'Sorry,couldyou repeatthatplease?'
If you really don't understand something, it is probably better to
be honest rather than give incorrect information.
eg'Sorry,I don'tquitefollow.'
'
Sorry,I don't understand.'
It is betier to be simple and clear rather than complicated and unclear.
Practisethe Speakingmodule with your friends or in class.
'Thankuou'and'Goodbr\e'.
At the end of the interview sav
Task 1
1
Readthis Task 1 question.Does any of the data surprise you?
Thepie chart belowshows the originsby continentof all studentswho came
to Englandfromabroadto study in 2001.Thebar chart showsthe numbers
of studentscomingto EnglandfromsevenFar Easterncountriesin the same
year.
Writea reportfor a universitylecturerdescribingthe informationbelow.
Time:20minutes
I Rfri"u
ffi Americas
Europe
ffi Errrop"(non-EC)
I FarEast
K viddte gast
IELTSpreparation
Writeat least150words.
ffi pnc
India
I
]apan
Korea
Mahysia
ffi sir,gupor"
IETTS Task 1 Writing checklist
. Readthe instructions and the question carefully.
. Make sure you understand the data in the diagram.
. Think about how to group the information - are there any significant
trends over time or significant patterns in the data?
o Write the report, remembering not to copy the wording in the question'
. Begin your rePort with a generalstatementabout the data.
o Do not use repetitive statementsabout the data.
. Leave a few minutes to checkgranunar/vocabulary,spelling and
punctuation.
Now write your report.
2 Readthis samplereport and then answer the questions.
whost udiedin the UK fron
of all sNudenle
Thepiechart belowohowethe percentaye
abroadin Zoo1.Theetudenletrom Europe(EC)andfromtrheFarEaef,weref,hemoof'
camefromAmericas,Europe
numberof eNudentewho
(b7"Land34"Lreopecfively).Ihe
and (i)MiddleEast,werevery(i) eamilerand verylow(5'L,6L and 5"L
inon-EC)
(iii)Afrjeaetudenl accountedfor 13'Lof the (iv)il,
reepectively)..
areaeand
e from eevendifferent'
of eNudent
lhe numbere
Thebarchar| (v)illuelrate
whoetudied(vi)at tJKin2OO1.Chinahadthe larqeolnumberof (vii)l'he
countrries
numberof et'udentocofiefrom Malayeia,
, ThesecondlargeeN
e aboul7,OOO
ef,udent
ginqapore,lndia
and Japan,
whichwaoover2,600. Thefollowowereilheotudentrsfrom
the numberfrom17OOLo 9OO.Thelaot numberof of,udentrlwaot'hoeewho(viii)come
t r o m g . K o r e aa b o u l 5 O O '
Does the content of the report include
1
2
3
all of the data in the chart and graph, including all of the exact
numbers?
most of the significant information in the chart and graph, including
some of the figures, which may have been approximated?
information from the chart and graph, but also extra information that
is not relevant?
The examiners will be looking for these features in a written answer'
1 a full and relevant answer to the question - presenting and comparing
2
3
data
organization, including appropriate linking devices, sentence
structure and grammar
arangeofvocabulary
What do you think are the strengths of this report?
\Mhat do you think are the weaknesses of this report?
IELTSpreparation
3 Checkyour work.
L Make the correctionsto the numbered points in the report'
2 Now carefuily checkthe answer you wrote in exercise1'
a Doesit answer the question?
b Is it well organized?
c Doesit have a rangeof vocabularY?
d Have you checkedit for grammar and spelling?
redraft it to improve theseareas'
e If necessary,
sk2
1 Readthis question'
Manypeoplejudgesuccesssotetyby moneyand materialpossesslons'
can be achievedor measuredin other ways.
However,succes,s
Whatare your opinionson this topic?
Time:40minutes
Writeat least250words.
IELTS Task 2 Writing checklist
. Readthe instructions and the question carefully'
. Think about what the writing task requires'
. Brainstorm ideas (and any relevant vocabulary)'
. Make a rough essayplan organizedby patagraph headings.
o Write the essay.
. Leave a few minutes to checkgramlnal, vocabulary,spelling and
puncfuation.
2 Readthis sample answer and then answer the questions.
ln NheworldmanypeoVle
wereaucceeeful
ae lhey took hiqhriokat lhat momentr.
Theyf ail
manytimeebuLthey didn'lqiveup untilthey were6ucceso.
MoeNof the time eucceeeie nol
goVeaoilyand peoVle
haveNoworkhardfor iN.)ome VeoVle
believe
moneyand mailerial
mean
eucce6e.
I
think
that's
a
biq
miet
ake.
Voeeeeeione
Thereare manywayet o achieveeucce6e.Firetlyyou mueNto workedveryhard.Don'trbe lazyl
EeVecially
likeebudente, if youwant,qo f,o univereity,
you havelo ependmorelime on eNudy.
you mueNbrave.)omeNimee
9econdly
youare lucky.DuI youwillhaveoomelimee
problemo.
?omeetudenlshaveprobleme
anddon'l knowhowto do.Whar,a oitv!TobeNheeucceesf
ul
youhaveto take manyrioko.
bueineeeman
Thirdly,you
ehould,
nol 4iveuV,thie ie Nhemoet importantr
Aleoyoueeepeoplewhoare
etreV.
f amoueand eucceeeful.
buLdo youconeiderhowmuchlime and hardworkit look?
IlowLo achieve
oucceseyoudecide,nobodycan helpyou,jueVyoureelf
. ln parliclar,workhard,
brave,don't Tiveup and t ruer youroelfrhar you willbeeucceee.
(193words)
IELTSpreparation
1 In general,is the content of this essayrelevant to the question?
A
B
C
No, not really.
Yes, it is a satisfactoryanswer.
Yes,but only someof it.
2 The examinerswill alsobe looking for thesefeaturesin a written answer:
Organization
Arguments /ideas/ opinions and evidence
Communicativequality - is the essayeasyto follow and understand?
Sentencestructure - grammar
Vocabulary
\Atrhatdo you think are the strengthsof this essay?
What do you think are the weaknessesof this essay?
3
Now write your own answer to this question.
';.; Top tips for the IELTS
Writing module ,1
Readthe information in the box below and underline the most suitable
answer from the choicesin italics.
IELTS Task l Writing checklist
1. Focuson developingyourownpersonal/an
academicwriting
style.
2 If yorthave particular grammatical weaknesses,aim to improveyour
grammarin general/those
specificareas.
3 Always read the question carefully and keep your answer relevant to
the topic/task.
4
Spenda littleflotof time planningyour answer.
5 Make sure your writing is clearly organized in paragraphsand that
you useappropriate/numerous
linking devices.
6
write asmuchasyou canwithin thetime limit/I-eaaeenoughtime to check
tlour workcarefulla.
ffiwrt:
On the day of the exam:
Keepcalm and don't panic.
Arrive in plentyof time, so you
don't feel rushed.
Listencarefullyto any
instructions.
Readthe questionscarefully.
Be strictwith your timings
d u r i n gt h e e x a m .
r'r r'r::'."
,."*
IELTSpreparation
How to revise effectively
1 What advice would you give to thesestudentswho are having some
problems revising for IELTS?
'l
try Lo memorize
any 7oodeoeayeI've
writLen wordfor
word,'
2 Look at the piecesof advice below and match them with the problems
you looked at in exercise1.
Usebits of sparetime that you would usually waste- suchaswhen
you're waiting for a bus.
You needto plan when you're going to revise.Make sureit's a sensibie
plan, with short breaksbuilt in. If you plan to do more than you can really
do, you willbecome demotivated.
C You needto prioritize. If you're not surewhich areayou needto work on
most, ask your teacher.
D It is very unlikely that exactly the samequestion will come up, and you
will simply end up not answering the question properly. Instead,learn
useful phrasesand vocabulary connectedto key topics such as the
environment, health, jobs and so on.
Setyourself small, achievablegoals and vary the methods you use.Try
new methods, such as mind maps. Or try revising with your friends.
Don't keeppromising yourselfyou'll start tomorrow Starttoday! Even if
you only do twenty minutes this will help you feel more motivated.
Reward yourself for eachrevision task you do.
A
Find thesewords in the unit. Then checktheir meaning in your dictionary
and recordthem.
IELTSpreparation
factorp.139
irrelevantp.1,40
strategyp.141
statusp.1.40
inadequatep.140
respectivelyp.1.46
conceptp.140
relativep.140
numerousp.1,48
Uni t 1 F o rm i n gq u e s ti o n s
If there is an auxiliary
verbbe/haae/oramodal
If there is no auxiliary,
verb, reversethe order
usea'dummy'auxiliary
of the subjectand the
do/does/did.
auxiliary.
eg He likes milk.
eg He is happy.
'Is he happy?
Doeshe like milk?
0 You can swim
1 You have been to
England.
Sheis living in
HongKong.
Peterhas been to
Australia before.
He writes books.
Unit 2 Present simple vs. Present
continuous
1 What is the differencebetween thesepairs of
Checkyour answerson page23.
sentences?
1 The sun risesin the East.
The sun is rising in the East.
2 He lives with his mother.
He is living with his mother.
3 I startwork at 9 am.
am starting work at 9 am this week.
z 4 IIread
Qal
vsv.evi.u..................
a lot of booksin English.
Have
I am reading a lot of books in English.
r
Is
What
He cameto schoolby How
bike.
We should eat dinner Should
beforewe go out.
Unit 2 Subject-verb agreement
Somephrasesare always followed by singular
verbs, someby plural verbs, and somecan be
foilowedbyboth.
2 Are thesesentencesright or wrong? Correct them
if necessary.
0 Degreesare often requiring full-time study.
Deqreeooften requirefull-timeotudy.
1, I usually arrive early for class.
2 Temperatureis increasingwith pressure.
3 He is knowing Toronto verY well.
4 Come on. We wait for you.
5 I am agreeingwith you.
6 He constantly interrupts me when I'm speaking.
Underline the best alternative.
0 Everyoneliuefuesbetween2and L0miles from
the college.
to collegeby
1 Most of the teacherstrartel/traaels
car.
to work.
2 None of the teacherscycle/cycles
to workbybus.
3 Someteacherstrartelftraaels
the train.
4 One of the teachersuse/uses
for
college.
is/arelate
5 Nobody
a car park
6 Every member of staffhas/hatse
permit.
Unit 3 Articles
Completethe gapsusing an approPriatearticle.
difficult areafor students
Articles are often 0 ....4.....
language.2 .--'-'.'..
foreign
..........
as
L
English
of
is that 3 '.........
remember
most important thing to
definite article is used where both people in
4 ..........
conversationknow what they arereferring
first time somethingis
to. For example,5 ..........
knowledge, so we
is
no
shared
mentioned, there
.7
usethe indefinitearticle6 ........../...........
secondtime something is mentioned, however,
both people have sharedknowledge of it, so we
.
definitearticle9 '.........
use8 ..........
Grammar
noun is unique, eg
This is true when 10 ..........
Mahal.Asthereis only
sun,or12 ..........Taj
7l ..........
one of thesethings, both people know which one
definite article
they mean, so we use L3
L 4 . . . . . . .. . . .
few other rules. The indefinite
Thereare L5
articleis used in somefixed expressionssuchas
few,and to mean'per',
and 17 ..........
15..........lot
hour.
eg 70 miles18 ..........
Another conunon use of the definite article is in
bestteain theworld.
superlatives,eglg
Finally,be careful with geography.Most place
namesand namesof people do not need an article,
but expressions like 20 ..........Republic of
'The
Indonesia, that follow the pattern of
Republic/Kingdom/State, etc. of . ..' need 21
definite article.
.Jnit 4 -inglorm and infinitives
Someverbs are followed by an infinitive, someby a
gerundand somecanbe followedbyboth.
Underline the best alternative.
0 I would llke tpLUdoingYSOnext year.
L Do you mind to help/helpingmewith my
homework?
words.
2 I enjoy to learnflearningnew
3 He avoids to do/doinghis homework if he can.
4 He decided to take/takingthe exam early.
5 TWomonths before the exam,shebegan fo
study/studyinghard.
door?
6 Did you remembertolock/lockingthe
Unit 5 Future plans and arrangements
Thereare four common ways to expressthe future
in English:goingto,will, the presentcontinuousand
simpletenses.
Remember:
' Usegoing to for plans.
=. use will for predictions, promises,threats and
for decisionsmade at the time of speaking.
= IJsethe presentcontinuous for arrangements.It
is very similar to goingto,btt usually sounds
more fixed and unchangeable.
* IJsethe presentsimple for timetabledor regular
events.
Grammar
Underline the best alternative. If both are possible,
what is the differencein meaning?
If Wednesday'sa problem we'Ilmeet/we're
meetingon Tuesday.
1, I am goingto take/takingthe IELTSexam in June.
2 You aregoingtofail/failing your exam,unlessyou
start working harder.
probablyincrease
Online shopping increasesfwill
next
decade.
in popularity over the
Can you open the window? Actually don't
worry,I'lI do['m goingto do it.
