Tolerancing in ISO
International tolerance (IT) Grades
Metric preferred hole based system of fits
Minimum hole size is the basic size
Limit form vs. note form tolerancing
Hole Tolerance =
.025
Shaft Tolerance =
.016
Loosest fit =
40.025-39.975 =
.050
Tightest fit =
40.000 – 39.991 =
.009
Metric Tolerances-Standard representation
• If limits are shown up and down, largest limit up
• If shown side by side, smallest limit first
• For angular dimensions, it can be in general note or it can be
mentioned similar to that of linear dimensions
Basic hole and shaft system-Imperial size
Shaft Basis Fit
Hole Basis Fit
Smallest hole
.500
Interference fit
Clearance fit
Basic
Size
.500
Largest shaft
.500
Interference fit
Clearance fit
• Hole Basis fit: the basic size is the minimum dia of the hole
and fit is calculated based on this
• Shaft Basis fit: the basic size is the maximum dia of the shaft
and the fit is calculated base on this
Example – Run Fit
0.500 is the lower limit hole
0.496 is the upper limit shaft
0.004 is the ALLOWANCE
.503
.500
.496
.493
0.496 is the upper limit shaft
0.003 is the shaft tolerance
0.493 is the LOWER LIMIT SHAFT
0.500 is the lower limit hole
0.003 is the hole tolerance
0.503 is the UPPER LIMIT HOLE
0.500 is the smallest hole
0.496 is the largest shaft
0.004 is the tightest fit
0.503 is the largest hole
0.493 is the smallest shaft
0.10 is the loosest fit
Geometric tolerancing
• Used to limit the abatement in the geometric
or positional variation of features
Total flatness tolerance,
.05inch. This entire tolerance
zone may move up and down
within the size tolerance zone
Total height
tolerance .2 inches
Flatness tolerance
indication in
drawing
Example of feature control frames
Geometric
tolerance symbol
(Parallelism)
Geometric
tolerance value
Size dimension
Reference Datum
Geometric
tolerance symbol
(Roundness)
Geometric
tolerance value
Dimensioning and
tolerancing symbols
Straightness of the axis
Roundness
Cylindricity
Drawing with GT - Example
Machine elements
Fasteners, gears, bearings, welding
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DRAWING
MECH 211
Content of the lecture
• Machine elements and standards
• Non-permanent fasteners – bolts and screws
• Features, representation, assembly representation and note
• Other non-permanent fasteners
• Permanent fasteners – rivets, joining through
soldering, brazing and welding
• Springs
• Assembly drawings
• Machine elements: gears, cams, bearings, etc.
• Examples of mechanisms and representations
Fasteners
• Use to join two or more components
• Two major categories:
• Non-permanent fastening methods
• Permanent fastening methods
• The Boeing 747 has 2.5 million fasteners!
Non-permanent fasteners
• Bolts and nuts, machine screws, studs, pins,
rings, keys, etc.
• An assembly could be disassembled without
destroying the fastener or a part of the
assembly
Bolts, nuts and machine screws
• Used to assemble machine parts through the
friction obtained in a helical groove made
on two conjugated parts
• The threads are cut or rolled in a blank of
material (metal) while the conjugate part
moves axially on the thread when turned
• Bolts and nuts must have the same
geometric features in order to be mated.
Screw and thread terminology
• Screw Thread - A ridge
of uniform section in the
form of a helix on the
external or internal
surface of a cylinder.
• Major Diameter - The
largest diameter of a
screw thread.
• Minor Diameter - The
smallest diameter of a
screw thread.
