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PHYSICS
PROJECT
REPORT
SUBMITTED BY:
NAME: DHARUN S U
CLASS: XII – A2
ROLL NO:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my teacher DR. MOHD LLYAS Who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
Topic TO STUDY ABOUT LENZ’S LAW Which also
helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know
about so many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within
the limited time frame.
CERTIFICATE
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This is to certify that the KESHAV GUPTA has successfully
completed his PHYSICS PROJECT “TO STUDY ABOUT LENZS
LAW” had been submitted by the candidate with Roll
number _____________ for the class XII-A in the practical
examination conducted during the academic year 2026-2027
EXAMINER
TEACHER
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INDEX
4
CONTENT
PAGE NO
Acknowledgement
2
Certificate
3
Aim
5
Introduction
6-7
Materials Required
8
Construction & Working
9
Principle & Mechanism
10-11
Uses
12
Circuit Diagram
13
Precautions
14
Bibliography
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AIM
TO STUDY ABOUT MAGNETIC
EFFECT OF THE CURRENT IN A
COIL
INTRODUCTION
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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Electromagnetic induction is the action that causes electrons to flow in a
conductor moves across a magnetic field. When the conductor moves up through
the magnetic field, the free electrons are pushed to the right end of the conductor.
This causes an excess of electrons at the right end of the conductor and a
deficiency of electrons at the other end. The result is a potential difference that
develops between the two ends of the conductor.
The potential difference developed in the conductor exists only while the
conductor is moving through, or cutting, the flux lines of the magnet. When the
conductor moves out of the magnetic field, the electrons return to their original
positions and the potential difference disappears. The potential difference also
disappears if the conductor stops in the magnetic field. Thus, there must be
relative movement between the conductor and the magnetic lines of flux before a
potential difference develops in the conductor.
Motion is essential to electromagnetic induction. Some outside force must be
applied to the conductor in order to move it through the magnetic field. This
mechanical force is converted to an electromotive force (EMF) by
electromagnetic induction. In other words, an EMF is induced into the conductor.
The potential difference across the conductor is called an induced
EMF or an induced voltage.
The amount of the EMF induced in a conductor is determined by four
factors:-
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1.
The stronger magnetic field, the greater the number of lines of flux in the
field per unit area.
2.
As a conductor moves through a magnetic field it cuts the Magnetic lines
of force. Increasing the conductor’s speed through the field results in a
greater number of lines of flux being cut for a given time period.
3.
If one conductor moves perpendicular or at right angles, to the magnetic
lines of force, it will cut a maximum number lines of force per second and
produce a maximum EMF.
4.
A longer conductor must be coiled in order for it to fit into the magnetic
field.
The voltage induced in the conductor is directly proportional to the rate at which
the conductor cuts the magnetic lines of force.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. SOLENOID ROD
2. DC Battery of 9v
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3. Copper wire (40 No.) with 2000 turns
4. Switch
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CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
In this experiment we use a ferrite rod and round A 2000 turns of A copper wire.
When we apply the DC voltage then coil becomes a temporary magnet.
A permanent magnet exerts a force that extends some distance from it in every
direction. The space around that permanent magnet in which its effects can be felt
is called its magnetic field. These invisible lines are like closed loops, with part
of the loop inside the magnet and part forming the field outside. The lines of force
never touch or cross. I have already seen how iron fillings give a flat picture of a
magnetic field. A magnetic field can cause a compass needle, which is it a bar
magnet, to move. The presence of a magnet near electrical equipment can create
in the same way as the magnetic needle in a compass is made to move. Magnetic
shields are designed to avoid such problems. Using iron filings and oil, you can
demonstrate the three - dimensional nature of a magnetic field.
An electromagnetic is a coil wire around an iron core. When an electric current
flows through the coil a strong magnetic field is created. The strength of the field
depends upon the “push” of the current - the voltage. The strength of an
electromagnet can be increased by the addition of extra turns of wire to the coil,
by increasing the voltage in the circuit and by bringing the poles of the magnet
closer together. If steel and not iron is used, the metal will remain permanently
magnetized. Iron becomes a temporary magnet. This means that when the current
is switched off, the magnetic diapers.
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PRINCIPLE AND MECHANISM
Firstly wound the copper wire on straight rod and connect to a 9 volt DC. We
know that the flowing electric current produces a magnetic field the coil of wire
wound around a core in our experiment is called a solenoid. This solenoid
produces a magnet field. If we supply a D.C. Voltage to the coil then one end of
the coil is North pole and second is south pole. North Pole Depends upon the
direction of D.C. Voltage. On reversing the voltage, pole changes automatically.
If we supply a AC Voltage the due to alternating voltage pole changes
automatically.
If a D.C. is passed through the coil the result in the rate of change of flux linkage
in the coil as the current is alternating this induces an E.M.F. in the coil opposing
the applied voltage. This induced E.M.F. is known as selfinduction as the rate of
change of flux linkage is with in the coil itself. Thus the magnitude of the induced
E.M.F. is given By :- d/dt = N do/dt
However we conclude that a current coil possess a self-inductance, if a current
changing at a rate of 1 ampere / second induces a voltage of 1 volt in the coil.
When the magnetic field of a current in a conductor changes, an E.M.F. is
induced. Not only in the neighboring conductor but also in the conductor itself
since conductor is in the same varying magnetic field.
The appearance of an E.M.F. in a conductor is called the Self-Inductance. Its due
to change in the current flowing through it.
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MUTUAL INDUCTION
Consider two coil P and S placed near each other. If the coil P carries a current.
It produced a magnet field which produces a magnetic flux through S. If the
current in the coil P, called the primary is changed it would carry an induced
E.M.F. on the coil S, called secondary.
Let the current through primary coil at any instant be I.
Then the magnet flux at any part of the secondary coil will be proportional to I .
Therefore induced E.M.F. in the secondary when I changes is given by :-
E = - do / dt
or
E = - do / dt
or
E = - M do / dt
USES
With the development of electricity, the electromagnet is now part of much
modern equipment, both scientific and domestic. Numerous gadgets and
machines work for us because of magnetism. The range from a lid- holding can
opener to an atom-smashing machine called a particle accelerator. In our homes,
weak magnets help to hold refrigerator doors firmly shut. In factories magnetic
conveyor belts transport iron and steel cans. Precision instruments may have
lightweight moving parts in which a magnet is suspended. We all make use of
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machined like the ticket machines shown here. They can sort coins into their
different values. You can also sort coins using your own magnetic slot machine.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PRECAUTIONS
1. Mount the components at the appropriete places before soldering. Follow
the circuit discription and components details, leads identification etc.
Do not start soldering before making it confirm that all the component
are mounted at the right place.
2. Do not use a spread solder on the board, it may cause short circuit.
3. Do not sit under the fan while soldering.
4. Position the board so that gravity tends to keep the solder where you
want it.
5. Do not over heat the components at the board. Excess heat may damage
the components or board.
6. The board should not vibrate while soldering otherwise you have a dry
or a cold joint.
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7. Do not put the kit under or over voltage source. Be sure abort the voltage
either do or ac while operating the gadget.
8. Do spare the bare ends of the components leads otherwise it may short
circuit with the other components. To prevent this use sleeves at the
components leads or use sleeved wire for connections.
9. Do not use old dark colour solder. It may give dry joint. Be sure that all
the joints are clean and well shiny.
10. Do make loose wire connections specially with cell holder, speaker,
probes etc. Put knots while connections to the circuit board, otherwise it
may get loose.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wikipedia.com
Google search engine
Physics NCERT book for class XII
Youtube.com
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