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Second Edition
Thermodynamics
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Robert DeHoff
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4AYLOR &RANCIS 'ROUP THE ACADEMIC DIVISION OF 4& )NFORMA PLC
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pA !\Au g Ap \d !d p g2A \ AAbp J gb \ !pp_\2!\gdu !pp_\A
b\2 g2gp\2!__ g AA g_bA A_AbAd \d ! Ab Y! \ ApA \Ad2\dQ 2Y!dQA8
! A__ ! b!2 g2gp\2!__ g YA Ab ! ! Yg_Au !pp_\A : \dQ A!2Y
\dKd\A\b!_ \d2 AbAd gJ \bA \d YA p g2A8 ! A__ ! g YA p g2A ! ! Yg_Au
pA2\K2!__ !A:8 \d AA g_bA A_AbAd gJ !d Ab !d: gd:\dQ Y!
b! )A ApA \Ad2\dQ 2Y!dQA8 ! AA \d!d \d \bA8 YA Ad gp p g:2\gd \
pg\\Au \__ dg )A :Abgd !A: Y! Y\ :gA dg \bp_ Y! YA Ad gp gJ
! Ab 2!d gd_ \d2 A!Au
\b\_! g AdA Q8 Ad gp 2Y!dQA ! \A J gb \dMAd2A Y! gpA !A g 2Y!dQA
YA 2gd:\\gd gJ ! Abu gAA 8 YA A_!\gdY\p )AAAd YA Ad gp 2Y!dQA
!d: YA \dMAd2A Y! !2 \ dg YA !bA ! \ \ Jg AdA Qu ! \Y AdA Q8
Ad gp 2!d )A !dJA A: !2 g YA )gd:! gJ ! Ab \d !g2\!\gd \Y YA!8
g ^ !d: b! !dJA u d_\^A AdA Q8 YA 2Y!dQA \d Ad gp gJ ! Ab \ dg
A \2A: g Ad gp !dJA A: !2 g \ )gd:! \Au YA A \ !d !::\\gd!_
2gd \)\gd d!bA_8 YA p g:2\gd gJ Ad gp \d\:A YA Abu YA K _! \
! 2gdA !\gd _! YA A2gd: _! \ dgu
\ !_! pg\)_A g :A2gbpgA YA 2Y!dQA \d Ad gp ApA \Ad2A: )
! Ab d:A Qg\dQ 2Y!dQA \dg g p! 7
8 YA Ad gp !dJA A: !2 g YA )gd:! : \dQ YA p g2Au
p8 YA Ad gp p g:2\gd \d\:A YA Abu
YA 2Y!dQA \d Ad gp Jg YA Ab \ YA b7
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p g2A !d: YA Mg ! YA )gd:! gJ YA Abu YA A2gd: _! !A Y!8 Jg
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! Ab g :A2 A!A Jg ! Q\Ad p g2Au d:AA:8 b!d gJ YA p !2\2!_ p g2AA Y!
b!^A A2Ydg_gQ g ^ ! A Ap_\2\_ A p g p g:2A ! dAQ!\A 2Y!dQA \d Ad gp
j
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!g2\!A: \Y :\\p!\gd g 2gdbp\gd gJ YA 2!p!2\ Jg pgd!dAg 2Y!dQA YAd ! p g2A g22 u
A 2Y!dQA Y! g22 Jg AA p g2A Jg AA Ab A p gbA gJ YA Kd\A 2!p!2\ Jg 2Y!dQA
Y! YA d\A A pgAAu J YA gppg\A \Qd Y!: )AAd 2YgAd \d Y\ 2gdAd\gd8 YAd Ad gp g_: )A
:A gA: \d YA d\A A Jg AA A!_ p g2A Y! g22 !YA Y!d )A\dQ p g:2A:u
YA ! gJ YA bg:d!b\2
gJ ! Ab8 \uAu8 g b!^A ! Ab 2Y!dQA \d ! :\ A2\gd Y\2Y \ gppg\A g Y!
