Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
1.1 Form (anatomy) determines function (physiology)
1.2 The body’s organization ranges from atoms to the entire organism
1.3 What are the requirements for life?
1.4 Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback
1.5 Anatomical terms describe body directions, regions, and planes
1.6 Many internal organs lie in membrane-lined body cavities
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chapter 1.1: Form (anatomy) determines function (physiology)
LO 1.1a: Define anatomy and physiology and describe their subdivisions.
1. Anatomy studies the ____________ of body parts, while physiology studies the
____________ of body parts.
2. List three subdivisions of gross anatomy and two subdivisions of microscopic anatomy.
Gross anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
3. Which topic of anatomy specifically studies body tissues? _____
(a) Surface anatomy
(b) Histology
(c) Regional anatomy
(d) Gross anatomy
4. Renal physiology considers the operation of which specific organ system? ____________
LO 1.1b: Explain the principle of complementarity.
5. In your own words, describe “the principle of complementarity of structure and function.”
____________________________________________________________________________
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Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
6. Figure 1.1 in your text shows one example of the complementarity of structure and function.
Give another example of this key concept.
____________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 1.2: The body’s organization ranges from atoms to the entire organism
LO 1.2a: Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human
body and explain their relationships.
1. Select the correct sequence of levels of structural organization (from smallest to largest). ____
Refer to Figure 1.2 for help.
(a) Organ, organ system, cellular, chemical, tissue, organismal
(b) Chemical, cellular, tissue, organismal, organ, organ system
(c) Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
(d) Organismal, organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical
2. What defines an organ?
____________________________________________________________________________
LO 1.2b: List the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their components, and briefly
explain the major function(s) of each system.
3. Refer to Figure 1.4 as you complete the table. List the 11 organ systems of the body, name
key organs for each system, and briefly describe the overall function(s) of each system.
Organ system
Major organs
Overall function(s)
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Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
4. Which body system is shown? ____________________________
Chapter 1.3: What are the requirements for life?
LO 1.3a: List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans.
1. Humans carry out vital functional activities that are vital for life. Define each of the following
terms as you come to them in the reading.
Term
Maintaining boundaries
Definition
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
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Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
LO 1.3b: List the survival needs of the body.
2. List several survival needs that are required to sustain life.
____________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 1.4: Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback
LO 1.4a: Define homeostasis and explain its significance.
1. In your own words, describe the term “homeostasis.”
____________________________________________________________________________
2. See Figure 1.5 to help you label the three main parts of a homeostatic control system.
Briefly explain the function of each part:
1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________
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Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
LO 1.4b: Describe how negative and positive feedback maintain body homeostasis.
3. In a negative feedback mechanism the response ____________ (reverses/enhances) the effect
of the original stimulus
In a positive feedback mechanism the response ___________ (reverses/enhances) the effect of
the original stimulus.
4. Determine if each example is regulated by a negative or positive feedback mechanism.
Example
Negative or positive feedback mechanism?
Blood clotting
Body temperature
Labor contractions
Blood sugar levels
Blood pressure
5. Which are more common in the body, negative or positive feedback mechanisms?
____________________________________________________________________________
Why is this true?
____________________________________________________________________________
LO 1.4c: Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease.
6. The efficiency of negative feedback mechanisms declines with age. Provide an example of
homeostatic imbalance that could result when our internal environment becomes less and less
stable.
____________________________________________________________________________
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Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Chapter 1.5: Anatomical terms describe body directions, regions, and planes
LO 1.5a: Describe the anatomical position.
1. Describe the anatomical position.
____________________________________________________________________________
LO 1.5b: Use correct anatomical terms to describe body directions, regions, and body
planes or sections.
2. Use Table 1.1 to help define each directional term. Then provide an example of each that is
different from the example given in the chapter.
Directional Term
Definition
Example
Superior (cranial)
Inferior (caudal)
Anterior (ventral)
Posterior (dorsal)
Medial
Lateral
Intermediate
Proximal
Distal
Superficial (external)
Deep (internal)
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Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
3. Assign the letters (A–WW) to the corresponding regional terms used to designate specific
body areas. Start with terms you’re perhaps already familiar with such as gluteal or umbilical. It
is difficult to learn these regional terms, but your efforts are important because we’ll use these
terms throughout A&P. Note that two of the terms listed below will be used twice. Refer to
Figure 1.8 for help.
_____ Back (dorsum)
_____ Thorax
_____ Abdomen
_____ Pubic
_____ Frontal
_____ Plantar
_____ Metatarsal
_____ Gluteal
_____ Perineal
_____ Cervical (2 choices)
_____ Otic
_____ Palmar
_____ Digital (2 choices)
_____ Hallux
_____ Mental
_____ Umbilical
_____ Scapular
_____ Metacarpal
_____ Pollex
_____ Olecranal
_____ Coxal (hip)
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Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
_____ Femoral
_____ Sural
_____ Crural
_____ Orbital
_____ Occipital
_____ Inguinal
_____ Sternal
_____ Nasal
_____ Buccal
_____ Vertebral
_____ Acromial
_____ Lumbar
_____ Sacral
_____ Patellar
_____ Popliteal
_____ Mammary
_____ Brachial
_____ Carpal
_____ Axillary
_____ Oral
_____ Antebrachial
_____ Pelvic
_____ Antecubital
_____ Fibular (peroneal)
_____ Tarsal
_____ Calcaneal
4. Which body plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions? ______
Refer to Figure 1.9.
(a) Sagittal
(b) Frontal
(c) Transverse
(d) Coronal
5. Which section(s) would allow you to observe both kidneys? _________________________
Chapter 1.6: Many internal organs lie in membrane-lined body cavities
LO 1.6a: Locate and name the major body cavities and their subdivisions and associated
membranes, and list the major organs contained within them.
1. Use Figure 1.10 to help you complete the flowchart for the major body cavities and their
subdivisions.
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Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
2. Place the following organs in their correct body cavities (be as specific as you can).
Organ
Body Cavity
Brain
Stomach
Urinary bladder
Heart
Spinal cord
Lung
Small intestine
Rectum
3. What is the function of serous membranes?
____________________________________________________________________________
Explain why this function is needed in ventral body cavities but not dorsal body cavities.
____________________________________________________________________________
LO 1.6b: Name the four quadrants or nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity and list
the organs they contain.
4. Which abdominopelvic quadrant contains the appendix? ________________
The gallbladder? ____________________
Refer to Figure 1.12 for help.
5. Which abdominopelvic region contains most of the stomach? _______________
The urinary bladder? ____________________ Refer to Figure 1.13 for help.
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