​BIOLOGY​​NOTES​​PROMOTIONAL​​EXAMINATIONS​
​Human​​Body​​Organ​​Systems​
❤️
​1.​​Circulatory​​System​​ ​
​ ​ ​Heart​​→​​Pumps​​blood​​around​​the​​body​
●
​●​ ​Blood​​→​​Carries​​oxygen,​​nutrients,​​and​​wastes​
​●​ ​Arteries​​→​​Carry​​blood​​away​​from​​the​​heart​
​●​ ​Veins​​→​​Carry​​blood​​back​​to​​the​​heart​
​●​ ​Capillaries​​→​​Allow​​exchange​​of​​substances​​between​​blood​​and​​cells​
🌬️
​2.​​Respiratory​​System​​ ​
​ ​ ​Nose​​/​​Nasal​​cavity​​→​​Filters,​​warms,​​and​​moistens​​air​
●
​●​ ​Pharynx​​→​​Passage​​that​​carries​​air​​from​​nose​​to​​larynx​
​●​ ​Larynx​​→​​Voice​​box;​​helps​​air​​pass​​into​​trachea​​and​​produces​​sound​
​●​ ​Trachea​​→​​Carries​​air​​to​​lungs​
​●​ ​Bronchi​​→​​Carry​​air​​into​​each​​lung​
​●​ ​Lungs​​→​​Main​​organs​​for​​breathing​
​●​ ​Alveoli​​→​​Site​​of​​gas​​exchange​
​●​ ​Diaphragm​​→​​Helps​​lungs​​expand​​and​​contract​​during​​breathing​
🍎
​3.​​Digestive​​System​​ ​
​ ​ ​Mouth​​→​​Chews​​food​​and​​mixes​​it​​with​​saliva​
●
​●​ ​Salivary​​glands​​→​​Produce​​saliva​​to​​start​​digestion​
​●​ ​Oesophagus​​→​​Pushes​​food​​to​​stomach​
​●​ ​Stomach​​→​​Churns​​food​​and​​digests​​proteins​
​●​ ​Liver​​→​​Produces​​bile​
​●​ ​Gall​​bladder​​→​​Stores​​bile​
​1​
​ ​ ​Pancreas​​→​​Produces​​digestive​​enzymes​
●
​●​ ​Small​​intestine​​→​​Digests​​food​​and​​absorbs​​nutrients​
​●​ ​Large​​intestine​​→​​Absorbs​​water​
​●​ ​Rectum​​→​​Stores​​faeces​
​●​ ​Anus​​→​​Removes​​faeces​​from​​body​
🚽
​4.​​Excretory​​/​​Urinary​​System​​ ​
​ ​ ​Kidneys​​→​​Filter​​blood​​and​​remove​​wastes​
●
​●​ ​Ureters​​→​​Carry​​urine​​to​​bladder​
​●​ ​Bladder​​→​​Stores​​urine​
​●​ ​Urethra​​→​​Removes​​urine​​from​​body​
🧠
​5.​​Nervous​​System​​ ​
​ ​ ​Brain​​→​​Controls​​body​​activities​
●
​●​ ​Spinal​​cord​​→​​Carries​​messages​​to​​and​​from​​brain​
​●​ ​Nerves​​→​​Transmit​​impulses​​around​​body​
​●​ ​Eyes​​→​​Detect​​light​
​●​ ​Ears​​→​​Detect​​sound​​and​​balance​
​●​ ​Skin​​receptors​​→​​Detect​​touch,​​pain,​​and​​temperature​
🦴
​6.​​Skeletal​​System​​ ​
​ ​ ​Bones​​→​​Support​​and​​protect​​body​
●
​●​ ​Joints​​→​​Allow​​movement​
​●​ ​Cartilage​​→​​Reduces​​friction​​at​​joints​
​●​ ​Ligaments​​→​​Connect​​bones​​together​
​●​ ​Bone​​marrow​​→​​Produces​​blood​​cells​
​Page​​2​​of​​10​
🌱
​Parts​​of​​a​​Plant​​and​​Their​​Functions​​ ​
​ ​ ​Roots​​→​​Anchor​​the​​plant​​and​​absorb​​water​​and​​minerals​
●
​●​ ​Leaves​​→​​Site​​of​​photosynthesis​
​●​ ​Chlorophyll​​→​​Absorbs​​sunlight​​for​​photosynthesis​
​●​ ​Stomata​​→​​Allow​​gas​​exchange​
🌸
​Parts​​of​​a​​Flower​​and​​Their​​Functions​​ ​
​ ​ ​Petals​​→​​Attract​​insects​​for​​pollination​
●
​●​ ​Sepals​​→​​Protect​​the​​flower​​bud​
​●​ ​Stamen​​→​​Male​​reproductive​​part​​of​​flower​
​●​ ​Anther​​→​​Produces​​pollen​​grains​
​●​ ​Filament​​→​​Holds​​the​​anther​​in​​position​
​●​ ​Carpel​​/​​Pistil​​→​​Female​​reproductive​​part​​of​​flower​
​●​ ​Stigma​​→​​Receives​​pollen​​grains​
​●​ ​Style​​→​​Connects​​stigma​​to​​ovary​
​●​ ​Ovary​​→​​Contains​​ovules​
​●​ ​Ovule​​→​​Develops​​into​​seed​​after​​fertilisation​
​Photosynthesis​
​●​ ​Process​​by​​which​​plants​​make​​food​​using​​sunlight​
​Page​​3​​of​​10​
🌼
​Pollination​​ ​
​●​ ​Transfer​​of​​pollen​​from​​anther​​to​​stigma​
​Types​
​ ​ ​Insect​​pollination​
●
​●​ ​Wind​​pollination​
🌱
​Fertilisation​​ ​
​●​ ​Fusion​​of​​male​​and​​female​​gametes​​to​​form​​a​​seed​
​Page​​4​​of​​10​
🧬
​GENETICS​​AND​​INHERITANCE​​ ​
​Basic​​Terms​
​ ​ ​Genetics​​→​​Study​​of​​heredity​​and​​variation​
●
​●​ ​Inheritance​​→​​Passing​​of​​characteristics​​from​​parents​​to​​offspring​
​●​ ​Variation​​→​​Differences​​between​​individuals​
​Cell​​and​​Genetic​​Material​
​ ​ ​Nucleus​​→​​Controls​​activities​​of​​the​​cell​
●
​●​ ​Chromosomes​​→​​Thread-like​​structures​​carrying​​genes​
​●​ ​Gene​​→​​Small​​section​​of​​DNA​​controlling​​a​​characteristic​
​●​ ​DNA​​→​​Genetic​​material​​of​​living​​organisms​
​Inheritance​​Process​
​ ​ ​Parents​​pass​​genes​​to​​offspring​
●
​●​ ​Offspring​​inherit​​traits​​from​​both​​parents​
​●​ ​Some​​traits​​are​​dominant​​and​​some​​recessive​
🌍
​HABITATS​​AND​​ADAPTATIONS​​ ​
​Habitat​
​●​ ​Habitat​​→​​Natural​​place​​where​​an​​organism​​lives​
​Page​​5​​of​​10​
​Examples​
​ ​ ​Desert​
●
​●​ ​Forest​
​●​ ​Ocean​
​●​ ​Grassland​
​Adaptation​
​●​ ​Adaptation​​→​​Feature​​that​​helps​​an​​organism​​survive​​in​​its​​habitat​
​Types​​of​​Adaptations​
​Behavioural​​Adaptations​
​●​ ​Actions​​helping​​survival​
​Examples​
​ ​ ​Migration​​of​​birds​
●
​●​ ​Nocturnal​​behaviour​​in​​owls​
​Physiological​​Adaptations​
​●​ ​Internal​​body​​processes​​helping​​survival​
​Examples​
​ ​ ​Camels​​storing​​fat​
●
​●​ ​Snakes​​producing​​venom​
​Page​​6​​of​​10​
​Special​​Terms​
​ ​ ​Nocturnal​​→​​Active​​at​​night​
●
​●​ ​Camouflage​​→​​Blending​​with​​surroundings​
​●​ ​Mimicry​​→​​Copying​​another​​organism​​for​​protection​
🌿
​FOOD​​CHAIN​​AND​​FOOD​​WEB​​ ​
​Food​​Chain​
​ ​ ​Food​​chain​​→​​Shows​​feeding​​relationship​​in​​one​​path​
●
​●​ ​Order​​→​​Sun​​→​​Producer​​→​​Consumer​​→​​Decomposer​
🌱
​Producer​​ ​
​●​ ​Producer​​→​​Makes​​its​​own​​food​​by​​photosynthesis​
​Examples​
​ ​ ​Grass​
●
​●​ ​Plants​
🐾
​Consumers​​ ​
​Consumer​
​Page​​7​​of​​10​
​●​ ​Consumer​​→​​Organism​​that​​gets​​energy​​by​​eating​​other​​organisms​
​Types​​of​​Consumers​
​Herbivore​
​●​ ​Herbivore​​→​​Eats​​plants​​only​
​Examples​
​ ​ ​Rabbit​
●
​●​ ​Deer​
​●​ ​Cow​
​Carnivore​
​●​ ​Carnivore​​→​​Eats​​animals​​only​
​Examples​
​ ​ ​Lion​
●
​●​ ​Snake​
​●​ ​Eagle​
​Omnivore​
​●​ ​Omnivore​​→​​Eats​​both​​plants​​and​​animals​
​Examples​
​●​ ​Human​
​Page​​8​​of​​10​
​ ​ ​Bear​
●
​●​ ​Crow​
​Levels​​of​​Consumers​
​Primary​​Consumer​
​ ​ ​Eats​​producers​
●
​●​ ​Usually​​herbivores​
​Example​
​●​ ​Rabbit​
​Secondary​​Consumer​
​●​ ​Eats​​primary​​consumers​
​Example​
​●​ ​Snake​
​Tertiary​​Consumer​
​ ​ ​Eats​​secondary​​consumers​
●
​●​ ​Usually​​top​​predators​
​Example​
​●​ ​Eagle​
​Page​​9​​of​​10​
🍄
​Decomposer​​ ​
​●​ ​Decomposer​​→​​Breaks​​down​​dead​​organisms​​and​​returns​​nutrients​​to​
​soil​
​Examples​
​ ​ ​Fungi​
●
​●​ ​Bacteria​
🌿
​Example​​Food​​Chain​​ ​
​●​ ​Grass​​→​​Rabbit​​→​​Snake​​→​​Eagle​
🌎
​Food​​Web​​ ​
​ ​ ​Food​​web​​→​​Many​​interconnected​​food​​chains​
●
​●​ ​Helps​​maintain​​balance​​in​​ecosystem​
​Page​​10​​of​​10​