5 I'Il try/I'm trying not to be late for classagain.
6 The examstarts/willstart at2p^. Don'tbe late!
Unit 6 Definingrelativeclauses
Relative clausesgive extra information about a
personor thing in the main clause.They come
immediately after the noun that they describe.
Defining relative clausesgive information which is
essentialto the meaning of the main clause.
w No commasare needed at the beginning or at
the end of the clause.
That canreplacewho for people or zuhichfor
things.
# If the relative pronoun refers to the object,it can
be left out.
Underline the best alternative. 0 = no relative
Pronoun
0 The results O/thq!/whowere published were later
called into question.
the government used
1 The statisticswho/which/O
were inaccurate.
liv eswere negatively
2 Peoplewho/which/whose
affectedby the new factory numbered 350.
3 The percentageof adults who/that/0had two jobs
halved the following year.
4 The amount of air pollutionwho/that/0 was
recordedin Los Angeles decreasedslightly
during that period.
5 Therewas an increaseof S%in the number of
visitors to Canadawhich/that/Ocamefrom
Germany.
were still unemployed five
6 Men which/who/O
months after leaving university numbered less
than 500.
Unit 7 Non-defining relative clauses
Unit 7 The passive
Non-defining relative clausesgive extra
information about a person or thing in the main
clause.This information is not essentialto the
meaning of the main clause.
w Commas are required before and after the
relativeclause.
ffi That cannotreplacewho for people or whichfor
things.
ffi The pronoun cannot be omitted.
There are three main reasonswhy the passiveform
is used.
w The emphasisof the sentenceis on the action,
eventor process/which is seenasmore
important than the agent,eglELTSis takenby
manystudentsall ooertheworld.
& The agentis obvious- it doesnot needto be
statedbecauseeveryoneknows who it is,egThe
(bythepolice).
manwasarrested
ffi The agentis unknown, egTheuniaersitylibrary
utasbuilt in 1876.
Combine the two sentencesusing a relative clause.
0 The computer virus has causedmillions of
pounds worth of damage.The computer virus is
believed to have originated in Texas.
Thecomputerwru6,whichia believed
to have
oriqinatedin Texae,
hae cauaedmillionoof poundo
worLhof damaqe.
1 Oxford University took first place in the'Times
Good University Guide 2002'.Oxford
University is the oldest university in the
English-speakingworld.
Nurses are vital to the health service.Nurses are
not well paid in my country.
Reflexology is increasirg i. popularity in the
West.Reflexology is dismissedas ineffective by
somedoctors.
Swedenhas an active bilingualism policy.
Swedenwas ethnically homogenousuntil the
1930s.
The Prime Minister has resigned.The Prime
Minister has been in office for sevenyears.
Email has made communication much ouicker.
Email is widely available in the UK.
The passiveis often used in academicwriting
becauseit soundsmore formal.
Complete thesesentencesusing the appropriate
form of the passive.
(pass)to me this
0 The memo .....Y.4.2.P.4299.4.....
morning.
(announce)today that
1 It ............
interest rateshave gone up.
(rescue)from a
Five men
burning housetwo days ago.
(probably/use)
Computers
more in primary schoolsin the future.
(inspect)every year
My college
by the British Council.
. (currenth/
Anew drug..........
AIDS.
developedfto combat
(direct) by Tarantino.
The film
Unit 8 Conditionals
Real conditionals
Areal conditionalis used to talk about a possible
situation and its likely result. The f clauseand the
main clausecan be any combination of these
structures.
I/clause
(possiblesituation)
Main clause
(result)
If+ presentcontinuous,
will + infinitive
thepopulationis
increasing,
housingwillbecome
a
problem.
If+ presentsimple,
modal expressing
possibility + infinitive
thepopulation
increases,
housingmay/might/ could
become
aproblem.
If+ presentperfect,
thepopulationhas
increased,
presentsimple
a
housingbecomes
problem.
Grammar
We can replacefin conditional sentenceswith:
unless- meaningif ...not.I won'tgo unlesshecomes
too.
proaided- when the situation is necessaryfor the
result.(Il goprouidedhe
comestoo.
when- meaning something always happens.Iforget
thingswhenl'm tiredUnreal conditionals
An unreal conditional is used to talk about an
unlikely or imaginary situation and its result. Theif
clauseand the main clausecanbe any combination
of thesestructures.
I/clause (unlikely
or imaginary situation)
Main clause(result)
past simple
would+ infinitive
peopleworkedfrom
home,
wernouldnot needso
manynewroads.
If + past continuous
peoplewereworking
fromhome,
might + infinitive
wemightnot needso
manynewroads.
1 Are these sentences real or unreal conditionals?
0 If I get a good scorein IELTS,
Keal
I may go to Cambridge University.
1 If the goveffrnent doesnot do
something about pollution, our
health and our children's health
will suffer.
If I had more time, I would be able
to study more.
The population will continue to
grow if nothing is done to
prevent it.
It might be possibleto increase
profits if we didn't spend so much
on advertising.
If you haven't been to the
immigration office yet, you should
go this afternoon.
If traffic were not increasingat
such a rapid rate, the government's
road building programme might
be more successful.
2 Rewrite the real conditional sentences above
using unless instead of r/ Make any necessary
changes.
I qet a 7ood6corein IELT),lwon't
eg} Unleee
4ot'o
Cambridqe.
Unit I Present perfect and past simple
The presentperfect links past eventsand situations
with the present.It is usually used:
€ to talk about past experiencein a generalway,
egl'ae eatencrab.
& to talk about recentevents,egThreechildrenhaae
beenrescued
from a riaer.
* to talk about actionsor situations whichbegan
in the past,but continueto the present,egI'ae
knownhimforayear.
* with time expressionssuch as:euer,recently,yet,
for and since.
The past simple is used to describeeventsor
situations which:
* are complete and which happened at a specified
time, eg I Iefthomein 1998.
€ are complete and happened over a period of
time in the past, egI rnentto thegym eaerydayfor
L0months.
Where a specificpoint in time is mentioned without
since,eglast week, in\998, three weeks ago/ etc. the
past simple should be used.
Underline the best alternative. If both are possible,
what is the difference?
my English
completed
0 | completed/haae
assignmentlast night.
Americayet.
1- ldidn't go/haaen'tbeento
2 lhaaeliaed/lioed
heresince2001,.
graduatedfuomHarvard
I graduated/haae
University in 1989.
4 Istudied/haaestudiedin Beijing for six months.
5 Ihaaetaken/tooka lot of extra courseslast year.
me an 'A'!
6 My teacherhnsgiaen/gaae
to Singaporemany times.
7 Ihaaebeen/went
for two years.
8 Mybrother hasliz:ed/liaedhere
Unit 9 Countableand uncountablenouns
*
*
Countable nouns are nouns which can be
counted,eg onepencil,twopens...
Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannotbe
counted,eg loae,salt,adaice...
Correct the mistakesin the following sentences.
Why are they incorrect?
0 An amount of people rejectthe idea.
A numberof peoplereject the idea.'Amoun|'ie
usedwith uncountablenoun6,
1 I have a pensin my back pocket.
Therehave been a lot of price rise in the last few
years.
3 Every advice I get just makes me more confused.
I don't have much dollars in cash,but I can write
you a cheque.
Unit 11Modalsof obligationand
prohibitionpastand present
i* mustandhaaeto areinterchangeable
in most
to canbe used to expressobligation
cases.Hazse
from a third party, eg I haaeto get to workearly,or
my bosswill giaemethesack.
* shouldandoughtfo have the samemeaning,but
shouldis much more common. Ought to can
sound slightly more formal.
Rewrite thesesentencesin the past.
5 Can you bring my luggages,please?
6 Oh, no! Not more homeworks!
Unit 10 Expressing
the future
Rearrange the words to make sentences.
0 hope to doctor a Ibecome
I hope to becomea doctor,
1 to in a I finish studies vear aim mv
0 The world's resourcesshould be more equally
distributed.
Theworld'sreaourceoohouldhavebeenmore
equallydietributed.
1 Peoplemust be treated equally regardlessof
gender.
You don't need to hand in vour essavuntil after
the summer.
You don't have to book your train seat in
advance.
2 might do I PhD eventually a
3 coursewill my soon I new start
4 to some day I my would like in father's
companywork
You have to arrive at least an hour before your
flight.
Higher taxesshouldn't be imposed on those
with lower incomes.
5 *y hope gradually I improve English to
6 Peopleought not to throw litter on the street.
6 | go home I year but could won't next probably
Grammar
I
Unit 1 Adjectivesending in -in
ed
Adjectives can have two forms:
To describehow we feel
I amconfused.
To describethe effect something has on us
This is confusing.
Underline the correct alternative.
the university had
0 He was amazing/amazed.that
acceptedhim.
1 Living abroad is really exciting/excited!
2 Hewasreally frustrating/frustratedthat he
couldn't understand the Australian accentwhen
he first moved to Perth.
about
3 After a while I felt more relaxing/relaxed
being in a foreign country.
during the lectgre that he
4 He was so boring/bored
actuallyfell asleep.
5 Shetried to explain the differencebetween the
two words, but I still felt confusing/confused.
6 Learning a new languageis really
f ascinating/fascinatedt
7 I felt really annoying/annoyed
by his behaviour.
int
er
e
sting
That
book
was
really
8
/int erested.I' Il
lend it to you.
to hearhis news.
9 I was really shocking/shocked
1 0 I'm sorry you didn't passyour exam.You must
ointing.
ointed/disapp
be really disapp
Unit 2 Collocation
Words that are often used together are called
collocations.
Completethe gapsusing the words in the box.
aeeiden+ safety heavy lights ut€+ks fumes
air jams main rage users bs€y
Check you know if the word comesbefore or after
the word in the box.
I Traffrcaccident
2 Buo.yroad
accidenL
worka
Unit 1 No u n p h r a s e s
Rewritethesephrasesasnoun phrases.
0 dropped steadily
1 fell slightly
2 decreasedsharply
3 climbed slowly
4 fluctuated briefly
cabulary
a ateadydrop
3 Koadworko
buay
Unit 3 Synonyms
Unit 4 Dependent prepositions
1 Look at the words in the box. They all have a
similar meaning to trip but are used in slightly
different ways. Match the words with the
definitions.
Complete the sentenceswith a suitable dependent
preposition.
on with of about into for
voyage flight drive tour crossing
expedition outing
0 I believewe should wait ....f%...aresolutionto
world poverty before pouring money into space
exploration.
L TheUN did not approve............
the President's
0 A short trip acrosswater.
.9.f999.i!19.......
decision
negotiations.
to
delay
1 A long trip to a distant place,
2 The ability to be patient ............their studentsis
possibly with somedanger,often
a key quality for a teacher.
for a scientific reason.
3 The goveffunentbecameincreasingly
unpopular, and it seemedthat no one was
2 Atrip by car.
satisfied
their decisions.
J
Atripbyplane.
The company planned to diversify, and
4 Along trip eitherby seaor in space
concentrate............new areasand innovations
5 Ashort trip (usually for the day)
withinmedicine.
The spokeswomanstressedthat continued
madeby a group of people.
research
cancerand its causeswas
6 A trip to a seriesof different places.
absolutely vital.
Despite admitting that there had been
2 Now replacetrip in the following sentenceswith
difficulties, the CEO refused to acceptthe blame
a more specificword. Rememberto changethe
the company's poor turnover.
article if necessary.
The Presidentremainedoptimistic ............
his
0 They went on a trip to the sciencemuseuln.
re-election,in spite of poor indications at the
polls.
The university has a good reputation
muaeum,
supporting overseassfudents.
1 Did you have a good trip? No,I hate flyi.g.
yrr!9.!.?!.?y!ite
!.Lry
ls rlr z:!r.?.? ...
Unit 5 Suffixes -ful and -less
Thesesuffixes are used to combine with nouns or
verbsto form adjectives.
eg pain - painful - painless
-ful and-lessarenot always used to make opposites.
eg beauty - beautiful - bear*tiless
He's trying to raise money for a trip to the Sahara
Desert.They're going to look for a new speciesof Complete the table with adjectivesusing -ful or -Iess
where possible.
desertcactus.
-fui
-less
Noun/Verb
The rough weather made her seasick for the
entire trip.
As travel becomesmore affordable, aworld trip
isn't only available to rock stars.
harm
Peace
tact
My trip to work only takes20 minutes, provided
the traffic isn't too bad.
Dennis Tito's trip into spacewas the most
expensiveholiday in history.
harmful
use
f,actleee
skill
home
care
hope
SUCCESS
Power
Vocabulary
Unit 7
-Jnit6 Collocations
rb + noun collocations
verb from
Look at the possiblecollocationswith crime and use Complete the sentenceswith a suitable
theboxbelow.
the phraseslo completethe sentencesbelow.
reach do
Organized
make cut earn go
{€se
take Put
To turn to
rate
Se rio u s
prevention
To convict
somebodyof a
To solve a
Petty
......she
rhecourt...Q.o.nYi.q!
.9,f
.in.q...
I 4.tref .q.t.a
hadn't committed.
Rather thanbuilding
more prisons, we should
focus on
Young people who cannot get work may
in desperation.
3 The blackout in the citY caused a
as criminals took
advantage of the confusion.
