SOCIETY AND SOCIAL ISSUES CLASS NOTES
BY SMRITI SHAH MA’AM
Society Class 01
INTRODUCTION (10:00 AM)
• Overview of the subject.
• Discussion on why the subject is included in the UPSC paper.
TERMINOLOGIES (10:37 AM)
ISOLATION
• This policy was introduced by Varrier Elwin with respect to tribals.
dur
• According to this policy, tribals are people who must be kept separate from the rest
of Indian society to conserve and preserve their identity, culture, structure, etc.
ASSIMILATION (10:39 AM)
• The policy was suggested by GS Ghure with respect to tribals as he considered
them backward Hindus.
• The process by which individuals of different cultural groups are absorbed in the
dominant culture of society.
• Here the focus is on reducing the differences so as to ensure social cohesion.
• (*The different cultural groups give up on their individual culture.)
INTEGRATION (10:42 AM)
• With respect to tribals, the policy was suggested by JL Nehru according to which,
'Tribals should progress but they should progress in their own way.'
• It refers to the incorporation of different cultures into mainstream society,
however, the individual culture is retained.
WHY STUDY INDIAN SOCIETY? (10:46 AM)
• To develop a perspective on Indian society.
• To sensitize governments/ public officials on the discourse of society.
• To apply best practices of governance in the eradication of problems.
SYLLABUS (10:53 AM)
(1) Salient features of Indian Society.
SALIENT FEATURES (10:54 AM)
• (1) Caste System
• (2) Patriarchy in heterogeneous Indian society.
• (3) Joint Family
• (4) Diversity: Linguistic, regional, religious, racial, etc.
• (5) Racial intolerance, Ethno-Nationalism
• (6) Indian Secularism
• (7) Transition: Traditional and Modern
O
-
(8) Multi-culturalism- Peaceful coexistence of diverse cultures is referred to as
Multi-culturalism. People have a tendency to retain, celebrate, and transmit the
culture from one generation to another.
• There exist two schools of thought on multi-culturalism: Melting pot and salad
bowl.
• Melting pot: People of different cultures melt together deserting their individual
cultures.
• Salad bowl: It describes a heterogenous society where different cultures are
brought together as the ingredients of a salad, however, the individual flavor is
retained.
• (9) Pluralism: It refers to a society where minority groups participate fully in the
dominant society ie. there exists a dominant culture.
• It is used when smaller groups within the larger society maintain their unique
cultural identities, where their values and practices are accepted by the dominant
culture provided it is consistent with the wider values and laws.
(2) Role of women and women's organizations
(3) Effects of globalization on Indian society
(4) Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism, and secularism.
(5) Population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their
problems, and their remedies.
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN SOCIETY (11:17 AM)
Structure
• Sections:
• (1) Women• (2) Old age • (3) Youth • (4) Children• (5) Migrants • (6) Tribals • (7) Middle Class •Institutions:
• (1) Family • (2) Caste
• (3) Marriage
• (4) Media • (5) Education -etc.
• (6) Technology,
• Culture
• (1) Homogenization
J*
• (2) Hybridization
• (3)
Revival of local culture
O
SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT (11:31 AM)
• It refers to autonomy in decision-making and confidence to bring about changes in
the structures which has kept us marginalized over a period of time.
• CPolitical and economic empowerment is meaningless without social
empowerment.
3
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS DISCUSSED (11:40 AM)
hai
se
children dise & school
•
C
-
·
children
migeant
.
of sen
·edicting
a
sense
Goon
T
, women&
community
of
aaya dispenement
-
&
livelihood
decision
-
&
making
safety-Dechi
↳
Beind
stat
every cor
Agai-emp
cities lack
-
--
-
it
-
children
-
-
O
-
old
i
ide
new
security
↑
-
-
T
Age Class
-
Middle
Labou
Leisure
lucionomic
qualityfn
Declut
·
-
from Village
-Data us
London
>
-
looye
(1) Discuss the social problems associated withG
rapid urbanization. (200 words)
son-sook
(2013)
2050
• (2) How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in
tribes is more
E
By
50 %. +
favorable to women than the sex ratio among scheduled castes? (2014)
• (3) Explain the paradox that on the one hand sex ratio has improved whereas on the
pepir
other hand sex ratio at birth is still a matter of concern. (10 Marks) Male Death > Femde ursan
avas
• (4) Discuss the positive and negative impacts of globalization on women in India. ↓
(2016)
X - chromosome
• (5) The spirit of tolerance and love is not only an interesting feature of Indian
disease
Menmose
society from the very early times but it is also playing an important part in the
proce
potterypresent. Elaborate. (2018)
TOPIC FOR THE NEXT CLASS: SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIETY
•
~
&
managed
·
women
-
-
.
-
- -
·
M
Bangalore
⑨
-
i
a
Prehea much.
Price
~
8
⑨
:
-
-
Society Class 02
op
f
sindoor
-
&
e
un
&
watung
autonomy
Remote
↑
Definitioner
mod
econome
vemin
t
mun
Society(9:02 AM)
carenUSA
• Concept
• Basic Attributes - Definite Territory, Progeny, common culture, interdependence,
Independence
City
• Impact of British Rule on India
• Salient features of Indian Society- joint Family, caste System, Patriarchy, Diversity
Concept(9:07 AM)
• Network of social relationships based on the pattern of interactions between
individuals is referred to as a society.
Basic Attributes(9:11 AM)
• Based on the basic attributes, we can conclude that Indian society is a collection of
multiple society's since we do not have a common culture but a composite one.
British Impact on Indian Society (9:19 AM)
• Tradition- ascriptive status, Hierarchy, strong religious orientation, collectivism,
Particularism
~
• Forces of Change- New social change- English Language, Secular Education,
Printing Technology, Transport, and communication => Dissemination of new ideas
• Forces of Change- New social order- Industrialization, urbanization, New indicator
of social status =>Emergence of the new elite class
•-Modern- Achievement Orientation, Egalitarianism, rationality, Individualism,
Universalism
• Ascriptive status is one which we>
acquire by birth. for example Gender, Caste, etc.
• Achievement orientation is also known as secular status.
• arrangement of individuals or groups into layers one above the other is referred to
as the hierarchy
• Egalitarianism: All people are equal and they deserve the same kind of
opportunities
-
E
- -
-
=
Rationality: Scientific temper subjected to critical reasoning driven by logic.
Particularism: it is characterized by the saying, you show me the man, I will show
you the room i.e. some people are more equal than others
E
• In such societies, more attention is given to the obligation of relationship rather
than the law.
• For example China, South Korea, etc.
• Universalism: Everyone is equal and is treated in the same manner. That is, rules
are applied equally regardless of the relationship.
• For Example, USA, Germany, Scandinavian countries, etc.
• Industrialisation provides for caste-neutral job opportunities.
• Urbanisation is characterized by urbanism. Urbanism has two features, Anonymity
and Heterogeneity.
• *
Deepanker Gupta held that we have experienced*
Mistaken modernity in the case of
India.
• He held that we have experienced westernization and not modernization
Modernization vs Westernisation ( 9:49 AM)
•
•
-
-
-
•
Westernisation
Modernisation
Westernisation refers to
the blind imitation of the
culture of the west.
It refers to the progressive
transformation of Social,
political, economic, and
attitudinal aspects of life
The scope of
westernization is limited
to clothes, food habits,
and music preferences.
Modernization is a
fundamental concept,
which aims to bring
changes in values,
attitudes, infrastructure,
etc.
For example,
Industrialisation,
Urbanization, Modern
education system etc
The Extent of
Westernization is limited
to the elite section of
society.
Modernization is a mass
affair that penetrates every
section of society.
Westernization per se, is not wrong, however, in the name of modernization
restricting only to westernization is definitely wrong.
• Both, modernization and tradition can co-exist as modernization is against only
those values which are regressive in nature.
Q. "India needs modernization, and not westernization." critically analyze the
statement. (150 words, 10 marks)(10:04 PM)
↳
is wed-not Modernis
Jeans
Joint family (10:08 AM)
↳
choice-solve,
clow
• Concept
.
• Types of family
Modernisation
is
jears
, paints
• Features of a Typical Joint family
• Functions and Dysfunctions
* in .
•
wearing
wearing
-
y your
-
I
values
-
•
•
Life cycle of Joint Family
Emergent Forms of the family: Impact of globalization
Concept
G
family is defined as a social group, consisting of people, united by the ties of blood,
marriage, adoption
-C
• Family performs the following functions, such as common residence, economic
cooperation, reproduction, sexual gratification
• When a family extends for two generations or more, it is called a joint family.
Types of Family(10:19 AM)
• On the basis of Marriage- Monogamy, Polygamy, Sologamy
• Monogamy- straight, serial
• Straight Monogamy- Throughout life, one partner will be there
• Serial Monogamy- Throughout life, multiple partners, but at one time one partner
• gloalisation=>secularization =>Social significance of religion declining => sacred
aspect of religion is declining =>No longer divorce considered taboo
• Polygamy-Polygyny, Polyandry
Rashid
Dusai Md Bin
• Polygyny- One husband has more than one wife - Ruler of
Matchtoom
Al
• Polyandry- Wife has more than one husband ⑨ Draupadi
• Sologamy is a type of marriage, which is referred to as the act of marrying oneself in
a public ceremony(10:28 AM) ⑳ Guj woman Kshama Bindu
• In 1993, the first case of sologamy emerged in the context of the USA.
• Although this marriage has no legal sanction, it is a symbolic ceremony to
emphasize self-love and independence.
• on the basis of Residence- Patrilocal, Matrilocal, Neolocal
• Patrilocal family- Wife moves to husband's place
.
Khasi tribes
• Matrilocal family- Husband move to wife's place⑨ Meghalaya-san
• Neolocal Family- Both move to a new place. This is largely the impact of
globalization.Nuclear family working both
>
• On the basis of Ancestry- Patrilineal, Matrilineal
• On the basis of composition- the nuclear family, Joint family
Features of a typical Joint family(10:38)
• Patrilineal
• Patrilocal
• common residence
• commonsharing of property
• commensality (interdining and having food together)
• blood relations are more important than marital relations
• Power is centralized in the hands of the oldest male member (Patriarchal)
• age and sex are the main ordering principle of the family hierarchy
Functions and dysfunctions of Joint family(10:57 am)
•
-
-
-
O
.
.
-
,
-
-
-
i
&
metal
Routines
asp
S
-
-
Functions
Dysfunctions
Agent of Primary Socialisation
-
Marriage
drisionsY Agency of Social control
-
· Agency of Social Insurance economic
Discourage
-
dividual
Peronic Economic Cooperation:
,
security
Lack of privacy
Low status of women, due to patriarchy,
patrilineality, and patrilocality
-
~
High Fertility rate
&
during COVID -
standard of living due to the presence
spendencea) Prevention of fragmentation of assets Low
of disguised unemployment.
b) Secures economy of expenditure
pool
e
d
are
Reliance
context
I
Business in current
↳
Emotional support and sense of Identity
Self alienation
Reproduction of social labor
Ghettoisation( us vs them)
Arena of conflict and contradiction
Promote unpaid labor
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
In Joint Family, social insurance is there, i.e. from each according to their ability, to
each according to their needs.
Hence, in the backdrop of the disintegration of a joint family, the vulnerabilities in
children, old age, the person with a disability, etc have increased.
Self-alienation:
It refers to detachment from oneself. family is considered as a nexus where each
member is concerned about, what the other is thinking, feeling, and doing
This nexus demands constant reciprocation.
As a result, it restricts the development of self and results in alienation
Reproduction of social labor
Joint family acts as an ideological conditioning device where a child learns to
conform to authority.
This leads to the creation of a submissive workforce.
Ghettoisation
Ghetto is an area, that is populated largely by members of the community.
Ghettoization is a process that leads to it.
It can be a social, cultural, or economic factor.
the members of the joint family live in a family ghetto, and they see the world in
terms of Us vs Them.
Arena of Conflict and Contradiction (11:32 AM)
there exists a contradiction in the value system of joint family and outer world
collectivism vs individualism, cooperation vs competition, delayed gratification vs
consumerism.
• Promotes unpaid labor(11:34 AM)
• It perpetuates unpaid labor due to the sexual division of labor
Discussions on questions from the previous class(Related to the Abolition of child
labor)(11:35 AM)
Issues with the abolition of child labor:
• It will push the children into prostitution, begging, and child trafficking.
• Will lead to increased instances of malnourishment.
• Increase in the chances of falling into trap of poverty
• Increase in the engagement of child labor in the informal sector
• Educational infrastructure is not present to absorb the children working as child
laborers. It can push the students into criminal activities.
Issues with child labor:
• Takes away the childhood of children, especially children working in the
entertainment industry.
Gurupad swami committee report, till poverty and unemployment persists in the Indian
context, child labor cannot be abolished
•
•
⑭
Next class: Life cycle of Joint Family, Emergent Forms of the family: Impact of
globalizatio
Society Class 03
Marriage
-Euromy
M
socidiation
= A
c
.
A
of s
.
A brief overview of the previous class i.e Family
Question:- Critically examine the factors which make joint family an institution in the context
of Indian society
• Institution- An organized entity that fulfills some purpose for the society
• So write the Functions of the family
• Critically means- In-depth examine
Lifecycle of Joint family [13:13:00]
• Joint family when disintegrates becomes a Nuclear and a Nuclear family when Reintegrates becomes a Joint family
• No family remains joint For all time to come, and it constitutes a lifecycle that
involves the process of Dis-integration and Re-Integration
bathr
Dis-Integration
• A) Migration
• A.1) Push factors (Source)
&
• Agricultural Distress
①
• Population pressure on land is increasing
• Problem of accommodation
- back
sol
&
on
insurance
--
-Enter
-
⑭
1
distration
someon ch
format
①
sizeugs
universality
&
mot
a
divident
eager
came
- if
-
e
dies
rea
se
③more
S
on
fean
custom
-
Rule
.
-
based
Lack of alternative employment opportunities
The decline of village industries
Lack of basic infrastructure w.r.t Skill, Health and Education
A.2) Pull factors (Destination)
Globalization
Urbanization
Industrialization
Modern Value system
Opportunities for upward mobility
Better standard of living
B) Westernization- Blind imitation of the west
B.1) Individualism and Nuclear family
C) Land reforms- To evade land ceiling laws, people resorted to the theoretical
partition which later sowed the seeds of separate living
• D) Legal factors- With the emergence of legislation with respect to Employment,
Property, Wage, etc resulted in a reduction in the dependence of an individual on
the family
• E) Women Empowerment- With rational education, both Men and Women have
started questioning the orthodox nature of life. Since a joint family is characterized
by Patriarchy and the low status of women hence with women's empowerment, it
creates the Probability of the Disintegration of a Joint family.
Re-Integration
• 1) Chain Migration- It refers to a process where the Migration of one member
increases the tendency of other members to migrate to the same place
• Chain Migration + High cost of living leads to lack of affordability to have a separate
household and this leads to re-integration of Joint family
• 2) Child rearing in Dual career family (where both husband and wife are
working)
• 3) Spirit of Jointness- Despite structural disintegration, functional jointness is still
retained due to the performance of Physical and financial obligations.
• The family still retains a joint family ethic i.e. Participation in festivities,
ceremonies, etc hence we can say, in some cases, it is a joint household that is
getting dis-integrated rather than a Joint family [* Household- Common residence
and Common kitchen]
• 4) Industrialization- It provides a Financial basis to sustain a joint family
• [More joint families in Plain areas rather than in hill areas, More Joint families in
Upper caste and class, and no joint families in Low caste and Class ]
• 5) Feeling of Nativism- The feeling to give back to society which has contributed to
Sense of
your capabilities.
Identity a part of larges
• 6) Counter-Migration (Due to lack of ability to economically sustain in destination
drawing
areas results in counter-migration)
>
• 7) Natural disasters Question:- Lifecycle of a joint family is impacted by economic factors rather than social women
values. Discuss (10 marks/ 150 words)
privacy
economic
• Introduction- Define Joint family or Start with the lifecycle of the Joint family
• Body- Social values affecting the Life cycle of a Joint family briefly.
Individealise
• Write connecting statement
over
• Discuss in detail the economic factors- Disintegration and re-integration
Electivism Idea
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
--
O
③
④
-
⑤
kingship
⑳
lineage
.
-
-
-
-
f
&
-
userty
search of
Better
of
living
Standad
.
Emergent forms of Family [14:09:00]
families with extended ties.
⑪•• Nuclear
Connect with the chain migration concept
Death/Divorce
• Single-parent household• Globalization leads to Secularization which leads to Marriage is no longer
considered a Sacred institution leading to an increase in Divorce and separation.
• Increasing culture of adoption, surrogacy can be availed by divorced women or a
"
Sen.
the
widow of age 35-45
.
tech-egg freeing
egs like Sushmita
• No longer pre-marital sex considered a taboo
• Financial independence of women
• Globalization leading to Individualism since relations are not lasting, leading
narible
to Liquid love (Do not use liquid love in GS paper)
Per brouped
• Female-headed household. ⑬ India is
family needed by
• Women empowerment
• Feminization of old age- The increased presence of women (1033 females are old
per 1000 males).
• Male-specific distress migration
Finance Inst
muso
• Due to government programs and policies- The beneficiary is women · women
91 %
war
• Co-habitation (Live-in). Uthanhand rules
• People living together without entering into the institution of marriage
• It is emerging as a threat to the institution of marriage. Many perceived that moving
out of a marital relationship will be a stigmatic issue and will be a legal
cumbersome process hence, people are avoiding to enter into the institution of
marriage
chauhan
n ArmyG It cal Despite
• Homosexuality, LGBT relations
UC
Rajnees-Husband Wife
• Dual career family.
>
• Conjugal - symmetrical family. • Both husband and wife have equal status in marital relations i.e. same bargaining
power
Impact of Globalization on the institution of joint family [14:37:00]
• Structure
• The disintegration of joint family
• The disintegration of Joint Household and not family
• Emergent Forms of family
• Functions
• Initially, the family was both unit of consumption and production, with
industrialization, the Factory system of production emerged.
• Thus, the family was reduced to a unit of consumption only. Hence the economic
function of the familyunderwent a change
• With globalization, there are diverse job opportunities which resulted in specialized
Institutions of knowledge to provide skills with respect to Diverse skills, Thus the
role of the family with respect to education and skill development reduced
• With respect to spouse selection role of the family has decreased leading to
outsourcing to technology. Examples- Shadi.com, Jeevansathi.com, Education
Institutes
• However, the functions of primary socialization and social control are still
performed by the family hence, with the disintegration of a joint family, incidences
of juvenile crimes, mental health issues, isolation of old people, etc have increased
②
.
③
-
murmu
a
&
④
⑤
-
-
-
~
⑯
6
~
eneenger
integration
-
•
•
Interpersonal relations
-
Democratic decision-making has increased. For example- The role of children in
family decisions is now being encouraged
• The status of women is improving even in the joint family
• With the penetration of social media ties with extended family have improved.
Example- Whatsapp Family Group
• However, due to disintegration, there has been a decline in social support which
has aggravated the mental illness or other vulnerabilities of family members
Question:- "Institution of a Joint family is characterized by both continuity and change".
Discuss the statement in the context of the impact of globalization on Indian society or in the
context of this statement, discuss the impact of globalization on Indian society
• a) Definition of globalization and globalization has impacted institutions and one of
the institutions is the joint family
• b) No institution remains the same, it goes with the continuity and change
meaning, it has continued with some values and it has incorporated some changes
also
Caste system [15:13:00]
• Concept
• Models of caste system+ Features of the traditional caste system
• Transformation of the caste system
• Role of caste in politics
• Contemporary issues- Reservation, Dalit Capitalism, Violence against Dalits
Concept of Caste
• Caste is defined as a system of social stratification that consists of hierarchically
arranged, closed, endogamous strata where membership is ascriptive, contact is
restricted and mobility is theoretically impossible.
• [* Stratification- it is defined as the ranking of groups in a hierarchy based on the
unequal distribution of societal rewards such as power, wealth, prestige/status,
etc]
• Examples- Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra ↑chsukta
Model of caste system [15:30:00]
Varna Model
• It is a theoretical perspective
• It refers to the Book view. It finds mention in books, scriptures, etc
• There exist different theories to support the varna model of the caste system or to
define the origin of caste
• It refers to all India Macro phenomenon
• There have been different theories with respect to the caste system, for example• The divine origin theory of caste where it is believed that this varna was created
by lord Brahma for the harmonious performance of various social functions for the
maintenance of society. It was only a symbolic description but was indicative of the
work performed by each varna.
• Racial theory by Herbert Risley- According to him, racial differences along with
endogamous marriage led to the emergence of the caste system. According to him
migration of Indo-Aryans from Persia led to the emergence of caste strata- Priest,
warriors, cultivators & artisans
• Color theory- According to this, varna means color and classifies society into two
strata- Aryas, and Dasas
&
-
-
-
-
-
=
-
Charismatic endowment theory- if Sattvik guna dominates then Brahmin, if Raj
guna dominates along with the sattvic then Kshatriya, If Raj guna dominates along
with the Tamsik then Vaishya and if only Tamsik guna dominates then Shudra
Jati model
• It refers to Field view.
• It is a ground reality that is based on empirical evidence
• It is not an all-India phenomenon but a localized reality characterized by regional
differences
• It is based on the principle of Purity and pollution based on which there exist
different features
• a) Hierarchy
• b) Separation of contact
• c) And, occupational division of labor.
•
The Topic for the next class:- Features of the caste system and transformation of the caste
system
Society Class 04
-
zatrik guna)
Continuation of the caste system (01:04 PM)
↳
• Caste is defined as a system of social stratification based on the concept of purity
and pollution.
- Hamsa
• Features of the caste system:
• Innate nature.
• Hierarchy.
-• Endogamy.
• Commensality.
• Occupational division of labour (occupation is considered to be predetermined by
birth and every caste is supposed to treat their occupation as a religious duty.
• Disability and privileges.
• Caste councils to ensure that the caste rules are strictly observed.
• Transformation of the caste system:
• Traditional
• Hierarchy, separation of contact, occupational division of labour based on purity
and pollution
• Forces of change
neutral .
• Industrialisation caste
jobs
• Urbanisation - anonymity and heterogeneity leading to secular patterns in society.
Preamble
• Modern Value system equality Liberty
Fraternity
Comt
of
• Role of State: Affirmative actions, land reforms and Mandal commission.
gena
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
,
↳
Reservation
Rolly society
>
-
->
,
Broodan
OBC
Reservation
movement
-
↓
Rationality
-
=>
-
Scientific
Temper
atist
headySta
Contemporary Realities:
Due to industrialisation, there has been the emergence of caste-neutral job
opportunities which has challenged the occupational division of labour.
• Urbanisation has led to the emergence of urbanism which is characterised by
heterogeneity and anonymity and promotes secular patterns of living and thus,
hampering separation of contact.
• With the emergence of the modern value system, there was rationality, scientific
temper etc. which questions hierarchy based on purity and pollution.
• The role of the State like reservations etc. has enhanced access to higher
education, government jobs and political power for the lower castes.
• However, the benefit of reservation has not been equally availed by all, hence, it led
to the emergence of class within the caste.
• Why the reservation benefits cannot be availed by all:
• Lack of awareness.
• Lack of pressure groups and civil societies to voice their concerns.
• Lack of identity documentation.
• The stringency of the procedure may a times lead to the displacement of the
ultimate goal of the welfare of the vulnerable.
• Lack of equitable distribution of resources within the particular community.
• Lack of credible data in the absence of caste census.
• Land Reforms (01:46 PM)
• With the emergence of land reforms, there emerges a section that irrespective of
their status in the traditional caste hierarchy became socially dominant due to land
ownership, numerical strength, and political power etc, they are known as
dominant castes. For example, Jats, Yadavs, Patels, Reddy etc.
• Mandal Commission
• According to MN Srinivasa, Mandal Commission led to an alteration in the caste
system or the structure where instead of a vertical arrangement with stigma there
was horizontal competition for backward status without any stigma.
• Hence, we can say that to a certain extent, the caste has been dislodged from the
ritual domain i.e. notions of purity and pollution. However, it has entered the
psyche of the people, especially during electoral politics.
ROLE OF CASTE IN POLITICS :(02:11 PM)
Pre-Independence:
• Christian missionaries were spreading the message of Christianity as a reformatory
movement against dogmatic practices within Hinduism.
• The emergence of secular education and the English language led to the
emergence of the westernized educated elite who wanted to reform Hinduism.
• It resulted in the beginning of a power struggle between the upper and lower caste
and hence, marked its beginning.
• The opportunities with respect to education and job during the British period were
largely availed by the upper caste and hence, their position got consolidated in the
social, political and economic domains.
• Therefore, were known as entrenched caste.
Post -Independence:
• Phase I: Characterised by the struggle between the entrenched class and dominant
class since there cannot be two swords in one sheath.
•
•
--
Phase II: It was characterized by the manipulation of lower caste people on caste
lines both by the upper caste and the dominant caste to enhance their vote bank. It
was known as a politicization of caste (candidates are chosen to keep caste
composition in mind. While forming the government, it ensured the different caste
groups get representation. Political parties support some caste groups in order to
gain their votes)
• Phase III: It was expected that Caste identities will cease to exist with multiple caste
alliances, with secular education, and with the emergence of caste-neutral job
opportunities. However, this phase has yet not emerged in India. Instead, there is
the emergence of caste-based political associations( casteization of politics).
Contemporary Reality of Caste:
• Dislodged from ritual domain i.e. beyond purity and pollution.
• Notions of Separation of Contact and Occupational Division of Labour have been
done away with.
• Caste mobility has been ensured through reservation and Land reforms.
• It is said thatIndia's destiny is not caste in stone given by Andre Betteille due to the
following reasons:
>
• Increased incidences of inter-caste marriage.
• No longer strict rules of inter-dinning are observed.
• The growing presence of lower caste people in elite jobs, political leadership,
entrepreneurship etc.
• The secular pattern of living is observed.
• If caste has remained relevant, it is mostly during electoral times and that is also
due to media hype.
• Hence, we can conclude that inequality that exists in the rural areas gets replicated
in the urban area wherein the term caste is replaced by class.
• According to Bezwada Wilson, although people claim manual scavenging is
abolished, there were 472 deaths (2016-2020) due to the manual cleaning of septic
tanks.
• According to a report from the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, there
X are 6,692 manual scavengers in India and more than 90% of them belong to
scheduled castes. Hence, the occupation division of labour still persists.
• There exist gaps with respect to the social indicators, for example, according to the
All India Survey for Higher Education, Gross Enrollment Ratio overall is 27.1, it is
23.4 among SCs and 18 among STs.
• Rather than the decline in caste-based identities, there has been the emergence of
caste-based associations in different aspects of society, for example, economic
associations like DICCI, NSCFDC etc., Political associations such as BSP, SP,
Bhimsena etc., Educational associations like Vaish Educational society, Dalit
Sahitya, International Dalit Solidarity Network etc.
• According to a study by Amit Thorat and Omkar Joshi, 30% of urban households are
* practising untouchability.
• According to Satish Deshpande, untouchability is practised through ghettoisation,
serving food or tea in separate utensils, declining to give house on rent on the basis
of caste or religion etc.
• According to a report by Action Aid NGO, in more than 25% of the villages, the lower
caste people are not allowed to work on agricultural land as casual labour.
•
Dat
*
E
(
J
The notions of purity and pollution are still practised as it was observed that in
many villages where the identity is known, the lower caste people were not allowed
to sell milk to either cooperatives or private buyers.
The topic of the next class is the continuation of caste system
•
Society Class 05
Sanskritization (1:10 PM)
• The policies of the state created opportunities for upward social mobility, however,
it was wrt secular hierarchy (Socio-political and Economic). The status did not
change much wrt ritual hierarchy ( hierarchy based on written scriptures )
• Hence, to improve their status, in the ritual hierarchy, people of the lower caste
started emulating the culture and practices of the upper caste and this process is
known as Sanskritisation (Sanskritisation of corruption, Sansktritization of
patriarchy among ST community)
Reservation (1:37 PM)
• It is a form of affirmative action whereby a certain percentage of seats are reserved
for socially and educationally backward communities.
• The rationale behind the reservation was:• 1. To ensure equality of opportunity
• 2. To the historical injustice
• 3. To give effect to the redistributive agenda of the state
Positive
• Meritocracy is meaningless without equality of opportunity
• To reduce the gap between have’s and have not
• It's an apolitical necessity in democracy to give representation to all sections
• To correct stereotypes
• To ensure diversity in higher education and jobs
• To ensure social inclusion
• Remove social discord & promote national cohesion
• To create an opportunity to reap the benefit of demographic dividends
• Women empowerment
Negative
• The efficiency of administration is challenged
• Class within caste
• Strengthening of caste consciousness
• Re-enforcing stereotypes
• Discrediting the success of the people by labeling it as a Reservation tool in the
hand of politicians to serve their vested interest
• Perceived as a means of reserve discrimination
Brain drain ( Note - Reserve discrimination: It is referred to as discrimination
against the members of the dominant group so as to favor the vulnerable sections)
Way forward
• A new yardstick needs to be developed to determine backwardness for eg - the
NALSA judgment of 2014 said transgender should be treated as a third gender and
should be given reservation
• Dereservation on the basis of social mapping
• Complete overhauling of the education systems for eg - widening the ambit of RTE
to include secondary education
• Quality of education in public schools should be brought to par with private
schools
• Reducing the incidence of drop-outs by correcting caste-based prejudices among
teachers administration etc
• The robust administrative system so as ensures that reservation benefits are
penetrated to the actual beneficiaries
• Applying the capability approach of Amartya sen i.e investing in social
infrastructure
• Making agriculture lucrative as according to MS Swaminathan future belongs to the
nation with grains rather than guns
• Promote the culture of self-employment to transform the youth job seeker into a
job giver
• Perception management is the need of the hour i.e reservation is meant and not an
end
• Wrt to reservation policies to make it more effective we can promote horizontal
reservation
Dalit capitalism(2:25 PM)
• When capitalism is seen as a solution to the emancipation & empowerment of
Dalits
:
• Also referred to as the Culture of self-employment among Dalits
• The term is coined by a social activist - ‘ Chandra Bhan Prasad ‘
Opportunity
• Creates ground for financial independence
• Probability of upwards social mobility
• Help them to emerge as job givers or job generators
•
Although it is one of the means for their emancipation however it does not
guarantee their empowerment due to the following reasons:• 1. It doesn't change the existing mindset wrt caste rigidities.
• 2. Capitalism in itself promotes inequality hence, expecting Dalit empowerment is
an oversimplified assumption
• 3. Due to restrictions wrt opportunities
• 4. The benefits of DC would be reaped by those who already better place
• 5. Hence, the intra-caste divide will further get widened
• 6. It might also create a situation where Dalit capitalists will have to confront
challenges wrt social administration, Financial domain
• 7. Concepts lack in ensuring the upliftment of the poorest of poor as it does not
focus on issues of self-social exclusion, violence, and land alienation
Violence against Dalit (2:55 PM)
•
1
Dat
E
According to NCRB 1526 cases of crime against Dalits in 2020 which was 9.4%
higher than the previous year in only 216 cases conviction was done
• In one of the states, there were 49000 cases for the trial of which 55 were disposed
of
Question - Despite stringent legal provisions, violence against Dalits is on the rise.
Discuss the reasons.
• Lack of awareness about the legal safeguards such as the prevention of atrocity act 1989
• Persistence of a rigid caste system despite efforts of the government to eradicate it
• Lack of accessibility and affordability wrt the justice system
Still
30 %.
• Lack of adequate representation of Dalits within law enforcement agencies
• Lack of reporting due to fear of retaliation and in many cases they are dependent
on the upper caste for their livelihood
• It is observed that the increased status of Dalits wrt secular hierarchy acts as a
threat to the hegemony of the upper caste which results in a feeling of relative
deprivation and culminates in violence against Dalits.
• The process of Sanskritization is challenged by the upper caste which also results in
violence against them
• Many do not report cases, as they accept oppression as their fate
• Retribution of past karma for which exists no respite
• Glorification of fringe elements also reduces the deterrence wrt violence or crime
against others
• The criminalization of politics and delays in the justice system have reduced the
faith wrt getting justice
• However, there exist the coins, where the apex court has observed that sometimes
the existing laws are misused and a term was introduced new legal terrorism i.e
instead of using laws as a shield to protect them they are used as a weapon to
settle a personal score
• Limit access to the platform to voice their concerns
Next Class Topic - Patriarchy
•
respe
Amittoral
practice
*
untouchability
-
-
-
0
-
-
↳
Society Class 06
WOMEN ISSUES(09:07 AM)
• 1) Concept of gender:
• Its manifestation:
• a) Individual.
• b) Cultural.
• c) Structural.
• Impact of gender stereotypes on the social position of women.
• 2) Patriarchy:
• Concept
• Manifestation
-
Structures:
a) Family
b) knowledge system
c) Symbolism
d) Religion
e) Caste
3) Patriarchy Vis a-vis work
Statistics
Sectors:
a) agriculture
b) Industries
c) service
d) Informal sector
Issues:
a) Labour force participation
b) Wage gap
c) Unpaid work
4) Violence against women:
Statistics
Causes
Implications
5) Manifestation:
a) Domestic Violence
b) Dowry
c) Sexual Harassment at the workplace
d) Surrogacy
Government efforts
Lacunae
Way Forward
GENDER(9:23 AM)
• It is defined as socially constructed aspects of differences between men and
women.
• At the individual level manifestation is with respect to identity as male or female.
• At a cultural level, it is concerning value systems, behavior, aspirations, attitudes,
etc.
• At a structural level, it is with respect to the sexual division of labor. For example,
the concentration of women in domestic chores.
• Any rigid or irrational belief which is based on gender is referred to as gender
stereotyping.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gender
stereotyping
Social Positions of
women
1) Caring and
Nurturing
1) Undervaluation
of care work and
there exists a
domestic division
of labor. 91.8% of
Indian women (1559) are represented
in unpaid work.
2) Soft skills
(ability to
harmoniously
interact with
others)
2) Pink-collared
jobs. (
Receptionist,
Secretary, nurse,
Airhostess, primary
school teacher, etc)
Eco
surv
3) Glass
ceiling(There exists
a transparent
ceiling beyond
which a woman is
not promoted in the
3) Emotional rather organization. Glass
than Rational
Cliff(however in
times of crisis
women are
promoted to
decision-making
authority as the risk
of failure is high).
4) Weak, Passive,
Dependent
4) Violence against
women
Question: What do you mean by gender stereotyping? How it impacts the social
position of women/men in Indian society?
PATRIARCHY(09:55 AM).
• The concept of gender draws its legitimacy from a patriarchal system.
• Patriarchy refers to a system of social structures and practices in which men
dominate, exploit, and discriminate against women.
• Although patriarchy refers to the domination of men, women equally play a
significant role in perpetuating patriarchy.
• And this concept is known as the patriarchal bargain.
• Woman bargains with patriarchy to support male dominance to gain protection,
status, and resources inside the system which she considers she might lose if she
challenges the system.
• Patriarchy as a concept is not constant and gender relations have changed over
time and space.
• The nature of control and subjugation although a pan-Indian feature but varies
w.r.t to caste, class, religion, ethnicity, etc.
• Hence we can say that Dalit Patriarchy is different from Tribal Patriarchy different
from Upper-class Patriarchy.
•
STRUCTURES OF PATRIARCHY(10:00 AM)
• 1) Family: As per feminists, the first lessons of patriarchy are learned in the family.
For example, a boy child is considered an inheritor whereas a girl child is
considered Paraya Dhan.
• Since most of the families are patrilineal and patrilocal, the girl child is accorded
lower status.
• Since family performs the function of primary socialization, hence it also
sometimes leads to gender stereotyping.
• 2) Knowledge system: Patriarchal construction of knowledge also perpetuates
- patriarchal ideology.
• This is reflected in our educational system and media.
• Knowledge system:
• a) Education System(Content, Infrastructure, Attitude of teachers)
• b) Media.
• Content:
• Gender-biased content for example storytelling which signifies the sexual division
of labor, and benefits of dowry incorporated as a part of the curriculum,
perpetuates ideals notion of beauty wrt to women.
• Infrastructure: According to ASER maximum dropout among girl children is due to
the lack of functional toilets.
• b) Media: Objectification and commodification of women by Media. For example,
advertisements. Maries like Housefull
• Using women as a tool to satisfy sexual desires or division of advertisements based
on gendered content.
• 3) Symbolism: More subtle expression of patriarchy is through symbolism by
creating the self-sacrificing image of women.
• Through ideological indoctrination, the notion of ideal womanhood is created.
• For example the lead protagonist of the television serials.
• Similarly, certain images are created for example Damsel in Distress which is
glorified through cinema.
• Cinema through its sexist content also perpetuates patriarchy(stalking,
objectifying, etc.)
⑭
• 4) Religion: Patriarchal construction of social practices is legitimized by religion
Price
and religious institutions as sometimes their customs and practices regard male
authority as superior. ③ Ashamedha /
Rajasya Yague-till today
• The laws and norms regarding family marriage, divorce, etc, are often biased
against women. (Triple Talaq, Female genital mutilation in Daudi Bohra
community).
• Religion is an instrument of deception.(Simone de Beauvoir).
• Devi dichotomy( Veena das).
• 5) Caste: Caste and gender are closely related as the sexuality of women are
directly related to the purity of caste. Hence caste system and caste endogamy
tend to retain the control over labor and sexuality of women.
• Caste not only determines the social division of labour but also the sexual division
of labor.
• Brahminical patriarchy (Uma Chakravorty): She has used the term Brahminical
Patriarchy which is the notion of purity and pollution that has been extended to
Boot
Books
e
Meg
-
&
Butricle
pe
-
Kabir Singh
maternit
-forsuemnising
Marriage
women. For example, upper-caste women have restrictions wrt FLFP, Taboo wrt to
pre-marital sex, and Restrictions on Pratiloma marriage.
• Question: Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social
inequality. Discuss.(250 words/ 15 marks).
PATRIARCHY VIS A VIS WORK(11:10 AM)
Managing work and home, are Indian women getting a fair
deal?
• With the increased participation of women, there was a myth that we have been
able to tackle patriarchy.
• However, in the words of Sylvia Walby, it's just private patriarchy getting replaced
by public patriarchy.
WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE(11:20 AM)
• Topics to be covered:
• 1) Statistics.
• 2) Concept of Feminization of agriculture.
• 3) Causes of Feminization of agriculture.
• 4) Implications: Positives and Challenges.
• 5) Governments' Efforts.
• 6) Way forward.
• 1) Statistics:
• According to the OXFAM report, 84% of economically active women are engaged in
their agriculture for livelihood.
• Of these, 33% of them are working as farmers and approximately 47% as
agricultural laborers.
• According to the agriculture census of 2015-16, 14% of the land holding is owned by
women of which 90% are small and marginal.
• According to the OXFAM report, 80% of the farm work and 90% of the dairy work is
done by women.
• According to FAO, if women are provided similar access to resources as that men,
agricultural output will increase by 4%.
FEMINIZATION OF AGRICULTURE(FoA)(11:30 AM)
• It can be defined as a Measurable increase in women's participation in the
agriculture sector.
• Causes of FoA:
• Economic reasons:
• a) Distress male-specific migration.
• b) Women constitute cheap labor.
• c) Due to patriarchy woman lacks education and skills, hence confined to the
agriculture sector).
• d) Agriculture distress: Increase in participation of males in non-agricultural
activities.
• e) To sustain family income.
• Socio-cultural:
• Working on the land also enables safety and security.
• There exist a cultural acceptance of women working on agricultural land.
• Due to caste rigidities often women are left with no other option but to work on
agricultural land.
•
Due to patriarchy, they have low bargaining power.
According to Surinder Jodhka women constitutes flexible labor i.e, they can be
made to work for any number of hours under any circumstances at a very low wage.
• Feminization of old age.
• Farmers' suicide.
• (*The various policies of the government are also encouraging their participation in
the agriculture sector. For example Mahila Kisan Shashaktikaran Pariyojna. )
• Operation Flood along with SEWA(Self-employed Women Associations) established
6000 dairy cooperatives.
• Question 1: Discuss economic and sociocultural factors responsible for the
Feminization of agriculture in India.(UPSC 2015).
• Question 2: Challenges concerning women's participation in Agriculture.
(TOPIC FOR THE NEXT CLASS: CONTINUATION OF WOMEN ISSUES)
•
•
Society Class 07
Introduction(09:03 am)
• A brief review of the previous class.
Implications of Women in Agriculture(09:11 am)
• Positives Implications:
• 1) It ensures the presence of women in public spaces.
• 2) Provide opportunities to socialize.
• 2) Financial independence.
• 4) Autonomy wrt decision-making.
• 5) Leader skills.
• 6) Overall skill development.
• 7) Improving social status and women can challenge the notion of patriarchy.
• 8) Instilling of confidence.
• 9) With the empowerment of women, ensures a better future for children(abolition
of child labour, better nutrition).
• 10) Increase in standard of living.
• 11) overall cognitive development and fewer chances of self-alienation.
• 12) It will help in improving the bargaining power of women in the family.
Challenges(09:22 am)
• 1) Lack of entitlements wrt land and assets.
• Due to patriarchy, lack of awareness about rights. (Acc. to Agri Census, only 14% of
the land is owned by women).
• Limited access to Institutional credit.
• This leads to high dependence on informal money lenders.
• This further resulted in the debt trap that aggravates the economic distress of
women.
• 2) Wage gap is huge, as high as 35%.
14
3) Only 5% of women get access to agriculture extension services and only 15% of
extension service agents are women. (by FAO).
• 4) According to the Corteva Agri Science report 75% of women in Agriculture are
subjected to some form of harassment.
• 5) Lack of representation of women in Administrative bodies.For example,
Agricultural Marketing Committees.
• 6) Lack of autonomy concerning important decisions such as crop selection,
marketing process, technology, etc.
• 7) Technological interventions are often not designed in a gender-friendly manner
as a result infrastructural support is denied to women.
• 8) Increased mechanization of agriculture has resulted in the concentration of
women in menial jobs or some cases their displacement.
Government's effort. (9:38 am)
• Central Institute of Women in Agriculture increased focus on SHGs to ensure
women's financial independence.
• 15th of October is celebrated as women's farmer's day.
• Civil society initiatives:
• Dilasa Sanstha: Under this 7650 SHGs are established to encourage organic farming
among women.
• Project Prerna by Mahindra and Mahindra to develop gender-friendly tools.
• Deccan Development Society to educate and train women.
Way Forward(09:41 am)
• Ensure equality wrt to access to resources. For example land, capital, and
technology.
• Providing loans to women farmers on soft terms, Development of gender-friendly
farm equipment (Bamboo ladder for apple harvesting, Pedal pusher for paddy
thresher, Scissor type tea plucker, Improved sickle), Gender-friendly intervention
wrt agricultural extension services.
• Enhanced representation of women in decision-making bodies.
• Increased awareness, accessibility, and affordability wrt the justice system to
reduce the incidences of violence.
• Setting up common service centers near the vicinity to provide easy access to
information.
• Better implementation of existing provisions both in letter and spirit.For example
enhanced role of the Gram sabha, training wrt skill development for women in
agriculture, etc.
• Area such as poultry, fishery, beekeeping, etc has immense scope for women
farmers. Hence needs to be explored.
• Question: The feminization of agriculture has led to women's empowerment.
Critically analyze in the context of India. (150 words/ 10 marks)
• Approach:
•
G
-
.
-
a
Sali
bus
•
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
•
Women in Industry and Service sector (10:18 am)
• According to the Consulate General of Sweden in India, women in the
manufacturing sector vary between 3% to 12%.
• According to General Electric and Avatar research women in the industry is around
12%.
• According to ILO, women's participation in Industry plus service sector is less than
20%.
• Factors responsible for limited participation of women in the Industry and
service sector:
• Lack of awareness about opportunities in this field.
• Lack of women role models(for eg: Acc. to a study by Deloitte only 4.7% of CEO are
women).
• Issues of accessibility to the workplace. (problem of safety and security).
increase in last
• Limited access to vocational and technical training.
79 %
EThrwald
-
sys
in complaints under
is most
PosH
ported
gone un
due to
fear of job
Da
Even, despite the increase in enrollment in higher education, it has not been
replicated in the participation of women in the workplace.
• The decline in the desirability of women workers in the formal sector due to the
maternity benefit act.
• Lack of social accessibility for women.
• Career break, reproduction responsibility.
2
in
• Socialization for domestic chores.
impact
• Lack of incentives at work, Dual burden, sexual harassment, wage gap.
finding
• Lack of gender-friendly infrastructure. Deni labour complaints : can't even access
loclet
:
jobs
• (*Note: According to Mackenzie Global institute 12 mn women in India will lose jobs in during
work his
India due to automation by 2030.)
Women in informal sector(10:37 am)
•
sequent
-
-
-
-
↑
-
-
-
-
•
•
Discuss the impact of patriarchy on middle-class working women. (UPSC, 150 words/
10 marks).
Approach:
-
-
a
Mertening
medicine
-
New-25K
-
buses
DV
-
&
-
cases like
-
Aful Subhash
-
110
only
no-so %
of Men
women
-
-
-
-
Coney 4
%
CEO)
-
•
complainit
25 %
Female labor Force Participation(10:59 am).
• 1) Statistics:
• Global gender Gap report publishes report on Four parameters:
• a) Economic participation(143/146)
&
undermine
s of
genuine
Dr
.
significally
high
-
b) Education(107/146).
c) Health and survival(146/146).
d) Political Empowerment(48/146).
2) Causes of decline in FLFP:
a) Increase in household income which leads to the domestication of women.
b) Concept of brahminical patriarchy which attaches the notion of purity and
pollution with working women.
• c) Lack of investment in a sector that can readily absorb women. For example, the
manufacturing sector.
• d) Lack of incentive among women to work.
• e) Infrastructural constraints.
• f) Social constraints(career break due to marriage and reproductive responsibility,
limited access due to gender stereotyping, safety, security, education skill
development, etc.)
• g) Decline in the desirability of women in the formal labour market.
• h) Lack of a conducive work environment(sexually colored remarks, quid pro quo)
• i) Problem of the digital divide. Only 21 % of women are mobile internet users.
• j) Impact of COVID-19: Acc. to Azim Premji state of working India Report 7% of men
lost jobs post-COVID, however, 47% of women have suffered permanent job loss.
• Feminization U-hypothesis:
•
•
•
•
•
•
-
⑳
*
~
-
•
•
•
•
Q1: In the context of the recent global gender gap report discuss the factors
responsible for the decline in FLFP in India.
Q2: In the backdrop of the decline in FLFP, analyze its implication in the context of
Indian society.
3) Implications:
At individual level(women + children) and family level refer to the image
below:
⑳at
⑭
*
-SelfAutonomy
-
-
-
-
-
Res
Ability to influences S
--
-
-
-
-
•
•
•
•
•
C
.
Reproducere contin
-
-
.
-
At the national level:
It threatens the potential to reap the benefits of demographic dividends.
It compromises the ability to achieve SDG5.
It also reduces the opportunity for economic growth. According to the IMF chief, if
FLFP is equal to that of male labor force participation, India's GDP will increase by
27%.
• Perpetuation of social evils in society(Dowry, domestic violence, child marriage).
• It threatens the prospects of India emerging as a global power.
• 4) Government efforts.
• 5) Way Forward.
(The topic for the next class: Government efforts, way forward, and Violence against
women)
Society Class 08
A brief Recap of the topics discussed in the previous class.
Sector
(09:05:00 AM)
Issues
Low Female Labour Force
participation (FLFP)
Wage Gap
Statistics
Concept
Causes
Statistics
Government Effort
Causes
Implications
Wage Gap (09:08:00 AM)
• The lack of equal pay for work of equal value is referred to as the wage gap.
• According to the Online Salary Index "MONSTER Salary Index" the wage gap in
India with respect to gender is 20%
• According to International Labour Organization (ILO), Global Wage Report, Gender
women 40-60
Pay Gap has increased due to COVID
% of
of
wagemea
• In 1993-94, the gender pay gap was 48%. In 2018-19, this pay gap was reduced to
28%. However, periodic labour force survey says due to COVID the Gender Pay gap
has been increased further by 7%.
Causes
• According to OECD, there are two reasons for Gender Pay Gap are:
O• Low Bargaining Power of women.
⑧• Undervaluation of “Care Work”. Over-concentration of women due to pink colour
jobs or feminized occupations.
• According to ILO, the wage gap exists because of
• Patriarchy,
• Limited Access to education, skills, experience, etc.
• Motherhood Penalty.
• Undervaluation of Feminized Occupation.
Government Efforts
• Minimum Wage Act 1948.
• Equal Remuneration Act 1976.
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 or MGNAREGA.
• Developing the Skills of Women under the Skill India Scheme.
• Maternity Benefit Act.
-
-
O
-
-
Resources for Society
• The newspaper will be the best source.
Unpaid Work
• Unpaid Work is defined as the work done by a woman for which she is paid any
remuneration. For example, Care Work in Households, and Domestic Chores (House
Hold services provided for the women).
It is referred Work: As it can be done by a third person after being paid for it.
According to McKinsey Report, 75% of women Globally are performing unpaid
work.
•
The same report says that women in India spent 299 minutes/day on this unpaid
sh
1 work, whereas the men spent 97 minutes/day.
• According to International Labour Organization (ILO) if we monetize the work done
by women globally it turns out to be 9% of the Global GDP (It will amount to $11
Trillion).
• International Labour Organization (ILO) refers to this work as Hidden Engine,
because it contributes to the running of economies, businesses and society.
• According to International Labour Organization (ILO), one of the main reasons for
the decline in Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP) is their over-concentration
in unpaid work.
• Although Unpaid work is still not monetized but there exist some schemes. For
example, Goa’s Griha Adhar Scheme provides financial support to housewives.
• Assam’s Orunodoi Scheme: Financial assistance is provided through the Direct
Benefit Transfer.
• Supreme Court Ruled that income for the non-earning homemaker is a step
towards social equality and dignified life.
Causes for the over-representation of Women in unpaid/care work (09:34:00 AM)
•
•
Dual Burden due to withdrawal from the paid labour market.
Gender Stereotyping with respect to caring/nurturing.
Sexual Division of Labour.
Socialization for Domestic Chores.
Industrialization: It has created accessibility issues.
Thus it creates problems of safety and security.
Women are associated with the prestige of family, hence society does not prefer working
women overall.
Lack of incentive to work.
Early Marriage: Limited access to education and skills = Reduce opportunity in labour market
Restricted mobility after the marriage.
Career Break due to marriage or childbearing/rearing
According to the Oxfam Report primary role of women in India is to take care of the family
and any income-generating work comes secondary.
Underemployment
Implications (09:43:00 AM)
• High opportunity cost.
• The barrier to women's labour force participation.
• Occupational downgrading and segregation.
• Discrimination in hiring and pay.
• Aggravation of Gender inequality in society deteriorates the quality of life.
• Detrimental to women empowerment.
• Increases the vulnerability of women to economic shocks and disasters.
+ on fami, soc, nation, global
Challenges in Monetizing Unpaid Work
• Commoditization of care work reduces the sentimental aspect of care work.
• It will further stereotype the work done by women and women will be
concentrated on domestic chores.
• Care Work is even not considered work and people are less likely to report time
spent on it.
• It is also difficult to capture the whole spectrum of unpaid work as women
are multi-tasking. For example, women might look after the children while
cooking or engaging in farm work.
Way Forward
• The first step in addressing inequality is to recognize its value.
• Reducing unpaid work by investing in physical infrastructure. For example,
according to Oxfam Report with increased access to drinking water now women
spent 22 minutes less on unpaid work.
• With Ujjwala Yojana, women are spending 49 minutes less on care work.
• Redistribution of unpaid work between men and women i.e. de-feminisation of
unpaid work. For example, introducing paternity leave, quality childcare facilities,
and equitable maternity policies, which could reduce the motherhood penalties.
• Under SDG goal number 5, it talks about recognizing unpaid domestic work
through the provision of
• Public Services.
• Infrastructure.
• Social Protection policies.
• Promotion of shared responsibility within the household.
Maternity Benefit Act
(10:06:00 AM)
↓
Virat Kohli
T
Premise
To arrest the decline in Female Labour Force
Participation (FLFP) due to reproductive
responsibility.
Provisions of the Maternity Benefit Act
Crèche facility if the
organization has more
Application in the formal
than 50 employees and
sector only
the mother can visit the
facility 4 times a days
Can avail leave weeks
before the due date
Maternity Benefit Act
If adopting a child (less
than 3 months) or
commissioning the
mother then paid leave
will be for 12 weeks
More than two children
at 12 weeks.
Analysis of the Maternity Benefit Act
Paid Leave of up to
26 weeks for 1st two
children
Pros
Cons
Proving paid leave of 26 weeks is higher than
the minimum standard of 14 weeks set by
ILO.
It will further reduce the desirability of women
in labour market. (Motherhood Penalty)
It is going to benefit women working in the
It will further reduce the Labour market
formal sector as it will ensure income security
participation along with the wage gap.
along with early childhood care.
The majority of women are in the informal
sector whereas the benefit is restricted only to
the formal sector.
We are gender stereotyping the caring role
It will increase the financial burden on the
companies.
It might also result in women losing touch with
work.
Way Forward
• We can draw inspiration from international examples such as in the context of
Singapore sixteen weeks of paid leaves are given and the financial burden is
equally shared between the government and the company.
• In the context of Sweden, four eighty days of parental leave is given which can
be split among the couple with each of them availing at least 90 days of leave.
• The benefits of leave should be extended to the informal sector.
• Promote flexible work conditions and paternity leave.
Paternity Leave
(10:25:00 AM)
• Discussed with PPT
• Concept: It is a paid leave reserved exclusively for fathers in relation to child Birth.
• With Respect to India:
• No legal provision for paternity leave in India.
• All India and Civil Service Rules allow central government employees.
• No mandatory provision in private organizations.
• With respect to India
Why paternity leave is important
• According to International Labour Organization (ILO), the child requires equal
support from both parents in the first 100 days. (Quality father-child interaction is
necessary for the healthy development of the child.)
• Postpartum depression and anxiety symptoms of new mothers can be reduced
with the father’s ability to stay home.
• The nuclearization of Family.
• Lack of support from extended family with respect to childcare.
• The entire burden on the mother.