Screw and thread terminology
• Axis – the longitudinal
center line of the original
work (blank) or hole
• Chamfer – the angular
relief at the beginning or
end of the thread to
allow easier engagement
with the mating part
• Crest – the peak of the
top of a thread
• Depth – the distance
between the crest and the
root
Screw and thread terminology
• Die – the tool used to
perform external
threads
• External thread – the
screw thread on the
outside of a cylindrical
surface
• Internal thread – the
screw thread on the
inside of a cylindrical
surface
• Lead – the distance
that a screw will travel
along the axis when
turned by 360°
Screw and thread terminology
• Pitch – the distance
between corresponding
points on adjacent
thread forms, measured
parallel to the axis
expressed in 1 divided
by the number of pitch
in one inch
• Pitch diameter – the
diameter of an
imaginary cylinder that
is located equidistant
between the major and
the minor diameter
Screw and thread terminology
• Root – the bottom of
the screw thread cut in
a cylinder
• Tap – the tool used to
thread holes
• Thread angle – the
angle between the
surfaces of two
adjacent threads
• Thread series – the
number of threads per
inch for a given
diameter
Thread specifications – imperial system
• ANSI Y14.6 - 1998
• Thread form
• Thread series
• Major diameter
• Class of fit
• Threads per inch
Form
• Shows some common
thread forms
• Inch & Metric have
same proportion
• Sharp V was original
american national
thread
• American national
now has flattened
root and crest to
increase strength
• Unified thread is agreed as standard in US, Canada and Britain, the
crest may be flat or rounded but the root is rounded. Otherwise similar
to American national
Form
• ISO Metric is the most
common of all the depth is
smaller than that of unified
national thread
• Knuckle thread is rolled or
cast (used in light bulbs and
sockets)
• Square and Acme threads
are used for transmitting
power
• Buttress thread takes
pressure on one side ( to
the axis)
Motion and measurement screws
Controls and positioning applications
Measuring thread pitch
• Pitch is the distance parallel to axis between corresponding points in
adjacent thread
• Pitch is measured in millimeters for metric thread and indicated along
with the major dia (eg. M10 X 1.5)
• For inch threads, it is mentioned as threads per inch
• Thread Pitch is measured with scale or a thread pitch gage
Series
• Series depends on the pitch and the major dia of the
thread
• Coarse series – used for quick assembly and disassembly
of cast iron, soft metals and plastics (UNC) – Less TPI
• Fine series – used when a great deal of force is necessary
for assembly (UNF) - More TPI
• Extra fine series – used when the length of engagement is
short and the application calls for high degrees of stress
(UNEF) – Lot of TPI
Series
• If it is not stated in the drawing, it is always assumed to be right
hand thread
• A bolt threaded into a tapered hole should be turned clockwise
• Some special cases (where the torque may loosen the fastener)
may require Left hand threads
• If Left hand threads are necessary it is indicated in the drawing
by the letters LH after the thread designation
Single and multiple thread forms
Number
of starts
of a
thread
• If it is not stated in the drawing, it is always assumed to be single thread
• Single thread has a single ridge in the form of helix and lead = pitch
• Multiple threads have 2 or more ridges running side by side
•
.
• The slope line is the hypotenuse of the right triangle whose short side = .5P
for single thread and p for double and 1.5 P for triple threads
• Multiple threads are required when small rotation must gives faster
movement at low required power (Eg. Toothpaste caps )
Thread Symbols
• Can use, simple, schematic or detailed as needed. Simplified is common
• Detailed is more pleasing, so for major dias >1” detailed is preferred
Class of fit
• Class 1 A an B – a loose fit where quick assembly is
required and play between parts is acceptable
• Class 2 A and B – a high quality general purpose
commercial class of fit for bolts, nuts and screws used in
mass production
• Class 3 A and B – a very high quality threaded fasteners
with a close fit used for precision assembly subjected to
vibrations
• A is for external threads and B is for internal threads
Thread notes
How to represent a thread
ISO representation of threads
• Thread form symbol – M
• Nominal size – in mm
• Pitch size – in mm
• General purpose tolerance – a tolerance
class that includes a tolerance position and a
tolerance grade for both pitch diameter and
minor diameter
Basic metric thread note
Complete threading - metric system
• The number of the tolerance grades
reflects the size of the tolerance
• For example, grade 4 < grade 6 <
grade 8 tolerances
• In addition to the tolerance grade, a
positional tolerance is required
• For external threads:
• Tolerance position e (large allowance)
• Tolerance position g (small allowance)
• Tolerance position h (no allowance)
• For internal threads:
• Tolerance position G (small allowance)
• Tolerance position H (no allowance)
Bolts, nuts and screws
Bolts, nuts and screws
• Large variety of bolts (dimensional, head
shape, etc.)