I
The FBI has a large section dedicated to fighting
5 The government insists that the
is falling as a
result of its policies.
6 The police need to spend lesstime on
, suchas
more
on
shoplifting, and
Regardlessof what is shown in detectivefilms,
it usually takesthe police lessthan 24 hours
Vocabulary
due to poor
Many shops...!.o.Ag......business
service.
It is difficult for farmers like the Menzas to
a profit.
businesswith you'
2 It was a pleasureto ................
an agreement.
The two sidesfinally ................
J
into businesstogether'
4 They decidedto ................
5 Competition from cheaperimports forced them
theirprices.
to ................
advantageof the
Loan sharks................
desperatefarmers.
much money,but she
Shedoesn't................
enjoysthe work.
all his moneyinto the business.
He ................
Unit 8 Dependent PrePositions
Complete the paragraphswith suitable dependent
prepositions.Use a dictionary to help you.
Many people seetherapies such as acupuncture as a
sensiblealternative0 .......!.e.....conventional
medicine.Peoplewho areallergic1'................
allergy
pollen,for example,rnaysuffer2 ................
symptoms for severalmonths of the year.They
prefer not to take drugs for this length of time and
believe that acupunctureprovides a cure
most of their symptoms.
3 ................
view Accordingto
Othersdisagree4 ................1his
ProfessorErnst, there is no scientific support
most of the claimsmadeby alternative
5 ................
'I'm not convinced5 ................
the sotherapists.
called scientific explanationstherapistsgive. When
the therapieswork it's simplybecausepeople
them"
believe7 ................
Uni t 9 Sy n o n y m s
Theseverbsareall synonymsof ' make',buthavea
Unit 9 Spelling
Underline the correct spelling of thesewords from
the unit.
0 Therehas beenhuge improvements in robot
manufactureinvent develop create design
tecnolo
gy/technolo
gi/teehnolpgin recentdecades.
Use your dictionary to answer thesequestions.
1 Asimo's capabilitieswere demanstrated/
demonstrated/demonsated
at a conferencein New
Which word(s):
York.
1 canbe used to describethings made in factories? 2 Communicasion/Comunication/
Communication
has grown increasingly
2 are often used to describe making something
important in today'sworld.
new or making something for the first time?
Many of the dewelpments
/deaelopments
/
(2 words)
deaelopmanls
in
computer
science
over
the last
3 can also mean to improve something?
twenty yearshavebeenessentialfor business.
The Internet was a very significant/significent/
4 often includes the idea of deciding how
signiphicanfrecentadvancein technology.
something will look as well as how it will work?
more specificmeaning.
Unit 10 Homonyms
Homonyms are words with the samespelling, but
different meanings (though the meaningsmay be
related).
1 Look at thesenouns from the text on pages114
and 115and match them with two meanings:the
original meaning, and the new computer-related
mearung.
document memory drive web
2 \Atrhatother meaningscan you find in your
dictionary for thesewords?
file post save key mouse click screen
file
Original meaning
1 Something that you remember.
New computer-relatedmeaning
a All the websitesthat people have createdon their
computers for people to look at using the
Internet.
2 Energy and determination, a big effort.
b The part of the computer in which information is
stored.
3 Anet of thin threadsthat a spider makes,or a
complicated set of related things.
c A computer file that you can write in.
4 Abox or container in which papers are kept
together.
d The part of a computer that reads and stores
information.
5 Apiece of paper or a setof paperscontaining
official information.
e a set of information that is stored on a computer
and given a particular name.
Vocabulary
Unit 11 Prefixes
Unit 11 Suffixes
Choosea prefix from the box that will go with ALL
the words in eachgroup.
-ate and-ise aretypical verb endings.
re
under well
over dis
micro
1 ............weight/
............seas/
............hear/
crowded
bulld/
2 ............name/_consider/
............write
f / ............strnllar
adv antage/ ............belie
3 ............
/
............Ioyal
4 ............second/
............wave/
............phone/
............film
5 ............developed/
............stand/
............ground/
............value
6 ............off
/ ............cooked/............known/
made
Find verbs with theseendings from the reading text
on pages128and 129which have a similar meaning
to the definitions. The first letter and the number of
missinglettersis given in eachcase.
0 To try to persuadepeopleto buy a product by
announcing it on television, in newspapersetc.
AdverLise
To know what something is (or who someone is)
becauseyou have seen or heard it/them before.
ise
R
To examine something very carefully.
ise
S
To change, improve or make additions to
something.
ise
R
To express an intention in an indirect way.
I
ate
To take in an idea or information and make it
part of your knowledge.
A
ate
To recognize the difference between things.
ate
D
Unit 12 Collocations
All thesewords cancollocatewith theword exam.Usethemto completetheword map.
paper oral
pass +e*e practical set
, T h r e es i m i l a rw o r d s
1.!.?.re...............
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a.n. .
3 .,.....................
TWooppositewords
1
Vocabulary
sit
do
fail
mark final
nerves
The trendswere similarfor femalegraduates,with a
steady overall increasetromTSY' in 1995to 83% in
2001.As for men, therewas a sharperrise in 1996'
for women
werestudying In contrastto male graduates,numbers
Thegraphshowshow manystudents
in the
and
2001,
to
2000
irom
constant
remained
five Jifferentsubjectsat universitylevelbetween
were equalfor men
figures
year
employment
final
to thechartsome
1996and2001.According
(L69words)
and women
morepopularoverthis period,
Unit'!
Model answerfor Writing 1 on P12
became
subjects
whileothersdroppedin popularity.
by nearly30,000.
therewasa slightfall in the numberof
In contrast,
Unit2
Model answer for Writing on P25
Comments
Model answer for Writing 2 on P15
Thechartshowsthe numbersof recentgraduates
who foundfull-timeworkwithina four-month
employment
In general,
periodaftergraduating'
'levels
havei'rsenduringthe six-yearperiodfor both
of womenin workwas
sexes,but the percentage
for men,exceptin
was
it
lowerthan
consistently
2001.
might-put some
charging,
taxesor congestion
if therewasa
off driving,particularly
individuals
betterpublictransPortservice'
I still
wereimplemented,
Yetevenif thesechanges
is
private
vehicle
the
of
attraction
believethatthe
prefer
to
pe.ople
Most
days.
powerful
these
too
and
it is convenient
travelin theirown carbecause
givesalmosttotalindePendence'
Writing
To sum up, it is importantthat the governmentaims
to increasethe role of publictransportin order to
encourageindividualsto use it more.As a result,
traffic-relatedproblems might be reduced.
Nonetheless,
theseaims may not be fulfilledas long
as the car remainssuch a powerfulinfluencein the
(265words)
modernworld.
Comments
This answer tackles the question satisfactorily. It has
beenwell-planned and is organized into 4 clear
paragraphs with an introduction, main body and
conclusion. There are ideas about problems
(pollution, accidents, congestion) and possible
solutions (more public transport, higher car tax). A
good range of structures, vocabulary and linking
words are used accurately(Firstly,Secondly,In
addition). The answer ends with a concise
paragraph in which the writer's views are clearly
expressed.
Comments
The answer has been clearly organized and has
place...).
Linit 3
SeeWriting taskon p38
UnEt4
SeeWriting taskon p48
Model answer for Writing: further practice onp27
Many countriesof the world are currently
experiencingproblemscausedby rapidlygrowing
populationsin urban areas,and both gov€rnments
and individualshavea duty to find ways to
overcometheseproblems.
Overpopulationcan leadto overcrowdingand poor
qualityhousingin many largecities.Poorlyheated
or damp housingcould causesignificanthealth
problems,resultingin illness,such as bronchitisor
pneumonia.Anotherseriousconsequenceof
overcrowdingis a risingcrime rateas poor living
conditionsmay leadyoung peoplein particularto
take desperatemeasuresand turn to crime or drugs.
In terms of solutions,I believethe government
should be largelyresponsible.Firstly,it is vitalthat
the stateprovidesessentialhousingand healthcare
for all its citizens.Secondly,settingup community
projectsto help foster more communityspirit and
help keepyoung peopleoff the streetis a good idea.
For example,youth clubsor eveningclassesfor
teenagerswould keepthem occupied.Finally,more
effectivepolicing of inner city areaswould also be
beneficial.
Naturally,individualsshould also act responsiblyto
addresstheseproblems.lf the measuresdescribed
aboveare put into placeby the government,then it
will encouragepeopleto have more pride in their
own community and improvethe situation.
Therefore,it is clearthat the problemscausedby
overpopulationin urban areasare very serious.Yet
if governmentsand individualssharea collective
responsibility,
then it may well becomepossibleto
(243words)
offer some solutions.
B"init5
SeeWriting1.onp62
Model answerfor Writing 2 onp64
The informationin the pie chartsshowsthe relative
importanceof differenttypes of employment in two
very different countries.
In Tanzania,agricultureemploysby far the most
people. Nearlyfour out of five {'79%lwork in this
sector,whereas only two per cent of lrish people are
in agriculture.In lreland,the largestemployeris the
servicesector,where overT0Toof the population
the figure is only 14.2y",despite
work. In Tanzania,
the factthat Tanzaniahas a significanttouristtrade,
and this is includedin the servicesfigure.
Although manufacturingis quite significantin
lreland,employing over a tifth (21.5%)of the
population,not many peopleare employedin this
sectorin Tanzania.Other industriesare not very
for
significantin eithercountry. Construction,
example,is lessthan 5% in lreland,but is even less
with only a very small
importantin Tanzania,
number of people(0.6%)employedin this industry.
Thereis also some employmentin the energyand
water industriesin lreland.However,this is not
(174words)
mentionedin the Tanzaniandata.
Comments
There is a clear opening statement that emphasizes a
contrast between these two places (two very
different countries). The text compares and
etc.).
Writing
Unit 6
Model answer for Question7 onP75
SeeWriting task on P71
Model answer for Writing: further practice onp74
One of the most seriousproblemsexistingin
societytoday is the risingcrime rateamong young
people.The number of offencescommittedby
ieenagers,which is usuallyhigherin urban areas,
includis crimessuch as joy-riding,vandalism,theft
facilitiesand bettereducation'
ln recentmonths,new measuresto addressthis
issuehave includedgettingyoung offendersto
meet their victims'As a result,youths seethe harm
measures.
I would agreethat young criminalsare not
of.theiractions
frightenedof the consequences.
the punishments
mind
to
seem
not
do
beiausethey
they receive.Thesepunishmentsare too light,so
they commit more crimes'
Light punishmentssuch as communityservicedo
noi work. Therefore,young peopleshould be
them think
f unishedmore severely.This will make
more carefullyaboutwhat theYdo.
Unit 7
SeeWriting taskon P86
Model answerfor Writing:furtherpracticeon p87
crimes.
Finally,I stronglybelievethat educationis more
importantthan tough measures'Therefore,parents,
teachers,socialworkersand policeofficersall have
a responsibilityto raiseawarenessof the serious
of crime.
consequences
T o s u m u p , l w o u l d r e c o m m e n da n u m b e ro f
strategiesto lower crime ratesamong young
people.Indeed,I feel that there is not alwaysone
iirnbt" solutionbut differentapproachesdepending.
(261words)
on dacfrparticularsituation.
Comments
ln the introduction, the writer challenges the
Next the beetsare cut up into small pieces,which
are calledcossettes.After this, sugar is drawn from
the beetsusing hot water,which makesa kind of
sugar'juice'.
As this juice may still be dirty,milkof lime is added
in ordei to cleanit' The mixture is then filteredso
that the milk of lime can be removed'
Followingthis,the sugarjuice is heqle-dseveral
times, *[i"ft evaporaiesthe water' This resultsin a
p u r e rs u g a rs o l u t i o n .
Finally,the sugar is boiledand spun in a centrifuge.
$48 words)
to creile crystlls.
ldLlu4r Nlvvv rEu6r
w t u l ' tactual5nowle:lge
s t a t e m e r l f , b \Mltn
u p statements
b a c K s up
e
s s a v backs
essay
of recent devdlopments (offenders meeting.victims,
tuggidg) and a wide range of topic-related
(vandalism,
muggmS/
"f".tro"i"
(
, mugging,
evi
vocabularv
vocabulary iiis evi-dent
offender, crime rates, etc.)
Writing
Unit 9
ilnit I
Model answerforWriting onP96
Model answerfor Writing 2 on P111
hotairbarroon
Asports
"""';::?:1,i,]iifl?"?'"1r",,,
: balloonitselfis made
le light and verYstrong'
:hed to a vehicleand the
rlowingcold air' A crown
rope is also attachedso as not to launchthe balloon
neTorethe pilot is ready.A propane gas heater
r"nO" po*'"rful jets of flame upwards into the
n"f fooil. This heatsthe air insidethe balloonin
lift it. When the air is hot, the balloonrises'
"iJ"it"
When the balloonis flying, its speedand direction
ui" J"Grtined by the'windwhich variesat different
a
altitudes.However,the pilot, who needsto wear
height
the
change
or
safetyharness,can maintain
gasto
;i;d tne ntasivalve'This controlsthe flow of
words)
(1'60
the burner.
useful.
Comments
The first sentenceexplains what the object consists
from the {iag1-am (rip-proof
n"i""""tvocabullry
"i.
heate
gas
nylon, Propane
d"escription.In finitives of
componentsare used for
not to launch ...). Thereir
and both the active and P
&;.;ib" how the object works' The text also
progresseslogicallY.
p11-2
Model answer for Writing: further practice on
methods.
This fire extinguisheris a strong metalcontainer
is a
filled with water usedto put out fires' Insidethis
as
gas
such
compressed
a
containing
""rtiiOg"
liquiJJutUondioxide.Nearthe leverof the
prevents
extinguisfrer,there is a safety pin, which
accidentally'
tne ftinOfebeingdepressed
first the safetypin
ln orderto usethe extinguisher,
lever is pressed'
the
Secondly,
removed.
t*in"
the cartridgeand
of
valve
the
into
rod
p"tft"s
a
f iti"
releasedat
then
;;"n!lt. The carbondioxideis
the main
into
cartridge
high pt;."ure from the
within it'
thewater
on
pressure
putting
lolltiln"r,
up the
forced
be
to
water
the
causes
pressure
This
is
handle
lf
the
t;G and out of the nozzte'
;i;;;
the
closes
This
upwards'
i"I"ut"O, ir'e rod will move
the
removes
gas
and
of
u"f"" onift" cartridge
stop
Dressureon the *aiet. Th-ereforethe water will
'o"'lr*nwords)
the
iiting up the siphon and out of
Comments
is
The opening sentenceexplains what the object .
pm't
(a
safety
identified
and #hat it?oes. Parts are
and the function (which prevents the handle being
a
a"pt"tt"a accidentally),iocation-(insidethis is
are
process
caitridge) and what happgngin the
a;;tib%d using a tuttg6 bf structures (if the handle
Writing
is released,the rod will move upwards). The
description is clear, simple and follows the sequence
shown in the diagram.
B"Jnit1&
Model answer for Writing onp122
The lasttwo decadeshaveseenenormouschanges
in the way people's lives are affected by lT. Trruenty
years ago few people had accessto a computer
whilst today most peopleusethem at work, home
or schooland use of email and the lnternetis an
everydayevent.
Thesedevelopmentshave brought many benefitsto
our lives.Email makescommunication(particularly
overseas)much easierand more immediate.This
has numerousbenefitsfor business,commerce,
and education.The World Wide Web meansthat
information on every conceivablesubject is now
availableto us. Clearly,for many peoplethis has
made life much easierand more convenient.
concludes with a clear opinion that agreeswith the
statement. Overall, it is a well-balanced text that
mentions the present situation (...this has made
life...) but importantly, also refers to the future of IT
(...likely to increase..., might get worse...).
U n i t X1
Modelanswerfor Writing on p1,34
Thereis no doubt that advertisingdominatesthe
world we live in today. Adverts appear on television,
on the World Wide Web, in the street and even on
our mobile phones.However,many of the strategies
usedto sell a productor servicecan be considered
immoral or unacceptable.
Indeed,the fact that we cannot escapefrom
advertisingis a significantcausefor complaint.
Constantimagesand signswhereverwe look can be
very intrusiveand irritatingat times.Althoughwe
expectadverts in numerous situations,it now
seemsthat there are very few placeswe can actually
avoidthem.
However,not all the effectsof the new technology
have been beneficial,Many peoplefeel that the
widespreaduse of email is dbstroyingtraditional
forms of communicationsuch as letterwriting,
telephoneand face-to-faceconversation.With ever
increasinguse of informationtechnologythese
negativeelementsare likelyto increasein the
f uture.
A further aspectof advertisingthat I would consider
unethicalis the way that it encouragespeopleto
buy productsthey may not need or cannot afford.
Childrenand young peoplein particular,are
influencedby advefts showing the latesttoys,
clothingor musicand this can put enormous
pressureon the parentsto buy these products.
The huge sizeof the Web meansit is almost
impossibleto controland regulate.This has led to
many concernsregardingchildrenaccessing
unsuitablewebsites.Unfortunately,
this kind of
problem might even get worse in the future at least
until more regulatedsystemsare set up. Yet
perhapsthe biggestthreatto lT in yearsto come will
be the computervirus - more sophisticatedor more
destructivestrainsare almost inevitable.
In addition,the advertisingof tobaccoproductsand
alcoholhas long beena controversialissue,but
cigaretteadverts have only recentlybeen banned in
many countries.lt is quite possiblethat alcohol
advertsencourageexcessiveconsumptionand
underagedrinking,yet restrictionshave not been
placedon this type of advertisingin the sameway
as smoking.Many peopleconsiderthis to be
and I tend to acceptthis view.
unacceptable
In conclusion,developmentsin lT have brought
many benefits,yet I believedevelopmentsrelating
to new technologyin the future are likelyto produce
many negativeeffectsthat will need to be
(255words)
addressedvery carefuIly.
It is certainlytrue to say that advertisingis an
everydayfeature of our lives.Therefore,people are
constantlybeingencouragedto buy productsor
servicesthat might be too expensive,unnecessary
or even unhealthy.In conclusion,many aspectsof
advertisingdo appearto be morallywrong and are
(281words)
not acceptablein today's society.
Comments
The introduction talks in general about the
increasing use of IT. The following paragraph
mentions the present benefits of these
developments, but the opening sentencein the third
paragraph is a qualifying statement (However, not
all the effects...), so the writer can now focus on the
negative elements. The fourth paragraph provides
two other negative examples (lack of regulation,
viruses). Both paragraphs suggest that these
problems will continue in the future. The essay
Comments
This text is organized into five clear paragraphs,
contains relevant ideas related to the topic and is
well expressed.Focusing on the language and
structures in particular, the essaystarts with an
appropriate introductory sentence(There is no
doubt ...). Linking words are used accurately
(However, In addition, Therefore). Phrasesthat
Writing
signal opinions are evident (A further aspect of
un
advertisins
advertising that I would consider unethical
)
(...encouragespeopleto buy
up by reasons
reasons(...encourages
backed
backed up
productslhey may not needor cannotafford) and
(Children and
particular
peoplein particular,
and young
young people
bxamples
i:xamples (Children
are influenced by adverts). In general, many other
useful phrases are used, indicating a good control of
language (It is quite possible... Many people
consider...It is certainlytrue to say...).
Unit'12
Model answer for Writing 1 on p145
Studentscome to the UK to study from all over the
world, and the pie chart showstheir distributionby
continentfor 2001entry.The two most significant
areasare the Far Eastand the EuropeanUnion
countries, Betweenthem, they accountfor over
70% of the total. Thirteen percentof the students
come from Africa,with the remaindercoming from
the Americas,the Middle East(5%each)and nonEU Europeancountries(6%).
Consideringthe studentnumbersfrom the Far East
in greaterdetail,the largestnumber comes,
from China.ln 2001,almo'st4,000
unsurprisingly,
studentsapplied to study. Large numbers of
studentsalso came from Malaysia,(2,623).The next
most importantgroup numericallywas from India
and Singapore.Slightlymore than 1,500Indian
studentsappliedto study,and almost 1,700
Singaporean,while numbersfrom Japan and South
Koreawere much lower,at around 1,000and 500
respectively.
(148 words)
Comments
The writer has chosen to organize the text by
describing the pie chart in the first paragraph and
the bar chart in the second. The answer begins with
Model answer for Writing 2onp1'47
lf a person appearsto be relativelywealthy, perhaps
owning an expensivecar,living in a nice houseand
generallyenjoyinga high standardof livingthen
most people would say this person is successful.
This may indeedbe true but there are certainly
numerous other ways, in my view, in which success
can be achievedor measured.
Firstof all, in terms of education,passingexams or
completing a course can be consideredsuccessful
activities.lf A levels,a diploma or a degreeare
attainedthen this is recognizedas a successful
achievement,yet qualificationssuch as these do not
necessarilyleadto riches.
Another type of successcan be achievedin work
situationssimply by doing one'sown particularjob
effectively.Furthermore,job satisfactionand career
fulfilmentare also indicationsof success,yet do not
necessarilymean being in highly paid employment.
For example,a voluntaryworkerfor an aid agency
in a developingcountrywho has helpedto construct
buildingsor to improve localfacilitieshas been part
of a successfulproject.
I also believethat successcan be achievedin
domesticlife such as raisingand supportinga
family.On a personallevelit might also simply
mean putting up shelvesfor the first time or
winning a localsportingcompetition.
In conclusion,there is no doubt that in today's
society people often regard successpurely in terms
of wealth or materialisticvalues,but in my opinion
this does not accountfor the variety of other ways
that successcan be achieved.Ultimately,measuring
successmight dependon a individual'spersonal
goals.
(266 words)
Comments
information is compared using superlatives and
comparative forms (the largestnumber...were
much lower...). Relevantwords and phrasesare
used (the remainder, respectively).
domestic life ... .) followed by evidence and
materialistic).
Writing
i
1 Studying abroad
101
(AO = Admissions Officer; LC = Li Cha)
AO: Hello Li Cha, I'm SusieShaw,the
Admissions Officer.
LC: Hello,pleasedtomeetyou.
AO: I'd just like to talk to you to find out a
little more information to give your
new tutor, StephenEnnis.
LC: OK
AO: How old are you, Li Cha?
LC: I'meighteen.
AO: OK. Now your start date is next
Monday, that's the 14th of February.
And you're in class28.
LC: Sorry,2D?
AO: No 28. B for Bravo. Do you know when
you're finishing? Octoberor
November?
LC: I'd like to go home and seemy family in .
November.
AO: Finishing at the end of Octoberthen,
the 29th.We need a contactnumber
here and one in China, Li Cha. Do you
live with your parents?
LC: No, I live with my grandmother and
brother,Shao,in Hong Kong. Their
telephonenumber is 87314591.And mymobilenumberhereis 082570I6924.
AO: Obviously you've studied English
before.How long have you been
studying?
LC: Aboutthreeyears.
AO: Is that all?Youmustworkhard! I
thought you'd beenstudying for at
leastfive years Do you have any other
hobbies?
LC: WeII,Ilikeplayingtabletennis I also
spend a lot of time emailing friends.
Oh, and I like reading.I read in English
sometimestoo
AO: Great,that's probably why your
English is so good. Now, you want to
take IELTS,don't you? \Arhy'sthat?
LC: Well, I want to go to the University of
Sydney.I'd like to study IT and
computlng.
AO: Really?Would you like to get a job in IT
in the future?
LC: Yes,I'dreallyliketoworkwith
cornputers,there arejust so many
possibilities.
,02
Hello everyone Thanks for coming this
evening. I've been invited here tonight by the
Intemational Student's Society to talk a bit
about culture shock. For manv of vou who
have recently arrived from your home
countries, life here in New Zealand must
seem quite strange and different to you in
many ways Because of mv work as an
anthropologis! I've had the opportunity to
work in quite a number of different courtries
with quite diverse cultures, so I've had my
fair share of culture shock and know exactly
how you might be feeling at this time.
faced, I want to look a bit more generally at
how you can adapt to culture shock ... (fade)
Tonight, I want to talk a bit about my own
experiences of culture shock and then go on
to give you a few hints on how to minimize
the effects
... so this afternoon we've been talkins a bit
about culture shock and your experierices of
culture shock so far in adjusting to life in this
country. Maybe this hasn't happened to you
and you're thinking it won't because you're
from Europe, or you've done a lot of
travelling before. But it is important to
understand that culture shock can hit you
whatever culfure you come from and
however well travelled you are. It's a
perfectly normal experience, if a little
worrying when it does happen to you.
I first left New Zealand when I was only 22 to
do some research work on the island of
Sumatra in Indonesia. I was interested in
leaming all about the country and the people,
but I was particularly fascinated by the
architecture.
In the part where I was working, the
buildings have beautiful, curved roofs that I
had never seen before and I loved them!
Life in lndonesia is very different from life in
New Zealand, and at first I found it very
difficult to adjust. The worst thing was
Iooking different to everyone else. I'm about
average height in New Zealand, but in
Indonesia, I was much taller than most
people, and it made me feel very
uncomfortable. One of the best thines.
though,wasthefood.A cha"!"I" J%i.u" u"
one of the biggest problems of moving to a
new country, but for me krdonesia was not
difficult from that point of view I'm very
keen on spicy food, and there is an
Indonesian chicken curry called 'Rendang'
that is out of this world!
Climate can be another thing that people find
it difficult to adjust to. I found working in
Egypt very difficult because of the extreme
heat. In contrast, living in Fintand was hard
because during the winter months the days
are so short. \Arhere I was, in the North, it was
only light for about four or five hours a day
in December. By the end I was pretty good at
cross country skiing, though!
Language is often one of the biggest barriers
when you're settling into a new country but
I'm quite good at learning them and this
hasn't usually been a problem for me.
However, Japan was quite different. I had
learnt some spoken Japanese before I went,
but I hadn't tried to leam to write, so initiallv
I was a bit nervous about going to a country
where I couldn't read anything. This did
make life a lot more difficult for me. I
couldn't read the destinations on buses, or
menus m restaurants, or even road signs.