Y\2Y g_: g22 d! !__u d g :A g !22gbp_\Y Y\ \ \ dA2A! g p_!2A
YA Ab \d !d Ad\ gdbAd D ! gd:\dQ D Y! \ 2!p!)_A gJ 2!\dQ YA
!dJA dA2A! g p g:2A YA dd! !_ 2Y!dQAu
gd\:A YA Ad gp 2Y!dQA ApA \Ad2A: ) YA gd:\dQ g ! Ab : \dQ
! p g2Au A! YA gd:\dQ ! ! Abu AdgA ) ! p \bA YA p gpA \A gJ YA
gd:\dQu pp_\2!\gd gJ z!\gd u Q\A7
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d h | h g | p | g | p
YA Ad gp !dJA A: !2 g YA )gd:! \dg YA Ab \ YA dAQ!\A gJ YA
Ad gp !dJA A: \dg YA gd:\dQu Y8 YAA g A b 2!d2A_ !d:
d h p | p
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YA A2gd: _! !A Y! )gY gJ YAA p g:2\gd A b ! A pg\\Au Y8
Y\_A YA Ad gp gJ ! Ab b! \d2 A!A g :A2 A!A : \dQ ! p g2A8 YA Ad gp
gJ YA d\A A8 !^Ad ! Ab p_ Y!AA gd:\dQ ! A \dg_A: \d
p g:2\dQ YA 2Y!dQA \Y\d YA Ab8 2!d gd_ \d2 A!Au
YAA !AbAd !)g Ad gp Y!A )AAd p AAdA: Jg ! Kd\A 2Y!dQA \d YA
2gd:\\gd gJ ! Abu YA b! !_g )A !pp_\A: g !d \dKd\A\b!_ Ap \d YA 2g A
gJ Y\ 2Y!dQA8 Jg Y\2Y YA Ad gp 2Y!dQA ! A \dKd\A\b!_7
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\d Y\2Y : b! )A pg\\A g dAQ!\A )8 ) YA A2gd: _!8 :p = J YA bg
gpY\\2!A: Jg b_!\gd gJ Y\ 2gd2Ap !pp_\A \ _g2!__8 g !d A_AbAd gJ g_bA
\d !d ! )\ ! Ab8 !d: !A Y! YA !A gJ 2Y!dQA gJ YA _g2!_ :Ad\ gJ
Ad gp \ :A g YA :\A QAd2A gJ YA _g2!_ Ad gp Mg rYA !dJA A bs p_ YA
_g2!_ !A gJ Ad gp p g:2\gd A r Apg A: ! Ad gp pA d\ g_bA pA d\
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g !A Y! ! Q\Ad Ab p_!2A: \d ! Q\Ad gd:\dQ \__ ApA \Ad2A
! pA2\K2 p g2A pgd!dAg_ bA A_ !2^dg_A:QA Y! Jg Y! Ab \d Y!
gd:\dQ Y! p g2A \__ Y!ppAd !d: dg \ AA A8 g gbA gYA p g2Au
AJ \d !\ \ gd \__ g\:\Au !A p_!2A: \d ! ? gAd \__ !pg \Au )!__ggd
^Ap \d ! AJ \QA !g \__ Ap!d: YAd !^Ad g \dg YA ^\2YAd !\ u __ gJ YAA
2Y!dQA 2!d )A AA A: ) p_!2\dQ YA Ab \d YA p gpA gd:\dQu gd g\:A
2!d )A A:2A: g \ gd ) p\dQ \ \d YA p AAd2A gJ 2! )gd \d YA )_! J d!2Au
A!b 2gd:AdA g !A )A_g j? r! j !bgpYA A p A Asu YA )!__ggd
2g__!pA \J \ \ A dA: g YA AJ \QA !g u Q\Ad Ab8 \d ! Q\Ad gd:\dQ8
\__ !_! 2Y!dQA \d YA !bA :\ A2\gdu
YAA \:A! ! A \dA \2!)_ \dA \dA: \Y YA dg\gd gJ \bAu \bA Y!