• Material, quality, finishing
• Grade
Bolts, nuts and screws
• Unfinished bolts are
not machined
anywhere except for
the thread portion
• Finished bolts have
machined face for
washer holding or
flush location on
parts
Fastener locking
Fastener locking
Castellated nut
Jam nut
Durlock nut
Standard Cap Screws
• 5 different capscrews shown. Socket head can have different shapes of head
and sockets
• Sued in machines to pass through clearance hole to screw into another and
improve appearance
• Socket screws are used while in crowded condition
Part representation
height
th_height
Dia"-XXUNY-2A
hexsize
Part representation
machine screw
height
th_height
Dia"-XXUNY-2A
Assembly representation
Assembly representation
Assembly representation
Assembly representation
Assembly representation
Assembly representation
Other non-permanent fasteners
• Clips, rings, pins, etc.
Other non-permanent fasteners
• Clips, rings, pins, etc.
Permanent fasteners
• Once assembled, the parts of the assembly (including the
fastener) would be destroyed to disassemble the assembly.
• Rivets, soldering, brazing, welding
Rivets
• Used to permanently fasten mechanical
components
Riveting process
Fastening with rivets
The headless end of the rivet is plastically deformed such
that keeps together two components
Fastening with rivets
Fastening with rivets
Fastening with rivets
Fastening with rivets
Fastening with rivets
Fastening with rivets
Common riveted joints
Self piercing rivets
Blind rivets
Soldering, brazing, welding
• Joining of two part using a third component –
filler that joins the parts when in liquid state
• Soldering and brazing – low temperature binding
materials – Sn-Pb, Cu-Ag alloys
• Limited capability to face thermo-mechanical
loading
Welding
• Very well regulated activity
• It requires license to practice
• Welders bear significant responsibility
• The activity is based on rigorous rules and regulations
• Designer prescribe welding based on mechanics of
materials calculations
• Symbols indicate the type of welding
Basic welding symbol
Springs
• Designed to store energy when
deflected and return the same
amount of energy when released
• Basically divided as Helical and Flat
springs
• Helical springs are sub divided as
– Compression Springs
– Extension Springs
– Torsion Springs
Helical Springs
Compression, Extension & Torsion
Machine elements
gears, bearings
Lecture 11
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DRAWING
MECH 211
• Exam is on the 6th of December 2012
• Course evaluation is online
– Do not forget to do it from your myconcordia portal
– Important means to convey your thoughts about course
• Lecture 12 - Case Study and Make up lecture
• Held at the same time (8.45 AM to 11.30 AM) on
Monday the 3rd of December 2012
Machine elements
Machine elements
• Used to transmit power or support elements
that transmit power
• Gears, belts/pulleys, chain/sprockets,
cams/followers
• Shafts, bearings
• Springs, ratchets, clutches, brakes
Gears
Gear and pinion mechanisms – power transmission
Between two close-positioned shafts
Gears
• The profile of the tooth is a portion of an
involute (the curve generated by a line that
rolls without sliding on a circle)
Gears
• Meshing
require the
same geometry
of the teeth
• The rule of
meshing – the
transmission
ratio i
Gears
Gears
• Pressure angle is the direction of the
transmitted force versus the normal to the
center line
Gears nomenclature
Gears representation
A table containing cutting data must accompany the representation
This gear is not sectioned unless
something inside should be shown
Gears representation
A table containing cutting data must accompany the representation
Gears representation
Gears
• Rack representation (the cutting data is
included)
• Transmission of liner motion to
circular or vice versa
Worm and gear
• Worm and Gear representation
• Transmission of motion between
out of plane, perpendicular axes
Bevel gear assembly
• Bevel Gear representation
• Transmission of motion between in plane, perpendicular axes
Gears
Cams and followers
Clutches
Reduce the high stress when
power is coupled to an idle shaft
Bearings
Ball and roller bearings
Ball and roller bearings
Example of mechanisms
Example of mechanisms
Example of mechanisms
Example of mechanisms
Example of mechanisms
WORKING DRAWINGS
Lecture 11
Production and Assembly Documentation
Technical Data Presentation
Content of the lecture
• Design process
• Technical documentation
• Working drawings
• Assembly working drawings
• Component working drawing
• Title block
• Modifications and revisions
• How to simplify the design process
• Checklist of a good design
• Technical data presentation
Technical documentation
• Developed for a new product
• Includes working drawings apart from
calculations, technology details, assembly scheme,
etc.