Sometimes it can be very small things that
you're not used to that can make you feel the
most homesick. For me, in China, it *as
connected with eating again I really love
Chinese food, but I found it very difficult to
eat with chopsticks. I did learn eventually,
but I still prefer a fork! One of the best things
about my stay in China, though, was the
Professor I was working with at the
university. He was reallv enthusiastic about
his work, and thatmade my job very
satisfying.
There are some things you can do, however,
to help yourself get through it. First of all, do
keep in touch with home. Aki, on student
reception, can help you to buy a phone card
to make cheaper calls home, and you can
always email friends and family from the
Resource Centre. If you haven't brought any
photos of friends and family, get them to
send you some, so you can feel at home.
Make sure you eat well - not just crisps and
chocolate! And it's a good idea if you can eat
some familiar food. Other students from your
country will probably be able to help you
find shops which specialize in food from
your country And you need to exercise too not only for your health. And it's a good way
of meeting people.
Make some new friends. Get to know the
other international students, whether from
your own country or others. They will
understand something of what you're feeling
and their experience may be able to help you.
And, if you car; try to make friends with the
Iocal home students. That wav vou can reallv'
leam about this new culture - u.rd th"y .ut
learn about yours.
Let us help you! You're here at the orientation
progranrne, which is a good start, but we
also offer a drop-in centre with a student
advisor available daily, and personal
counselling You might not use such a service
at home, but remember that you perhaps
don't have the same support networks of
friends and family here, and these services
can provide you with some support. The
most important thing is to find someone who
will listen uncritically and with
understanding, rather than isolating
yourself.
You need to remember that culfure shock is
entirely normal and usually unavoidable. It's
not a sign that you've made a mistake or
can't manage. Lr fact, it can be a significant
Iearning experience, making you more aware
of aspects of your own culture as well as the
new culture. It will give you valuable skills
which will be part of the benefit of an
international education
OII weil enough about my experience
Having mentioned some of the problems I
Tapescripts
2
collections, or taking away all the rubbish
you produce in the home. ln recent years
many more sites have been set up to collect
waste separately for recycling. There are
often containers in car parks or outside
supermarkets for people to put bottles in:
clear, green and brown bottles are
separated. Also newspapers and
magazines can be recycled as well as tins
made of aluminium. One of the problems
of this, though, is that most people are not
botherine to take their rubbish there. To
overcom6 this, some local councils also
provide special containers, often called
'recycling bins' for residents to collect glass
and paper in. They put these outside their
houses at the same time as their rubbish,
and they are coliected and recycled.
Earth today
t-,,. 04
(L=Lecturer;J=]ames)
L:
.. and today James is going to give us his
presentation on household waste disposal.
James, are you ready?
J: Yeah, thanks. Well, when I was deciding
what to do for this presentation, this topic
really attracted me, because it's such an
important issue, and it's going to become
even more important in the near future
when new Euiopean law comes into effect
Um ... if you have any questions as I go
along, please feel free to ask, and I'll do my
best to clarify things.
OK. I think the facts and figures speak for
themselves: on average we produce 30
million tonnes of solid household waste
every year or around half a tonne per
oerson which is a tremendous amount if
you think about it, and obviously it's vital
that waste is minimized and disposed of in
a wav that protects our environment and
our health.We're talking about waste food products,
packaging, newspapers/ glass, garden
waste and so on. ln fact some studies have
shown that almost two-thirds of our waste
is biodegradable ; tood, p ap er, natural
textiles for example and glass makes up
about 10%.
L: Sorry, sorry to interrupt, but can I just ask
you if those figures are for the UK only, or
are the proportions the same in other
countries?
J: No, that's fairly universal, at least in the
developed world, but different countries
do hav-e very different levels of recycling.
Irr Britain for example, we bury in the
region of 25 million tormes of
biodegradable waste; this is known as
landfill. I'm sure you can imagine that this
is a limited option, particularly in a
country with a small amount of land. As
well as this,2.5 million tonnes is bumed to
produce electricity, which is better, but still
has environmental problems associated
with it, and 2.5 million tonnes is recycled or
composted.
L: This is the current situation in the UK?
J: Yes, it is. F{owever, new European law
requires us to reduce amounts of waste,
ut i by 2020 *" will orily be able to send 10
million tonnes of this for landfill and the
rest will have to be recycled, burned or
treated in a different way. So clearly things
are going to have to change, and everyone
is involved in this issue in some way .
L: So what exactly is being done?
]:
Well, the policy of the government and of
envitonment agencies is firstly to reduce
the amount of waste we create to begin
with, and secondly, to reuse the waste that
is created. Obviously some disposal is
necessary but the aim is to limit this as
much as possible. What we need to do is to
conservelaw materials, like tin and
aluminium, while still protecting the
environment and public health.
L: Yes, but what does this mean in reality?
J: There are quite a few things that are being
done, mostly by local councils. They're
responsible for household'dustbin'
Tapescripts
L: I see. So are you saying that recycling is
more important than actually reducing
waste?
J: No. Nowadays, many products are
increasingly being designed with reuse or
recycling in mind and I think, in general,
people are far more aware about these
issues. In some countries, like Switzerland
for example, they have put a tax onblack
rubbish bags, so that people are
encouraged not to just throw things
straight in the bin, and to reduce their
rubbish. Having said that,I think it's still
absolutely crucial for the government to
continue raising peoples' awareness of the
importance of waste management and
disposal. Overall, the situation has
improved over the past 25 years, and this is
mainly because of new laws with tighter
controls and higher standards. Even so,
individuals and businesses still need to
work very hard to reduce and reuse waste
as much as possible.
L: Thank you very much. That was a very
nice presentation. Does anyone have any
further questions? .
,;,=',05
1. If you ask me, keeping animals in zoos is
really cruel because they're taken away from
their natural habitats and have far less space
than they do in the wild. I honestly think that
animals should remain in their original
environments.
2. I can't stand the fact that cars are still
allowed in many city centres - they cause so
much noise and pollution. I much prefer city
centres that are pedestrianized, where people
can walk around with no worries about too
much traffic.
3. I guess I'm quite lazy really as I don't bother
recycling much excePt newsPapers. I know we
should try and reuse our resources if possible,
but sometimes it's just not convenient. I'm
convinced that more people would recycle
stuff if there were better facilities, and it was
generally easier.
3
Out of this world
,t.,.1 06
Hello. Can I just have your attention for a
minute? Thank you. My name is MarY
Golding, some of you may recognize me - I
used to be a teacher here at the college, but I
changed jobs last year, and I now work as the
Student Officer. OK well, I'm in today to tell
you about a trip that we've got going to er ...
Paris. Well, this'll be a good chance for those of
you who haven't been to France before to have
a look at another country and Paris is very
beautifui. I think those of you who come will
thoroughly enjoy it The trip is going to be for
five davs, from the 31st of March, which is a
Saturday, to the 4th of April, the following
Wednesday. We'll be leaving pretty early in
the morning, seven o'clock, from college, so
vou'll have to set vour alarm clocks, and we'll
6e going throughihe Channel Tunnel on the
train, so no ferries or coaches for those people
who get seasick or travel sick! We'lIbe back
again on Wednesday about ten o'clock at
night.
|t,..',
07
So, what will we be doing when we get there?
If you look at the diagram of Paris that I've
given you, you can see that we're going to be
itaying in a small hotel near the centre of
town. It's actually in the area called
Montmartre. The accommodation will be
shared, so you'llbe in a room with one of your
friends - you can obviously choose who you'd
like to share with. On the first day we're in
Paris, we'll be going on a boat trip, up the
River Seine and up the Eiffel Tower, the
famous monument in the middle of Paris.
There should be a good view from up there.
Both of these things are included in the cost of
the trip, so you won't need to worry about
spending extra money. On the second day,
*e'll be going to Notre Dame, which is a large
cathedral with beautiful stained glass
windows. There's no admission charge for
this, but there are lots of souvenir shops
around, so you might need some money for
those! There will be lots of time for having a
look around on your own/ and doing some
shopping - I know that some of you are very
keen on thatl On the third day, our last day in
Paris, you'll be free to do whatever you like.
You could go to an art gallery for example the
Louvre is a very famous one, where you can
'Mona Lisa'. You'll have to pay to get in
see the
there, but it's not expensive. The biggest
problem is that the queue to get in is often
very long. The cost of the whole trip is a
hundred and twenty pounds, which includes
all of the transport, the hotel, and breakfasts.
You'll have to buy other food yourself, so
you'll need more money for that. It's a really
popular trip, we've had real successwith it
Lefore. I'm'sure those of vou who come will
really enjoy it.
If you'd like to go, can you sign up on this
form on the student noticeboard by Friday.
It'll be first come, first served, so do try and
sign up as quickly as you can. Thank you very
muctr, I hope to see some of you on the trip.
''l',
08
(TEP= Tele-enquiryperson;S = Student)
TEP: Hello, National Train enquiry line. Can
I help you?
Yes,please.I'd like to find out about
S:
times and prices of trains to Edinburgh
TEP: Fine.And which station will you be
travelling from?
S:
Birmingham
TEP: Andwhenwould
youlike to
S:
Umm. Friday March the 4th
TEP: Willthatbe aSingle orReturn?
S:
S:
Retumplease.
TEP: Standardor First class?
S:
Bye.
TEP: Bye.
S:
Standard.
TEP: And what time of day would you like to
travel?
S:
In the moming, please,um, round
about8.00.
TEP: Right, well, there's a train which leaves
Birmingham New Streetat 8.05arriving
in Edinburgh at 12.38.
S:
OK, let me write that down .. . leaving
at five past eight and getting there at ...
what time?
TEP: 12.38.
S:
12.38.Thanks.Do I have to change
trains?
TEP: No, it's direct.
S:
And what about the one after that?
TEP: The next one is at 9.15,arriving
Edinburgh at 14.35,with a changeat
Stockport.
S:
OK, leaving 9.50,arriving 2.35.
TEP: No,9.15.
S:
Oh. OK. And what about coming back?
TEP: What time would you like to leavd?
S:
Late aftemoon,please.
TEP: Right. There'sone at 16.45which is
direct and getsto Birmingham at20.2T,
and the one after that leavesat 18.05
arriving at 21.57including a changeat
Manchester
S:
Oh, would that be ManchesterOxford
Road?
TEP: Erm, no it's ManchesterPiccadilly.
0g
S:
Right. And how much is the cheapest
ticket?
TEP: Well, it depends. If you can leave after
9am, it's cheaper. There's an Apex
Super Saver which you have to book at
least 14 days before vou want to travel.
That costsf,33.50.
S:
Thirtytfuee...?
TEP: Fifty.
S:
OK. And what happensif I want to
leavebefore 9am?
TEP: If you can book sevendays in advance,
then you can buy an Apex PeakSaver.
That costs€41.30,but if you can't do
that, the next cheapestticket is the
StandardSaverwhich costs€54retum.
S:
So it's €4130 if I book sevendays in
advance.
TEP: Yes
S:
And €45if I don't.
TEP: No, it's €54for the StandardSaver.
S:
oh,oK.
TEP: If you can travel on a different day o{
the week, then we have the Off Peak
Saverat €38.
But I can't travel on a Friday for that
fare?
TEP: That's right.
Fine.Thanksveryrnuchforyourhelp.
TEP: You'rewelcome.
,, x0
(IDP = Information desk person; S = Student)
IDP: Hello, can I help you?
S:
Yes,I hope so.I've just comehere by
bus, and I'm trying to find my way
around the train station. Can you tell
me where the ticket office is?
IDP: Yes,of course.Look over there,to vour
right, the ticket office is to the righi of
the cafeasyou look at it.
S:
Oh yes. Thanks. And are those the
platforms straight aheadof us?
IDP: Mmmm-which one do you need?
S:
I think I needplatform 15.
IDP: Yes- platform 15 is in the far corner.
S:
Sorry,I can't seeit ...
IDP: Justthere,behind the flower shop.
S:
Oh yes.Great- just one more thing can you tell me where the toilets are?
IDP: Sure - they're over there, on the left,
behind the newsagent's.
S:
Thanksforallyourhelp.
IDP: Noproblem.
4 Al! !nthe mind
(A = Announcer;JG = fohn Gregory)
A: As part of our seriesof study skills talks,
John Gregory is going to talk to you today
about the theory of multiple intelligences,
a way of discoveringmore about how
you, as an individual, may leam best.
]G: Hello. I'd like to start off todayby giving
you a little background information on the
theory and then look at what these
multiple intelligences are and how you
can leam to make the most of your
strengths in different areas.
The traditional view of intelligence, as
measuredby IQ tests,tends to focus on
just two sortsof intelligence- Linguistic
and Logical Mathematical,or in other
words being good with words or with
numbers and logic. In his book, Framesof
Mind, How ardGardner suggestedthat
there were in fact other ways of being
intelligent, that were not always
recognizedby the schoolsystem.He
suggestedsevendifferent intelligences,
which we will look at today,though he has
since increased the number to eight, and
thinks there may be more still.