• With paternity leave, the burden can be shared.
• Bridging the gender gap at home for facilitating equality at the workplace.
• Reasons: Career break due to reproductive behaviour and childbearing
responsibility.
• Dual burden.
days
o
Challenge Associated with Paternity Leave.
• The culture of toxic masculinity. Hesitancy and ridicule in doing what men
consider as “Women’s Work”.
• Lack of will among employers due to the financial burden.
• Gender-based division of labour.
• Existing legislation (15 days of paid leave) is reinforcing societal biases.
Violence Against Women (10:43:00 AM)
• It is any act of gender-based violence that results in physical, sexual, and mental
harm.
Manifestation
It constitutes a “life cycle”
• Pre Birth: Sex-Selective abortion
• Infant: Infanticides
• Childhood: Child sexual abuse and child marriage.
• Adolescence: Trafficking
• Adulthood: Domestic violence
• Old Age: Abuse of old widow.
Statistics
Shadow Pandemic
• According to National Commission for Women, the increase in violence against
women was 46% during the last 8 months of 2021.
• There exist regional variations with maximum cases in UP ≥ Delhi ≥ Harayan
• 86% of women did not report.
• Of 14% who reported, Only 7% reached the appropriate authority
• In fact, 77% of women did not speak to anyone about the violence.
Causes for increase in violence against women
• Institutionalization of Patriarchy.
• The different processes of socialization.
• Objectification and commodification of women.
• Economic dependence of women.
• Gender stereotyping: For example, women are weak, passive, and dependent.
• Traditional and Cultural Practices. For example, child marriage, female genital
mutation, etc.
• Structural factors: Alcoholism, drug abuse, etc.
• Nuclearisation of family.
• Lack of social support.
• Increased anxiety and frustration =======≥ Women become a cushion to vent out
frustration.
=
X
6
In Urban educated family
increase participation of women in labour market
disruption of the traditional division of labour
threat to male hegemony
It results in an increase in violence against women
Internalization of Patriarchal norms both by men and women.
For example, the Gender Social Norm Index published by UNDP says that 90% of
men and women have a biased attitude against women.
• 50% believe that men become better political leaders.
• 40% of them believe that men are better corporate leaders.
• 28% of them believe that it is fine for the husband to beat his wife.
Institutional Weakness
• Lack of stringent laws.
• Lack of proper implementation.
• Lack of gender-sensitive attitude among the stakeholders.
• Lack of certainty. (With respect to justice delivery)
Overall Effort
• Statutory Law: domestic violence act, dowry prohibition act, sexual harassment
Act.
• International Convention: Convention on Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). UN World Conferences (it started with
Mexico 1975, Copenhagen 1980, Nairobi 1985, and Beijing 1995).
• United Nations Decade on Women 1976 to 1985.
• Towards the Equality Report: It brought the dire condition of women in India.
From here, India changed its approach toward women's empowerment.
• Now the approach changed from Women in development to Women and
development.
• Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action in 1995.
Government Scheme (11:11:00 AM)
• Beti bachao Beti Padhao Scheme.
Dechitos • One-Stop centre.
• Fast Track special courts.
• She-Box (Sexual Harassment Electronic Box).
I
• Mahila Police Volunteers (MPV).
• Agency is National Commission for the Women.
a
to
Question: Despite the increase in legal provisions violence against women is on the rise.
a Discuss. (150 Words/10 marks)
women Approach
Han
New-251 cases
• Poor conviction rate.
• Delay in judicial proceedings.
Reasons
• Stigmatization of issue.
for
DE
in
• Poor reporting in case of violence.
spets
• Lack of awareness about laws.
Blind
A
am
• Lack of affordability w.r.t justice system.
>
safer
• Lack of sense of self-worth=== Internalization of violence/Normalization.
•&
Broken Window Theory: When at an early stage a person is not reprimanded for
petty offences, the chances of committing a heinous offence at a later stage est
become high.
to underreporting, there is a lack of data and a lack of proper implementation
mante • Due
of policies.
foryeat • Corruption of value system.
• Lack of efforts to bring about attitudinal change.
•
1975
* T
·
htachar
stand
ed
sexul
-
I
give Tronver
-
-
sidema
Lenderin
a
ite
Measurest
vesaischon
elitidine
soviet
↳
a
malgen
fran
Ques
Andre Beteille: Law determines the direction in which society should move,
however, it is the family andculture which determines the direction in which the
society actually moves.
The topic for the next class discussion: Women Issue, Diversity (communalism, regionalism,
racism, etc.)
•
Society Class 09
A brief recap of the topics discussed in the previous class. (09:03:00 AM)
Violence Against Women
• Concept
• Manifestation
• Statistics
• Causes
• Government Efforts
• Lacunae (despite these efforts violence Against women is on the rise).
The implication of Violence Against Women (09:07:00 AM)
Concerning Health
• It is a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality among women.
• It causes mental, physical, emotional, and Sexual harm.
Concerning the economy
• It incurs direct causes as well as the indirect cause.
direct cause
indirect cause
Impacts income.
Impact child
Reduces
productivity.
Decline in health
The intergenerational social
and psychological cost
Impact on child and maternal
mortality
Which incurs health
cost
Concerning the development
By
22 June
->
Paper
Paper2-Bodays
Paper
Paper
Due
I -til
v
History
-
-
Whe
Modern-
by sand
a
days
.
• It obstructs women's participation in development and policy-making because
&-Misu
violence against women restricts the ability of women to act or move freely.
3-1o
T
Concerning Right
• It infringes on the right of women under Articles 14, and Article 21 of the
constitution.
At National Level
• It costs India 3.7% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
• It will threaten the achievement of targets under the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDG). Especially goal number
5.
E
• It will reduce the Female Labour Force Participation which will threaten the
potential for a demographic dividend.
• It will further aggravate Gender Inequality.
• Reduces social and cultural capital.
• The violence of Humans = Violence Against Women ==== crime against humanity
At the family/Social level
• It would lead to disruption of family life.
• It will increase violence against women and that could increase divorce.
Way Forward
&
Sistacheod
Short Term
Long Term
Strict enforcement of laws.
Moral overhauling of society.
⑳
Gender sensitization of all stakeholders. Proper
- training to officials.
Speedy disposal of cases through fast-track
courts.
Patrolling/vigilance, especially at night.
=
Innovation: Diffusion framework.
②
Create Awareness among women concerning
their rights and entitlements through:
• Social campaign
• Media
• Street plays.
-
Self-defence training.
unauti
Regulation of public transport.
Mobile apps and helplines.
Nepeie Social Innovations: MPV, all Mahila Police
No- Station, One Stop Centers (OSC)
Mohalla Committee, community policing
Use of technology to create gender-friendly
space
-
-
-
O
Participation of men (he and She campaign)
Convergence Approach.
-
Strengthening of women's organizations and
associations.
-
Increasing the representation in decisionmaking bodies both in letter and spirit (to
address the problem of
Sarpanch Pati).
Prevention of Alcoholism. Anti-Arrack
Movement in the 1990s in Andhra Pradesh.
Free legal aid, counselling
Increase the power of the National Commission
for women.
Vocational training to ensure financial
independence.
Promoting entrepreneurship among women.
-
6
Bin
L
&
-
India
campaign
Standup
-
To ensure women's empowerment,
scholarships can be encouraged concerning
higher education.
Pa-India
Gandhi
for
Scholarship ed
De-stigmatization of violence against women.
Value-based education without any gender
colouration.
-
single gul • The convergence Approach should be Horizontal as well as Vertical approach
>
Horizontal Convergence: Moral education, health infrastructure, Sanitation, Job
opportunity,
• Vertical Convergence: National Level, State level, etc.
Question: Explain the paradox where on one hand increase violence against women justifies
strong laws whereas, on the other hand, the laws have been misused by some women. (150
Subhash
Words/10 Marks)
cases like Atul
.
enghlight
Approach
• Lack of gender-neutral laws. The laws are always legislated with aiming the women Natural
care
• Gender Stereotyping: Women is always considered to be a victim.
• Secularization: Because of its religious significance marriage declined. Thus
gene
women don’t hesitate now before breaking the marriage.
Adoption
• Corruption of value system.
case
Materialistic tendencies.
women .•• Revenge-seeking tendencies.
demanders
G lach/mone•
Consumerist culture and seeking alimony is an easy way to climb the ladder.
enance
• New Legal Terrorism. Nisha Sharma Case.
as mant
• Way Forward:
• need for gender-neutral laws. Plugging loopholes in the laws. For example
↓
provision of penalty in case of false cases.
turned down
*
• The association should be formed to provide a platform for men to voice their
concerns.
• Inculcation of moral values so that materialistic tendencies can be kept at bay.
Dowry
(10:10:00 AM)
•
O
*
-
-
-
O
-
-
-
-
-
-
poste
female judge
Premise
Most important factors responsible for
Sex-selective abortion.
Infanticide
Lack of Investment in higher education for girls.
Domestic violence
Skewed sex ratio
Lower status of girls
Dowry is defined as any property or valuable security given or agreed to be given
directly or indirectly by one party to the marriage to another.
(Explanation)
Dowry Prevention Act
• It is a cognizable and non-bailable Act.
• Any kind of agreement signed related to dowry will be lapsed under the Act.
• No type of advertisement can be done.
•
Name
case
They are treated as the social and economic
liability
Causes of Dowry or reason for the increase in incidences of dowry
• It was found that in the 1930s: 40% of all marriages were cases of dowry.
• In the 2000s: 90% of all marriages were the case of dowry.
• Acceptance of culture of dowry both by men and women i.e. it is accepted by all
that men and women exist in hierarchical relations with men having higher status
than women and it reinforces the positive attitude towards dowry.
• Consumerist culture has increased the incidences of dowry.
• It is treated as an investment: Give and takes culture.
• It is also identified with the concept of groom price which is determined based on
the market value. For example, education, job, prospect, etc.
• Sanskritisation concerning the practice of Dowry.
• The practice of caste endogamy results in the shortage of grooms in the same caste
which increases dowry.
• The practice is associated with the social prestige of the family.
• Lack of proper implementation of existing laws.
Despite the increase in the education of girls, it has not transformed their labour market
participation which also is the reason for the increased practice of dowry.
• Fear Appeal can be used to persuade men against dowry.
• Promote inter-caste marriage.
• We can use an innovation diffusion framework i.e. identify key leaders in the
society and persuade them to lend their voice to the problem of dowry.
• Promote the culture of Aadarsh Marriage.
• Affluent people restraining from lavish weddings.
• Stigmatization of practice of dowry. For example naming and shaming.
• Outlawing extravagant weddings.
• Ensuring the girl child gets the share in their ancestral point.
• Create opportunities for education and employment for women.
Question: Despite the efforts toward women's rights to property and inheritance in India they
are still denied their rights. What are the reasons responsible for it? (150 Words/10 Marks)
Domestic Violence
(10:50:00 AM)
• Explained with help of PPT.
(Explanation)
• Even the divorced wife can file a case for domestic violence.
• It is a civil law in some capacity as it deals with compensation.
• It is a criminal law as it also protects against domestic violence.
• It also talks about the role of Protection officers and NGOs.
• Women can file a case against adult males. This was not gender-neutral. The court
removed the term adult male to make it gender-neutral. Now it is observed that the
chance of misuse has increased.
• Live-in-Partners and divorce wives can also seek maintenance.
The reason for increased incidences of Domestic Violence or Issues related to domestic
violence (11:00:00 AM)
• Nuclear families are more prone to domestic violence.
• Cultural acceptance of domestic violence. (Gender Social Norm Index)
• Lack of alternative opportunities (traditional value system, financial dependence,
lack of parental support,)
• Lack of awareness among women (especially illiterate and economically
dependent women concerning redressal mechanisms.
• Changing socio-economic relations, especially in urban areas challenges the male
hegemony which also results in domestic violence.
• In the context of rural areas there exist the problem of violence against young
widows.
• The lack of criminalization of marital rape also contributes to incidences of
domestic violence.
-
Here way forward is not needed as it will result in the repetition of the same points.
Where do we need to write a way forward
• Questions related to issues of Indian society. In normal case two points for ways
forwards is sufficient. For the specific question where the way forward has been
asked, in that case, 4 to 5 points could be written for the way forward.
• Except for the questions where Elaborate, illustrate, and elucidate are the directive
for the question.
Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place
• Discussed with help of PPT
(11:09:00 AM)
(Dictation)
• Sexual harassment is one of the major reasons for the decline in female labour
force participation. According to the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce &
Industry (FIICI),o
36% of Indian companies and 25% of MNCs have yet not
constituted an internal complaint committee.
Approximately 70% of the women do not report the cases due to the following factors.
o
&
Lack of understanding of the term sexual harassment.
Lack of faith in the complaint mechanism.
Fear of retaliation.
Fear of social exclusion.
Fear of domestication due to stigma associated with women.
Bhanwari Devi Rape Case. It resulted in the Sexual Harassment of Women at the
Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act and Rules 2013.
• Rupam Deol Bajaj Case vs. KPS Gill Case.
Surrogacy
(11:25:00 AM)
• According to the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), surrogacy constitutes a $2.3
billion industry (Commercial Industry).
• Creates ground for financial/physical/emotional exploitation of surrogate mother.
• Due to poverty: Most surrogate mothers are from vulnerable sections of society.
• In the absence of awareness, middlemen often create improper contracts which
absolve the intended parents of all their responsibilities.
• Rights of children especially in countries.
• Which don’t recognize surrogacy.
•
•
•
•
•
•
-
↑ ⑳
•
The difference between Traditional and Gestational surrogacy is discussed.
-
⑧
--
8
-
-
0-
Analysis of Surrogacy Act
(11:40:00 AM)
-
-
E
I•
fearg
pa
•
•
Topophobia: Ignored in the Act
Infertility is taboo.
Indira Noori: Ironically, Women's fertility overlaps with the most productive age of
the woman.
Devika Biswas case.
Denying the right of livelihood of the surrogate mother.
Question: Surrogacy has become the need of the hour and a source of income for many. In
the context of this statement, discuss to what extent the prohibition of commercial surrogacy
is justified. (150 Words/10 Marks)
The topic for the next class discussion: Diversity
•
•
Society Class 10
Diversity(09:00 AM)
E
Topic plan:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1)Concept:
The collective difference that marks one group different from another.
2)Manifestation:
Linguistic
Religious
Regional
Racial
Ethnicity-based
3)Problems associated with diversity:
Linguistic chauvinism *
Communalism/religious fundamentalism*
Regionalism
Racial intolerance
Ethnonationalism
Ke
eige
4)Unity in diversity:
Is diversity a threat to nationalism?
Detailed discussions:
Individual-->Culture;Livelihood-->Descriminated/Dominated-->Deprivation->Obejctive Reality-->3rd party Intervention-->Subjective realisation of Objective
reality-->Relative deprivation--->Resentment
• 3rd party Intervention:
• i)Media
• ii)Charismatic personality
• iii)Social Movement
• iv)Political party
• v)Pressure groups
• Example- Reporting of deaths in Covid 19
• Assam Crisis of 1979
Linguistic Diversity (09:38 AM)
• India is a land characterized by extensive linguistic diversity.
⑧
*
· [
⑪
-
Naga
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-
For example: According to the census 2011 there are 121 major languages (more
than 10000 population speaking that language) and around 1599 other languages.
We have 22 languages declared as scheduled languages under the 8th schedule of
the constitution.
Language is the most powerful tool of our cultural identity and has remained both
source of cohesion and conflict.
Often discords have emerged due to feelings of relative deprivation and fear of
domination by majority language speakers.
"कोस-कोस पर पानी बदले, चार कोस पर वाणी" (kos kos par badle paani,chaar kos
par baani); meaningAt every 3 km taste of the water changes and at every 12 Km accent of people
changes.
Diversity per se is not a threat to national integration however when using these
diverse identities one group is pitted against another other it threatens national
integration.
Official language issue:
Leadership was clear that India will not have any national language as it is a land of
multiple provincial languages, ancient languages with rich inheritance and the
masses can grow educationally and culturally through the medium of their own
language.
However, the adoption of an official language was a debatable issue in the postindependent period.
Both Hindi and English were strong contenders. English was consideredi)Language of international diplomacy
ii)Trade and commerce
iii)Rich literary treasure
iv)Exposure to Western thoughts and values
However, according to leadership, it can make the official language due to unequal
relations with the British.
Hence, u/a 143, Hindi was declared the official language, and English was declared
as the associate language till 1965.
Nonhindi-speaking leaders also supported the idea because of its role in the
freedom struggle to mobilize the masses.
However, it was the overenthusiastic attitude of Hindu proponents to purify the
language which backfired.
1956-60: was characterized by various protests and agitation.
1963: official language act was passed to ensure the use of English beyond 1965.
However, the texts of the act were ambiguous and generates apprehension.
Finally in 1967:official language amendment act was passed which ensured an
indefinite policy of bilingualism.
Post 1967 the problem has gradually disappeared demonstrating the capacity of
the Indian political system to deal with the problem on a democratic basis and in a
manner to promote national consolidation.
•
o
o
Test yourselfImplementation of language
or poison proved to be a
challenging task in the initial
decades post-independence.
Discuss the statement in the
context of the official
language issue. (150 words)
Linguistic reorganization of the state(10:20 AM)
•
Test yourselfTo what extent linguistic
reorganization of the
state(LRS) has contributed to
Indian unity? Discuss. (150
words)
a
a
-
Topic plan:
• Premise:
• Leadership was in favor of the Lingusictic Re-organisation of States.
• For the development of regional languages.
• Of the massive spread of literacy and universal education.
• For the realization of democracy in a true sense politics and administration should
be carried out in a language that is understood by all at the time of independence.
• Principle: Agreed for LRS
• Issues that were confronting leadership:
• Integration of princely states; Kashmir issue; Indo-Pak war
• Any attempt to redraw the boundaries of the state on linguistic lines.
• Political, administrative, and economic dislocation
• Chronology:
• Various committees were established such as• SK Dhar Committee - Desirable but the time is not right
• JVP Committee- desirable but the time is not right, but if any popular demand
then we will consider
• However, due to growing protests, the finally, Government conceded to the
demands of linguistic re-organization, and the Fazal Ali Commission was
established.
• It provided for 14 states and 6 Centrally administered territories
• However, Bombay and Punjab were reorganized later in 1960 and 1966
respectively.
Analysis of LRS:
• i)Pros
• According to political scientist Rajni Kothari linguistic reorganization of states was
functional as it removed the major source of discord and created homogenous
political units which could be administered through the medium that the vast
majority of the population understood.
• The objectives mentioned under the premise will also be achieved with this step.
• ii)Cons:
• However, linguistic re-organization did not resolve all the problems related to
linguistic diversity as even after the creation of linguistic states there were various
minority languages spoken in that particular state.
Done
not
see
but
Progress
is
o
o
like
salt
As a result, it was like opening pandora's box and demands for the linguistic state
are still prevalent.
• For example- the demand for Gorkhaland and Mithilachal etc.
• Also, the basis of the creation of small states spilled over into other areas for
example• Underdevelopment: Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh
• Administrate convenience: Uttarakhand etc.
Religious diversity (10:54 AM)
• Topic plan:
• i)The extent of Diversity
• Inter-religious
• Intra-religious
• ii)Issues with respect to diversity
• Communalism:
• Concept
• Types
• Manifestation
• Evolution
• The problem of communal violence: concept and causes
•Religious Fundamentalism: Concept and causes
• iii) Way forward
• Detailed discussion
• Inter-religious diversity:
• Hinduism
• Islam
• Jainism
• Christianity, etc.
• Intra-religious diversity:
• Sects, Cults, etc
• Communalism:
• Communalism refers to the ideology according to which society is divided into
different religious communities having different secular (social, political, and
economic) interests.
• A man of religion is not considered communal but one who practices politics by
linking it with religion is communal which is political trade in religion.
• It refers to an ideology where there is exist a strong attachment to one's own
community however in the context of India we use it with respect to religion.
Manifestations:
• i)Mild - When people belonging to the same community have the same secular
interests.
• ii)Moderate - When people belonging to different communities have different
secular interests.
• iii)Extreme - But it says that interests are not only different interests but mutually
hostile/antagonistic.
•
- Zero-sum game theory or contact view of power• There exists a perception that resources in society are constant and if someone
progresses in society it is always at a cost of others.
•
=>
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Welfare
must
⑳ Jam
•
•
•
•
·
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
However, it is not the true perception as opportunities can always be increased by
promoting inclusive growth and development.
Types of communalismi) Assimilationist
ii) Welfarist
iii) Retreatist
iv) Retaliatory
v) Separatist
vi) Secessionist
Detailed discussion:
Assimilationist communalismUnder this small religious groups are assimilated into big religious groups, for
example- the Hindu code bill is applicable to people of other religious groups such
as Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, etc., and is not a threat to national integration.
Welfarist communalismHere the emphasis is placed on the welfare of a particular community, by exampleproviding education, scholarship, residential accommodation, etc. that is welfarist
organizations are involved in the socio-economic upliftment of people belonging to
their own community.
Retreatist communalismReligious community keeps themselves aloof from political activities for examplemembers of the Bahai community are forbidden from participating in the political
process.
Retaliatorycommunities shave mutually hostile interests and hence members of one
community trying to harm
Example- any act of communal violence
Separatist communalismWhen demand for autonomy is based on religious lines however within the Indian
union is referred to as separatist communalism.
One tries to maintain its cultural specificity and demands a separate territorial
state within the country.
For example- the creation of a separate Punjab state
Secessionist communalism:
When there is demand for a separate nation on religious lines which threatens
territorial integration; it is referred to as secessionist communalism for example the
demand for Khalistan, etc
It is the last three states of communalism that threatens national integration.
o
o
Test yourself:
Differentiate between
religiousness and
communalism. By giving one
example from the postindependence period however
former turns into the latter.
(150 words)
Topics for the next class: Continuation of Communalism, Regionalism, etc
Society Class 11
A brief recap of the topic discussed in the previous class.
Communalism
(09:05:00 AM)
(09:04:00 AM)
It aims to unify the
community.
The positive
interpretation of
communalism
Develops the affinity
of an individual
toward his community.
Ensure efforts for the
social and economic
upliftment of the
community.
Negative
Connotation
It tends to differentiate
among different
religious communities
but also motivates one
section to pursue their
interest at the expense
of others.
In its extreme form
It results in intolerance
and hatred which
creates a divide in
society.
The factors responsible for the emergence of communalism
(09:12:00 AM)
• Due to agricultural stagnation, lack of modern industrial development, and lack of
employment opportunities, the spread of education gave rise to the middle class
due to which the above-mentioned conditions did not have their aspirations and
e
interests satisfied which created grounds for communal politics.
• It is believed by many that communalism is a by-product of colonialism and
economic stagnation.
7
• The discrepancy in demand and supply with respect to jobs created the ground
for nepotism and these short terms benefits started validating communal politics.
• The Irony in the Indian context was that the socio-economic reality was such that
religious distinctions were coinciding with class distinctions. For example, X
landlords were pitted against Y peasants. Rather than perceiving this issue in the
Rebellion
economic realm, it was seen through the prism of religion.
On
- Moplah
.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Communalism was also manufactured due to a power struggle between the elite
sections as there cannot be two swords in one sheath.
Divide and Rule Policy of the British: To counter the growing nationalism,
communalism became the main prop/tool of colonialism. For example tolerance
towards the communal press, separate electorate, acceptance of communal
persons as main spokesperson of their community, or late response to crush the
incidences of communal violence.
Overthrowing of the colonial state was only the necessary condition to tackle
communalism but not sufficient. Thus, it continued even in the post-independence
period.
Failure of national leadership to unify different sections of society.
It was restricted to the policy of negotiation with leaders of different religious
organizations.
There was an implicit acceptance that they only share political and economic
interests, however socially and culturally they are different.
For example, Hindu touch was given to nationalist agendas such as taking a dip
in Ganga.
Over-emphasizing ancient Indian culture and undermining medieval Indian
culture has led to resentment among educated Muslims and their alienation from
the freedom struggle.
Lack of
cultural
integration
results
into
Stereotyping
results into
results into
Ghettoization
The emotion
of hate/anger
lack of celt
&
results into
Target group
resorting to
survival
technique of
invisibility
results into
Integration
Explained the stereotyping of the people
from the African nation and their treatment
of them. An anecdote was used for it.
•
•
•
hatelanger .
-
Violent
manifestation
Ghettoization
↓
survival tech
of
•
emotion of
↓
results
into
Stereotyping
↓
--
↓
&
Violent
&
-
Invisibility
Divisive Politics: Where politicians used religious and cultural differences to
achieve their political aims. For example, manipulation by political leadership for
the vote bank.
Selection of candidates on the basis of religious flaring or religious sentiments
through communal speeches etc.
Politics of appeasement: Executive action after the Shah Bano Judgement. Shah
Bano Judgement created apprehension among different religious communities.
Psychological Factor: Lack of trust and mutual understanding among different
religious groups which is often aggravated because of the role of media. Media is
manfes
-
talion
oand
during
also often accused of sensationalization news and many times they disseminate
rumors as news that creates ground for communal conflict.
• The situation has further worsened due to the penetration of social media.
• Administrative failure to tackle the incidences of communal violence.
• The socioeconomic disparity among different religious communities which
created the ground for political manipulation.
Religious Fundamentalism
(09:54:00 AM)
&
Concept
Paberance
Saud tha
to
in
the
its
writings
According to Gorbriel
Almond
Brut
a ne
modern
corrupted
e
Violent offshoot of
communalism.
Ideas
we
so
Causes
Necessary condition
Sufficient condition
Modernisation
Secularization: There are
three concepts that taking
place:
• Differentiation.
Ideological cohesion. For
• Privatization.
example, Single sacred text.
• The decline in
the
significance of
religion.
,
d
It is defined as the
concept of the visible
pattern of religious
militancy by which selfstyled true believers try
to arrest
Rationale: Society has
changed so much that it
has become difficult to
preserve and promote
their religious
beliefs/practices.
Charismatic Leadership
Supply of potential recruits
the erosion of religious
identity.
Relatively deprived
community
Spread of ideas through
Information
and Communication
Technology (ICT).
Secular Education
The emergence of countercivil society.
⑳
Monetary Funding
According to Neera Chandhoke Civil Society not always strengthened democracy
but sometimes can disrupt it also by acting as a medium to diffuse anger and
resentment.
Question: “Modernity is breading religious fundamentalism”. Critically analyze the
statement.
(150 Words/10 Marks)
Question: ‘Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation.’ Argue
by giving suitable illustrations. (250 Marks/15 Marks) (UPSC 2018)
Communal violence is the manifestation of extreme communalism and religious
Fundamentalism. Following measures can be taken to address the violence
•
E
Or
ran
gam
Long Tem
a
Eradicating the
problems of poverty
illiteracy and
unemployment.
Short Term
Extremist communal
outfits should be
immediately targeted and
their capacity to disrupt
law and order must be
crippled.
Value-based
education without any Suspension of internet.
ideological coloration.
Prevent
Responsible and
association/assembly of
restrained journalism.
large groups
Reform in the
criminal justice
system. For example,
speedy trials through
the fast-track courts,
adequate
compensation, etc.
Surveillance: To prevent
the diffusion of
responsibility
individualization through
CCTV cameras.
Training of forces or
police personnel.