• Working drawings include:
• Assembly working drawings
• Component working drawing
• Component working drawings for the same part
may look different for different processes
Working drawings
• One working drawing is made for each nonstandard component
• All the necessary information to carry out
manufacturing must be contained within the
drawing
• Recommendation: use a reference (textbook)
when draw a working drawing
• Assembly working drawing contain the necessary
information to perform the assembly of the system
Working drawings
Working drawings
Working drawings
Working drawings
Working Drawings
• Includes assembly and
detailed specs for
manufacture
• Neatly made and
checked
• Working drawings of
individual parts is
called detail drawing
• Details of individual parts may be drawn on single sheet or in
many sheets (one sheet per part), and assembly drawing done on
separate bigger sheet
• If drawn on single sheet, space must be considered for
dimensions and notes as well
Detail Drawings
• In a detailed
drawing of an
assembly, the part
name and the detail
number are located
within the drawing
area
Drawing Form
• A drawing must match a certain format
• The scale should be selected to make sure
that the component would fit the format
• A preliminary evaluation should be
performed before the drawing is completed
• Take into consideration the space for
dimensions
Drawing Form
back
Refer front inside cover
of the book for details
Drawing Form
Ion Stiharu
Title blocks and drawing numbers
•
Used to record important information and keep track of the parts
a) Name and address of the company
b) Title of the drawing
c) Drawing number
d) Names of the designers and date of completion
e) Design approval
f)
Additional approval
g) Predominant drawing scale
h) Supply code for
manufacturers
i)
Drawing sheet side
letter designation
j)
Actual or estimated
weight of the item
Title blocks and drawing numbers
• Drawing Numbers - all drawing should be numbered (lower
right or upper left corner of sheet) with serial numbers
indicating functionality of component or model No. of machine
• Bill of Materials BOM consists of itemized list of
parts shown on a detail or
assembly drawing
• This is done above the title
strip (numbered upward) or
on separate sheet
• It has the part numbers, title,
Qty, material and other
relevant info
Modifications and Revisions
• Revisions are required due to changes in design. So to keep
track of all the modification, revisions need to be numbered
and maintained
• The track of modifications is
kept on the drawing (some new
approaches are applied on CAD)
• If changes are considerable, new
drawing is made with
OBSOLETE stamped on old
How to simplify the design process
1.
Use text description whenever possible to eliminate
drawing completely.
2.
Use text description whenever practical to eliminate
projected views.
3.
Eliminate views where the shape can be given by
description e.g. HEX, SQ, DIA,
4.
Show partial views of symmetrical objects.
5.
Avoid elaborate, pictorial or repetitive detail.
How to simplify the design process
6.
When necessary to detail threads, do not show them
over the whole length.
7.
Eliminate detail of nuts, bolt heads, and other standard
parts. Show outlines and position only.
8.
Reduce detail of parts on assembly drawing.
9.
Avoid unnecessary hidden lines that add no
clarification.
10. Use sectioning only when it is necessary for the clarity
of the drawing.
How to simplify the design process
11. Simplify graphics for holes and tapped holes by use
of the symbols.
12. Omit views with no dimensional or written
instruction.
13. Within limits, a small drawing is usually easier and
quicker to make than a large one.
14. When two parts are slightly different, complete
graphical representation of both parts is not
required. The note: SAME AS EXCEPT …….. Or
OTHERWISE SAME AS …. may be given.
How to simplify the design process
15. Drawings made to modify stock or commercial
parts should be as plain as possible. Avoid detail.
16. Use standard abbreviations whenever possible.
17. Whenever necessary, enlarge small details on
larger parts for clarity.
18. Draw small parts large enough to avoid crowding
so they may be easy to read, but not unnecessarily
too large to ware space on the drawing.
19. Do not duplicate dimensions.
How to simplify the design process
20. Substitute recognized standard symbols, to simplify
greatly the drawing of common objects.
21. Eliminate repetitive data by use of general notes.
22. When drafting, do so much free-hand drawing as the
work permits, in preference to using instruments.