So,what are the types of multiple
intelligence?Firstly,thosealready
mentioned. Linguistic and Logical
Mathematical.Peoplewith linguistic or
verbal intelligenceare good at
communicating with others through
words. They will leam languageseasily
and enjoy writing and speaking. They
tend to think in words rather than in
pictures.They will be good at explaining
and teachingand persuading othersto
their point of view. Not surprisingly, they
will often becomejoumalists, teachers,
lawyers, politicians and writers.
,12
Those who are strong in Logical Mathematical
intelligence are good at seeing pattems and
making connections between pieces of
information. They reason well, can solve
problems effectively. They're the kind of
student that asks a lot of questions! They make
good scientists, engineers, computer
programners/ accountants or mathematicians.
Then there are the Personal Intelligences Interpersonal, meaning between people, and
Intrapersonal, meaning within yourself. Those
of you with good Interpersonal intelligence
have the ability to see things from other
people's points of view, understanding how
others feel and think. You encourage people to
co-operate and communicate well with others,
both verbally and non-verbally. You'll make
good counsellors, salespeople, politicians and
manaSers.
Intrapersonal intelligence is more about being
able to r.rnderstand yourself, recognize your
own sfrengths and weaknesses, and your
inner feelings. If you're strong in this area
you'Il make good researchers, theorists and
philosophers.
If vou tend to think in oictures rather than
words, you may be strbng in Visual-Spatial
intelligence. You enjoy drawing and designing
as well as reading and writing. If you tend to
doodle on your notes in class, that may be a
sign of this intelligence. You'llhave a good
sense of direction and find graphs, charts and
maps easy to understand. A good job for you
might be a designer, an architect, a mechanic
or en81neer.
Bodily-Kinaesthetic intelligence is about the
ability to control body movements and handle
objects skilfully. Athletes, dancers, actors will
be strong in this area. Sometimes physical
skills are seen as something entirely separate
from intelligence, something which Gardner
strongly challenges by including this
intelligence.
Finally, Musical Lrtelligence. If you have a
good deal of musical intelligence you'll often
play an instrument, but not necessarily. If you
often find yourself tapping out rh''thms in
class, this may be a sign that you're learning
tfuough your Musical intelligence. Not
surprisingly you'llmake a good musician or
songwriter.
t3
If you're aware of where your strengthslie,
you can use this information to help you study
more effectively.For example,if you have high
Linguistic intelligenceyou'll leam well
through group discussions,Iistening to
lecturesand reading,whereasif you're
shonger in Logical Mathematicalintelligence
you may leam better through problem solving
activities.Thoseof you with strong VisualSpatialintelligencewill respondwell to
videos, diagrams and charts.You'll probably
find it helpful to leam vocabulary through
using mind maps.
If you are interpersonally intelligent, try
working in groups or pairs or teaching
Tapescripts
studiesthat have tried to comparethe
effects of genetic factors and
environmental factors on children.
DW: Well, there'sno shortageof literature on
this subiect,that's for sure!
Yes!And that's my main problem at the
S:
moment. For every study that shows
that genetic potential is the most
important factot there'sanotherto
show the opposite!
DW: The best thing to do is to choosea
selectionof researchthat shows a
similar pattem, arrd compare that in
relation to one or two sfudies which
don't follow the sametrends.Then try
to analyse why the results might differ.
S:
OK. Another ouestionI wanted to ask
you was whether I should include my
own opinion?
DW: It's fine to do that, but be carefulnot to
make your writing sound too personal,
that is make sure that you back up any
statementswith clear reasonsor
evidenceand don't forget to make
referenceto where you found that
information.
S:
\,ly'hatdo you mean, exactly?
DW: WelI, for example, if you say that in
Australia fewer children from lower
. income families go to university, even
though that's a fairly well known fact,
you need to mention the sourceof that
information.
You mean find a study that has shown
S:
that?
DW: Yes,and include the referencein your
bibliography at the end of your
assrSilnent.
S:
The bibliography - should that include
all of the books I've used for reference?
DW: No, only the onesthat you've directly
cited in the essay.Put them in
alphabeticalorder accordingto author not in the order that you use them in the
essay.Remember:you were given a
handout on this topic at the start of
term.
Yes,that'sright. Right-thanks foryour
S:
time. I'11go and get on with it!
DW: OK- goodbye.If you have any further
questions or points you want to discuss,
then we can cover thesein your next
tutorial.
S:
Great.Thankyouforyourhelp.Bye.
DW: Cheerio.
l:
S:
J:
S:
5 A careeror a jCIb
J:
16
(S=Sally;f=iohn)
HiJohn, how're you doing?
S:
Oh hi Sal,not so bad, I'm just looking at
|:
this poster,have you seenit?
S:
No, what's it about?
j:
It's a careerstalknext week-now that
Christmas is over, I'm starting to realize
that it won't be very long before I have
to start looking for a job!
It's only the first week of the Spring
S:
term.
Thpescripts
t:
S:
I know, but think how fast the last two
yearswent - we'll be finished beforewe
know it.
I supposeyou're right, it's a bit scary,
isn't it? Do you know what you want to
do?Are you going to be a singer in a
band all your life?
No, I'd like to be, but my Dad would
kill me . . With a degreein Business,I've
got quite a few options, but I think I'd
Iike to go into marketing.
That'd be interesting- you'll make
good money too, won't you?
I could do, but that's usually after
you've worked your way up a bit What
about you - do you know what you're
going to do?
I really want to try and get a job
overseas- my sisterand her two kids
live in Australia, and I'd like to Bo out
there...
Really,that'd be great!I'll come and
visit you!
Yeah,OK. Apparently, there's a big
demand for medics Down Under. I need
to get more hospital experiencebeforeI
can be a GR though. The mdn houble is
I'm not really sure how to go about
finding a job. I mean,I know I'll have to
Iook through the adverts,but I'm not
sure where the best placeto look is, or
how to sell myself properly.
So,what areyou doing on Wednesday?
Shallwe go to this talk?
Who's the speaker,then? Mmmm, oh
no, it's ProfessorDavis. I had him for a
lecfure once and he went on and on and
never seemedto make any relevant
points at all!
No, that can't be right. Are you sure it
was the sameman? ProfessorDavis is
thin and quite bald
Oh no, this guy was fat and he had a
moustache
That's Mr Davidson - you're right, his
lecturesaren't the best,but apparently
he doesimportant research,and gets a
lot of money from industry for the
r.rniversity.
Oh, aslong as it's not him - I don't
think I could stand two hours of that.
again!
No, ProfessorDavis is from my
deDartmentand he alwavs talks sense.
So^whatdo you think. Shallwe go?
Maybe - what's he going to talk about?
Umm. let me see- it savs here that the
Iecturewill cover looking for work and
writing applications,including tips on
how to impressyour potential
employers.It saysthat there'll be time
for questionsaswell.
That soundsperfect,actually.What
time doesit start?
Says7 o'clock here.
OK, I'11meetyou here, outside the main
hall just beforeseven.We can go in
together.
\ny'hydon't we make it a bit earlier - say
half six, and we can go and have a quick
drink in the bar first.
Great!Listen, I've got to go, I'm meeting
Tariq in ten minutes. I'Il seeyou in the
then.
bar at 6.30on WednesdaY,
OK seeYou then.
S:
J:
.l'
orobablvhavea lot of applications if it is
messv or filled in incorrectly it will go straight
into tire bin! Unlessit specificallyasksyou to
handwrite it - and somewill - then word
plav truant - they iust want a quick answer,
ind t aon't thlnk ii'll be successful.
Children rnissschoolfor many reasons'Fot
17
at schoolwill often avoid going' I strongly
believethat more researchneedsto be
conductedinto this Problem.
all very well but can you be more
That's
P:
specific?
Right, has anybody got any questions?
6 Crime and Punishment
':'=.,
18
national newspapers and magazines' This will
give you more cEoice about jobs' lf you don't,
iuuni to -oue, or have a certain place in mind,
oopular, and many companies will also
Ln.orrruq" vot to complete on-line application
f.r.ms. Tieie are lots oi sites that advertise
So, you've found a iob that you want to apply
for. \44ratnext? Usually, you phone the
company and ask for an application form and
a iob description. The advert will often have a
reference number, so make sure you have that
handv when You call. Read the job description
carefuly - ls ihis the job you want? Could you
do it? Ok, you have the form in front of you
comPuter
your
or
on
coPy
a
paper
either
what nexti Some good advice is to take your
time and make sure that the information you
eive is specific to this iob and notjust general'
that this is the first impression that
il"-"-b".
an employer will have of you, and they will
(P = Presenter; R = David Renshaw; L = Loma
Coates; J = Jerurifer SimPson)
P: Today on'Burning Issues'we are going to
discuss the issue of school absenteeism or
truancy. It's been in the news a lot recently
because of the woman from Oxford who
Simpson, a mother of three from
Oxfordshire. Let me start with you, Mr
Renshaw. \Vhat is the govemment doing
about truancY?
R: Good morning. Well, obviously, children
need to go to school. Truancy damages
educafioln, of course, but can also lead
children to a life of crime.
P: But aren't the new laws about putting
parents in Prison rather tough?
R: Well, we have introduced imprisonment in
some cases, and some people think this is
too hard, but it does seem to work' Even
the mother who was jailed said that it was
a good thing for her children because they
now realize how important it is to go to
school. It's not the only measure we have,
parentsto pdson.
R: We are obviously trying to make that
happen,but it's very difficult. For example,
in i}'resprins, there were over twelve
thousandy6ungstersabsentfrom school,
and a lot of thesewere with their parents'
Now, if children aremissing schoolwith
their parent's consent,then the
governmentneedsto take tough measures'
L: Yes,but it's not always as simple asthat, is
it? iAtrhatI'm saying i'sthat we need to look
at the reasonswhy this is happening'
P: Risht. Let's look at it from a parent's point
of i'iew. Jennifer, you live in Oxford and
have three teenagechildren?
J: That's right.
P : So how do you feel about this issue? Do
vou think that the parents are responsible
ior children playing truant?
Well I think Loma's right that it is a very
complex issue and I tend to agree that you
can'i punish the parents for the child's
behaviour. If a parent is sent to Prison or
fined heavily, this isn't going to help us to
understandlhe main teasons why their
child is missing school. If the child is
unhappy or depressed about something at
scnoot, tltis isn;t going to help, is it?
P: A good point Jerrnifer. So what would be
better?
T: I think the emphasis should always be on
the child. You need to find out why he or
she is missing school. Then you can make
decisions on that information about what
to do.
L: ]ennifer's right and can I just add that-this
is the approich that our charity would
advocate too.
P: Counselling is another effective oPtion
Wouldn't You agree, Lorna?
L: Wel1, it's certainly a possibility.
P: Do you have anYthing else to saY,Mr
Renshaw?
R: I can assure you that the government-is . .
considering all of these points and I should
add that nothing is definite yet we are
still at the ProPosal stage.
P: OK. Thanks for that Loma, maYbe You
could tell us why you think children play
truant.
L: Well I must say that I think the government
isn't looking al the reasons why children
P: OK. Thank You allvery much for
contributing to this discussion' And on
tornorrow's Programme ...
Tapescripts
7 Globalization
'.20
In the first part of today's lecture I would like
to introduce you to the topic of globalization. I
will start by considering what globalization is
Secondly, I will explain something of its
history. Finally, I intend to look at who the
main players in globalization are, both for and
against it, and briefly summarize their
arguments.
So, let us begin with what may seem an
obvious point \Arhat exactly is globalization?
A lot of people think it is mainly about
economics, or increased global trade.
However, it can also be seen as increased
cultural and technological exchange between
countries. Examples might be McDonald's in
Calcutta and |apanese motor technology in
Britain Now let us look a little at the history of
globalization. There is no agreed starting
point, but it could have been about 100 years
ago. Certainly, there was a big expansion in
world trade and investment then. This was
put back considerably as the capitalist world
came up against the First World War and then
the Great Depression in 1930.
However, the end of the Second World War set
off another great expansion of capitalism in
1948 with the development of multinational
companies. These were companies interested
in producing and selling in the markets of
countries all around the world. Finally,
globalization really took off when the Soviet
Union collapsed.
It's important not to forget the importance of
air travel and the development of
international communicitions. The telephone,
the fax and now computers and email have all
encouraged the progiess of international
business.
:.,21
Turning now to the main players involved in
globalization, we find that there is a clear
division between those who are proglobalization and those who arelnti-.
The main organizations against globalization
are the environmental organizations, such as
Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace, who put
forward the belief that globalization harms the
envlronment.
In general, they blame global corporations for
global warming and the depletion of natural
resources The most obvious is oil and gas, but
there are others such as tropical rainforests,
which are cut down for timber, and the
resources of the sea, which may be affected by
pollution.
Organizations which represent developing
countries, including international aid agencies
such as Oxfam, are also against globalization.
They are concerned that the global
organizations, such as the International
Monetary Fund and the World Bank, are not
doing enough to help the poor and, indeed,
may be adding to their problems. Some are
critical of the World Trade Organization They
argue that the WTO is making it difficult for
poor countries to protect and build their own
industries.
Many companies in rich countries also oppose
globalization because they are worried that
competition from imports will cost them
Tapeseripts
money. A good example is companies that
make clothing and shoes. These are among the
few industries in which poor countries can
provide effective competition with imports of
cheap goods, because wages are so much
lower than in America or Europe.