! Jg ! : :\ A2\gdu J Jg ! Q\Ad J!b\_\! AzAd2A gJ 2gd:\\gd Y! ! Ab
ApA \Ad2A YA \bA2!_A \ AA A:8 \ \__ )A pA 2A\A: Y! YA 2Y!dQA g)A A:
! A \bp gpA u
Y! )AAd !\: Y! Ad gp \ \bA ! gu d gp \ YA p gpA gJ YA
d\A A Y\2Y bgd\g YA pA !\A ApA \Ad2A Y! YA A \ ! :\ A2\gd gJ 2Y!dQA
Y! \ p gpA g pgd!dAg Jg ! Q\Ad Ab !d: gd:\dQu YA g!_ Ad gp gJ
YA Ab p_ YA gd:\dQ !_! \d2 A!A \Y \d2 A!\dQ \bA Ad gp \
2gd!d_ p g:2A:u J ! p g2A g 2Y!dQA \ \b!Q\dA: Jg Y\2Y Ad gp \
:A gA:8 YAd YA :\ A2\gd gJ \bA \ AA A: Jg Y! p g2A7 \ \__ dg Y!ppAdu
Y!dQA \d YA A!_ g _: ! A !_! !22gbp!d\A: ) :\\p!\gdu YAd YA
pA))_A \ : gppA: \dg YA pgd: \ ^\dA\2 AdA Q ! \bp!2 \ :\pA A: ) YA !A
bg\gd Y gQYg YA pgd: \ \ :\\p!A: \d YA !)g )\dQ !A gJ YA pgd:u
Ad!__8 J \2\gd!_ AJJA2 !g2\!A: \Y YA \2g\ gJ YA !A :\\p!A Y\
:\pA A: ^\dA\2 AdA Q ! YA!8 Y\2Y \ J YA :\pA A: \dg YA gd:\dQu
d Y\ :\pA A: !A8 \ g_: Az\ A !d d)A_\A!)_A 2ggpA !\gd !bgdQ YA
!gb gJ YA pgd: g QAdA !A !A_A ! \ pA \bAA 8 Y\2Y !bp_\J ! YA Mg
g! : YA 2AdA 8 2gd2Ad !\dQ ^\dA\2 AdA Q d:A dA!Y YA pA))_A g _!d2Y \
\dg YA !\ u Y\ \ YA ^A g YA 2gd2Ap gJ :\\p!\gd7 \d ApA \Ad2\dQ pgd!dAg
2Y!dQA YA Ab AY\)\ ! p!\!_ A:\ \)\gd gJ b!A 8 AdA Q g )gY Y!
2!ddg )A d:gdA \bp_ ) AA \dQ YA :\ A2\gd gJ YA \dMAd2A Y! 2!A: YA
2Y!dQA \d YA K p_!2Au YA Ad gp p g:2\gd \d ! Ab \ ! z!d\!\A
bA! A gJ Y\ :\\p!\gdu
YA A A\ ! z!_\!\A 2g A_!\gd )AAAd YA !A gJ Ad gp p g:2\gd8
g :\\p!\gd8 g22 \dQ \d ! Ab : \dQ ! p g2A !d: g A_!A: !pA2 gJ YA
)AY!\g gJ YA Ab7
ju g J! YA p g2A Y! g Qg )AJg A YA Ab \__ !2Y\AA Az\_\) \bu
u YA !A gJ YA p g2Au
!_\!\A_8 YA J YA ! Ab \ J gb \ Az\_\) \b !A8 YA J!A \ \__
Ad: g 2Y!dQA8 YA Q A!A YA J \2\gd!_ g :\\p!\A AJJA28 !d: YA _! QA \ !A
gJ Ad gp p g:2\gdu !d\!\A_8 YA 2g A_!\gd \ A 2gbp_Au YAA
YA ! gJ YA bg:d!b\2
e
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gJ 2Y!dQA gJ 2gbp_A YA bg:d!b\2 Ab 2!__A: YA YA bg:d!b\2 gJ
\ AA \)_A p g2AA bAd\gdA: \d Y!pA j8 !d: ! A )Agd: YA 2gpA gJ Y\
Aj8u g p g\:A !d \:A! gJ YA d! A gJ YA _AA_ gJ :A!\_ gJ \dJg b!\gd Az\ A:
g 2gbpA YA :\\p!\gd Jd2\gd !d: YA !A gJ Ad gp p g:2\gd8 !d Ap A\gd
)g gA: J gb Y! YAg \ p AAdA: \d !)_A uj8 !_gdQ \Y :AKd\\gd gJ YA
J!2g \dg_A:u
g2AA Y! ! A 2!A: g g22 _g_8 ) A\dQ p 2gd:\\gd g Y! YA
! A dAA A J! AbgA: J gb Az\_\) \b8 ApA \Ad2A _A :\\p!\gd !d:
! 2g Apgd:\dQ_ b!__ Ad gp p g:2\gdu \ pg\)_A g \!_\A ! p g2A Y!