(according
to Ranmgnath
Mishra Committee
Report, the role of
police personnel has
remained
questionable.)
Setting up of peace
communities/committees.
Codified guidelines
for administration to
tackle the incidences
of violence.
Taking the help of NGOs
and civil societies to
remove mistrust between
different religious
communities.
Sachchaf
committe Report
-
We can use Innovation
Diffusion
Use of cinema, media,
Framework. And persuade
or any other cultural
religious leaders to
platform to promote
establish peace and ensure
communal harmony.
that people do not indulge
in violence.
Regulation of the
content on different
platforms of media to
address the problem
of fake news or
propaganda.
The patriotic fervor can
be generated by playing
motivational/patriotic
songs.
The communication
of political elites and
administrative
personnel needs to be Enhancing security in
checked and any
communally sensitive
incident of communal areas. Proper barricading.
or hate speeches
needs to be
reprimanded.
In long term banning
the communal
outfits/organizations.
Ensuring that mobile
infrastructure with respect
to medical support.
Relief and
rehabilitation work
should be unbiased.
Proper
scrutinization of both
domestic and
international funding
of religious
institutions and
organizations.
Statutory backing for
moral code of conduct
during elections.
Regionalism
(11:03:00 AM)
REGIONALISM
Concept of
region
Regionalism
Landmarks
that led to
the
Basis of
Impact of
emergence regionalism regionalism
of
regionalism
The politics of
Homogeneous
Regionalism has two
Area
component
Physically
and culturally
“+”
distinct from
Component
neighboring
areas
“-“
Component
People living
in the region
are aware that
they are
similar but
distinct from
others
It concretizes
by cultural
identity
(LRS)
Changes
arise when
resorting to
violence
Development
of regional
Identity
For the socioeconomic
development
of one’s own
region. For
Example,
Telangana.
Or
demands
are
communal
in nature
Start
professing
political
loyalty more
towards a
region rather
than a nation.
•
•
•
•
Types of
regionalism
Or
demanding
secession
and
becoming a
threat to
For
administrative the
convenience. territorial
For example integrity of
Uttarakhand India
We
adopting
the Son of
Soil
Theory
Regionalism is rooted in India’s diversity with respect to caste, religion, language,
ethnicity, etc.
When all these factors get geographically concentrated along with the feeling of
relative deprivation, it is referred to as regionalism
In a positive sense, it encourages people to develop a sense of oneness which
seeks to promote the interest of a particular region and promote its welfare and
development.
In a negative sense, it refers to excessive attachment to one’s own region which can
act as a threat to unity in diversity.
Son of Soil Policy: It is defined as the concept where local habitants claimed the
right over the resources of the land to the extent of the exclusion of outsiders. It
says “State constitutes exclusive homeland for its majority language speaker or
local residence.
Factors Responsible for the Son of Soil
• Lack of culture of out-migration.
• The struggle for middle-class jobs for example exodus of the Sikh population from
the Khasi Area in Meghalaya. Similarly the passage of the official language act in
Assam due to the over-representation of Bengali Youth in middle-class jobs.
• Presence of strong regional political parties.
• The inability of the state to serve the interest of both migrants and natives.
• Due to rising aspirations, everyone has high expectations and anything thing short
of it leaves disenchantment.
• Although the constitution ensures the rights of migrants, there have been
incidences of the son of soil movement mainly centered in urban areas of Assam,
Maharashtra, Khasi Area, Karnataka, and Telangana.
Question: In the context of the diversity of India, can it be said that the region forms the
cultural units rather than the States? Give reasons with examples for your
viewpoint.
(150 Words/10 marks) (UPSC 2017)
The topic for the next class discussion: Regionalism will be continued, Unity in Diversity
•
O
#
Society Class 12
A brief recap of the previous class.
(01:03:00 PM)
Regionalism
Landmarks that led to the emergence of regionalism.
Establishing a democratic form of
government with an aim of National
Building on the principles of equality,
Justice, etc.
⇓
Every region wanted a fair deal in the
process of development and
anything short of expectation.
⇓
Meant with resentment.
(01:06:00 PM)
Integration of Princely States
(01:09:00 PM)
• Small states were brought within the fold of larger states.
• However, people continue to nurse their loyalties towards old territorial units.
Linguistic reorganization of States
• It flared up various linguistic demands which became the basis of regionalism.
Selfish Interest of Politicians
• Who took advantage of the sentiments of ignorant masses to fulfill their vested
interest.
Basis of regionalism
(01:16:00 AM)
Historical
• It supported regionalism on the basis of cultural heritage, folklore, and myth.
• For example, demand for the Dravidistan or Dravida Nadu was supported by the
theory that the Dravidian-speaking areas once had non-stratified and NonBrahminical Polity which was destroyed by Aryan conquest and their hegemony.
Geographical
• It is based on the presence of natural resources, international border (North East
Area), Climate, landforms, coastal areas, and buffer areas.
Socio Cultural
(01:24:00 PM)
• Language has been the most important mark of group identification, hence it has
given rise to linguistic Regionalism. For example, the division of greater Assam.
• Caste: The demand of Tamil Nadu was largely on the basis of caste which
provided a strong impetus to linguistic regionalism as caste base demand would
not be accepted due to the secular nature of the country.
• Religion: In the 1950s itself the leadership made it clear that any communal
demand would not be entertained as it may act as a divisive force in the society.
Therefore religious demands in the context of Punjab were presented in linguistic
garb.
• Politico Administrative: Politics does not create regionalism but accentuate
regionalism. It takes advantage of the situation of regional discontent and converts
it in its favour to strengthen its vote bank.
• Economics: It is the crux of regional politics and it is based on the fact that
resources are limited and demands are disproportionate. Even the policies of
Governments since independence have not been able to address the regional
disparity. In fact, in many cases, it has aggravated regional imbalance and
economic differences. For example, Telangana had accused Andhra of colonizing
their region by grabbing their land, and jobs, and has also blamed the government
for not investing enough in their infrastructure.
• Conclusion: hence it is the unequal distribution of developmental benefits which
has created the demand for small states.
• Son of Soil: It could be accommodated in Politico administrative as well as
in Economics areas.
•
•
•
Question: What is the basis of
regionalism? Is economic
inequality the most important factor
behind regionalism?
(150
Words/10 marks) (UPSC
Question)
Question: Do you agree that
regionalism in India appears to be a
consequence of Rising Cultural
Assertiveness? Argue.
(150
Words/10 Marks)
(UPSC
2020)
Answer Approach
o Start with the definition
of regionalism.
o The talk about cultural
assertiveness led to
regionalism.
o Also, bring the son of
the soil policy.
o Bring other factors also
such as economic,
political, and failure of
state
administration.
o Write each of them with
examples.
Types of Regionalism
(01:56:00 PM)
Inter-state
Intrastate/Subregionalism:
Loyalty or
feeling for a
part of the
state.
Supra State:
a group of
state
Secession:
Threat to
territorial
integrity
Inter-state
River water
disputes
It can be
North Indian
Demand for
States vs
the Bodoland, South Indian
Gorkhaland,
States with
Vidharbha,
respect to the
Saurashtra
official
language
issue.
Khalistan
and Greater
Nagalism
Punjab and
Haryana
with respect
North Eastern
states vs
others (Rest of
India) on the
to
Chandigarh.
issue of
development.
Question: The growing feeling of regionalism is a necessary condition for the demand for
separate states. Discuss.
(150 words/10 Marks) (UPSC 2014)
Impact of Regionalism
(02:08:00 PM)
Positive Impact
Negative Impact
It can be seen as a
threat to the overall
It plays an important
development and
role in nation-building unity of the nation
if it accommodates
especially when
federal sentiments.
regionalism
has secessionist and
violent tendencies.
Accepting the
When it is used as a
demands of the people
tool for the vote bank
gives them the right
politics.
to self-determination.
Not always regional
interest pitted against
national interest. In
fact, it can ensure
better integration of
people in overall
governance.
It might also
impact international
diplomacy.
Accommodating the
aspirations helps in
keeping political
extremism at “bay”.
Unequal distribution
of resources due to the
presence of strong
regional leaders
results in feelings of
relative deprivation.
It also enables us in
realizing the Salad
Bowl Theory of
multi-culturalism.
Question: Is regionalism a threat to national
integration? Argue with examples.
(150
Words/10 Marks)
Racial Intolerance
Concept of
Racial
Race
Intolerance
Defined as a
social group
consisting of
It is the
attitude of
prejudice
(02:26:00 PM)
Causes
Way
forward
people having
distinct physical
traits such as
skin color,
height, the
texture of hair,
etc.
towards
people of
other racial
groups.
①
According to
B.S. Guha, Six
According to
racial groups
World Value
are found in
Survey
India (Nordic,
(India and
Negrito,
Jordan are
Mongoloud,
the world’s
Proto-Austaloid,
most racially
Western
intolerant
brachycephals,
nations.
and
Mediterranean.
I
wow??
Causes of Racial Intolerance
• Obsession with fair complexion.
• Lack of cultural integration.
• The emergence of stereotypes.
• Increased incidences of violence against racial groups.
• Increased ghettoization.
• The discrepancy between the demand and supply of resources which results in the
feeling of relative deprivation due to the constant view of power.
• Reinforcing stereotypes on various cultural platforms. For example media through
advertisement, and Indian cinema through characterization.
& Lonely
Fair
• Presence of fringe elements.
• Lack of racially sensitive attitude.
↓
• Lack of deterrence.
• There have been incidences where prejudices have resulted in harassment and
attacks. For example mob attack on Tanzanian students in 2016.
• In August 2021, there was a Congo student died which led to retaliation against
Indians in Congo city.
• Similar incidences have been witnessed against North East Students, for example,
racist slurs or calling them foreign nationals.
Way Forward
• There should be a sensitization program focusing on Indian obsession with
&
particular races.
• Charismatic personalities must lend their voice to the problem of racial
Panaut
discrimination. For example, celebrating refusing to endorse afairness cream.
>
• Police need to be trained and sensitized with respect to racial attacks as well as
problems of racial groups.
• Confidence-building measures should be taken to assure racial minorities about
L their security and well-being in India.
• Educational institutions need to be more inclusive and accommodative.
-
grou
outy
Genome
net
vitiligo
influences
on
socialis
⑳Kangana
Holding workshops by the government and civil society to sensitize locals about
the culture of minorities.
• Different agencies of socialization need to provide a value system that is neutral
with respect to primordial identities.
Implications of Racial Intolerance
(02:46:00 PM)
•
* #
⑳00
Individual
Level
Societal
Level
The feeling of
Thrust to
relative
regionalism
deprivation.
National Level
It will threaten
the possibility of
national
integration.
Lack of life
with dignity.
It will negatively
Negatively
impact India’s
impact peace, potential to
and harmony emerge as an
in society
education and
business hub
Limited
access to
resources
Threaten
development
of social
capital
Negatively
impact the
bilateral relations
Lack of
availability of
opportunity
for social
mobility.
Secessionist
tendencies
(threaten the
integrity of
India)
Negatively
impact the
potential w.r.t. to
tourism.
Ghettoization
Threaten the
potential to
emerge as a
global power
Unity in
Diversity
Negatively
impact the ability
to apply soft
power.
Self
Alienation
Loss of
confidence
More
vulnerable
with respect
Resentment
to
leads to
radicalization lawlessness.
by Anti-social
elements
Anxiety fear
Skewed
migration
Crime/law and
order
disruption====>
Public
cost=====>
negatively
impacts
economic growth
Demographic
dividend benefits
will not be
reaped if the
implications
-
seeel
*
potential of youth
is not
constructively
explored.
Lack of selfefficacy
Threatening
Indian diaspora.
Inferiority
complex
Disrupt the
efforts with
respect to
inclusive
development.
Chances of
external
vulnerability
increase.
Feeling of
retaliation
⑮
#
Raceal
&
-
Bezbarnal
Committee
The recommendation Given by Bezbaruah Committee
(03:11:00 PM)
• Stringent laws are the need of the hour.
• Establishing the fast-track court for the speedy disposal of cases.
• Making use of social media outreach to create awareness in society.
• Provide legal awareness to racial minorities with respect to the Grievance
Redressal Mechanisms.
• The bonding power of sports needs to be explored.
Question: In the backdrop of the growing
incidences of racism briefly discuss its
implications in the context of Indian
society.
(150 words/10 marks)
Ethno-Nationalism
(03:15:00 PM)
EthnoNationalism
Potentially
organized
due to
⇐ subjective
realization
of objective
reality
⇓
⇑
Defined as a
social group
consisting of
people united
by ties of
common
history,
ancestry,
culture, etc.
⇓
Ethnic
antagonism
⇑
-
-
People
belonging to
an ethnic
group have
the awareness
that they are
similar and
different from
others.
Ethnic
stratification
⇓
Development
of ethnic
identity
#
•
•
⇑
⇒
Differential
access to
resources
For example, the Ceylon Citizenship Act and Sinhala Only Act were created and
were a result of Ethno-Nationalism.
With these Acts, the Tamilians were deprived of their citizenship. Thus their identity
came under threat. During that time they puta ban on the import of Tamil
Literature. They declared Simhala as the only official language and Buddhism as
the state religion.
The policy of Standardization: Reservation for the Simhalis. Thus state was
serving the interest of the majority.
-
•
Question: Linguistic, regional rather than
religious identities have been the basis of
Ethno-nationalism in India.
Discuss.
(150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach
• Ethno nationalism based its
legitimacy on language, region,
religion, etc. To include or
exclude people from the nation.
• Further, bring the abovementioned areas to the answer.
The topic for the next class discussion: Unity and Diversity, Secularism
Society Class 13
Unity in Diversity
Concept of unity
(09:06:00 AM)
Bonds of
unity in
diversity
Diversity
in Unity
Geographical
Unity
Refers to the feeling of
“one-ness”/ “We”
feeling.
Geopolitical
Unity
Regional
Factors
Geocultural
Unity
Beliefs to bonds that
bring people together.
It can be based both on Single
uniformity or difference. citizenship
Political
culture
•
•
•
Unity in diversity: It is a phrase that signifies unity among people with diverse
cultures beliefs experiences and demographic differences.
Bonds of unity in India: Geopolitical unity. The first bond of unity is found in
geopolitical integration. India is known for its geographical unity marked by the
Himalayas in the north and oceans on the side.
Amidst this geographical unity, we also stand politically united since we have
common political culture.
Kedarnath
(North)
Himalyar
wi
Oreaut
Rameshwaram
[I
Dwarika
(West)
Temple
Puri (East)
Culture
Rameshwaram (South)
Temple culture plays a significant part in promoting interaction and cultural affinity
among the people living in different parts of India.
• Hence it is the source of unity that is reflected in the network of sacred places and
shrines.
Regional Factors
• Common language is the vertical thread of unity amidst caste diversity.
• Horizontal bond of unity due to common caste practices amidst regional diversity.
•
Common
language
is the
vertical
thread of
unity
amidst
caste
diversity.
R1
R2
B
B
K
K
V
V
S
S
Horizontal
bond of
unity due
to
common
caste
practices
amidst
regional
diversity
Socio-Cultural
• Discussed with help of a diagram.
• Amidst regional diversity exists “Unity” w.r.t. “Earning religious merit by visiting
religious shrines”.
• Within a religion, there exists diversity based on sects/cults, etc. however,
teachings of common Religious scriptures act as a thread of unity.
Miscellaneous Examples
• All India services.
• Parliament.
• Railways.
• Music.
• Corporate culture.
• Educational institutions.
• Social media.
• Urban Areas, etc.
• Festivals,
• Common Constitution.
• Integrated
The handout will be uploaded for
• Difference between Sects and Cults.
• Caste in different religions.
Sasha
Question: What do you mean by Unity in
Diversity? Illustrate with examples from
socio-cultural life.
(150 Words/10
Marks)
Diversity in Unity
(09:39:00 AM)
Explained with help of a diagram.
a
↑ singlelovel
*
&
6
righte
Assignment Question: What do you mean by Diversity in Unity? Substantiate with suitable
examples.
(150 Words/10 Marks)
.
L Nationalisa Idea
Approach
Indian
before
• Diversity in Unity: It refers to the existence of plural culture with respect to
being
ethnicity, race, religion, food habit, etc. within the nation.
Tamilsan or
Secularism
(09:47:00 AM)
-
L
Concept
Models of
Secularism
It is referred to
as the “Principle
of Separation of
Government
Institution &
People who have
the mandate to
US Model
represent the
state from
religious
institutions and
its
representatives.
-
Pis
Contemporary
Issues
France Indian
UCC
Model Model
It is devoid of
both inter and
intra-religious
domination.
Triple Talaq
It promotes
equality and
freedom both
within and
between
religions.
Santhara
The sphere of
politics is
separated from
the sphere of
religion.
However, the
nature and extent
of separation
depend upon the
values it intends
to promote.
Sabarimala
Models of Secularism (09:56:00 AM)
US Model
• The concept was given by “Thomas Jefferson”.
• It was based on the following Principles
• The sphere of politics is separated from the sphere of religion.
• The state shall not adopt any religion as the state religion.
• No one shall be discriminated against based on the religion he/she practices.
• Arms-length distance between politics and religion was discussed with help of a
diagram. (09:59:00 AM)
Rationale: According to them religion constitutes personal/private matters, hence
the state has no right/or liability to interfere.
• Scope: There is no scope for “State Sponsored Religious Reforms”.
• Rights: It interprets equality and liberty with respect to the individual. No
recognition of community-based rights.
• American secularism can be defined as soft secularism.
French Model of Secularism
(10:07:00 AM)
• It is based on the concept of “Laicite”
• 1905: Law of separation of Church and state.
• There exists a strict separation of state and religion, however, although the state
does not support any religion or discourages any provided the religion is not
interfering with the state or any other citizens' rights.
• Due to its commitment to total separation, any explicit or overt religious practice or
symbol, or expression is banned from the public sphere.
• The public sphere connotes public schools, public places, public offices, etc.
•
-
G
G
Rationale
Church was all dominated
⇓
Both King and commoners wanted to curtail
the authority of the church
⇓
hence they wanted to domesticate religion.
⇓
Thus, the idea or the concept
of secularisation was put forward.
Secularisation is differentiation,
privatization, and decline in the social
significance of religion.
*
French secularism is referred to as hard secularism.
Indian Model of Secularism
(10:20:00 AM)
• Explained with help of a diagram.
• The
wall of separation is porous.
• This implies any mobilization of electoral support or vote bank based on religion is
&
not allowed in the context of India.
• The state can interfere in religion to disagree with a certain aspect of religion and
give effect to progressive voices in every religion.
• Principled Distance: It is a concept given by Rajeev Bhargava. It is the ability of
the state to interfere/abstain from interference whichever it is deemed appropriate
to ensure “Equality, liberty and justice”.
•
-
E
-
-
⑲
state
-
bar
Triple
on
Tata
right
Inheritance
women
to
Act,
succession
t
· Great
Hinder
Rationale: The region India adopted this model was that India is religiously
diverse, and although its idea of secularism might appear to be inspired by western
origin it is rooted in India’s unique socio-historic circumstances. For example,
the freedom struggle advocated equal respect for all religions.
• Scope: It is compatible with the idea of state-sponsored religious reforms.
• Rights: It deals with both individual as well community-specific rights.
Question: How Indian model of secularism is different from the western Model?
(150
words/10 Marks)
Question: What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to
secularism?
(150 Words/10 Marks) (UPSC 2019)
Approach
Challenges with the French Model of Secularism
• It fails to recognize the contemporary nature of society which is multi-cultural and
any restriction on religious expression is perceived as denial of religious rights to
minorities.
• For many religion is not just a matter of faith but also a way of life and hence
denied education
in
restricting it to the private sphere is not possible. ⑳ A
give liges
• Although France promoted freedom of expression but denying the freedom of choose
blu
religious expression undermines their civil liberty.
Personal
• Curtailing and curbing religious sentiments has backfired as there have been
Belief u
increasing incidences of radicalization.
Education
• For example Charlie Habdo Attack.
Hence France can learn the following from India
• Ensuring equal respect for all religions and recognizing the religiously plural
nature of society.
• The concept of principled distance allows interfering with regressive practices, for
example, the supreme court intervention in Sabarimala to ensure gender
equality.
• We have been able to ensure a balance between freedom of expression and religion
by incorporating the provision of reasonable restrictions.
• Ours is a positive secularism as it provides enough space for everyone to promote
and propagate their religion without infringing on the rights of others.
•
&
-
bea
Female
can't
pope
⑳
Question: Do you think that the separation of state
and religion is a sufficient criterion for the existence
of secularism? Comment in the context of interreligious and intra-religious domination in
India.
(150 Words/10 Marks)
Contemporary Issues
(11:02:00 AM)
Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
Arguments in favour of the UCC
• It refers to a common body/set of laws that govern in the area of personal
matters (Marriage, adoption, inheritance, etc.) of all individuals irrespective of their
religious background.
• Article 44, states about “UCC”.
• It will promote unity and national integration.
• It will help to bring an end to vote bank politics. It will help in upholding the spirit
of true secularism and also ensure the application and implementation of Article
44.
It will reduce religion-based conflict.
It helps us in realizing in essence the spirit of scientific temper and rationality.
Argument Against the UCC
• It would lead to women empowerment is an over-exaggerated argument since
there have been some changes in the laws to uplift the status of women i.e.
inheritance despite that women share with respect to property ownership not
changed much.
• It goes against the principle of the Salad Bowl Theory of multiculturalism.
• Cultural Lag in society. The difference in pace with the core value changes with
respect to the peripheral value.
• In absence of a blueprint, there is an apprehension that it is the means of imposing
to
majoritarian culture over minorities. One of the challenges with respect to UCC is
state
1st
instead of being viewed from the lens of progress, empowerment, and justice, it is
being viewed from the prism of religious differences.
vaa
- • Lack of emotional intelligence among the people to understand the essence of
UCC.
• Any effort may backfire because of problems of cultural chauvinism, the
politicization of the religious issue, and lack of education on scientific temper.
• It will further aggravate the incidences of religion-based conflict.
&
• Fear of retaliation.
• According to the Law Commission Report 2018, UCC is neither necessary nor
desirable as society is not yet prepared for it.
Recent
• Overall democracies can be established in countries that are multicultural.
Bill
However, efforts should be made to end cultural exclusion, the development of
Waff
complementary identities, and the promotion of unity in diversity.
• National Cohesion does not require the imposition of a common identity but the
accommodation of diversity.
• Conclusion: hence any decision with respect to UCC should be on the basis of
popular consensus.
•
•
warnhard
implement
enge
elet
Amendment
Question: Uniform Civil Code is much
needed for India to progress in the
21st century. Critically analyzed the
statement.
(150 Words/10 Marks)
Question: Discuss the possible factors that
inhibited the government to implement a
uniform civil code.
(200 Words/12.5
marks) (UPSC 2015)
Antewise untland
*
Way Forward
• Instead of implementing Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in a single step foot in the door
technique should be used.
• Persuading the respective religious leader to create awareness among the people
with respect to what constitutes UCC.
• Prepare a draft and while it's being prepared all the stakeholders need to be
Biel
involved and once the draft is prepared it should be put on the public platform
for three Ds (Deliberation, discussion, and debate).
the time a popular consensus is being built continuous efforts should be made
Draft De • Till
with respect to individual religious reforms.
⑭y
needs
③
-useration
-Discussion
-
D
-
detailed
studen
Implation
e
At the same time, NGOs civil societies, and various cultural platforms should be
used to promote inter-religious harmony.
The topic for the next class discussion: Secularism will be continued, Population, and
associated values
•
Society Class 13
Unity in Diversity
Concept of unity
(09:06:00 AM)
Bonds of
unity in
diversity
Diversity
in Unity
Geographical
Unity
Refers to the feeling of
“one-ness”/ “We”
feeling.
Geopolitical
Unity
Beliefs to bonds that
bring people together.
It can be based both on Single
uniformity or difference. citizenship
Regional
Factors
Geocultural
Unity
Political
culture
•
•
•
Unity in diversity: It is a phrase that signifies unity among people with diverse
cultures beliefs experiences and demographic differences.
Bonds of unity in India: Geopolitical unity. The first bond of unity is found in
geopolitical integration. India is known for its geographical unity marked by the
Himalayas in the north and oceans on the side.
Amidst this geographical unity, we also stand politically united since we have
common political culture.
Kedarnath
(North)
Dwarika
(West)
Temple
Puri (East)
Culture
Rameshwaram (South)
Temple culture plays a significant part in promoting interaction and cultural affinity
among the people living in different parts of India.
• Hence it is the source of unity that is reflected in the network of sacred places and
shrines.
Regional Factors
• Common language is the vertical thread of unity amidst caste diversity.
• Horizontal bond of unity due to common caste practices amidst regional diversity.
•
Common
language
is the
vertical
thread of
unity
amidst
caste
diversity.
R1
R2
B
B
K
K
V
V
S
S
Horizontal
bond of
unity due
to
common
caste
practices
amidst
regional
diversity
Socio-Cultural
• Discussed with help of a diagram.
• Amidst regional diversity exists “Unity” w.r.t. “Earning religious merit by visiting
religious shrines”.
• Within a religion, there exists diversity based on sects/cults, etc. however,
teachings of common Religious scriptures act as a thread of unity.
Miscellaneous Examples
• All India services.
• Parliament.
• Railways.
• Music.
• Corporate culture.
• Educational institutions.
Social media.
Urban Areas, etc.
Festivals,
Common Constitution.
Integrated
The handout will be uploaded for
• Difference between Sects and Cults.
• Caste in different religions.
•
•
•
•
•
Question: What do you mean by Unity in
Diversity? Illustrate with examples from
socio-cultural life.
(150 Words/10
Marks)
Diversity in Unity
(09:39:00 AM)
Explained with help of a diagram.
Assignment Question: What do you mean by Diversity in Unity? Substantiate with suitable
examples.
(150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach
• Diversity in Unity: It refers to the existence of plural culture with respect to
ethnicity, race, religion, food habit, etc. within the nation.
Secularism
(09:47:00 AM)
Concept
Models of
Secularism
It is referred to
as the “Principle
of Separation of
Government
Institution &
People who have
the mandate to
US Model
represent the
state from
religious
institutions and
its
representatives.
Contemporary
Issues
France Indian
UCC
Model Model
It is devoid of
both inter and
intra-religious
domination.
Triple Talaq
It promotes
equality and
freedom both
within and
between
religions.
Santhara
The sphere of
politics is
separated from
the sphere of
religion.
However, the
nature and extent
of separation
depend upon the
values it intends
to promote.
Sabarimala
Models of Secularism (09:56:00 AM)
US Model
• The concept was given by “Thomas Jefferson”.
• It was based on the following Principles
• The sphere of politics is separated from the sphere of religion.
• The state shall not adopt any religion as the state religion.
• No one shall be discriminated against based on the religion he/she practices.
• Arms-length distance between politics and religion was discussed with help of a
diagram. (09:59:00 AM)
• Rationale: According to them religion constitutes personal/private matters, hence
the state has no right/or liability to interfere.
• Scope: There is no scope for “State Sponsored Religious Reforms”.
• Rights: It interprets equality and liberty with respect to the individual. No
recognition of community-based rights.
• American secularism can be defined as soft secularism.
French Model of Secularism
(10:07:00 AM)
• It is based on the concept of “Laicite”
• 1905: Law of separation of Church and state.