Lastly, some trade unions oppose
globalization too. They say it leads to a
lowering of wages and conditions of work in
the developed and the developing world.
Having looked at some of the antiglobalization arguments, let's now consider
those in favour. There are, of course, many
organizations in favour of globalization.
Perhaps the most important one is the World
tade Organization, or WTO. This was set up
in 1995 and has 123 member countries It
administers the rules of intemational trade
agreed to by its member countries. The WTO's
rules make it difficult for a country to favour
their own industry over imports from other
countrles.
The WTO argues that the growth of trade
between countries increases the wealth of
everyone. Tiade allows those who can
produce goods most cheaply to do so, thus
giving everyone the best possible price.
Another pro-globalization organization is the
International Monetary Fund or IME This was
established after World War II in 1946 It aims
to promote international cooperation on
finance and provide temporary help for
countries suffering financial problems The
IMF has 182 member countries
Finally, the United Nations, which was
established after the Second World War, has
become a promoter of globalization. It aims to
promote a shared set of values in the areas of
labour standards, human rights and
environmental practices between the UN and
the business community.
So, we've seen that there are powerfui
arguments and irnportant players both for and
against globalization I'd now like to move on
to look at some of the key issues for debate.
Let us begin by considering the question of
global inequality.
23
I'm going to talk about a company which is
called Honda It's a Japanese company and
they sell a range of vehicles such as small
family cars, estates and sports cars. They also
produce motorbikes It's a very good company
and is well known all over the world. I'm sure
Honda products are common m most
countries but I've heard that they are
e s p e c i a l l yp o p u l a r i n A s i a a n d E u r o p e .
There are many reasons why Honda is
successful but I think one of the main ones is
because it produces a new range of models
every year. I expect the company has teams of
skilled professionals who design and create
cars using modem technology, which means
new models have many of the latest features
Another reason for Honda's success is that the
models are often more economical than some
of their competitors - in both price and petrol
consumption. Honda also makes expensive
luxury cars too and some of these are designed
to be very fast. This shows that Honda
products appeal to a wide range of people.
The company is also successfulbecauseparts
for thesecarsare usually very cheapand easy
to get in most countries.
As far asI know, Honda advertisesnew cars
on TV ouite a lot and theseadvertisements
often lobk quite stvlish. I've also seentheir
products advertisedin newspapersand on
largebillboards by the side of the road.
[r my country you seemany Hondas on the
road but thesehave beenimported from
overseasaswe don't really have much of a car
industry.
24
WelI, there are clearly different ways of
looking at it. Cheaper flights mean that more
people can afford to travel. This has to be a
good thing in that more people can experience
different cultures and places. On the other
hand, more flights cauie more pollution and
some tourist destinations have too many
tourists and not enough clean water supplies,
and so on. As far as I'm concemed though" the
benefits outweigh the disadvantages.
I
What'sthe alternative
25
(Seep. 94.)
26
(S = Student; L = Lecturer)
S: Hello, you wanted to see me?
L: Hi, yes, I justwanted to see how you're
getting along with your assignments this
term.
S: I'm doing fine. I've finished the first
assignment and I'm working on the second
one now.
L: Good. Are you managing to find enough
material?
S: Yes, I've been using the college library, the
department library and the Internet.
L: Fine. And you're managing to work to the
deadlines?
S: Yeah, and I've been told that if I need an
extension, I can ask for one.
L: OK Good,you seemtobe ontheright
track, then.
27
(See
26 above.)
28
(L = Lecturer;B = Barry; R = Ron;A=Alice)
L: OK, Barry thank you for your very clear
presentation on human cloning' I'd like to
start the discussionby asking you this.
Even though, asyou said, therapeutic
cloning could be used by hospitals to fight
and cure disease,whereasreproductive
cloning is growing an entirely new human,
do you think that ethically there is really
any differencebetweenthe two?
B: That's a good question,and I'm not really
sure that I know the answer. Reproductive
cloning is often the one that people fear. If
you ask me, the idea of making a new
person who is identical to someonewho is
living, or has lived, is a bit too closeto
sciencefiction.
L: Vy'hatdo you think, Ron?You look as if you
have something to say.
R: Yeah,Barry's right. Peoplethink of armies
of clones, all the same,non-thinking
machines,almost,who could be used in an
attack by some mad dictator. There are so
many books and films on this theme that
people seemto imagine that it could really
naPPen.
A: And couldn'tit?
B: No, of coursenot, Alice Justbecauseyou
have the samegenesas someonedoesn't
mean you're a robot. If that were true, then
every set of identical twins would be doing
exactly the same thing all the time, and that
doesn't happen,doesit Ron - you have
twin brothers,don't you?
R: Yes,I do, and although they look the same,
they have quite different personalities.So,
eouallv it's unrealisticto think that clones
wbuldbehave in the sameway.
A: So is there a positive side to reproductive
cloning?I mean,would anybody benefit?
R: Childlesscouples.As I seeit, they'd have
the chanceto try for a baby, even though
they were infertile.
L: That's a very good point, but we haven't
touched upon therapeuticcloning yet.
What does anyone think about that?
A: The possibilitiesare fascinating.Can you
imagine being able to grow a new heart for
someonewho neededa transplant,or a
new kidney, or a lung? We have the
technologyalready to transplant these
things, but often the problem is finding an
organ.Usually you have to wait for
someonewho wants to donate an orgnn
and who has the sameblood and tissue
type, to die. Didn't you do someresearch
into this, Ron?
R: Yes,I zuasreading about this, and
apparently it could alsobe used for some
digenerative diseases- you know, like
Paikinson's,that get worse asyou get older'
L: So,arewe playing God, here?What do you
think, Barry?
B: As far asthe ethicsgo,I think that that
therapeuticcloning is easierfor most
people to accept.You're only talking about
making a part of a human being, and not a
whole one, that can think, and feel and talk
back.
g
Gadgetsand gizmos
.29
In today's lecture I want to give you a brief
ovewiew of the history of robotics, from
ancient times up to the present day. We can
then look at some of the key inventions in
more detail over the next few weeks.
You may have wondered when I mentioned
ancient times. Aren't robots a modem
invention? Well, technically, yes, but ancient
civilizations had very similar ideas, for
example, there was the story of Talos, a man
made from bronze, who guarded the island of
Crete, in Greece. Then in Roman rnythology
the god Vulcan made two female robots out of
gold to help him walk.
However, by 1774 myth had become fact, and
two French brothers, Pierre and Henri Louis
facquet-Droz were creating very complicated
automatons, such as a boy robot, which could
draw and write messages. They also created a
robot woman, which could play a piano.
Another example was a mechanical duck,
which quacked, flapped its wings and
oretended to eat and drink. This was invented
it about the same time, by a man called
Vaucanson. That's V.A.U.C.A.N.S.O.N.
In the next century robots started to be
designed which were not so much toys, but
had rnore practical, industrial uses. The
industrial robots used in factories today have
their origins in these early automated
machines.
A good example is Joseph |acquard's Textile
Machine, invented in 1801 which was
operated by punch cards.
Then, in 1834, Charles Babbage designed one
of the first automatic computers, the Analytic
Engine. This also used programs on punched
cards to carry out mathematical operations. It
had a memory capable of one thousand 50
digit numbers. The project was never finished,
but it provided an excellent model for later
developments.
,30
The 20th century was a time which saw huge
development in the science of robotics,
particularly after the computer had been
developed in the mid-forties. George Devol
desimed the Universal Automaton in 1954,
which was the first programmable robot. The
name was later shortened to Unimaton, which
became the name of the first robot comPany.
Unimaton lnc sold designs to General Motors,
who, in 1962, installed the first industrial robot
'Unimate' robot was
on a production line. The
used in a car factory to lift and stack hot pieces
of metal.
In 1970, a computer controlled robot called
Shakev was developed. On one occasron
Shakey was asked to push a box off a
olatform. It couldn't reach the bo>c,so it found
I ramp, pushed the ramp against the platform,
rolled up the ramp and pushed the box to the
floor. Doesn't that seem like intelligence?
,31
Since then hundreds of robots have been
designed and developed for a variety of uses:
assembling small parts in factories, providing
the handicapped with artificial limbs, carrying
out household chores and even carrying out
surgical operations.
|n 1967 lapanimported its first industrial
robot from the United States, which was, at
this time, about ten years ahead in robot
technology. However, within a very short
time, Japan started to catch up and then take
over. Japan is now a world leader in robotics.
Sony's Aibo robot dog was the first
sophisticated robotic product to really sell
well to the public. Now Honda have created
Asimo, who has been made two-legged, in
order to look more human. He is designed as
'a
partrer for people', or to work in the home.
Asimo became the first non-human to open
the New York Stock Exchange. Asimo will
continue to be developed and, in the future, its
power may come from hydrogen fueI cells, a
Tapescripts
technologywhose only wasteproduct is
water. This may mean that Asimo will have to
go to the toi-let!
If theseplans work out then society in the
future could be very different. In fifty years
time, perhaps, no home or workplace will be
without one.
g?
Today I'm going to briefly outline the trends in
world music salesfrom the late sixties to the
presentday as shown on this graph. From
7969to 7978,lhere was a steady rise in sales
from about $2billion to $10billion. This
increasewas causedby new developments
such as the introduction of stereoLPs and later
audio cassettes.From 1978to 1980sales
remained steady,but in 1981there was a slight
drop in salesto about $8billion. This probably
resultedfrom the global economicdownturn.
By 7984,figres were around the $10billion
mark again.After this date there was a sharp
increasein world music saleswhich reacheda
peak of $40billion in 1993.This was largely
due to the introduction of the CD. America, in
particular,experienceda tremendousgrowth
in sales,but other Europeancountries,for
example,Britain and Germany also sold
millions of CDs.
Surprisingly, salesdropped slightly in the
nineties.By 1996,world music saleswere
about $37billion. The following year there
was a slight rise,but after this salesdecreased
and in 2001they dropped to $34billion. These
fluctuations areprobablv a result of free or
cheap music being downloadable from the
Intemet. It may alsobe connectedto the
increasedavailability of hardware to copy
music,for instance,CD bumers.
From the information shown on the graph, it
canbe concluded that .. .
the year 2000,with only 7% of the people on
earth using the Intemet and 12%,or just over
one in ten of the world's population, using
mobile phones.Thereis little doubt that these
figures are likely to have changed
dramatically by now, especially in countries
like China, where the percentageis certainto
have risen signifi cantly.
I'm just ringing to say I guesswe'll have
to meet up someother time. Never mind.
You could email me. Mv addressis o dot
reece(R.E.E.C.E.)
@somers
(S.O.M.E.R.S.)
dot co dot uk. Hope to
speakto you soon,one way or the other.
'10The future of computing
35
27
(T=Tutor;S=Student)
(G = Graham; J = )ulie; M = Mark)
T: OK,if youcan justmakeanoteof the
following books that you're all expectedto
have copies of for next term The first one is
by David Royce,that's R.O.Y.C.E.It's
calledUnderstanding EconomicMarkets,
and it's by David Royce.This is a really
useful book, which coversall the coreideas
we explorein the first few weeks.Please
makeiure you've finished reading
Understanding EconomicMarkets before
the start of term. Then,Microeconomics:
an introduction, bv Bill Harris and Sarah
Tamley,T.A.R.N.L.E.Y.As it says,an
introduction to microeconomics,so you
should find this quite easy to follow, even
though the ideasmay seema fittle
complicatedat first. Hopefully your
Iectures will make things clearer.
S: Sorry could you repeatthename and
authors of the secondbook, please?
T: Yes,Microeconomics:anintroductiory by
Bill Harris and SarahTamley,that's spelt
T.A.R.N.L.E.Yand Harris is H.A.R.R.I.S.
OK? Finally, if you can all also get hold of
EconomicsToday,byJute Bond please
That's Julie with an 'e', ].U.L.I.E,Bond,
B.O.N.D.OK?
G: . .. there have been a lot of interesting sites
that have come up on the Lrternet, recently,
but one of the ones that's getting a lot of
'FriendsReunited'.
publicity is one called
The idea, like all good ones, is very simple
- it's essentially a database of schools that
vou can add vour name to and contact
other people who went to the same place people you've lost contact with
accidentally or otherwise. This moming in
the studio, I have two guests: fulie
McDonald, a journalist who has been
looking at the site for us, good morning to
you, Julie and welcome to the programme,
and Dr Mark |ones, a psychologist who has
done several studies into how and why we
form and maintain friendshios. It's nice to
see you again, Mark. Julie, can you start by
telling us a bit about the site?
]:
36
(AV = Automated Voice;C1 = Caller 1, etc.)
33
Now if you could look at the following data:
this pie chart shows that in the year 2000 CDs
dominated the market and accounted for
67.7'/ool sales. Cassettes still had a healthy
slice of the market with 21.8% and singles
made up 10.1%. In terms of LPs, the
percentage was 0.4% and sales of mini-discs
produced an even lower figure of 0.02'/", an
amount that is likely to increase in the future.
ln fact there may well be new formats to take
into account. From the data shown on this pie
chart, it is clear that ...