\ 2! \A: g g _g_ Y! \ \dA d!_ !A \ dAA bg A Y!d \dKd\A\b!__
AbgA: J gb Az\_\) \b \Y \A_J !d: \ gd:\dQu g A!bp_A8 gdA b!
\!_\A !::\dQ YA! g ! Ab d:A 2gd:\\gd \d Y\2Y YA AbpA ! A \d YA
Ab \ gd_ \dKd\A\b!__ b!__A Y!d YA AbpA ! A gJ YA gd:\dQ YA!
g 2Au \b\_! _8 g ^ b! )A \bp! A: J gb !d Ap!d:\dQ Q! ) A:2\dQ YA
AA d!_ p A A !pp_\A: g YA Ab \d A b!__ \d2 AbAd8 !__g\dQ YA Ab
g Ap!d: g 2gbA g Az\_\) \b \Y YA dA !_A gJ p A A )AJg A YA dA
\d2 AbAd!_ 2Y!dQAu d YA _\b\\dQ 2!A8 \d Y\2Y YA p g2A \ \b!Q\dA: g p g2AA:
\dKd\A_ _g_8 !d: YA \d2 AbAd!_ 2Y!dQA !pp_\A: ! A \dKd\A\b!_8 YA
:\\p!\A AJJA2 !pp g!2Y A gu g 2Y ! _\b\\dQ p g2A8 YA Ad gp p g:2\gd
\ A gu YA Ad gp 2Y!dQA ApA \Ad2A: ) !d Ab d:A Qg\dQ 2Y ! p g2A \
Y Ad\ A_ :A g Ad gp !dJA A: !2 g YA )gd:! gJ YA Abu
2Y p g2AA8 2! \A: g \dKd\A_ _g_ ) \dKd\A\b!_ 2Y!dQA \d YA
\dMAd2A Y! gpA !A g p g:2A 2Y!dQA8 ! A 2!__A: AA \)_A p g2AA8 Jg
A!gd Y\2Y \__ Yg _ )A2gbA A\:Adu __ A!_ p g2AA Y!A ! Kd\A !A \d
ApgdA g Kd\A \dMAd2A A!_ p g2AA ! A 2!__A: \ AA \)_A g AbpY!\A YA
2gd ! \Y YA 2gd2Ap!_ AA \)_A p g2AAu
AA \)_A p g2AA JJA
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Q !:\Ad 8 \ YA YA! M ^8 \ YA :\JJ\gd!_ M gJ 2gbpgdAd ^ ^8 \ YA )g: Jg 2A !2\dQ gd YA
b! gJ 2gbpgdAd ^ Q !: 6^ q \ YA Q !:\Ad \d YA 2YAb\2!_ pgAd\!_ gJ 2gbpgdAd ^ ) q \ pA2\K2 !A
gJ 2YAb\2!_ A!2\gd q \ YA !JKd\ Jg 2YAb\2!_ A!2\gd \] q \ YA \] 2gbpgdAd gJ YA _g2!_ A
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YA Q! YAd \ \ \d Az\_\) \b \Y \ gd:\dQ \ :AA b\dA: ) YA p A A
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!d: \ 2gdAd \\dQ gd YA gp gJ YA p\gdu ppgA YA b!]g \ gJ YA A\QY
\ pp_\A: ) YA 2gdAd gJ YA p!d8 Y\2Y \ _A!: pg:A u
g ppgA YA Q! \ !__gA: g Ap!d: Y gQY g :\JJA Ad p g2AA Y\2Y
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p g2AAu g p g2A r\Q A u)s8 YA p!d !d: \ 2gdAd ! A _\JA: gJJ YA gp gJ
YA p\gdu YA Ab rYA Q! \d YA 2Y!b)A s ApA \Ad2A ! ::Ad : gp \d YA
Jg 2A !pp_\A: g \ ! YA gp !d: Ap!d: !p\:_ \Y \bAu dA bA:\!A 2gd:\\gd
gJ YA Q! ! A 2gbp_\2!A:8 :A2 \)A: ) g Y AA[! \!)_A Jd2\gd7 Sq q 7 !d:
