Science
- systematic study of structure and behavior of physical and natural world through observation
and experiment
- "a special method of finding things out" Feyman
- knowledge arising from the things found out
- "organization of our knowledge enabling us discover the secrets of nature" Jacob Bronowski
- knowledge generating human activity
- "new knowledge is gained through observation" Cambridge
• Basic research
- distinctive feature of science
- provides information about nature, matter, and energy
- serves as a precursor to innovation
Technology
- came from the Greek word (techne arts, skill, craft) means by which a thing is gained and logos
(word or discourse)
- discourse about the way things are gained
- application of science to practical purposes such as industrial
- "the aggregation of skills and knowledge to create useful products" Lewis Branscomb
- motivated by social demands
Society
- emerged in the 15th century
- derived from French "societe", Latin "Societas" or a friendly association with othes
- socius meaning companion, associate, comrade or business partner
- aggregate of people living together in an ordered community
- community of people living together in one region with shared customs, laws, and
organizations
- people living in an organized way, making decisions about how to do things
Economic Growth (Quantity)
- increase in national income
- increase in ability to produce goods and services
- transformation from agriculture to manufacturing, rural to urban workforce
- increase in GDP (gross domestic product), GNI (gross national income)
Economic Development (Quality)
- Improvement of well-being and economic capabilities of residents
- provides better life for people through health, education, environment
- planned increase of country's industry and wealth
Ancient civilization (Sumerian civilization)
- southernmost of mesopotamia
• Cuneiform
- first writing system that uses pics and triangular symbols
• City of Uruk
- first true city in the world
- mud and clay mixed with reeds
• The great ziggurat of Ur
- used sun baked bricks
• Wheel
- inserting rotating axles into solid discs of wood
• Irrigation and dykes
- to bring water to farmlands and control the flooding of the river
• Plow
- to dig the ground for planting seed
• Babylonian Civilization
- flourished near Tigris and Euphrates river
• Hanging gardens of Babylon
- one of the seven wonders of the world
- built by King Nebuchadnezzar II for Queen Amytis
- layers upon layers of gardens
• Astronomy
- use of constellation for weather, climate, seasons
- moon, stars, sun to predict future events
- horoscope to foretell their daily lives
Egyptian Civilization
- Ancient North Africa
- engineering feats (pyramids, temples, tombs)
• paper or papyrus and ink
- main writing material
- paper made from cyperus papyrus that grew in Nile River
- ink by combining soot with chemicals
• Hieroglyphics
- or holy writings, writing system of Egyptians
• Cosmetics
- Kohl as a makeup to darken their eyes and cure eye ailments
- mixture of malachite and galena
• Wig
- Symbolizes wealth and wellness
• Water Clock or Clepsydra
- invented by Amenemhet for measuring time by gradual flow water
Greek Civilization
- origins in the Greece and the islands of the Aegean Sea
• Alarm Clock
- uses water, stones or sands to be drop into the drums
• Water Mill
- used for milling grains, necessary for food processing
• Archimedes' screw
- Efficient way to move water uphill
• Biology
- Aristotle, the father of zoology, classified animals according to their characteristics
• Cartography
- study of making maps
- Anaximader was one of the pioneer cartographers to create a map
Roman Civilization
- emerged in the city of Rome in modern day Italy
• Newspaper
- Romans first introduced it as gazettes
• Bound Books or Codex
- Papyrus pages bound by animal skin
• Roman Architecture
- were able to create projects like churches, aqueducts, coliseum, amphitheaters
• Roman Numerals
- standard counting method increasing communication
Chinese Civilization
- located at China, the far east of Aisa
• Silk
- produced by silkworms for clothing and paper
• Tea Production
- Shredding of tea leaves into strips
• Great wall of China
- largest and most extensive infrastructure to protect them from Nomads
• Gunpowder
- developed by Chinese alchemists by mixing charcoal, sulfur, potassium nitrate
Middle Ages
- marred by massive invasions and migrations
• Printing Press
- invented by Johann Gutenberg
- extracts juices from fruits for the metal cast and then pressed to a paper
• Microscope
- Zacharias Janssen developed the first compound microscope, circa 1595
• Telescope
- Helps in the observation of remote objects for navigators
- first patented by Hans Lippershey in 1608
• War weapons
- Cross bows, long bows, and chainmail
Modern Ages
- covers human history from the creation of a more global network to present
• Pasteurization
- Invented by Louis Pasteur, the process of heating dairy products
• Petroleum Refinery
- Samuel M. Kier invented Kerosene by refining petroleum
• Telephone
- invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
- His first call was March 10, 1876 with his assistant, Thomas Watson
• Calculator
- Used for calculations and develop complex processing machines
Philippine Inventions
- Many were built from indigenous materials
• Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
- Invented by H2O technologies headed by Dominic N. Chung and Lamberto Armanda with chief
designer Victor "Atoy" Llave
- It can cross flooded streets, rivers, and lakes
• Salt Lamp
- Invented by Aisa Mijeno, a lighting system that utilizes saltwater
• Medical Incubator
- Dr. Fe del Mund pediatrician
• Mosquito Ovicidal / Larvicidal Trap System / OL Trap
- DOST-ITDI, made of natural ingredients lethal to mosquitos
• Ejeepney
- Modern type of transportation that uses electricity