Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy &
Physiology
Converted from your one-page study sheet into slide format.
Anatomy vs Physiology
Anatomy studies body structure, while physiology studies how body parts
function. Structure determines function, known as the principle of
complementarity.
Branches of Anatomy
Gross anatomy focuses on visible structures. Microscopic anatomy examines
cells and tissues. Developmental anatomy studies changes across the lifespan.
Levels of Organization
Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organismal.
Organ Systems
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic
(immune), respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
Requirements for Life
Vital functions include maintenance of boundaries, movement, responsiveness,
digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth. Survival needs
include nutrients, water, oxygen, proper temperature, and pressure.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions. It is controlled
mainly by the nervous and endocrine systems.
Feedback Mechanisms
Negative feedback reverses change to maintain balance. Positive feedback
amplifies change for specific events. Feedforward responses anticipate change.
Anatomical Position & Direction
In anatomical position, the body is erect, facing forward, with palms forward.
Directional terms include superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral,
proximal/distal, and superficial/deep.
Body Planes & Cavities
Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes divide the body. The dorsal cavity
includes cranial and spinal cavities, while the ventral cavity includes thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities.