Practical Research 2
Chapter 3:
Methodology
Purpose
Explains how you will
conduct your study — who,
what, where, when, and
how. Must be clear, detailed,
and repeatable.
Parts of Chapter 3
1. Research Design
2. Respondents of the Study
3. Research Instrument
4. Validation of Instrument
5. Data Gathering Procedure
6. Statistical Treatment of
Data
1 Research Design
What it is: The overall plan or structure of your study — it tells the
reader what kind of research you are doing.
Why it matters: It shows the type of quantitative approach you chose to
answer your problem.
- Descriptive → Describes characteristics (answers "what is")
- Correlational → Finds relationship between variables (answers "is
there a link")
- Experimental → Tests cause & effect (answers "does X cause Y")
💡 Simply put: "This is the blueprint of how I will conduct my study."
2. Respondents of the Study
What it is: The people who will answer your survey or questionnaire.
What to include:
- Population = total number of all possible people
- Sample = the smaller group you actually studied
- Sampling Technique = how you chose them (random, purposive, etc.)
Why it matters: It proves your group is representative and fair — not
biased.
💡 Simply put: "Who answered my study, how many, and how I chose
them."
3. Research Instrument
What it is: The tool you use to collect data — usually a
questionnaire, survey, or checklist.
What to include: Who made it? What parts does it
have? What scale did you use?
Why it matters: This is where your data comes from —
it must be clear and easy to answer.
💡 Simply put: "What I used to get answers from my
respondents."
4. Validation of the Instrument
What it is: The process where experts check your
questionnaire to see if it is correct, clear, and measures what
it should measure.
Who checks: Research adviser + 2–3 subject experts.
Why it matters: Ensures your tool is valid and accurate — so
your results are trustworthy.
💡 Simply put: "Experts checked if my questionnaire is
correct before using it."
5. Data Gathering Procedure
What it is: The step-by-step process of how you collected data — from start to finish.
Standard flow:
1. Ask permission from school/adviser
2. Distribute questionnaires to respondents
3. Wait for them to answer
4. Collect/retrieve the papers
5. Check completeness and tally results
Why it matters: Shows your process is organized, ethical, and repeatable.
💡 Simply put: "Step-by-step story of how I gathered my data."
6. Statistical Treatment of Data
What it is: The math formulas and tools you use to analyze the numbers
you collected.
Common tools & use:
- Percentage & Frequency → describe respondent profile
- Weighted Mean → get the average score/level
- Pearson-r / Chi-Square → test relationship or difference
Why it matters: Quantitative research needs numbers to speak — this
turns raw answers into meaningful results.
💡 Simply put: "The math I used to analyze and understand my data."