• There exists a strict separation of state and religion, however, although the state
does not support any religion or discourages any provided the religion is not
interfering with the state or any other citizens' rights.
• Due to its commitment to total separation, any explicit or overt religious practice or
symbol, or expression is banned from the public sphere.
• The public sphere connotes public schools, public places, public offices, etc.
Rationale
Church was all dominated
⇓
Both King and commoners wanted to curtail
the authority of the church
⇓
hence they wanted to domesticate religion.
⇓
Thus, the idea or the concept
of secularisation was put forward.
Secularisation is differentiation,
privatization, and decline in the social
significance of religion.
French secularism is referred to as hard secularism.
Indian Model of Secularism
(10:20:00 AM)
• Explained with help of a diagram.
• The wall of separation is porous.
• This implies any mobilization of electoral support or vote bank based on religion is
not allowed in the context of India.
• The state can interfere in religion to disagree with a certain aspect of religion and
give effect to progressive voices in every religion.
• Principled Distance: It is a concept given by Rajeev Bhargava. It is the ability of
the state to interfere/abstain from interference whichever it is deemed appropriate
to ensure “Equality, liberty and justice”.
• Rationale: The region India adopted this model was that India is religiously
diverse, and although its idea of secularism might appear to be inspired by western
origin it is rooted in India’s unique socio-historic circumstances. For example,
the freedom struggle advocated equal respect for all religions.
• Scope: It is compatible with the idea of state-sponsored religious reforms.
• Rights: It deals with both individual as well community-specific rights.
Question: How Indian model of secularism is different from the western Model?
(150
words/10 Marks)
Question: What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to
secularism?
(150 Words/10 Marks) (UPSC 2019)
Approach
Challenges with the French Model of Secularism
• It fails to recognize the contemporary nature of society which is multi-cultural and
any restriction on religious expression is perceived as denial of religious rights to
minorities.
• For many religion is not just a matter of faith but also a way of life and hence
restricting it to the private sphere is not possible.
• Although France promoted freedom of expression but denying the freedom of
religious expression undermines their civil liberty.
• Curtailing and curbing religious sentiments has backfired as there have been
increasing incidences of radicalization.
• For example Charlie Habdo Attack.
Hence France can learn the following from India
• Ensuring equal respect for all religions and recognizing the religiously plural
nature of society.
• The concept of principled distance allows interfering with regressive practices, for
example, the supreme court intervention in Sabarimala to ensure gender
equality.
• We have been able to ensure a balance between freedom of expression and religion
by incorporating the provision of reasonable restrictions.
• Ours is a positive secularism as it provides enough space for everyone to promote
and propagate their religion without infringing on the rights of others.
•
Question: Do you think that the separation of state
and religion is a sufficient criterion for the existence
of secularism? Comment in the context of interreligious and intra-religious domination in
India.
(150 Words/10 Marks)
Contemporary Issues
(11:02:00 AM)
Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
Arguments in favour of the UCC
• It refers to a common body/set of laws that govern in the area of personal
matters (Marriage, adoption, inheritance, etc.) of all individuals irrespective of their
religious background.
• Article 44, states about “UCC”.
• It will promote unity and national integration.
• It will help to bring an end to vote bank politics. It will help in upholding the spirit
of true secularism and also ensure the application and implementation of Article
44.
• It will reduce religion-based conflict.
• It helps us in realizing in essence the spirit of scientific temper and rationality.
Argument Against the UCC
• It would lead to women empowerment is an over-exaggerated argument since
there have been some changes in the laws to uplift the status of women i.e.
inheritance despite that women share with respect to property ownership not
changed much.
• It goes against the principle of the Salad Bowl Theory of multiculturalism.
• Cultural Lag in society. The difference in pace with the core value changes with
respect to the peripheral value.
• In absence of a blueprint, there is an apprehension that it is the means of imposing
majoritarian culture over minorities. One of the challenges with respect to UCC is
instead of being viewed from the lens of progress, empowerment, and justice, it is
being viewed from the prism of religious differences.
• Lack of emotional intelligence among the people to understand the essence of
UCC.
• Any effort may backfire because of problems of cultural chauvinism, the
politicization of the religious issue, and lack of education on scientific temper.
• It will further aggravate the incidences of religion-based conflict.
• Fear of retaliation.
• According to the Law Commission Report 2018, UCC is neither necessary nor
desirable as society is not yet prepared for it.
• Overall democracies can be established in countries that are multicultural.
However, efforts should be made to end cultural exclusion, the development of
complementary identities, and the promotion of unity in diversity.
• National Cohesion does not require the imposition of a common identity but the
accommodation of diversity.
• Conclusion: hence any decision with respect to UCC should be on the basis of
popular consensus.
Question: Uniform Civil Code is much
needed for India to progress in the
21st century. Critically analyzed the
statement.
(150 Words/10 Marks)
Question: Discuss the possible factors that
inhibited the government to implement a
uniform civil code.
(200 Words/12.5
marks) (UPSC 2015)
Way Forward
• Instead of implementing Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in a single step foot in the door
technique should be used.
• Persuading the respective religious leader to create awareness among the people
with respect to what constitutes UCC.
• Prepare a draft and while it's being prepared all the stakeholders need to be
involved and once the draft is prepared it should be put on the public platform
for three Ds (Deliberation, discussion, and debate).
• Till the time a popular consensus is being built continuous efforts should be made
with respect to individual religious reforms.
• At the same time, NGOs civil societies, and various cultural platforms should be
used to promote inter-religious harmony.
The topic for the next class discussion: Secularism will be continued, Population, and
associated values
Society Class 14
Judiciapapess
O
INTRODUCTION (9:10 AM)
• Overview of the previous class- continuation of secularism
DOCTRINE OF ESSENTIAL RELIGIOUS PRACTICES vs. JUDICIOPAPISM (9:11 AM)
essentiality emerged in the Shirur math case in
1954.
E
* • The doctrine of&
• This doctrine is to protect those practices which are essential and integral to the
religion.
• It specified that the term religion covers all rituals, practices, even dressing, etc.
• However, it also specified that the judiciary will decide what constitutes
essential practice.
• This has been a bone of contention as it leads to acts of judiciopapism.
There have been various judgments, for example:
• In Anand Margi's case (performing Taandav on road does not constitute ERP.)
• Ismail Farooqui Case (offering namaz in a mosque does not constitute ERP.)
• Church of God Case (offering prayer is essential, but not on the loudspeaker.)
SANTHARA (9:27 AM)
• It is a practice of voluntarily giving up on food and water to end life.
• A PIL was filed by
Nikhil Soni in the Rajasthan High court.
E
• The court banned santhara on the following grounds:
-
6
Jainism
*
-
Tsudiciamp
juapit
challenges
B
a
Se
(1) Right to life does not include the Right to die, hence not protected under Article
21.
• It does not constitute ERP. However, the judgment was challenged in the
Supreme Court and the ban was lifted on the following grounds:
• (a) High court made an error in interpreting Jain practices.
• (b) Jain scholars were not consulted by the High Court.
• (c) It can not be equated with suicide as suicide is impulsive.
TRIPLE TALAQ (9:31 AM)
• Talaq-i-biddat is declared null and void in the context of the Shayra Bano Case.
*X
• Post this judgment the government passed the Muslim Women Protection of
Rights on Marriage Act 2019.
• Provisions:
• (1) It declared Talaq-i-biddat (Triple Talaq) as a criminal offense, with a 3-year
jail term and a fine.
• (2) It has been made cognizable when the information is provided by the woman
herself or any blood relative.
• (3) Provision of reconciliation without Nikaah Halala if the party agrees to stop the
legal proceedings.
• (4) Provision for allowance and custody of the child.
• (5) The magistrate can grant bail after hearing the wife.
Analysis (9:49 AM)
Positives:
• It will act as a source of deterrence.
• It will ensure gender equality and social justice.
• It provides a grievance redressal mechanism for women since Talaaq-i-biddat is
considered a sin, it does not constitute ERP.
• It helps in challenging the patriarchal hegemony.
• The provision of maintenance addresses the problem of economic vulnerability.
• The provision of reconciliation without Nikaah-halala will help in upholding the
dignity of women.
Counter-arguments:
• It is believed by some that criminalizing a civil offense is wrong.
• It will be a challenge to provide an allowance when the person is in jail.
• It might result in rising cases of divorce or abandonment of women.
• It might be misused by certain women to settle their personal scores.
• In fact, it is believed that the practice of nikah-halala is a violation of women's
rights and this practice needs to be criminalized or addressed.
• Although the act was made non-bailable to ensure stringency later flexibility was
introduced by incorporating the bail provision which again creates the ground for
misuse.
SABARIMALA (9:57 AM)
Arguments in favor:
• (1) Banning entry was derogatory to the dignity of women.
• (2) Individual's dignity can not be at the mercy of a mob.
• (3) Patriarchy in religion can not supersede the freedom to practice religion.
• (4) Exclusion based on biological or physiological factors is unconstitutional.
•
(5) Prohibition is a form of untouchability under Article 17 (Although this
interpretation was challenged by the dissenting judge, it was countered by putting
forward the 'Doctrine of Living Tree.')
• (6) Prohibition is not an ERP and hence not protected under Article 25.
• According to them, Fundamental Rights are meant for individuals and not for
deities.
Counter-arguments:
• (1) Religious communities should decide what constitutes ERP.
• (2) Diversity is being confused with discrimination.
• (3) Different temples have different customs, so what is observed in Sabarimala is
not discrimination but restriction.
• (4) Prohibition is not an act of patriarchy, but there exists a historical origin where
the restriction is due to the celibate nature of God.
• (5) It was also argued to take into consideration the unique geographical aspect of
the temple and it can be challenging for women to travel up to the temple.
• (6) In pluralistic societies like India, entertaining PILs challenging various religious
practices can cause damage to constitutional provisions and the multi-cultural
fabric of India.
Question: What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of
secularism? (UPSC) (150 Words)
POPULATION-ASSOCIATED ISSUES (10:19 AM)
The debate concerning population:
Liability:
• Stress on limited resources.
• With increased social comparison => Feeling of relative deprivation => Mobilization
of masses on primordial identities + Constant view of Power => Social Conflicts =>
Diversion of resources to maintain law & order
• Overall, it leads to a threat to sustainable development.
• In addition, a negative impact on social indicators is seen.
• A negative impact on social capital is also a concern.
• However, treating the population as a liability is a one-sided accentuation of the
reality as the same population can act as an asset if turned into Human Capital.
Asset:
Human Capital social
*
• It consists of knowledge, skill, and health accumulated throughout life so as to
realize their full potential and become productive assets for society.
Sources of human capital formation:
• Expenditure on social infrastructure, migration in search of job opportunities, or
expenditure on information related to the job market, etc.
Prospects for human capital formation:
(1) At an individual level
• Opportunity for growth
• Sense of fulfillment when acting as a productive asset.
• Cognitive development
• Feeling of happiness
• It will reduce the feeling of self-alienation.
(2) At the family level
• The standard of living will increase
•
capital
Positive reinforcement of inter-personal relationships in the family
Family bonds and cohesiveness will improve.
It will reduce the vulnerability of the family to various shocks and disasters.
(3) At the societal level
• Social cohesion, increased trust in social institutions, and reduction in social
conflicts, society needs sufficient human capital to produce further human capital,
for example, skilled training professionals.
• With increased skills, it creates specialized labor leading to economic
interdependence which will further promote social solidarity.
• It will reduce the incidences of social exclusion and will help in creating a
progressive society.
(4) At National Level
• It will encourage innovation.
• It will ensure sustainable development, reduce poverty, and complement physical
capital as people will now know how to utilize it.
• It will enable the nation to reap the benefits of a demographic dividend.
• The goodwill of the nation will improve at the international level.
Overall, the government has taken various steps with respect to human capital
formation. Ayushman Bharat, Skill India, National Education Policy, POSHAN Abhiyan
(NNM), etc.
Question: To what extent investment in human capital formation is the need of the hour?
Discuss.
Demography:
Concept: Population and Characteristics
• It refers to the trends and processes dealing with the structure and composition of
the population.
• For Example, Birth Rate, Death rate, etc.
Types:
• Two types of demography are there:
• (1) Formal Demography
• Statistical inquiry into various aspects of the population. For Example, IMR, Sex
ratio, Child Sex Ratio, etc.
• (2) Informal Demography
• Refers to the social analysis of statistical inquiry. For example, Causes, implications
of data
Demographic Dividend
• Currently, the population in the working age group (15-59 years) is 62.5 years.
• It is expected to peak in 2036 (65%).
• The average age of Indians is 28 years as against 37 in Europe and 44 in Japan.
• There exists a bulge in the working-age population which creates a potential for
economic growth of the nation.
Reasons:
• (1) Independent population > Dependent population.
• Result = More income => More savings => Increase in disposable income => Increase
in domestic demand
• (2) More savings is done in the working age group as it is the prime period for saving
resources.
•
•
•
(3) Increased working-age population also leads to a swelling of the workforce
which will enhance the productivity of the economy.
• (4) Increased working-age population along with a decline in fertility has created
the potential for increased participation of women in the labor market.
• (5) More revenue along with a lack of expenditure on the population has created
fiscal space for the government to invest in social infrastructure.
• (6) Employment-seeking population will create pressure on the government to
satisfy their demands which will further lead to industrialization and urbanization.
• (7) More working people will reduce the cost of labor which will further increase the
competitiveness of the industries in the global market.
• (8) The shift toward middle-class society will create the potential for growth as it is
the aspirational class.
• (9) 65% population in the working age group creates the potential for India to
emerge as a superpower. However, it only creates potential and does not
guarantee it. Because it depends upon two important factors:
• (a) Quality of workforce
• Health, education, skill development
• (b) Job opportunities
• Creating jobs: Self-employment, expansion of the manufacturing sector,
conducive environment for increasing women participation, regular skill
upgradation to increase the desirability of workers in the labor market, etc.
• Education content should be market driven.
• Making labor laws flexible so as to reduce the incidences of industries going for
labor substitution technologies.
• Creating the culture of startups by enhancing their utility through media.
• Investing in the gig economy.
Question: “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower
becomes more educated, aware, skilled, and creative.” What measures have been taken by
the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and
employable? (UPSC 2016) (150 words/10 Marks)
ASSIGNMENT QUESTION (WRITTEN IN THE CLASS) (11:37 AM)
• Is population growth responsible for poverty or poverty is responsible for
population growth? Discuss. (150 Words) (UPSC)
•
Question: The sex ratio among
tribals is more than SR in the
general population.
Approach:
• Start with quoting
data.
• Define sex ratio.
• Reasons:
• (a) Presence of
matriarchal +
matrilocal societies
• (b) Lack of presence
of sexual Division of
labor
• Hence, women are
economically
•
•
•
•
productive and not
considered a liability.
Lack of absence of
social evil of dowry.
The status of women
and girl child is
better.
Geographical
isolation => lack of
sanskritzation.
Limited education
and limited access to
technology => fewer
incidences of sexselective abortions.
Factors affecting population change:
• Fertility
• Mortality
• Migration
Vulnerable sectors of the population:
• Child issues
• Old age
• Persons with disability
• Transgenders
Population policy in India
TOPIC FOR THE NEXT CLASS: CONTINUATION OF POPULATION-RELATED ISSUES
6
Society Class 15
Factors affecting population change.
(09:06:00 AM)
Fertility
• It is defined as the actual bearing of the children in the reproductive age group.
• Fertility Rate: It refers to the number of live birth during a year per thousand
females year in the age group 15 to 49.
• According to National Family Health Survey, the fertility rate has declined to 2
which is less than 2.1 which is the replacement fertility rate.
• However, there are certain exceptions such as Bihar, Meghalaya, UP, Manipur,
Jharkhand, etc. where the Fertility rate is above the national average.
Causes of High Fertility Rate
• Poverty or Low socio-economic development.
• Son meta preference.
>
• The mindset of society is that more children imply more working hands.
• Illiteracy, and lack of awareness regarding family planning methods.
• Social issues such as child marriage, low status of women, and religious ideologies,
due to patriarchy reproductive rights are not available to women.
• High Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Child Mortality Rate (CMR).
• The decline in death Rate vis-à-vis birth rate is due to increase access to improved
health infrastructure.
•
Universalization of heterosexual norms of marriage with the prime purpose of
af
progeny/reproduction.
• Prevalence of joint family structure.
• The stigma associated with talks about sexual rights and family planning methods.
• Lack of
4A (Availability, Accessibility, Affordability,
Awareness) with respect to
family planning methods.
• Regional variation with respect to access to social infrastructure. For example, in
Highes
Kerala fertility rate is one of the lowest due to the universalization of literacy, and
Antenatal care.
• Whereas in on the other hand, it is one of the highest in UP where the literacy rate is
67% and only 25% of women have access to antenatal care.
• With the desire to maintain the purity of lineage there are increased incidences of
surrogacy and the culture of adoption is yet to be an accepted phenomenon.
Question: In the backdrop of India emerging as the most populous nation in the world discuss
the implication of this development.
(150 Words/10 Marks)
Question: The window to realise India’s demographic potential is narrowing with time.
Discuss in the context of factors affecting employability. Suggest some measures. (150
Words/10 Marks)
Approach
• Jobless growth.
• Education System
• Human Capital lacking
Child Policy
zuastage
population
#
u
In the context of India, we do not have a national policy with respect to the specific
number of children. In the post-independence period, the family welfare
programme which was adopted is voluntary in nature.
• Although there are some stages in Assam, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Odisha, and
Andhra where there exist two child norms with respect to a government job and
elected position.
Two Child Policy
(09:34:00 AM)
•
Argument in favour
Argument against
Due to the high
population, there has
been stress on limited
resources, increase
incidences of
unemployment, limited
access to quality
education, lack of
ability of the
government to
transform resources into
capital,
Already Total Fertility
Rate (TFR) has
declined below the *
replacement level.
due to the increase in
the dependent
population, there has
been a decline in the
standard of living,
India has the highest
rate of tubectomy i.e.
37% of women have
gone sterilization, this
number may further
increase.
Population growth has
also led to ecological
degradation
⑳
O
-
-
Sex-selective abortion
and infanticide due to
desire for the male
child.
-
-
-
A high fertility rate is
also responsible for
Maternal Depletion
Syndrome (MDS).
Destabilization of the
family as an institution.
For example, increased
divorces, desertion of
wife, abandonment of
children (child with
disability and girl
child),
Malnourishment is
experienced by women
due to early and
frequent pregnancies.
It will be a coercive
policy which is in
contravention of Article
21 of the constitution.
A high Fertility Rate
(HFR) also disrupts the
opportunity for
demographic dividend.
The negative
implication of China’s
one-child policy
(skewed sex ratio,
increase
.
-
violence against
women, ageing
population, a fast
declining workforce,
etc.
One of the reasons for
the HFR is the lack of
awareness about the
benefit of the small
family.
All these issues can be
addressed if we have
specific policies.
Way Forward
• People should decide on a voluntary basis hence the strategy should be choice
based and the following steps can be taken:
• Enhance awareness about the benefits of family planning, contraceptives, etc.
• Investment in education (Education is the best contraceptive) as it enhances
motivation to birth control.
Der
women
• Focus on making women an agency of change (Amartya Sen).
Momented
• Investment in women's health, education rights etc. will automatically reduce the
Develop
IMR, CMR, MMR, etc.
Ensure high economic growth. Studies have shown that if India manages to lift the
poorest 20% out of poverty, the fertility rate would be about 1.9. An increase in
marriageable age will create maturity among couples and informed decisionmaking with respect to reproductive rate.
• According to MS Swaminathan government should discontinue monetary
incentives for sterilization instead focus should be towards behavioural change
such as reducing the taboo related to the use of contraceptives.
Question: To what extent two-child policy is desirable with respect to Indian Society?
Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Question: There exists a stark north-south divide with respect to demography. In this context
discuss how the policy formulation should take place.
(150 Words/10 Marks)
Migration
(10:04:00 AM)
•
-
Concept
Type of migration
Causes
It is defined as
geographical/spatial
mobility from one
region to another
which involves a
change in residence
for a considerable
period of time.
Based on duration
Based on destination
Statistics
Permanent
Internal/International
Implication
Way
Forwar
-women maily
Semi-permanent
Rural to rural (62%)
Seasonal/temporary/circular
Rural to urban (20%) -en
Urabn to Uraban
(13%)
mentnomen
Urban to rural (5%)
-
.
-
-
corid
like
According to the census 2011, 450 million internal migrants.
Situation
37% of the population is migrants.
68% of migrants are women (the major reason is marriage)
Feminization of migration.
The main source regions in India are UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,
The main destination regions are Delhi, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, etc.
According to the census 2011 migrants are defined as those individuals whose
place of residence is different from their place of birth or place of last residence.
There are three types of Migration
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
cement
·
Permanent
Sources
When X moves to the
destination area for a long
period of time without any
intention of coming back
Destination
Semi-permanent
Sources
If X moves to the destination
area but due to:
• Limited jobs.
• High cost of living.
• And decline in the
standard of living
Is forced back to source area
Destination
Seasonal/temporary/circular
Sources
X move to the destination region
for economic sustenance during
the lean period and voluntarily
Destination
comes back once the period is
over it is known as Seasonal
migration
Causes of Internal Migration
Source
Destination
-
-
Push Factor
• Agriculture
distress
• Lack of
alternative
employment
opportunities.
• Low
remunerative
nature of
agriculture.
• Lack of
access to
basic
infrastructure
like health,
education,
and skill.
Pull Factors
• Globalization.
• Industrialization.
• Commercialization
of agriculture.
• Access to good
quality social
infrastructure.
⑨
Economics
Pull Back
•
•
Government
schemes for
livelihood
opportunity.
Development
of counter
magnets
Push Back
• Overcrowding,
congestion.
• High disease
burden.
• The decline in
quality of life.
Counter Magnet: It is a deliberate intervention by the state to reduce the burden of
migrants on a specific destination area and divert traffic. For example, to reduce
pressure on Mumbai, Pune and Nashik were developed.
Socio-Cultural
•
②o
Source
Destination
Push Factor
• Availability
of resources
based on
primordial
identities.
• Caste-based
occupational
division of
labour.
• Patriarchy
leads to the
Pull Factors
• Marriage
• Urbanism.
• Heterogeneity.
• Anonymity.
• Emerging
opportunities
for social
mobility
irrespective of
socio-cultural
status.
low status of
women.
•
It also depends
upon the social
fabric of the
area. For
example,
tolerance,
accommodation,
and equality of
opportunity.
Sociocultural
Pull Back Factor
• The feeling of
nativism.
• Family
Reunification.
③
Push Back Factor
• Ghettoization
based on
cultural identity.
• Lack of
accommodation
i.e. cultural
chauvinism.
• Inequalities are
replicated.
• Lack of cultural
integration as
natives are
insulating
themselves from
any cultural
interaction.
• Cultural shock
(marginal man).
• Due to
anonymous
living, it creates
a situation of
isolation and
alienation.
Political factor
Source
Destination
Push Factor
• Development
Trisals a led
displacement
• Lack of proper
implementation
Saveal
of government
policies and
schemes.
Narmada
somarah
Dam
Pull Factors
• Good
Governance.
• Political
freedom.
• Safety and
Security.
• Increased
opportunity
↓
Nuclear plantmining hand
in
⑱Mage
•
•
State-led
persecution.
Lack of
opportunities
for political
participation.
for political
participation
and
association.
Political
Pull Back Factor
• Change in
political
leadership.
• Strengthening
of the local
governance.
Push Back Factor
• Son of the
theory.
Assignment Question (55817): Internal migration is not only influenced by the pattern of
development but also the social structure of society. In this context discuss the causes of
migration in India. (150 Words/10 marks)
Consequences
(11:02:00 AM)
Sources
Region
Sociocultural
Economic
Demographic
Political
Migrants
act as an
agent of
social
change
Loss of
human
resources.
If malespecific
migration
The decline in
political and
Diffusion
of new
ideas with
respect to
family
planning,
girl
education,
etc.
If it draws
surplus
labour, then
win-win
situation.
However,
the absence
of a male
(adult) for Benefits of
long period remittances
may lead to
the
dislocation
The Birth Rate
will decline
Feminization
of labour
market.
Diffusion of
responsibility
by political
leaders.
Although it
creates
potential for
efficient
service
delivery
of the
family.
Provides
opportunities
for the
government
to invest
resources for
the
development
of a reduced
population
It will increase
the probability
of child labour.
It will increase
the dependent
population.
Destination region
The migration of people from different cultures gives rise to
cosmopolitan culture.
Broadening of the mental horizon.
Increase in social tolerance.
Promotion of unity in diversity.
Migrants are perceived to take away the jobs of locals,
compete for scarce resources, feeling of relative deprivation,
increase crime, etc.
·
development of
cultural pockets
-
-
Limited opportunities lead to a high cost of living which
further leads to slum proliferation.
It also creates ground for regional politics. For example son
of the soil concept.
Skewed sex ratio in case of male-specific migration.
Failure of state administration to ensure good governance
due to the increase in population.
Inter-community conflict will increase
Impact on Migrants
(11:23:00 AM)
Positive Impact
Negative Impact
Opportunity for
upward social
mobility.
Devoid of skills
information and
bargaining power
migrants are often
caught in exploitative
labour arrangements.
Lack of social security
benefits, lack of
minimum wages, lack
of safe housing,
Strengthening of social
sanitation, etc. there
capital.
exists a constant threat
of displacement,
eviction, and poor
health.
Lack of proper
identification and
documentation creates
ground for political
exclusion.
·
women
in
Achie
-
Development of social
tolerance.
Scope of innovation.
-
-
According to the
census 2011, 57.8% of
female migrants and
25.8% of male
migrants are illiterate.
80% of children of
seasonal migrants do
not have access to
education.
40% of the children
experienced abuse
Often the migrants are
victims of the identity
of politics. Which
further aggravates their
vulnerability.
Hardship magnifies
when one the state
boundaries are crossed
because of significant
differences in culture.
In the absence of
credible data, the
migrants often remain
out of the bounds of
government and civil
society.
The problem of
intergenerational
transmission of
poverty.
6
Nissam
↳
lauer for gene
citizens
college
&
.
-
Migrants may become
victims to a wave of
westernisation which
may lead to the
Sanskritization of an
unsustainable lifestyle.
Due to the abovementioned points, it
may create the issue of
social, political and
economic exclusion
and hence we can
conclude they may
reduce the status of
Ghost Citizen.
E
There is a specific Act with respect to migrants known as the Inter-State Migrants
Workman Act, of 1979.
Way Forward
• The mainstream concern of the migrants especially while making national
development plans.
• Prioritise implementation of existing laws.
• Sensitization and training of policymakers, local government officials, NGOs,
employers, financial institutions, etc. regarding the obstacles faced by migrants in
accessing services.
• Revise the design of the census and surveys to ensure the collection of agedisaggregated and sex-disaggregated data of migrants.
• Creation of migrant labour cells in each state’s labour department.
• Conduct a detailed countrywide mapping of internal migration.
• Encourage state-level research institutions to develop the state migration profile.
For example, timing, duration, composition, etc.
• Built the capacity of the Panchayat to maintain the database of migrant workers.
• Create inter-districts and inter-state coordination committees to jointly plan
institutional arrangements with respect to service delivery.
• The politicization of migration needs to be checked for which: Active participation
of NGOs and Civil societies to remove the mistrust between natives and migrants.
Development of source region to address the issue of skewed and repaid migration.
Home Assignment work for the students:
• Government efforts with respect to migrants.
• Prepare a table in the context of the following:
•
Food Security
…………………………..
Health
………………………………….
Legislative Mechanism
……………………………………………..
Employment and Livelihood
opportunities
………………………………………………………
The topic for the next class discussion: Urbanization, Counter Urbanization
Society Class 16
Sour
>
issues
Vulnerable Sections (09:05 PM)
• Child Issue
• Old Age
• PwDs
• Transgender
Child Issue:
• Who is a child?
• Child Labour Prohibition Act (<14 years)
• Factories Act (<15 years)
• Juvenile Justice Act (<16 years)
• POCSO (<18 years)
• Rights of child:
• According to UNCRC has 4 fundamental rights
• Right tosurvival, Right to development, Right to participation, Right to protection.
• GOI has enacted a national policy for children in 2013
• In order to give effect to UNCRC, the government introduced the national policy for
children.
• It recognises every individual less than 18 as a child.
• It has identified key priority areas, survival, development, protection and
participation.
• To give effect GOI has enacted a National plan of action for children (NPAC)
prepared by MoWCD.
• CNational plan of action for children3
• Survival - Universal Immunisation, universalisation of MCH, robust and quality pre,
① peri and postnatal care. Janani Smaksha Yojana_
> scheme
• Protection-Strengthening of the legislative administrative and institution
posco
mechanisms wrt children.
• Development - Widening ambit of RTE to incorporate secondary education and
Ensure 4A'Q wrt to education.
• Participation-Effective participation of children wrt planning and implementation
of policies concerning them eg Bal Panchayat (UNICEF).
• To implement NPAC, the MoWCD has created NCAG (National Coordination and
Action Group).
Child sexual abuse:
• Statistics:
• According to NCRB, out of all the crimes against children, 36% fall under POCSO.
-
-
-
-
①
③
-
④
-
O
-
-
A study was conducted by the MoWCD.
53% of children are subjected to abuse.
90% of them are committed by a known person.
6% of cases are reported.
Child sexual abuse is shrouded in secrecy.
Causes for increased Child sexual abuseover
lack
Low bargaining power
children
Lack of attention due to dual-career families.
them
The disintegration of joint families
:
among what
with
Poverty, patriarchy, rigid casteism
Lack of awareness among children
Lack of safe places
Lack of democratic parenting due to which there is a high power distance and lack
of communication.
• Corruption of the value system has resulted in the objectification and
commodification of children eg child pornography.
• Dysfunctional families.
• Lack of state institutional care for children in terms of quality and quantity wrt to
surrendered, orphaned and abandoned children.
•5
Individual factors• Often the culprits are psychopaths and they themselves are victims of child sexual
abuse.
*
• Broken window theory i.e. absence of fear of conviction.
• About POCSO:
• Under POCSO, the conviction rate is 28.2% and the pendency rate is 89%.
• According to SC, it has failed to deliver.
• The Ministry of Law and Justice has established FTCs for the speedy delivery of
cases.
•Challenges wrt POCSO:
• Poor reporting of the cases.
• Lack of adequate infra, for example, lack of sensitised police officers, overburdened
judiciary, lack of trained prosecutors, lack of adequate compensation, NCPCR,
SCPCR have not performed their functions.
•Way forward:
• Formulation of Child protection policy based on zero tolerance by the state
governments.
• Periodic training with respect to the sensitisation of all stakeholders regarding
child safety and protection.
• Age-appropriate educational material wrt to safety.
• Orientation programmes and courses for police personnel and forensic experts for
capacity building.
• Reporting of pornographic content wrt children is to be made mandatory.
• Nationwide assessment of the impact of the POSCO act.
• Overhaul of criminal justice delivery system.
• Police reforms.
• Awareness among parents and children with the help of cartoons.
• On the basis of the idea of Mukti Caravan under Bachpan Bachao Andolan, similar
initiatives can be taken with respect to sexual abuse.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
sandinge happened
↑
-
&
-
-
*
Child Labour (10:24 PM)
• According to ILO any labour which deprives the child of their potential, dignity, and
childhood and is detrimental to their physical and cognitive development that
concept is known as Child Labour.
• Statistics:
• According to the census, 10.1 mn children were engaged in labour.
• 7.3% of child labour (globally).
• 80% of child labour in rural areas.
• Maximum child labour in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, MP.
• 62.8% of child labour is in hazardous work.
• A report wrt child labour published by ILO and UNICEF according to 160Mn child
labour globally, 72% of child labour in family enterprises, and child labour in rural
areas is 3 times the child labour in urban areas.
• Due to covid, 9 mn child labour will further be added.
• The agriculture sector has the maximum child labour followed by the service
sector, followed by Industry.
•E
Causes of Child Labour
• G
Push Factor(Supply):
• Poverty, Unemployment of parents, High Fertility Rate, Lack of formal schooling
infra
to absorb child,
Patriarchy, socialization
of girl children for=
domestic roles,
8
Lack of
awareness with respect to the negative implications of child labour, and
O
Lack of qualitative child care centres that are orphan, abandoned, surrendered
kids, Bonded labour, High school
drop-outs, due to poverty, lack of awareness and
unemployment.
•Pull Factors(Demand):
• Cheap labour, low bargaining power, Easy to hire and fire, No labour laws
L
protection guaranteed, Globalisation led to the Emergence of a New Middle Class(
increased demand for cheap domestic helpers), Few industries require the labour
of children (cotton plucking, carpet weaving, diamond cutting, etc), Few industries
don’t require skilled labour hence prefer cheap labour. eg: bidi rolling, packaging,
etc.
• According toLeela Fadnavis, the new middle class is defined as the Englishspeaking, Urban Middle Class, Working in the private sector, which has emerged
post-liberalisation and is governed by theideology of consumerism.
• The rise of the new middle class has led to the growth of tier-2 cities.
• Lacunae:
• Lack of credible data and poor identification.
• Lack of judicial implementation of existing provisions due to limited administrative
capacity.
• Lack of survey, identification, withdrawal, and rehabilitation.
• Adoption of one size fits all and hence, failing to understand the cause of child
labour.
• Lack of availability, accessibility, and affordability of qualitative education can
guarantee a decent employment approach.
• Dependence of many MSMEs on the labour of children and the belief that any effort
to eradicate this might lead to making them financially unviable.
• Failure of the government to generate employment opportunities for adults.
• A large informal economy aggravates the exploitation of children.
I
From
- -
-
⑳
⑳
-
-
⑬
Failure to address perception: “More children means more numbers of working
hands”.
• Lack of awareness about the negative implications of child labour at both the
individual and collective levels.
• The incidences of child labour will further increase in the post-covid period due to
job loss, income insecurity, food crisis, increased informalisation of the economy,
high school dropouts due to discontinuation of the Mid-Day Meal Scheme,
temporary closure of schools, reduction in household income, digitalisation of
school education, mortality among the family members, especially the
breadwinners, increased self-employment work created conducive conditions for
child labour, dilution of labour laws at respective state levels to mitigate the impact
of covid etc.
Juvenile Delinquency (11:30 AM)
• A juvenile is a person <18 years.
• Causes of Juvenile delinquency: it refers to a large variety of disapproved behaviour
for which some kind of punishment is justified in the public interest.
• Statistics:
• According to NCRB, offences committed by juveniles shot up by 23% in 2020.
• An increase in crime is attributed to a lack of employment opportunities during the
lockdown.
• Causes:
• 1. Globalisation:
• changing value system = consumerist culture.
• The disintegration of joint family= lack of agency of social control + lack of primary
socialisation.
• More emphasis on goals of material success rather than means to achieve it.=
disruption of value system.
• 2. Two types of society:
• Balanced (equal emphasis on means and end) and Imbalanced (more emphasis on
ends rather than ends)
• 3. Dysfunctional Families:
• For example, autocratic or permissive parenting.
• 4. Social Media:
• Fear of Missing Out.
• 5. Increased Social Comparison:
• Relative Deprivation leads to increased incidences of crime.
• 6. Broken Window Theory
• 7. Negative Reference Group leading toanticipatory socialisation leading to crimes
like Drug addiction, cyber crimes etc.
• 8. Labelling Theory: Once a label is attached, difficult to come out of its fold.
• 9. Vicious cycle of Juvenile Delinquency and Poverty.
• 10. Lack of formal infra for education and vocational training leading to an
increased number of out-of-school children.
• 11. Negative impact of cinema and social media.
• 12. Sub-culture of crime. Within the larger culture of society, people create their
own sub-culture in which their behaviour is not considered delinquent or
disapproved.
•
d
a
ye
arlimitation
i
①
-
-
-
-
a
+
-
-
=
13. Technology results in various addictions, for example, online gaming like PUB G,
Blue Whale Game etc.
• 14. Vulnerability of children wrt organised criminal groups.
• 15. Radicalisation of young children by anti-social elements in the backdrop of
growing economic distress.
• Individual factors:
• Lack of self-control
• Feeling of insecurity
• Impulsive tendencies
• Emotional conflicts etc.
The topic of the next class is the continuation of Juvenile Delinquency
•
Society Class 17
The Class started with a brief overview of previous topics (1:05 PM)
The implications of Juvenile delinquency (1:12 PM)
• Individual Level:
• Denies opportunities to access the resources.
• Naming and shaming, lead to social ostracization.
• The vicious cycle of poverty
• Further development of criminal tendencies.
• Family Level:
• Disruption of family relations
• A boycott by society and community.
• Decline in the standard of living.
• Society Level:
• Increase the incidence of crimes in society.
• Mobilization of vulnerable people on primordial lines.
• Disruption of peace and harmony.
Juvenile justice Act (1:16 PM)
• It deals with
• 1) Crime committed against juveniles.
• 2) Crime committed by a juvenile.
• 3) Child in need of care and protection.
• 4) Child legally available for adoption.
• Crime committed by Juveniles aged
• a) less than 16 Years
• They would be sent to corrective homes or child rehabilitative centers.
• The punishments for the crimes are as follows:
• Petty Crimes ( Punishment will be less than 3 years)
• A serious crime ( Punishment would be between 3 to 7 years)
• Heinous Crime (Punishment would be more than 7 Years)
-
⑭
&
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
b) between (16 to 18)
They will be sent to the corrective Home
Petty crimes (Less Than 3 years)
A serious crime (3 to 7 years)
In this age bracket if the crime is heinous then the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB)
will look into the Matter and decide within 3 months.
• JJB will decide whether the matter is done in an Adult capacity or Child Capacity.
• If JJb mentions that the crime was done in an Adult capacity then the matter will go
into the Children's Court.
• If JJb mentions that the crime was done in a child capacity then they will be sent
again to the corrective Homes.
• For Example- Suppose 'X' child(17 years) committed a heinous crime and the
children's court awarded the punishment of 10 years then the person would be
kept in a place of safety.
• If they found that the child has improved or reformed then the child will be freed
and if not reformed then the remaining term will continue in jail.
• The amendment of the
Juvenile Justice Act 2015, has provisions like:
• The offenses under this act will be tried in Children's court.
• Enhanced protection for children. etc.
• Although the Amendment to the juvenile justice Act was considered progressive as
it addressed the reality that juveniles are often used as a shield by anti-social
organizations to commit crimes.
• Many times juveniles despite knowing that the action is disapproved still perform
the crime knowing that they shall not be punished.
• However, the amendment wascriticized on the following grounds:
• a) It goes against the International convention UNCRC.
• b) Many consider it to be an act trial by media as Juvenile crimes constitute 4% of
overall crimes.
• c) According to
Sociologist Ashis Nandy If a child is committing a heinous offense,
the problem lies in societal values.
• Children in need of care and protection: The child welfare committee looks at
matters in this area.
• A child legally available for Adoption: The relevant authority is Central Adoption
Resource Authority (CARA).
• It conducts its work online.
• The entire process is done through the CARINGS( Central Adoption Resource
Information and Guidance System)
Q. With respect to the recent amendments to the Juvenile Justice Act, Discuss the
challenges associated with it and also suggest measures to overcome those challenges.
(150 Words/ 10 Marks)
Q. The focus on risk factors that appear at a young age and timely intervention is the key
to preventing juvenile delinquency discuss. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)
Child Marriage (1:46 PM)
• Concept
• It is married when a girl is less than 18 years or the boy is less than 21 years old.
• Statistics :
• According to the census 2011, 30.2 % of the girls were married before 18 years.
• India consists of 1/3 rd of global child brides.
•
•
•
•
•
-
-
O
-
-
-E
-
-
-
-
-
-
o
-
-
-
-
Overall according to the study, the Average age of the marriage increased to 22.3
years.
Causes of Child marriage (1:51 PM)
• The girl child is considered a social liability.
• The girl is considered an economic liability due to dowry however there exists the
mindset that the younger the bride lesser the dowry.
• Among vulnerable groups, child brides are a source of income due to the culture of
bride price.
• The prime objective of women is to bear and beget a male child (Son-meta
menstrual cycle missed is opportunity
preference) Idea that
any
• Patrilocal families believe younger brides are easier to adjust in the groom's family. lost
• Lack of 4A'Q with respect to education infrastructure.
• Traditional practice hence any digression will lead to a social boycott.
• Religious values
• The lower status of girl child in society is considered as they are viewed to be a
support system in old age along with a lack of acceptance of working females by
society.
Implication of child marriage( 2:04 PM)
• It deprives the girls of their education and their meaningful work.
• Adverse impact on the economy due to low female labor force participation.
• High maternal and child mortality rates.
• It will lead to maternal depletion syndrome.
• Intergenerational cycle of poverty.
• Negatively impact cognitive development of women, self-alienation.
• Increased incidences of violence against women (Domestic abuse, the vulnerability
of young widows, etc.)
• Due to a lack of awareness will not be able to challenge the notions of patriarchy
and bring about social change.
Child Marriage Prohibition Act (2:09 PM)
• Defines child marriage
• Marriage is valid but the voidable
in
• girl is to be provided a safe home/maintenance till her remarriage. etc.
No
• No legal validity of trafficking.
• Guardians and parents can be punished
Way forward(2:15 PM)
• Proper enforcement of laws.
• Girl empowerment both with respect to life skills and protection skills.
• Community mobilization through media, Nukkad natak, Awareness campaigns, etc.
• Incentivise and enable girl education up till the 12th Standard.
• Mandatory registration of marriages.
• Treat child marriage as human rights violation as a collective organization to
combat child marriage.
• On the lines of Bachpan Bachao Andolan issue of Child marriage can be made a
social movement.
• Investment in education welfare and opportunities for women.
Debate with respect to increasing the marriageable age of women to 21: (2:20 PM)
•
--
Raja
-
·
-
Stati
not
cul
The Argument in
support of increasing
the marriageable age
of women to 21
Arguments Against
Increasing the
Marriageable age of
women to 21.
It will widen the
opportunity for
education, skill
development, etc.
The age of consent is
18 hence increase in
marriageable age will
not be in sync with the
existing provisions.
Since Women are
perceived as social
It will reduce the
liability hence any
fertility rate and further
further increase in the
reduce morbidity and
age of marriage might
mortality.
lead to female
infanticide.
They will have a better
awareness of their
rights and entitlements
or better socialization.
Despite the child
marriage prohibition
act, The problem of
child marriage is
persisting as it is a
matter of tradition and
economic
vulnerabilities.
It will provide them the
opportunity to realize
their full potential.
which will ensure
social, economic, and
cognitive
development.
It is a patriarchal setup
and with an increase in
marriageable age, Girls
will have no say in
their personal matters
till 21 years.
This provision is inline
in line with
fundamental rights
under Article 21.
It was also found that
the age of marriage
does not have more
correlation with the
nutritional aspect of
women. As it depends
more on the status of a
girl in the family.
An increase in marriage
age may deny many
The overall standard of
young women from
living and quality of
experiencing pregnancy
life will improve
at the safest age (20 to
24 years)
It will have a
generational impact by
The 18th law
commission report has
ensuring better health
prescribed reducing the
and nutritional status of age of marriage for
the child.
both boys and girls to
18 years.
Greater participation in It will overburden the
decision-making.
judiciary with cases.
It will create gender
equality.
It will increase the
incidences of unsafe
abortions due to the
issue being stigmatic.
Conclusion:
• Any decisions should be taken with proper debates and deliberations.
Q. In the context of the establishment of the task force headed by Jaya Jaitley, debate
the issue of increasing the marriageable age to 21.
Old age (2:44 PM)
• Statistics:
• 8.6 % of the population.
• Increasing to 16% till 2041 and around 20% till 2050.
• Ruralization of old age (80%)
• The feminization of old age (1033/1000)
• Regional variation( 12.6 % of old age in Kerala)
• The Ministry of health and family welfare declared 2020-30 has been declared as
"a decade of healthy aging"
• WHO had given the concept of active aging which means optimizing opportunities
for health participation and security to improve the quality of life of the older
population.
• Healthy aging means developing and maintaining the functional ability of an
individual to ensure well-being in old age.
• E
Longevity Dividend The economic growth potential created due to an increase in
life expectancy.
• It is also defined as the sum of social and economic benefits that results from
slower aging.
Topics for the next class: Old age population and associated other topics from the social
issues area
⑳
-
Society Class 18
Problems of Old Age People
(09:06:00 AM)
• Family Health: It is synonymous with the process of aging.
• The problem is further aggravated due to the lack of 4AQ (Availability, Accessibility,
Affordability, Awareness, and Quality) with respect to health.
• Income Security: Lack of sufficient and assured income for old people to meet
their health expenditure and social security. Make reference to ruralization and
feminization of old age for Income security. Pension only-12 % pop in
• Isolation and Neglect: According to Agewell Foundation 43% of old people are
suffering from depression due to isolation and neglect.
• Globalization results in the disintegration of joint families. Old people are often left
to fend for themselves.
• Globalization led to the specialized institutions of knowledge that results in old
people no longer being considered the source of wisdom.
• Because of globalization more penetration of technology. It results in less
interaction among family members due to the use of various forms of distractions
such as the use of social media.
• With globalization, there has been the corruption of the value system: The
development of individualism results in a lack of compassion toward old people.
• The problem of Abuse: Due to prejudice or stereotype that old people
are passive, weak, and dependent, they are subjected to different types of abuse
such as financial, physical, emotional, sexual, etc.
• Lack of preparedness: There is no formal awareness programme to prepare
people for old age. It sets in quietly and suddenly.
T
Question: Discuss the impact of globalization on the old age population. (150
Words/10 Marks)
• Discussed Approach with active participation from the student side.
• Start with the definition of globalization.
• Then bring the positive and negative impacts.
• Then conclude accordingly.
The positive impact of globalization on the old age population
Globalization has helped
• In bringing the problems of old people to the people’s notice.
• It has also generated awareness about the attitude of ageism which is existing
against old people.
• It has created better access to health infrastructure.
formali
Social media has helped in maintaining ties with extended families and also
created scope for collective interaction.
• Globalization has also created livelihood opportunities for old people. For example,
they can use technology to provide vocational training or can use their experiences
in think tanks, the idea of a multi-generational care home (German Model).
• With better access to improve health infrastructure, life expectancy and quality of
life have improved.
• Through the information on the internet old people are also becoming aware of
their rights and entitlements.
• It helps in challenging the traditional/rigid mindset and facilitates a smooth
merger with the modern value system.
• Globalization has also provided means to fulfilling their aspirations/dreams (they
could not do earlier).
• Globalization provides avenues for investment, saving, etc.
• It has led to the emergence of the idea of a silver economy.
Government Effort
(09:41:00 AM)
• National Policy for the Older Persons: It envisaged state support to ensure the
financial security, food security, health care, etc. It also emphasizes that the family
should be the primary caretaker.
• Maintenance of welfare of parents and senior citizen Act: Discussed with help of
PPT
• Government Schemes: Integrated Programme for Older People, Rashtriya
Vayoshri Yojana, and Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS).
Discussed with help of the PPT.
Way Forward (09:47:00 AM)
• National policy for the Senior citizen 2011.
• Mainstream the concern of the senior citizens especially older women.
• Promote income security, old age pension, insurance, housing, etc.
• Promote the care of senior citizens within the family and institutional care should
be the last resort.
• Work towards the creation of an inclusive and age-friendly society.
• Recognize the potential of old people and treat them as a productive asset for
society.
• Encourage employment opportunities. For example, age-friendly farm equipment,
the establishment of SHGs, and cooperatives.
• Their skills can be used for providing vocational training in schools. (By this both
childhood education and isolation of older people can be resolved)
• Self-employment opportunities through hand-holding.
• Promoting Geriatric Care.
• Promote the culture of healthy aging.
• Promote the culture of preventive and promotive health care.
• Attitudinal change to combat the stereotype of ageism. For example through the
cinema or glorification of established personalities in their old age.
• Promotion of Green Cities and smart cities to encourage healthy living.
•
S
Ad
Perman
Tanandana
-
Assignment Question: Care for the elderly is fast
emerging as a critical element of both public and
private concern. Discuss in the context of India’s
increasing population of old age.
Words/10 Marks)
Person with Disability (PwD)
Concept of
disables
Statistics
Issues
(150
(10:08:00 AM)
Way
Forward
Person
with
Disability
Act:
Analysis
and
Provisions
How it is
different
from the
differently
abled.
Concept of
Person
with
Disability
(PwD)
Poverty
vis-à-vis
disabled.
Person with Disability (PwD) is lack of ability to perform:
• An activity that is considered normal.
• It is a negatively connoted term and is often used in developing/underdeveloped
countries.
• Differently Abled: They are disabled not because of physical/mental impairment
but due to the inherent nature of society which ostracizes and stigmatizes Persons
with disability.
• The term “disabled” is significant as it draws our attention toward the public
perception of disability. such as “It is a Retribution of Past Karma, for which there
exist No Respite”.
• There exist attitudes of indifference, apathy, pity, sympathy ridiculing, disgust, etc.
Hence
•
Disability
⇒
•
Limited
opportunity
for social
participation.
Limited
access to
education
and skill
development.
Limited
opportunities
in formal
jobs.
•
⇓
Mostly confined to
informal jobs.
⇑
⇓
•
•
•
•
•
Lack of safe
neighborhood.
Lack of safe
WASH
Lack if access
to quality
health
infrastructure.
Lack of early
detection.
Prone to
occupational
health
hazards.
⇐
POVERTY
Statistics
According to the census 2011, 2.21% of the population is under Person with a
Disability (PwD).
According to the council for social development 2016:
• 56% of PwD are male.
• 44% of PwD are female.
• 55% of PwD are literate.
• 36% of PwD are workers.
• 1/3rd of Children with Disability are out of school.
A person with a disability means a person with a long-term physical, mental, or intellectual
impairment which in interaction with a barrier hinders full and effective participation in
society.
Issues
(10:29:00 AM)
• Lack of credible data due to ambiguity with respect to the number of disabilities.
It is due to the stigma associated with disability, especially mental disability. Thus it
results in under-reporting.
• Problem with respect to the Infrastructure due to ineffective policy making.
• Lack of comprehensive infrastructure with respect to the accessibility to social,
political, and economic resources.
• It is treated as a medical issue rather than a social issue.
• The issue of inter-sectionality among the person with a disability often goes
unnoticed.
• Narrow perception of people towards the person with a disability.
•
I
s
Poverty and disability reinforce each other, hence we can conclude that they suffer
from the triple
jeopardy disabled, stigmatized, and poverty. *
• Analysis of Persons with Disability Act with help of the PPT.
Analysis of Act
(10:49:00 AM)
• Although the act defines what constitutes discrimination there exists a caveat that
it will be allowed if it is a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate goal.
• The ambit of disability has been increased from 7 to 21 (under different
categories) which has made the act more comprehensive and inclusive.
• The provision of benchmark disability has been criticized due to its subjectivity
and scope of misuse.
• The provision of 4% reservation is less with respect to the population of Persons
with disability.
• Although there is an Advisory Body which will be the apex policy-making body but
does not hold much authority.
• The provision of Special Courts is a welcoming step to ensure the speedy disposal
&
of cases.
• However, there is a lack of provision with respect to attitudinal change, to
ensure the political representation of PwD, and a lack of clarity with respect to the
management of funds.
• The Act is focussing on creating an accessible and enabling environment by
incorporating both public and private establishments.
Way Forward
(10:56:00 AM)
• Identification of beneficiaries through social mapping and credible
data collection.
• Promote Inclusive education without any labeling.
• Promote subsidized Aid Equipment Adaptive Technologies.
• Promote/ensure inclusive and accessible infrastructure online of the Federation of
Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI) Accessibility Index.
• Incentivize the private sector to create employment opportunities for persons with
disabilities.
• Promote self-employment through hand-holding.
• Create awareness w.r.t. disability in society and focus on attitudinal changes.
• Strict implementation of the existing provisions.
• Provide representation of Persons with Disability in decision-making bodies to
ensure more effective policy-making.
• Early identification and detection of preventive disabilities.
•
sympatopehian
to
improvement
Reducing
Barrier
Question: Critically examine to what extent the
person with disability Act ensures an effective
mechanism for empowerment and inclusion of
intended beneficiaries in society. (150
Words/10 Marks)
Question: “Disability is as social as it is
physical” discuss the statement in the context of
Indian society.
(150 Words/10 Marks)
Transgender
(11:11:00 AM)
⑧
When sex assigned at the time of birth is different from gender identity.
•
•
Transmen
Transwomen
Inter-sex
Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2019
• Discussed with help of PPT.
Issues with respect to Transgender
(11:25:00 AM)
• They are often considered vulnerable because of the following reasons.
• Health issue: Prevalence of HIV among the transgenders. It was around 3.17% in
2017.
• Due to various stigmas, they are denied jobs and are confined to low-paying
undignifying work such as begging, sex work, Badhai, etc. and the problem has
aggravated due to the COVID lockdown.
• They are victims of social ostracization and are shunned by both societies as
well as families.
• They are subjected to different forms of abuse and incidences of domestic
violence has been increased during the COVID.
• Due to constant ostracisation and ridicule, they suffer from mental illness.
• Exclusion from political participation.
• The apathy of administrative officials and are often victims of violence by those
who are in power.
• Due to limited access to resources, they are also trapped in the cycle of poverty.
• Lack of inheritance rights due to non-amendment of the existing act.
• Lack of gender-neutral laws under the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
• Although they have been recognized as the 3rd gender but their right to have a
family has yet not been recognized, for example, the provisions of the surrogacy act
prevent them from adopting a child.
Key Issues:
• Discussed with PPT.
Way Forward
• To make social welfare schemes more accessible for the community it should
ensure credible data collection.
• Psychological counseling to ensure a sense of safety, hope, and calmness.
did
• Promote self-employment and vocational training.
• Introduction of scholarship for gender non-conforming persons.
• Convergent approach for example establishing linkages with livelihood
programmes, and literacy programmes.
• Gender-neutral laws with respect to the sexual harassment
• Need for a separate and dedicated Anti-Discrimination Act that penalizes any
discrimination based on gender.
• Sensitization of police, health care providers, and, mass media awareness for the
public.
• Give effect to Supreme Court Judgment in the NALSA (National Legal Services
Authority) case.
• Ensure rehabilitation of transgenders.