34
The bar chart illustratesthe percentageof
Internet and mobile phone users in different
regionsof the worldby the end of the year
2000.The areawith the highest proportion of
lntemet userswas the USAwith 57%.Westem
Europe and Japanhad similar figves ol27"h
and 287orespectively, but in China only 2o/'of
the population were using the lnternet.
The proportion of mobile phone users,
however,was slightly different. For example,
WestemEurope had the most owners with
62"/",followedby Japanwith 46% while in the
United Statesnot even40% of the population
used mobile phones.
Looking at the figures for the whole world, it
seemsthat the percentageswere quite low in
Tapescripts
AV You have four new messages.First new
message,received at9.29am today.Beep.
C1: Hi, Steve,this is Paula.I'm in Manchester
onbusinesstoday and I was hoping we
could meet for lunch to discussthat new
contract.If you get this messagein time,
could you call me on07790765456?
That's 07790765456.Cheers.
AV: Secondnew message,receivedat 10.10
am today.Beep.
C2: Mr Wilkes?I don't know if you'Il
rememberme, my name'sJoeFuller. I
camein for an interview last week for a
job. It's just that I haven't heard anything
yet. Would itbe at all possiblefor you to
ring me?I'll be at home all day. It's 01923
7766892.Thank you very much. Perhaps
I'd better say the number again.It's 01923
7766892.Thank you agarn.
AV Third new message,receivedat 11.30am
today.Beep.
C3: This is a messagefor StephenWilkes.
We'd just like to remind him that he has
an appointment here with the dentist at 9
am tomorrow moming If there'sany
problem he could ring the dental surgery
on079234567622.
AV: Fourth new message/receivedat 3.10pm
today.Beep.
C4: This is Paula again.It'snow sometime
after 3.00and I need to be getting back, so
Yes, Graham. It's actually quite
compulsive. I hadn't really expected to be
very interested by it, but it's amazing how
seeing a few familiar names can change
that - it took me back to my teenage years
so easilv- I staved on the site for about an
hour looking up o1d friends The site itself
is fairly straightforward - you have to log
in, which just really means giving a few
details such as your email address, and
your name. Of course, you have to give
your former name, too (the one you were
known by in school) if you've got a
different name now You might have got
married for example, and people wouldn't
recognize yournewname. Then, if you
want to, you can also write a short note
about what you're doing at the moment,
what's happened to you since you left
school - that kind of thing .. .
G: Do most people do that?
J: No, actually a lot of people don't bother.
It's really annoying, too, when you find
someone that you remember and they
haven't written anything!
G: So what happens after you've logged in?
J: Well, then you find your school - you can
look up your primary school, secondary
school, even your workplace. The school
part, is great - you find your school, as I
said, and then you can look down a list of
all the other people who were in your year,
or at least, who left in the same year, and
access the information that they've
provided.
G: And then get in touch with them ...
j:
Well yeah, but it's at that point that it stops
being free.
G: Ah}hh.
J: Well, I guess thattheyhave to make some
money out of it somehow and it's not very
expensive. You have to pay seven pounds
fifty ayear and for that you can send
G: So do you think this kind of website is a
bad thing?
M: No, of coursenot - for most people it's
harmlessfun, but it is worth realizing the
possibledown sides,too, for somepeople.
If it's a bit of curiosity that's motivating
you, fine, but if you're at a particularly
insecurepart of your life, then be aware
that this might not help.
G: Well, I'm not feeling very insecure,so I'm
going straight home to log on to my
computer and seewho I can find! Thank
you 1omy guests.Join us again next week
for ...
11 The art of advertising
. .,..: 39
the cost over three years/ without paying a
permy in interest and if you spend over €200,
you don't even have to pay a deposit. Ask for
written details.
There's big savings, no deposit, no pay"rnents,
no interest and no catch, but you'll have to
hurry. The amazing Summer Sale must end at
5pm this Sunday at Harold's, Stratford Rd
Shirley and the Kingfisher Centre
Advert C
(A= Woman 1; B = Woman 2; M = Man)
A: What are you up to this weekend?
B: I'm trying to get a washing machine.
'Super
A: Ah, so you'llbe looking for a
mega
deal', then, or a'Price Slasher', or a'Red
'Soecial
hot Summer SaIe'? Or mavbe a
f,10
off voucher - ask in store ior detai ls'?
(S=Student;T=Tutor)
B: No
S: Can you explain what the problem was
with my assignment on advertising
standards?
M: At Star, we check thousands of prices at
other stores every week, so you don't have
to You can rest, safe in the knowledge that
our price guarantee is what it says. If you
can find the same thing cheaper, we'Il
match the price AND give you f,20 in cash.
You can trust us, because we care about
T: WeIl, to begin with, you really should have
read the question more carefully. The
question asked you to compare and
contrast the rules applied by advertising
standards agencies around the world and
you only wrote about your own country.
PrlCeS.
A: What about a Blazing Saver?
S: So, I ought to have given more examples?
B: NO!
T: Yes, and you were also supposed to
compare ald contrast them, or say how
they're different or similar.
. '-: 41
S: Oh, I didn't understand that I had to do
that. OK. Was that the only problem?
T
T: I'm afraid your handwriting wasn't very
good either. You didn't need to wordprocess it, but it would have helped me to
understand what you wanted to say.
Having said all that, you did have some
v e r y g o o d i d e a sa b o u t . . .
....,,40
AdvertA
(YC = young child;A= Adult)
YC 1: Um .. here's a good idea for you. If you
want to set up your own business, you
should be at least
um, at least twelve
I think that you can sound grown up on
the phone, then you should ...
YC 2: I' d,set up an office at the top of Mt
Everest I'd setit uo in the middle of
nowhere, so that I had lots of peace and
quiet to get on with my work.
YC 3: My daddy says you have to pay for a lot
of taxis when you have a business, but
I'm not sure why, cos he's got his own
car ..
A:
For grown-up advice about starting
your own business, call the Business
Helpline on 0800 501 5001 or visit
businesshelp org. We're here to help
You!
Advert B
Interest free credit, and you don't have to pay
a penny for a whole year! - that's the fantastic
Summer Sale offer at Harold's, but it must end
this week. Save up to 70% on lounge, dining
and bedroom furniture You want leather
furniture? We've got it! You wantbeds, carpets
and curtains? Look no further! You can spread
(T = Tutor; A = Adam; B = Betty; C = Charlie)
So, you've all had a chance to study the
adverts, who'd like to start us off by talking
about the first one?
A: I thought this one was quite interesting. It's
not a commercial organization, is it?
T
No, itisn't. It's a governmentbody.
A: So, arguably it's different from the other
two, it's not actually selling something, it's
offering a service to people.
B: I thought that, too, but when I actually
stopped to consider the implications, it's
not so different, is it? kr the commercial
sector and the government sector, the aim
of the advert is to oersuade \Aihether that
means persuade piople to buy something,
or persuade people to use something isn't
very rmportant.
A: That's a good point, but I thilk there ls a
difference. It's less difficult to persuade
someone to use someihing if the thing
you're offering isn't going to cost them any
money. Am I right in thinking that the
service is free?
T
Yes, I think that would be a fair
assumption, Adam. I do think, though, that
you can classify this advert according to
the criteria we are looking at. In my
opinion, it uses simple information to
persuade lt's a service that many people
won't have heard of and it's probablv
unique. They are working on the principte
that if ihey say what they are offering, and
make it a little bit entertaining with the
children's voices, then that will be enough.
C: Don't you think there's a certain amount of
repetition in there, too? They said the name
about three times at the end, in quick
successlon.
Tapescripts
A: Yes, but that's the same for almost every
ad, isn't it?
C: I guess so. It was certainly true for the
secono one.
T
Do you think that was the main technique
in that case, then?
C: No, the main thrust was definiteiy the half
price/special offer method. The whole
advert was centred around what a great
deal you could get, how little it would cost,
how you could get interest free credit, et
ceteta. et cetera Thev mentioned that the
offer would finish that Sundav. too. I
suppose that making it seem is if you can
gel a greatbargain, but only if you act
quickly is a good way of selling things, too
T
So, how about the final advert, Betty, can
you take us through that one?
B: Yes, this one is quite interesting, especially
after the fumifure store advert That was so
much about selling a special deal, for a
limited time only, and then the last one was
completely opposite. I thought it was
absolutely fascinating, the way they used
'a
'Super
language like,
blazing saver' or a
mega deal'. We hear this kind of thing on
adverts all the time, telling us how
'absolutely
amazing' the product is, but
here it was used sarcastically, by a woman
who obviouslv felt verv doubtful about
these special offe.s ut d th" lunguage used
to sell them It's alrnost like putting the
advertiser on the same team as the
potential buyer - they both dislike the way
many products are sold.
A: So you think thatkind
effective?
of ad is very
B: Well, it probably wouldn't work for a long
series of adverts - it's kind of like a joke - it
wouldn't be funnv if vou heard it too often.
I do think, though, that that kind of antiadvertising approach is so different, and
still quite unusual, that it makes you listen.
A: And that's what advertisers want, of
course.
B: Ofcourse.
So, of the three ads, which do you all
personallv think is the most effective?
There's no right or wrong answer, here, I'm
just interested in your opinions.
B: I like the last one - it's the only one that
T
was different enough to make me actually
listen
C: Yes, I'd agree - although I don't think any
of them were very good The second one
might interest me if I wanted to buy
fumiture - we usually want to believe
what we are told, even if on some level we
know it's not true.
A: I actually liked the first one, but I'm not
sure if it's fair to compare it with the other
two, for the reasons we talked about
earlier.
T
OK, good. Right, now canwe tum our
attention to the next question, then
Tapescripts
To have had the experience of studying
overseas gives you a lot of independence
and flexibility. You definitely need to be
flexible in order to cope with all of the
cultural differences o? a different country.
Employers value that, I thjlk.
So,I got the job I wanted arrd worked for
six years in the Education sector, before
coming back to England to get a Masters
degree in Development Studies. I was
actually sponsored to do this by the
Ministry, and when I finished, last year, I
went back to take up a new position of
Director of a project to improve technical
education in one region of the country.
It's an important post and a very
interesting one. I suppose that it would
be too strong to say that I owe it all to this
universitv. but the education I received
here has iertainly been a major factor in
my success.
Well, everyone, your IELTS test is next week,
so I just want to give you a few final hints on
the Listening test - I know that some of you
are a bit worried about that part. Remember
that there are four parts to the Listening test,
and they get more difficult as they go through,
but before each section you'll have a short
time to look at the ouestions. This time is
really important to you - the first thing to do is
to read the instructions carefully so that you
understand the task t)?e - is it a multiple
choice? is it a table? how many words can you
use in the answer? - that kind of thing. As
you're doing that you also need to think about
trying to predict the context - what do the
questions tell you about what you're going to
hear? It's not really a good idea to predict
answers to questions before you've heard the
tape, but something that you can usefully do is
to read the questions carefully so that you
know the kind of information that is being
asked for For example, is it a place name, or a
number, or a date? This is a lot to do in the
short time you have, but it'Il make listening a
lot easier. \,1y'hileyou're listening to the tapes,
write down your answers as quickly as you
can, but while you're writing, stay focussed on
the tape If you don't hear something very
well and you're not sure about the answer, try
to note down a possible answer. You mightbe
able to guess it later. Finally, in the last 10
minutes, transfer your answers very carefully,
making sure that all the numbers match up,
and don't hang around - get the answers on
the answer paper and then quickly check your
spelling. Remember that you'11 lose marks
unless the spelling is correct.
MacmillanEducation
BetweenTowns Road, Oxford OX4 3PP
Limited
A divisionof MacmillanPublishers
throughoutthe world
Companiesand representatives
l s B N 1 4 0 5 0 1 3 9 23
Text@ RachaelRoberts,JoanneGakongaand Andrew
Preshous2004
Designand illustration
Limited2004
@MacmillanPublishers
Firstpublished2004
All rightsreserved;no part of this publicationmay be
reproduced,storedin a retrievalsystem,transmittedin any
form, or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,
recording,or otherwise,withoutthe priorwrittenpermissionof
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Designand pagemake-upby MikeCryer,eMC Design;
www.emcdesign.org.uk
lllustrated
by PhillipBurrows,CeliaCanning,StephenDew,
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Markdi Meo,MikePhillips,SimonRumbles,TonyWilkins
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The authorswouldliketo thanktheirlong-suffering
spouses
helpand
Chris,Jackand Jo for theirconstantencouragement,
incrediblepatience.We could not havedone this withoutthe
supportof our families.
We alsowantto thankour childrenSam,
Kinuthia,Mwathi,Lauraand Eleanorfor providingregular
distractionsand entertainmentthroughoutthis project.
Thankyou to the many studentsat SolihullCollegewho trialled
materialand providedsampleanswersand valuablefeedback.
And finally,thanksgo to SarahCurtis,Joe Wilsonand all the
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UKCOSA:The Councilfor InternationalEducationfor extracts
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Notesfor Students2003;AusAlDfor diagram'W-Curve:Stages
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Orientatedfor Successedited by M Barker (Australian
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