Sq q 7J YAA Jd2\gd 2Y!dQA \Y \bAu g2!_ ! \!\gd \d YAA Jd2\gd \Y
pg\\gd rQ !:\Ad \d !d: s \d:2A Kd\A Mg gJ b! !d: YA!u Ad!__8
YA p\gd \__ 2gbA g A ! gbA dA pg\\gd8 !d: YA Q! !Q!\d 2gbA g
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gA Ygg \ _\b!A pg\\gd8 YAd : gp )A_g \8 !d: !JA gbA g2\__!\gd
A_A :gd g \ Kd!_ pg\\gdu rYAYA Y\ !2!__ Y!ppAd \d ! Q\Ad 2!A
u YA p A A \d YA Q! \d YA p\gd r!s \ :AA b\dA: ) YA A\QY gJ _A!:
pg:A \d YA p!du J YA ! \ AbgA: YA Q! Ap!d: ::Ad_ !d: \ AA \)_A !d: A_A
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YA p g2A \ AA \)_A r2su
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p g2A AdA ! YA Ab _\b!A_ A d g \ \d\\!_ !Au YA !::A: Jg 2A !
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Q !:\Ad \d p A A !d: AbpA ! A YAA Ag_A !d: _\b!A_ :\!ppA! ! YA
Kd!_ A\dQ !A \ !!\dA: Jg YA Abu Y\ !A \__ )A \:Ad\2!_ \Y Y!
Y\2Y g \Q\d!__ A\A: Jg YA Ab )A2!A YA 2gdAd gJ YA Ab \ YA !bA
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YA Ab rJg 2A :A \A: J gb YA p!d gJ _A!: Ygs \ AA A:8 YA 2gbp_\2!A:
AzAd2A gJ 2gd:\\gd Sq q q 7 !d: Sq q q 7 ApA \Ad2A: ) YA Q! \ dg
\bp_ YA AA A gJ Y! !A A: YAd YA p!d ! K AbgA:u d:AA:8 \ \
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AA A: ) \ gd:\dQu !:\Ad \d p A A !d: AbpA ! A \Y\d YA Ab
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p! \2_A gJ _A!: pg:A ] AbgA:8 YA AzAd2A gJ !A Y! YA Ab
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_g_ AbgA:8 !A A: \d YA gppg\A \d :\ A2\gdu Y8 AA !_ gJ YA 2Y!dQA
\d AA d!_ \dMAd2A \bp_ AA A YA :\ A2\gd gJ YA !]A2g gJ YA Ab
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AQbAd gJ YA p!Y \d YA p g2A g g YA Yg_A p!Y7 YA p g2A \ !\: g )A
2! \A: g AA \)_u
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p g:2\gd !d: dg pA b!dAd 2Y!dQA \d YA d\A A rAb p_ gd:\dQsu
AA \)_A p g2AA ! A !22gbp!d\A: ) :\\p!\gd8 Kd\A Ad gp p g:2\gd !d:
pA b!dAd 2Y!dQA \d YA d\A Au
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YA Ad gp :\JJA Ad2A )AAAd YA 2gbpgd:8 \ !d: p A \ !d: ! 8 Y\2Y
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