The topic for the next class discussion: Population Policy, Urbanization
•
-
legal
-
Society Class 19
INTRODUCTION WITH FLOW CHART ON POPULATION POLICY (1:05 PM)
POPULATION POLICY
Concept:
• Purposeful measures aimed at affecting demographic processes- fertility, mortality,
migration.
Types:
• (1)Ante-Natal:
• Focus on reducing the birth rate, to sterilize the population.
• (2) Distributional:
• Focus on checking the concentration of the population in certain areas along with
structure/composition.
Evolution:
Pre-independence
• Period of indifference.
• RK Mukherjee Committee: This committee talked about self-control, safe and
cheap birth control measures, the opening of birth control clinics, and increasing
the age of marriage.
• Bhore Committee: This committee talked about purposeful intervention.
Post-independence
• 1947-51
• Period of neutrality: poverty, agricultural distress, Kashmir infiltration, etc. were
other significant issues that were the pressing concern for the government.
• Despite the significance of the population control policy, efforts were not made.
• 1951-61
• Period of experimentation: A National Family Program was launched and along
with that a clinical approach was adopted.
• A clinical approach means services would be provided to those couples who are
motivated to visit Family Planning Centres set up by the government.
• 1961 Census said that the decadal growth rate was 21.5%.
• Three approaches in this time period:
• (1) Extension Approach: to educate people with respect to the benefits of a small
family.
• (2) Cafeteria Approach: The government will provide various options for family
planning but the ultimate choice will be given to the people to opt for any one of
them.
• (3) Selective Approach: They selectively were targetting couples in the age bracket
of 25-35 years to make family planning a success.
• In the 1971 Census, the decadal growth rate was 24.6%.
• An increase from 1961-71 government realized that its measures were not working,
therefore, a new population policy was brought out.
1978: First National Population Policy
• (1) Renaming family planning to family welfare.
*
(2) Increasing the minimum age of marriage to 18 and 21 for girls and boys
respectively.
• (3) Voluntary sterilization.
• (4) Monetary incentive for sterilization.
• (5) Use of media to spread awareness.
• (6) Including population education as a part of the study curriculum.
• (7) Thrust towards research in reproductive biology and contraception.
Post this policy there was criticism given by MS Swaminathan in 1993:
• (1) He discouraged monetary incentives.
• (2) He was not in a favour of tubectomy as he believed that in a patriarchal society,
one can not put the entire onus of family planning on women.
• He emphasized democratic and decentralized intervention with respect to
population control. Hence, he was against the one-size-fits-all approach.
• Lastly, he suggested setting up of population fund to meet the requirements of
implementing Population Policy.
2000: Second National Population Policy
• It was introduced with the objective of social and economic development to
improve the quality of life to provide people with opportunity & choice to become
productive assets in society.
• Goals:
• (1) Immediate targets
• To meet unmet needs of contraceptives, health infrastructure, and workforce, to
ensure integrated service delivery with respect to RCH.
•
•
o
o
o
o
o
•
•
Reproduction is a
process where well
being of both
males and females
should be
considered.
This was first
realized in 1997
and then
incorporated in
2000.
However, later it
was realized that
women have more
needs => RMCH.
Later, neo-natal's
needs were also
realized =>
RMNCH
Further,
adolescents' needs
were also realized
=> RMNCH + A
(2) Mid Term Targets
To reduce TFR by 2.1 by 2010 (Achieved in 2022)
(3) Long-term targets
To stabilize the population by 2045.
NEED FOR NEW POPULATION POLICY (2:03 PM)
(1) Perception regarding population growth:
• There is a need to correct the wrong perception that population growth is always a
liability for society.
• The same population, if given the opportunity for human capital formation can
become an asset.
(2) Lack of success on various parameters, for example, IMR, MMR, etc.
• Why?
• (1) Lack of adequate post-natal care
• (2) Nutritional level- girl child & mother bears the major burnt
• (3) High Fertility rate leading to maternal depletion syndrome.
• (4) More than 50% of the women are anemic.
• (5) Children dying because of indoor pollution-caused due to the absence of LPG.
• (6) Lack of safe WASH.
• (7) High Fertlity Rate
• (8) Traditional methods instead of institutional deliveries.
• (9) Lack of access to qualitative health infrastructure.
• (10) Lack of affordability of tests due to the ante-natal period which results in birth
defects, and infant mortality.
• (11) Lack of awareness with respect to the negative implication of marriage in close
relations.
• (12) Patriarchal mindset which denies women rights with respect to reproductive
health and choices.
• (13) Unsafe abortions due to stigma related to unwed pregnancies.
• (14) Lack of proper equipment in hospitals along with the presence of doctors
without requisite medical qualifications.
(3) Sex Ratio at Birth:
• Although the sex ratio has improved, the sex ratio at birth is still a challenge. Hence
discriminatory social barriers such as the absence of women's ownership rights,
preference for male children, the lower status of girls, etc. need to be addressed.
(4) Migration:
• The pace at which migration is happening is creating stress on infrastructure and
social relationships.
(5) Increased population of old age:
• It will create stress on the government, hence both active and healthy aging needs
to be promoted.
There is a need for New Population Policy that focuses on above mentioned issues.
Secondly, a piecemeal engineering approach is required ie. to study the local regional
demography, and accordingly implement the policies.
Question: It has been observed while the population has stabilized in Southern states, this
remains a dream in the case of Northern states. Analyze the reasons behind this trend. (150
Words)
URBANISATION (2:38 PM)
Concept:
• Defined as the process of movement of people from rural to urban areas. It involves
changes in the place, and occupation, along with beliefs, values, attitudes, etc.
•
•
Yane
·
Urbanism (Ideology associated with urban areas):
• It is defined as the organization of society based on:
• (1) Complex division of labor
• (2) High level of technology
• (3) High economic interdependence
• (4) Impersonality in social relationships
Types of Urbanization:
(1) Over-urbanization
• When the level of urbanization surpasses the level of industrialization.
• It leads to a rise in real estate prices.
• It will lead to overcrowding, congestion, limited opportunities for jobs, increased
costs of living, a decline in the standard of living, etc.
(2) Sub-urbanization
• The growth of cities on fringes leads to sub-urbanization.
• Suburbanization is defined as the development of the city on the fringes due to an
increase in real estate prices, the development of public transport, and the
emergence of new work culture.
• For Example, work from home.
Urban Sprawl:
• A dispersed outgrowth of areas outside the city's core which also engulfs nearby
villages.
• It is characterized by low-density residential housing and an increased reliance on
private vehicles.
• The cause of this sprawl was to accommodate the rising population and the desire
for increased living space.
• However, it has negative consequences, for example, pollution, traffic congestion,
environmental degradation, and a decline in community cohesiveness.
(3) Counter-urbanization
• Because of the decline in health + High costs associated with urban living +
Development of technology + Availability of vehicles for movement results in:
• (a) People moving to rural areas after retirement.
• (b) Mushrooming farmhouse culture
• Counter-urbanization can be defined as de-urbanization in quantitative terms.
• However, it is leading to urbanism in rural areas.
Statistics (3:18 PM)
• As per Census 2011, 31.18% of the population is in urban areas, 17% of the urban
population is in slums, and 13% of urban households do not have sanitation
facilities.
• 30% of households do not have access to safe drinking water.
• According to C. Rangarajan Panel Report, 26.4% of the urban population is BPL.
Problems associated with Urbanization:
• (1) Housing & slums
• (2) Physical Infrastructure
• (3) Socio-economic issues
• Kindly refer to the handout for this topic.
TOPIC FOR THE NEXT CLASS: CONTINUATION OF URBANIZATION, GLOBALIZATION
Society Class 20
INTRODUCTION (1:04 PM)
• Overview of the previous class.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH URBANIZATION (1:06 PM)
(1) Housing and slums
• According to UN-Habitat, slums are defined as residential dwellings considered
unfit for human habitation because they are uncrowded, poorly ventilated,
cramped, and lack basic resources for survival.
• There exists a perception that slum proliferation is the result of migration.
• However, according to an expert panel on Urban Poverty, under the XIIth FYP
slum proliferation is the result of the failure of housing policies.
• According to World Bank, 35.2% urban population live in slums. In fact, according
to World Bank by 2035, most of the extremely poor will be found in urban areas.
Problems with respect to the housing (1:17 PM)
• (1) Improper city planning due to the heritage of past construction.
• For Example, Delhi is being horizontally expanded, not vertically.
• (2) Lack of private developers to construct houses for the poor.
• (3) Lack of integrated planning ie. the entire focus is on land use without taking into
consideration transportation, environment, socio-economic needs, etc.
• To address this issue, the government has planned in-situ rehabilitation. For
Example, the Kathpootli colony in Delhi.
• (4) Failure to implement the National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, according
to which 15% of the land will be given for social housing every year.
• (5) The concept of gated communities (Social Exclusion at the top).
• It is an example of ghettoization, based on the standard of living.
• (6) Lack of political will, corruption, and laxity on the part of the administration.
Although slums were perceived to be a temporary problem, it has now become a permanent
structural issue.
Reasons:
• (1) They are the most politically active section of society, and hence constitute a
major vote bank.
• (2) It contributes to the labor force as the majority of the informal economy is
thriving in slums.
• (3) There exists a sub-culture of poverty, hence a feeling of relative deprivation
does not develop.
• (4) People living here have immense resilient power to adapt to any situation.
• (5) There exists a quid-pro-quo between slum dwellers and informal sector
employers.
• (6) They also provide cheap labor for political parties, for example, using them in
rallies during the time of election.
(7) Bureaucratic barriers, lack of government accountability, etc.
Socio-Cultural Problems (1:41 PM)
• (1) Residential segregation based on primordial identities leads to the spatial
pattern of communal violence.
• (2) Relative deprivation due to unequal access to resources results in crime.
• For Example, slums are considered the dens of pathological behavior.
• Eg: drug abuse, gambling, vandalism, or violence against women and children.
• (3) Degradation of the value system which has further aggravated the vulnerability
of the marginalized.
• For Example, Violence against old age, migrants, transgender, etc.
• (4) Urbanisation has led to the disintegration of joint families.
• (5) It creates a vicious cycle of poverty.
• (6) The problem of marginal man.
• (7) Loss of human capital (For Example, the dividend will turn into a disaster).
• (8) Lack of trust between natives and migrants.
• (9) Reinforcement of social stratification as existing in rural areas (For Example,
caste conflict is replaced by class conflicts.)
• (10) Politicisation of migration leading to 'Son of Soil.'
• (11) Skewed sex ratio has increased the incidents of violence against women.
• (12) Due to urbanism there exists impersonality in social relations which has
weakened the collective conscience in society.
• (13) Urbanisation has resulted in Westernisation rather than Modernisation.
• (14) There exists an increase in disease burden due to an increase in pollution
because of unplanned development.
Questions for practice:
(1) Discuss various social problems which originated out of the speedy process of urbanization
in India. (150 Words/ 10 Marks) (UPSC)
(2) While on one hand, urbanization is creating potential for social integration and
development, on the other hand, it is leading to socio-economic exclusion. Explain this
paradox. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)
(3) Stating the problem arising due to rapid urbanization, mention the steps taken by the
government to address them. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)
Physical Infrastructure (2:03 PM)
• (1) The problem of waste generation and waste management.
• (2) Environmental degradation as congestion of people reduces the quality of air
and contaminates water.
• (3) According to World Air Quality Report, 10 out of 15 most polluted cities in the
world are in India.
• (4) The problem range from poor management of water resources, leaky
distribution networks, a vast volume of untreated water being dumped in rivers,
etc.
• (5) Transportation, inadequate road infrastructure, and inefficient public
transportation lead to capacity overloading and problems like road accidents,
traffic jams, etc.
•
•
On the lines of Vision Zero in
Sweden, the incidences of road
accidents should be reduced as it
is a preventable cause of
morbidity and mortality.
Way Forward:
• (1) Development of inclusive cities ie. providing all essential resources at an
affordable price.
• (2) Integration of urban development programs to ensure sustainable cities. For
Example, Swachch Bharat Mission, PM Awas Yojna, Smart City Mission, etc.
• (3) Reform in urban administration. For Example, a new cadre for city
administrators, development of expertise, etc.
• (4) Cascaded planning structure
⑨
• We need to have plans for long-term vision along with immediate targets.
• (5) New models of development need to be explored:
• Transport-Oriented Development
• The first step is to develop a mode of public transport and then in close vicinity
amenities like health, education, residence, etc. should be provided.
• Hub and spoke Model
• Kindly refer to the diagram made in class.
• Hub and spoke model will lead to better access to resources as well as better
distribution.
• (6) Tapping different sources of funding.
• For Example, Public-Private partnerships, monetization of land assets, collection of
more property tax, etc.
Overall, the perspective needs to be revamped with respect to the 3Fs- Funds, Functions, and
Functionaries.
IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON INDIAN SOCIETY (2:33 PM)
• It is defined as a process by which national, regional, economic, societal, and
cultural get globally interconnected due to the movement of people, ideas,
technology, etc.
Impact on Culture:
(1) Homogenisation
• In simple words, it means common culture.
• McDonaldisation of food habits
• Jeans Culture
• Obsession with language
• Western music/dance
• The disintegration of the Joint Family system
• Growing nuclear families.
• Celebration of certain days.
• Live-in relations
• Culture of e-commerce
• Walmartization
(2) Hybridisation
• Hybridization can also be referred to as glocalization ie. Global + Local.
• McDonald's going veg during Navratri or not selling beef products.
• Hinglish
• Jeans with kurta
chandigarl
Live-in relationships have not undermined the value of marriage.
Replacement of sweets with Dairy Milk.
Spiderman in Bhojpuri.
The emergence of teaching foreign languages in schools.
The emergence of different forms of marriages and family.
(3) Revival of local culture
• Celebration of international yoga day.
I June
t
• Concept of GI tag.
• Revival of Ayush.
• Religious revivalism.
• Promotion of indigenous culture.
• Education in the mother tongue.
• Demand for Indian fashion products such as bandhani, and chicken Kari in the
global fashion industry.
• e-pooja, e-darshan, e-aarti, etc.
Questions for practice:
(1) Globalisation is seen as synonymous with Westernization. However, it has never been a
one-way process. Comment. (150 Words)
(2) What appears to be globalization at the macro level is actually glocalization at the micro
level. Comment. (150 Words)
Impact on Structure: (2:55 PM)
(1) Institution:
• Joint Family
• Caste system
• Marriage
• Religion
• Education
(2) Sections:
• Women
• Old age
• Youth
• Middle Class
INSTITUTIONS
Impact of globalization on marriage (2:58 PM)
Marriage:
• According to Collin's Dictionary of Sociology, Marriage is defined as a socially
acknowledged and legally approved union between an adult male and a female.
• According to Majumdar, there are 4 goals of marriage viz, sexual gratification, the
transmission of culture, social mechanism for children, and to fulfill economic
needs.
Impact:
• (1) Purpose => Purity of lineage + Progeny => Inter-caste marriage + DINK (Doubleincome-no kid)
• (2) Nature of marriage => Arrange marriage => Love marriages => Love until further
notice
• (3) With globalization, there exists secularization. With secularization, there exists a
decline in the religious significance of marriage. As a result divorce and separation
are no longer taboo.
•
•
•
•
•
.
(4) Globalization => Decline in the religious significance of marriage => Divorce &
separation
• Types of marriages:
• Weekend marriage
• Living apart
• Empty shell
• Sologamy
• Open marriage
• Contractual
• (5) Attitude toward marriage has also changed. For example, it is no longer the
result of social expectations, but to find companionship. For example, people in old
age are going for a second marriage to have a companion.
• (6) Emergence of conjugal-symmetrical marriages
• (7) Due to globalization, new avenues for spouse selection, for example,
matrimonial sites, and social media platforms.
• (8) Due to globalization, there exists desacralization and commercialization of
marriage.
Impact of globalization on religion (3:22 PM)
• (1) Secularization
• (2) Existence of religious belief along with scientific temper
• (3) Religious revivalism
• It can also be negative- for example, fundamentalism
Impact of globalization on education (3:26 PM)
• (1) The use of technology in education has to some extent address the problem of 4
AQ in the education sector.
• (2) With globalization, there exists the emergence of secular and exoteric
(accessible to all) education.
• (3) It has created a competition that is required for a positive revival of the
education system in India.
• (4) It has also promoted acceptance of cultural diversity.
• However, many believe that globalization has led to the glorification of the Western
education model and the undermining of local knowledge.
• (5) Increased pressure on the education system due to the race of survival of the
fittest.
• (6) Preference for the English language, privatization, and competitive screening
has made the education system elitist.
• However, the idea of the National Education Policy is very progressive, however,
there is a lack of human capital to enforce the provision of this policy.
• (7) Lack of value-based education. The purpose of education has been diluted. For
Example, earlier it was character building, personality development, emotional
intelligence, etc. But, now it has just become a means to get a job.
• (8) Due to increased performance pressure, children are becoming alienated from
the education system.
SECTIONS (3:42 PM)
Youth
• (1) With respect to technology:
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Increased incidences of Non-communicable diseases
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(2) With respect to education:
Awareness, information, opportunities, and diversity.
However, it has been biased against rural youth.
(3) With respect to employment:
Globalization has created diverse jobs which are well paying and highly skilled but
has led to the displacement of unskilled and semi-skilled youth.
Due to lack of equitable opportunities, it has resulted into feelings of relative
deprivation.
(4) With respect to the value system:
Youth has become secular in the context of marriage, commensality, and
accommodation. However, in the backdrop of the disintegration of a joint family
and increased aspiration, incidences of mental health issues like anxiety,
depression, and suicidal tendencies, along with delinquent activities have
increased.
They have become increasingly vulnerable to radicalization by anti-social
elements.
The emergence of yuppies- upwardly mobile, professional class, not concerned
with the socio-economic issues of the nation.
•
•
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
According to Neera
Chandock, the middle
class is a cornerstone of
Indian democracy.
It provides a voice to the
voiceless. It helps in
organizing the issues of the
vulnerable and putting
them forward to the
government.
It provides policy inputs to
the government.
By providing membership
to various interest groups,
and pressure groups, they
draw the attention of the
government to the issues
overlooked by them.
It contributes to the
revenue generation of the
state as it is a tax-paying
class.
It also helps in running the
economy by creating
demand in the market.
It helps in preserving the
traditions and culture of
the society.
Questions for practice:
(1) Discuss the impact of globalization on tribals. (150 Words)
(2) Discuss the impact of globalization on the rural economy. (150 Words)
TOPIC FOR THE NEXT CLASS: HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION
SOCIAL ISSUES CLASS 01
INTRODUCTION OF SOCIAL ISSUE SUBJECT (09:08 AM)
• The approach of UPSC for the question on society and social justice.
• In society, the questions are mostly being asked from current affairs. But from
social justice, the question could be mostly from a static area.
SOCIAL JUSTICE SYLLABUS (09:12 AM)
• Poverty and Hunger
• Health and Education
• Vulnerable section
• Weightage of this topic in the UPSC Examination:
• For every year from the Social Issue, 3 to 4 questions are being asked in GS Paper I
or GS Paper II. (thus marks asked in GS Paper I and GS Paper II could vary between
45 to 50 marks).
POVERTY (09:14 AM)
-
-
The structure for the class discussion on the issue of
Poverty in India
Concept
Its
manifestation.
Is it a violation
of human
rights?
Approach
Causes
to Poverty
Implications
SDG-01
Government
efforts and
Lacunae
Goal
Target
Achievement
Way
Forward
Shortcomings
•
•
•
•
•
②
Concept: According to Amartya Sen, Poverty refers to the deprivation of basic
capability of life rather than mere lowness of Income.
It is not just about survival but significant/meaningful participation and
contribution in various aspects of social life.
For example,
If X is provided with basic food grains for survival.
But X does not have the awareness or environment to enjoy the consumption of
resources provided by the state due to issues such as the problem of open
defecation (OD).
With Social
reorganisation
Humans
were
dependent
on nature
for basic
resources
such as
food,
clothing,
shelter,
Nature&
crea
Technological
Upgradation.
Haves
(Economically
rich, politically
⇒ dominant, and
socially
superior)
⇒ Have Not’s
⇓
⇓
Natural
Poverty
Social Poverty
•
•
•
Susa
-
D
Humans started
producing
goods (food,
clothes,
However, the
shelter)
benefits of
socioeconomic
⇓
development is
For leading a
not equally
comfortable
shared by all
life
•
Hence we can say poverty issocially generated and perpetuated.
Poverty is a multi-dimensional concept whose roots lie in economic
inequality but is perpetuated due to social political and cultural backwardness.
For example, bonded labour, caste notion of purity and pollution, sexual division of
labour, the geographical isolation of tribal, formation of Ghettos such as slums,
caste-based occupational division of labour, child labour, and income insecurity
among old age people due to ageism.
Poverty is Multi-Dimensional in the following manner:
Denial of
Economic
Social
•
•
•
•
Right to work
Right to equal pay
Right to minimum wage
Right to the conducive work
environment
Lack of access to good quality, and
affordable education, health, and skill
development.
Denial of
•
Cultural
•
Ability/right to preserve and
perpetuate unique cultural
identity.
Lack of freedom to engage in
promoting the culture of the
community.
Poverty is considered as a violation of Human Rights if it is a direct consequence
of government policy or failure of the government to act.
• For example, development-led displacement policy of government in the context
of tribals or poor identification of beneficiaries while implementing the
↳
Inclusion/exclusion errors
government schemes.
• However, if it is a construct of an Individual’s Inaction it will not be treated as a
violation of Human Rights.
• For example, you don’t want a certain job because of caste structure.
• You don’t want to migrate in search of a job.
• You don’t allow women to work due to patriarchy.
• You seek immediate gratification in form of intoxication.
QUESTION DISCUSSION: (9:54 PM)
• “An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from the process
of deprivation.” Substantiate this statement with suitable examples. (200
Words/12.5 Marks) (UPSC 2016)
• A brief approach was discussed.
• Need to bring Government effort.
• Conclusion: It has to be eradicated as it is the gravest violation of Human Rights.
APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND POVERTY (09:58 AM)
•
Nutritional
Relative Deprivation
Applied in the context
of developing and
underdeveloped countries
Applied in the context
of developed countries.
It deals with
the minimum calories
intake required to
maintain the working
capacity of individual
It deals with social
inequalities existing in
society.
It differentiates the poor
from non-poor
It highlights
the exclusion of a class
of the population from
the privileged one or
limited participation in
social life due to the lack
of resources.
•
•
•
The incidence of poverty is the number
of poor (Headcount ratio).
The intensity of poverty is Deprivation
with respect to health, education and
standard of living.
MPI = incidence * Intensity
CAUSE OF POVERTY (10:05 AM)
Causes of Poverty
Economic
Demographic
SocioCultural
Political
climatic
Administrative
Education
Lack of
administrative
capacity and
will to
Flood
implement
policies
Corruption, red
tapism, etc.
⑰
Agriculture Distress
High
population
growth
-
⑧Buchmapella
village
-
The decline in village industry
The strain on
limited
resources
Increase in
Globalization: Informalization
dependent
of the labour market.
population
-oldage
Inflation
Nature of economic growth
• Jobless growth
• Failure to create
jobs in areas which
can readily absorb
people.
Limited
access to
opportunity
Son of soil
-
save
Drought
-Bill
sati
_ Rising sea
mung me
Caste system War/Conflict
be
Increase in
old age
population
w
Joint family
level.
Patriarchy
Lack of ability
to address
Heatwave.
climate change.
↳
Social
Custom or
practices
Development
led
displacement
Sp
red
I
a
t
our
increas
p
Consumerism
Lack of proper utilisation of
resources.
Tribal reside in resource-rich
areas and due to globalisation
⇓
penetration of outsiders
⇓
displacement
⇓
Poverty
Forced and
involuntary
poverty
Unequal
distribution
of resources
based on
regional,
primordial
identities,
Health
profile of
individual
The policy of
government
incentivising
Ghettoization
approach rather
than
empowering.
Unhealthy:
Limited
learning
outcome
Corruption
of value
system.
Or lack of
agency or
control leads
to drug
abuse/online
gaming
Health profile of
individual
Unhealthy results in
Limited learning
If unhealthy
outcome
⇓
⇓
Limited absorption
of skills
⇓
High disease burden
⇓
Low productivity
⇓
Increases health cost
⇓
Decrease in work
efficiency
⇓
Increases Out of
Pocket expenditure
⇓
Poverty
Increase in
incidence of poverty
Poverty leads to a vicious cycle with respect to
• Illiteracy
• Unemployment
• Hunger
• Malnourishment
• Population growth
r
Law and order
crisis
Lack of
preparedness
with respect to
disaster.
DBT HS
ing
e
facilities
Y Crime
Disability
•
•
•
•
•
Y
Migration
Social conflict
Social evils.
Question: “The incidence and intensity of poverty are more important in determining poverty
based on income alone”. In this context analyze the latest United Nations Multidimensional
Poverty Index Report.
(250 Words/15 Marks) (UPSC 2020)
Student Need to focus on
following Indexes and
reports
• Global Gender
Index
• Hunger Index
Report
• Human
Development
Index and report
• Human capital
Formation Index
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES (10:45 AM)
• Government Efforts
• Five year Plan
• Bank Nationalization
• 20 Points Programme.
• Government Schemes
• Wage Employment: MGNAREGA.
• Self-Employment: Stand Up India, Skill India
• Food Security: National Food Security Act (NFSA), Poshan, Mid Day Meal (MDM),
Public Distribution System (PDS).
• Social Security: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), Ayushman Bharat, Atal
Pension Yojana, NSAP.
• Miscellaneous: PMGSY (PM Gram Sadak Yojana)
LACUNAE IN GOVERNMENT EFFORT (10:51 AM)
• Poor identification of beneficiaries or Inclusion and exclusion errors.
• Centralised top-down approach.
• "One Size Fits All" approach.
• Leakages, Corruption, Misappropriation of Funds.
• lack of awareness among the people with respect to government schemes.
• Lack of infrastructure to facilitate implementation of schemes. For example, lack
of availability of impanelled hospitals to implement Ayushman Bharat or
wastage of food due to lack of storage and warehousing facility, etc.
• Low government spending on social infrastructure. For example, only 1.35% of the
GDP is on health.
• Failure with respect to the evaluation of schemes and plugging of loopholes.
• Lack of outcome-based approach. For example, poor learning outcomes
according to the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER).
• Lack of credible data.
Nexus between the elite section of society which leads to the cornering of benefits.
The reasons for the failure of cooperatives.
• Failure to acknowledge social pathologies as one of the main reasons for poverty.
• Ethnicity-based discrimination. For example, the intersectionality approach is
missing.
• Rather than treating people as active participants in the process of development,
they have been reduced to mere passive beneficiaries.
• For example, the change in approach towards women's empowerment post1975, UN Conference in Mexico i.e. Women in development to Women and
Development.
• Lack of political will to overcome above mentioned lacunae.
SDGs w.r.t. POVERTY (11:05 AM)
• Goal: Eradicate Poverty in all its form everywhere.
• Target
• Eradicate Extreme Poverty,
• Reduce at least by half the proportion of the population living in poverty according
to the national definition.
• Ensure social protection measures for all.
• Ensure everyone has equal rights to economic resources, access to basic services,
ownership and control over land, natural resources, appropriate technology etc.
• Build resilience of the poor and vulnerable and reduce their exposure and
vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and economic or social shocks and
disasters.
• Achievement
• According to Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2022, 415 million people
have climbed out of poverty in the context of India between 2005 and 2021, i.e. the
incidence of poverty has fallen from 55% to 16%.
• Government Efforts
•
Criteria
Government Effort
Accelerated economic
growth and social
security
National Social
Assistance Programme
(NSAP),
MGNAREGA, Code of
social security, e-Shram
Portal.
Access to social
services
National Education
Policy (NEP), Pradhan
Mantri Awas Yojana
(PMAY), Swachh
Bharat Mission (SBM),
Jal Jeevan Mission
(JJM), Ujjwala Yojana
Stand Up India, Skill
Strengthening
India, National Urban
livelihood opportunity Livelihoods Mission
and skilling opportunity (NULM), National
Rural Livelihoods
Mission (NRLM),
Doubling farm Income,
PM Krishi Sichai
Yojana
SHORTCOMINGS
• One Size Fit for All: Fail to address the regional variation as much of India’s
poverty is concentrated in the low-income state. For example, the share of poor
who cannot afford the right food ranges from 25% in Bihar to 0.6% in Kerala.
• Kerala has the lowest poverty, however, the incidence of poverty has fallen fastest
in Bihar i.e. 77% to 35%.
• Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh have managed to reduce the poverty faster
than the national average but continue to remain the most disadvantaged.
• The incidence of poverty among children has dropped from 35% to 22% since 2015.
WAY FORWARD (11:28 AM)
• Capability Approach: There are two concepts endowment and entitlements.
Endowment means the asset that an individual owns. For example, land, labour,
savings, etc. Whereas entitlement refers to the ability of an individual to translate
these assets into goods. For example, growing food on the land.
• According to Amartya Sen, entitlements are significant for poverty reduction.
• For example, the Kerala Model of Development. High literacy, access to health
care, low IMR, low fertility rate, and High life expectancy.
• Jagdish Bhagwati Model of Growth: Only focusing on growth can generate
enough resources for investing in social sector schemes.
• It is believed that only focusing on growth will generate inequality but with
sustained growth, the state will have enough resources to be redistributed so as to
mitigate inequality.
• For example, the Gujrat Model of development. It has three major components:
• Quantum Jump in infrastructure to facilitate the inflow of corporate investment.
• Significant rise/improvement in governance to address the requirement of
corporate units.
• The unprecedented rise in incentives and subsidies on investment to the corporate
sector to attract investment.
• Orissa's model of development: The state has brought down the poverty level to a
considerable extent. 63% to 29%. The step they focused on was controlling the
child's malnutrition.
• Building the capacity of women SHGs.
QUESTION DISCUSSION
• Question:
• COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment.
(150 Words/10 Marks) (UPSC 2020)
• Approach:
• It was based on Mains 365: (Poverty and COVID-19)
• Need to bring impact on the followings:
• Rural people
• Migrants
• Women
• Child labour
Informal Workers
The topic for the next class discussion: Hunger, Health
•
Social Issues Class 02
HUNGER
(09:06:00 AM)
Structure for the Discussion on Hunger
Concept
Causes
SDG
It is a
situation of
distress
associated
with a lack of
food.
It’s
Goal
implications.
Its
manifestation
Target
Government
Efforts.
Achievements.
Hunger has the Following Manifestation
Undernourishment
Malnutrition
As per the FAO, if an
individual consumes less
than 1800 Kcal per day.
According to WHO, it is
referred to as the situation
of deficiency or excess, or
imbalance with respect to
calorie or nutrient intake.
Challenges in
tackling
Way
Hunger and Forward
Malnutrition.
Malnutrition has the following
manifestations
•
Under
Nutrition
•
•
Low Weight
(weight/Age)
Stunting
(height/age)
Wasting
(weight/height)
Lack of
Micronutrients in
diet
Hidden Hunger
Diet-related
Issue
Obesity, overweight,
lifestyle disease (noncommunicable diseases).
CAUSES OF HUNGER
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Poverty
Unemployment
Agriculture
Distress
3Cs (Climate
Change,
Conflict,
COVID)
Social
Pathologies
(09:17:00 AM)
•
•
Lack of
Food
Green
Revolution
(Replaced
Cereal species)
Lack of
diversified diet.
Lack of
Lack of
awareness with Nutrition
respect to the
(Hidden
benefits of a
Hunger)
nutritional diet.
Lack of women
acting as an
agency.
Mcdonaldization
of food habit.
•
•
•
•
-
Rise in Prices
Lack of proper
implementation
of government
schemes.
Monsoondependent
nature of
agriculture
Wastage of
Food.
Adulteration of
food.
Misleading
Advertisement
which
encourages the
consumption of
unhealthy food.
The
unprecedented
use of
fertilizers and
pesticides.
TopKopalso abone
-
•
for
target
long
Pharma
Awareness
Food
reising
on
sugar
content
:
e
•
•
•
•
Lack of safe
drinking water.
Lack of
sanitation.
Lack of
Hygiene.
Lack of
absorption
of
Nutrition
by
•
•
Weak immune
system due to
high disease
burden.
Sedentary Life
Style.
Over-reliance
on technology
IMPLICATIONS
(09:32:00 AM)
The implication at Individual Level
•
•
Hunger/Malnutrition ⇒
•
•
Lack of
physical and
cognitive
development
Poor
learning
outcome.
Lack of
absorption
of skills.
High disease
burden.
⇓
⇑
Low productivity at the
workplace.
⇓
•
•
•
Lack of
food
Lack of
nutritious
food.
Lack of
⇐ Poverty
absorption
of
nutrition
by the
body.
The implication at Family Level
(09:35:00 AM)
• Intergenerational transmission of hunger and malnutrition
• The direct and indirect economic costs associated with Hunger.
• The decline in the standard of living.
• Negative impact on interpersonal relations in the family.
The implication at the National Level
• Loss of human capital threatens the ability of the nation to reap the benefit of
demographic dividends.
• It will create a burden on the government and its resources.
Malnutrition is referred to as the silent assassin which not only impacts the
individual but also the nation as it creates an army of sick people.
• Hence population will act as a liability rather than an asset.
• Limited cognitive and physical development will negatively impact the potential of
an individual and will further widen the existing inequality.
•
⇓
• This will result in increased related deprivation
•
⇓
• Increased incidences of crime.
Discussion on Questions
(09:43:00 AM)
• Question: How far do you agree with the view that the focus on the lack of
availability of food as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from
ineffective human development policies in India? (250 Words/15 Marks) (UPSC
2018)
• The answer approach is discussed in a brief manner.
• Question: Hunger and Poverty are the biggest challenges for good governance in
India still today. Evaluate how far successive governments have progressed in
dealing with these humongous problems. Suggest measures for
improvement. (150 words/10 marks) (UPSC 2017)
• The answer approach is discussed in a brief manner.
• Question: Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be
broken through the microfinancing of women's SHGs? Explain with examples. (150
words/10 Marks) (UPSC 2021)
• The answer approach is discussed in a brief manner.
• The vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition.
SDGs AND HUNGER
(10:08:00 AM)
Goals
• End Hunger
• Improve Nutrition
• Ensure food security
• Promote sustainable agriculture.
Target
• Universal access to safe and nutritious food.
• End all forms of malnutrition.
• Double the productivity and income of small-scale food producers.
• Sustainable food production and resilient agricultural practices.
• Maintain the genetic diversity in food production.
Government Efforts
•
•
End
Hunger
•
•
Computerization
of Ration cards.
Aadhaar
Linkage.
Automation of
fair price shops.
For
y
•
Improve
Nutrition
•
POSHAN
ABHIYAAN
Integrated Child
Development
Services
(ICDS), Eat
Right
Campaign.
in tmini
-
Ensure
food
security
One Nation, One ration
Card.
Promote
sustainable Soil Health Card, PM FBY,
agriculture. PM KSY
Achievements
(10:16:00 AM)
• 6% of the beneficiaries are now covered under the National Food Security Act
• Six-time increase in food production from 15 million tones 1950-51 to 92 million
tones 2019-20.
• By 2019, 11.4 million hectares of land were brought under micro-irrigation.
• In the past 7 years, the productivity of fruits and vegetable have increased by 11
percent.
• In NSHF 4 the stunting was 38.4% and in NSHF 5, the stunting reduced to 35.5%.
• For the wasting reduced from 21% in NSHF 4 to 19.3% in NSHF 5.
• The underweight has reduced from 35.8% in NSHF 4 to 32.1% in NSHF 5.
Challenges in tackling Hunger and Malnutrition
(10:22:00 AM)
• The social structure of our society: For example, patriarchy, casteism, etc.
• Weak implementation of schemes due to the reasons such as Top-down
approach, Lack of effective monitoring, and Lack of convergent approach.
• Lack of qualified Human resources due to the low wages, and lack of adequate
training. For example, ASHA workers have less motivation due to low
wages/salaries.
• The fragility of the globalized food system. Over-dependence on food imports,
under-investment in local farmers, and increased incidences of diet-related Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).
• Food Wastage: In 7% of total food production, 30% of fruits and vegetables are
wasted due to inadequate warehousing and storage facilities.
• Low Status of Women due to Early marriage, low level of education, and low social
status.
• Lifestyle change: McDonaldization of food habits, sedentary lifestyle, overdependence on technology.
Way Forward
(10:31:00 AM)
• Poverty Alleviation.
• Build the resilience of vulnerable sections.
More investment in disaster prevention, risk reduction, mitigate climate change,
e.g. Building green infrastructure, decarbonizing the energy sector, etc.
• Promote sustainable production, consumption of nutritious food, and reduction of
food waste.
• Motivate food suppliers and producers to ensure the availability and affordability of
Health Food.
• Prevent adulteration of food.
• Mandatory labeling on the front of the package.
• Healthy and robust WASH must be delivered in a coordinated manner.
• Better access to health and educational infrastructure.
• Promote the culture of a diversified diet.
• Empower women as an agency of change.
• Fortification and bio-fortification of food.
• Collect, analyze, and use good-quality data to guide action and track progress.
HEALTH
(10:51:00 AM)
•
Structure for the Discussion on Health
Concept of Good
health
Its manifestation
The issue with
respect to
SDGhealth
03
infrastructure.
Tiers of
Health
Care
System
Government
Efforts
With
respect
Primary
to
health
Through the
PPT
Secondary
tertiary
•
•
•
•
•
•
Economic
good
Political
good
Social
Good
Ecological
good
Concept of Good health: According to WHO, good health is defined as the state of
physical, mental, and social well-being rather than the mere absence of illness.
Good health can be manifested at different levels e.g. economic good. Low health
spending, better absorption of skills, efficiency at the workplace, etc.
Political good: Being healthy ensures active and informed participation in the
political process which helps in strengthening democracy.
• Social good: As a social good, being healthy ensures better absorption of other
social products. It also helps in establishing an equitable and sustainable society.
• Ecological Good: It will ensure sustainable production, consumption, and overall
development.
Issues with respect to the Health Infrastructure
(11:05:00 AM)
• Lack of Infrastructure (both quality and quantity)
• As per WHO, the standard for the Doctor to people ratio should be 1:1000 but in
India as per MHFW that ratio is 1:834, and when only allopathic doctors are taken
then the ratio is 1:1194
• As per WHO, the standard for the Nurse to people ratio should be 1:300 but in India
as per MHFW, that ratio is 1:670.
• As per the WHO, 53% of medical professionals do not have the requisite
qualification which results in the issue of Quacks.
• Privatization of inpatient (60%)/outpatient (70%) care. It results in the issue of
regularization.
• To deal with the issue of regulation the Clinical Establishment Act, of 2010 was
passed by Parliament. However, it faced issues due to health being a state subject,
the states did not show dedication to its implementation.
• Thus it resulted in a high burden of out-of-pocket expenditure. It now accounts for
48.8% of total expenditure. Thus it is one of the most significant causes of Poverty.
• Rural-Urban divide: As per the report from the NITI Aayog on Secondary Health
Care, 80% of the doctors, 75% of the dispensaries, and 60% of the hospitals are in
urban areas. However, the majority of the Indian population lives in rural areas.
• Administrative corruption, misappropriation of funds.
• The lack of requisite infrastructure in existing hospitals makes it difficult to
effectively implement government policies.
• Weak PHC: Where a wider base should be in Primary Health care (PHC) at the
bottom, then Secondary Health Care, and then tertiary Health Care at the top.
• Lack of focus on emerging health issues such as Geriatric Care, Mental Health Care,
NCDs, Road Safety, Addiction, Outdoor Pollution
• Four aspects of Health Care are Promotive, Preventive, Curative, and Rehabilitative.
However, there is a lack of emphasis on promotive, and preventive care.
• Absence of Medical Ethics:g. prescribing branded medicine rather than generic. It
is based on Provider induced demand.
• Lack of research and development and because of it, we are not able to generate or
manufacture a generic version.
• High dependence on imports of API.
• Trust in the AYUSH/Traditional Medicinal system is less.
• Lack of integrated Health Management Information System (HMIS). This results in
delays in treatment and high health costs.
• The problem of self-treatment.
• Lack of insurance coverage. According to The Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority of India (IRDAI), only 17 percent of the population has been
covered under some kind of insurance.
• Lack of focus on correcting the attitude of people towards good health.
•
Post-COVID, there has been a negative perception of the medical career. For
example stigmatization of medical professionals by society.
• Lack of digitalization of Health care. For example Telemedicine and e-pharmacy.
• Dysfunctional state of the integrated disease surveillance program.
• Lack of an adequate number of medical colleges.
• Lack of robust and comprehensive selection process.
SDG Goals 03 (11:43:00 AM)
• Goal: It deals with good health and promoting well-being.
Targets
• Reduce MMR
• Fight communicable diseases.
• Prevent and treat substance abuse.
• Reduce road injuries and death.
• Promote mental health.
• Universal Access to reproductive care, family planning, and education.
Government Efforts:
• Affordable health Care: Schems like Ayushman Bharat, Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana.
• Reducing MMR using RMNCH+A strategy, Janani Suraksha Yojana.
•
To
reduce
MMR
Prenatal
Pradhan Mantri
Surakshit Matritva
Abhiyan
(PMSMA)
Perinatal
Janani Suraksha
Yojana (JSY)
Postnatal
Janani Shishu
Suraksha
Karyakram
(JSSK)
With reducing neonatal mortality or Infant mortality: Integrated Child Development
Services (ICDS), Mission Indradhanush, etc.
• With respect to the promotion of Ayush, the government has proposed to set up an
Ayurveda Hospital in every district.
ACHIEVEMENTS
• Stunting, Wasting, and Low Weight (Data mentioned in Issues with respect to the
Health Infrastructure section)
• Out-of-pocket expenditure has reduced from 64.2% in 2013 to 49.8% now.
• The maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) now it has reduced to 97.
• The infant Mortality Ratio (IMR) now has reduced to 17 from 37 in 2015.
The topic for the next class discussion: Health, Education
•
Social Issues Class 03
Guided students on how they need to approach UPSC prelims and mains.
(09:16:00
AM)
HEALTH
(09:20:00 AM)
Primary Health Care
• It is defined as the first point of contact between individuals and the health care
system. According to Alma Ata Declaration PHC include family planning,
vaccination, nutritional awareness, and access to safe WASH.
The goals of primary health care include
• To reduce exclusion.
• Organize Health Care services around the needs of the people.
• Ensure community participation, qualitative and quantitative health workforce.
• Development of appropriate technology.
• Multisectoral convergent approach.
Secondary Health Care in India
Challenges with SHC
• Accessibility
• Non-availability of skilled workforce
• Weak PHC
• Unmanageable patient load
• Weak governance and Accountability
• Low government spending on healthcare
• Lack of pandemic handling capacity
Way Forward
(09:31:00 AM)
• Discussed with help of the handout.
• Promoting preventive healthcare.
• Better patient management at PHC.
• Improving government health spending.
• Increasing Insurance coverage.
• Involvement of SHGs, PRIs, Strengthening of ANMs, and ASHA.
Questions Discussed
• Question: According to Amartya Sen, PHC in India is not robust, what according to
you are the challenges with respect to primary health care, and how it can be
addressed? (150 Words/10 Marks)
• Question: What do you mean by secondary health care? In the context of
challenges confronted by secondary health care suggest some measures for
improvement. (150 Words/10 Marks)
• Question: What do you mean by Universal Health Coverage? Discuss its prospects
in the context of ensuring as a fundamental right.
(150 Words/10 Marks)
AYUSHMAN BHARAT PM-JAY (09:43:00 AM)
• Discussed with help of handout.
Approach for schemes
• Start with “Objective”
• Then bring “Ministry” involved.
• Then how it has been "Sponsored": Centrally Sponsored Scheme
• Then bring the "Implementation Agency": National Health Authority.
• Rashya Swashthya Bima Yojana.
• Target: Available in both public and private hospitals (Empaneled private
hospitals)
Prospects of PM-JAY
• Discussed with help of Handout.
• It will help achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and SDG.
• Strengthen public health care through the infusion of Insurance Revenue.
• Enable the creation of New Health Infrastructure in remote revenue.
Reason for the Limited Effectiveness
• Funding and Infrastructure
• Scheme Issues
• Implementation Issues
• Other Issues
Digitalization of Health Infrastructure
(09:51:00 AM)
• Discussed with help of handout.
• Integration of Medical Knowledge with IT application (or IT technology with aim of
improving medical care)
• It includes Telemedicine, e-insurance, e-pharmacies, robot-assisted surgeries, selfmonitoring healthcare devices, and electronic health records.
Question Discussed
• How is Ayushman Bharat-National Health Protection Mission (AB-NHPM) different
from the previous centrally-sponsored schemes on health insurance? Identify the
fiscal and administrative challenges in its implementation.
(250 words/15
marks)
Prospects of Digitization in Health Care
• Discussed with help of the Handout.
• Evidence-based planning and decision-making.
• Ensure national portability in the provisions of health services.
Challenges
• Discussed with help of handout.
• Health is a state subject.
• It will be difficult to dictate from the central level, what these systems should look
like.
• Underdeveloped Infrastructure i.e. lack of computerization especially in Primary
Health Care (PHC).
Way Forward
• Discussed with help of handout.
• Use of Aadhaar to digitize all data w.r.t. patients 9Government/private hospitals
diagnostic center, etc.
National Digital Health Mission (10:03:00 AM)
• Discussed with help of handout.
• It is a voluntary healthcare program.
It aims to reduce the gap among stakeholders such as doctors, hospitals, citizens,
etc. by connecting them in an integrated digital health infrastructure.
• It tries to create a national digital health ecosystem that supports “Universal Health
Coverage”.
• Launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare on a pilot basis in 6 union
territories.
Building Blocks of National Digital Health Mission
• Discussed with help of the handout.
• Health Facility Register
• Personal Health Record
• Electronic Medical Record
• Consent Manager gateway
Question
• Against the backdrop of growing incidences of mental illness, discuss the factors
responsible and suggest a few measures. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Mental Healthcare
(10:09:00 AM)
• Discussed with help of Handout.
• According to the National Mental Health Survey, approximately 150 million people
in India need care for mental Health.
• 70-92% of cases fail to receive treatment.
• WHO says India has the highest number of teenage suicide rates.
Causes for the increase in Mental Illness
• Discussed with help of participation from the students.
Mental healthcare Act, 2017
• Discussed with help of handout
• Right of Person with mental Illness.
• Advances Directive.
• Central and State mental authority.
• Suicide is decriminalized.
• Mental Health Review Commission.
• Mental Health Review Board.
• Limited and careful use of electro-convulsive therapy.
COVID-19 and Mental Health
• Refer handout
Reasons behind poor and low Health Insurance Coverage in India
(10:21:00 AM)
• Discussed with help of handout.
• Launch of awareness about insurance products.
• Perception Issue
• Unavailability of branches in rural areas.
EDUCATION
(10:32:00 AM)
•
Class Structure for the discussion of
Education
Concept
Qualities of
good
Education.
Issues with
respect to Higher
school
Education
education.
SDG04
Significance
of good
Education
Data
Challenges
Way
Forward
Literacy is defined as the objective or quantitative criteria which are confined to the
realm of formal schooling.
• However, education is qualitative in nature which goes beyond formal schooling
and includes overall personality development, (values, morals, wisdom, character
building, emotional intelligence, etc.)
Characteristics of Quality Education
• Well-designed curriculum, safe and secure learning environment, value-based
education, effective infrastructure, well-trained and motivated teachers.
• Adequate Funding.
Significance of Good Education
(10:44:00 AM)
• It ensures early childhood care as 90% of the brain grows by five years of age.
• (National Education Policy: 90% of the brain is growing in 0 to 5 years. Thus it
makes Early childhood care important.)
• Good quality education will ensure a decline in dropouts as 36% of the students
drop out before the completion of primary education.
• Education will ensure better employment opportunities and overall
empowerment.
• Education also improves the health and resilience of communities for example
avenues of social mobility, reduced inequality, foster tolerance, and strengthens
social and cultural capital.
• Effective means of achieving sustainable development goals.
• Transformation of human beings to being humane.
Issues with respect to the school education system
• Inadequate attention to the quality of education.
• Focus on rote-based learning.
• One size fits all teaching models which reduces the learning outcome.
• Unhealthy competition focussed on grades create stress and dents self-esteem.
• Lacunae in assessments. Hence it is difficult to measure and track the progress.
• Engagement of teachers in non-teaching tasks e.g. only 19% of teaching hours are
spent on teaching.
• Lack of infrastructure and resources, e.g. lack of innovative teaching learning
material, drinking water availability, separate functional toilets, etc.
• Shortage of qualified teachers, for example, passed percentage of CTET is less than
25%.
• Lack of focus on life skills.
Way Forward (10:59:00 AM)
• Academic monitoring and data-backed review.
• The incentive for the private sector to invest in the infrastructure of public schools.
• Customized teaching pedagogy in accordance with the needs of the students.
• Experience learning needs to be promoted.
•
Technology-driven pedagogy to make education creative, interactive, and
engaging.
• Teacher training should be mandatory in both pre-service and in-service.
• Reshaping the attitude with respect to the teaching profession.
• Make it lucrative, meritocratic, and socially valued, so that it can attract the best
minds.
Stakeholder's approach to writing way forward
With respect to learners
• Emphasize foundational learning.
• Encourage the role of families in the process of learning.
• Universalized enrolment and retention.
With respect to teachers
• Develop a sense of responsibility towards the children.
• A proper mechanism for the performance appraisal.
• Providing tools and techniques for effective learning.
With respect to learning sources
• High-quality age-appropriate material.
• Ensure effective access to technology to achieve learning objectives
With respect to schools.
• Promote inclusive learning
• Elementary education in the mother tongue.
• Addressing any form of prejudice and discrimination.
• Creating adequate space for both learning and co-curricular activities.
With respect to system management
• Provide autonomy and investment in a management capacity and leadership to
support schools.
NEW EDUCATION POLICY 2020 (11:16:00 AM)
The vision of the New Education Policy 2020
• Discussed with help of the handout
• An education system that contributes to an equitable and vibrant knowledge
society, by providing high-quality education to all.
• Develops a deep sense of respect towards fundamental rights, duties, and
Constitutional values, bonding with one’s country, and a conscious awareness of
one’s role and responsibilities in a changing world.
• Instills skills, values, and dispositions that support responsible commitment to
human rights, sustainable development and living, and global well-being, thereby
reflecting a truly global citizen.
•
Dimensions
Key Provisions under NEP 2020
•
National Book Promotion
Policy is to be formulated to ensure the
availability, accessibility, quality, and
readership of books across geographies,
languages, levels, and genres.
•
National Repository of highquality resources on foundational
literacy and numeracy will be made
available on the Digital Infrastructure
for Knowledge Sharing (DIKSHA).
Curtailing Dropout Rates and Ensuring
Universal Access to Education at All
Levels
The policy aims to achieve 100% GER
in preschool to secondary level by
2030. The following are the initiatives to
achieve this:
Dimensions
Key Provisions under NEP 2020
Institutional
Restructuring &
Consolidation
•
All higher education institutions are to be consolidated
into three types of institutions:
•
Research Universities - equal focus on research and
teaching
•
Teaching Universities - primary focus on teaching
with a significant focus on research
•
Autonomous degree-granting colleges – almost
exclusive focus on teaching
•
Affiliation of colleges is to be phased out in 15 years
and a stage-wise mechanism is to be established
for granting graded autonomy to colleges.
•
Over a period of time, it is envisaged that every college
would develop into either an Autonomous degree-granting
College or a constituent college of a university.
•
By 2040, all higher education institutions (HEIs)
shall aim to become multidisciplinary institutions.
Dimensions
Key Provisions under NEP 2020
Institutional
Restructuring &
Consolidation
•
All higher education institutions are to be consolidated
into three types of institutions:
•
Research Universities - equal focus on research and
teaching
•
Teaching Universities - primary focus on teaching with
a significant focus on research
•
Autonomous degree-granting colleges – almost
exclusive focus on teaching
•
Affiliation of colleges is to be phased out in 15 years and
a stage-wise mechanism is to be established for granting
graded autonomy to colleges.
•
Over a period of time, it is envisaged that every college
would develop into either an Autonomous degree-granting
College or a constituent college of a university.
•
By 2040, all higher education institutions (HEIs) shall
aim to become multidisciplinary institutions.
Higher Education in India (11:24:00 AM)
• According to an All India Survey for Higher Education, the gross enrolment ratio is
27.1% percent, and for the first time, gender parity is more than 1.
• Shortage of eligible population.
• In US gross enrolment ratio is 88%, 54%, and in Brazil 51%. The reason why we have
low enrolment rations is due to dropouts at the secondary level.
• Medium of instructions.
Socio-economics constraints.
Poor employability. According to India's skill report, only 45% of graduates are
employable.
• Poor quality in higher educational institutions.
• The problem of brain drain.
• Sub-optimal research ecosystem e.g. only .56% of GDP is spent on research.
• Only 2.5% of higher educational institutions are running Ph.D. courses.
• Political interference in management. The politicization of higher educational
institutions.
Way Forward
• Refer to the Provision of the National Education Policy.
Sustainable Development Goal Number 04 (11:33:00 AM)
• Goal: Quality education for all.
Targets
• Equal access to preschool education.
• Increase the ambit of free and compulsory education to the secondary level.
• Equal access to affordable, technical, and vocational education.
• Universal literacy and numeracy, eliminate all forms of discrimination.
• Increase the supply of quality teachers.
Question: To what extent to the revisions of the National Education policy able to achieve in
regard to education?
Government Efforts
(11:39:00 AM)
• With respect to Pre-School: ICDS, National Education Policy, Anganawadi, etc.
• With respect to school education: Right to Education Act, Samagra Siksha Abhiyan,
Vidyanjali Scheme.
• With respect to Higher Education: RUSA, Institution of eminence.
• With respect to Skill Development: PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana.
• With respect to Digital: SWAYAM, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC), DIKSHA,
NISHTHA portal.
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
(11:42:00 AM)
• Please refer handout
• Dalit Movements
• Women movements
• Environment Movements
• Farmer Movements
Approach
• Objective/Aim
• Action Repertoire
• Social Constituency
• Structure of the Movement.
•
•
All the scheduled syllabus for the social issue has
been completed