23. Where practical, use geometric symbols instead of
notes.
24. Where acceptable, give rectangular coordinate or
tabular dimensioning instead of dimension lines.
Assembly Drawing
• Assembly drawing shows how each component is
positioned with respect to the others
• Each component should be identified and listed in a parts
list
• General assembly - gives a general graphic description of
the shape
• Sectioned assembly - shows the hidden features and their
interdependence
• Installation or outline assembly - indicates how the parts,
shown separated, are assembled
• Pictorial assembly - usually isometric, indicates how the
parts, shown separated, are assembled
General Assembly Drawing
Detail
drawing of
a
automobile
connecting
rod
General Assembly Drawing
Assembly drawing of a
automobile connecting
rod
The purpose is relation
ship between parts in
assembly than
individual shape.
Minimum number of
views must be used.
Here one view is
enough to show the
relationship
This is also called a sub-assembly because this forms a part of
the bigger assembly
Sectional Assembly Drawing
In order to avoid hidden lines (common due to interaction of many
components in assembly) sectioning is done to improve clarity
Assembly drawing of a
Grinder
The purpose is relation
ship between parts in
assembly than
individual shape.
Minimum number of
views must be used.
Here (only) two views
are needed to show the
relationship
Sectional Assembly Drawing
• To distinguish parts,
section lines are
drawn in different
directions
• Change of angle (not
45°) may be done if
needed
• Thin materials like
gaskets are shown as
thick lines in section
• Standard practice is
not to section bolts,
shafts, even though
section lines pass
through them
Outline Assembly Drawing
• Made specifically to
show how to install
or erect a machine
• This is also called
installation assembly
• It outline the
relationships of
exterior surfaces
Outline Assembly Drawing
• In aircraft drafting, installation assembly gives
complete information for placing details of
sub assemblies in their final positions in
airplane
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
• Made specifically to
show how to install
or erect a machine
• Here use of
isometric views to
show separated parts
that need to
assembled
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
Tabular drawing (catalog)
Is one on which the dimension are replaced by letters, and
accompanying table lists the corresponding dimensions for a series
of sizes
• Thus one
drawing serves
for a range of
sizes covered.
• But there is a
serious risk of
misreading the
table.
Standardized drawing
To avoid misreading of tables as in tabular drawing, yet simplify
drawing process
• Drawing is
made without
dimensioned
• Copied by any
methods
• Dimensions
filled
accordingly
Checklist for a good design
1.
Is the drawing easy to read?
2.
Are the part outlines distinct from dimension lines?
3.
Is the lettering neat and clear?
4.
Is all of the information on the drawing?
5.
Will the drawing make a good print?
6.
Have all the rules of standard drafting practices
been followed?
Checklist for a good design
7.
Is the nomenclature correct? Will anyone
understand it the same way?
8.
Is the drawing title truly descriptive?
9.
Are all the necessary views given?
10. Are all the dimensions shown?
11. Are dimensions which are given twice?
12. Are all the notes properly located?
13. Could any of the notes be misunderstood?
Checklist for a good design
14. Does the parts agree with the list?
15. Are the standard parts specified correctly?
16. Is the scale designated?
17. Are the finishes specified in the drawing?
18. Is heat treatment recommended?
19. Have standard manufacturing processes been
followed?
20. Can the part be produced simpler and more
economic?
Checklist for a good design
21. Are the materials specified?
22. Are the standard parts used to the maximum
extent?
23. Are the suppliers for the standard parts indicated?
24. The design is yours. Are you ready to approve it?
Technical data presentation
• Technical communication require enhanced
ways to convey data and numerical
information
MAG(TREN) PHASE(TREN) IMAG
26.1287
26.1288
25.64784981
28.95132643
31.40878786
33.53802407
36.62170197
39.44612293
42.34289628
43.22825258
43.42345535
43.13192018
42.58493131
42.48909705
42.39515945
42.01642917
41.93178682
42.17634917
42.38516948
42.21847736
41.88493263
42.1187724
42.21872329
42.0851383
42.1385488
42.49211165
43.29182953
43.27557789
43.40966443
43.27713138
43.39393482
43.44211693
43.34311043
43.47586226
43.49149462
43.99602958
44.11254763
44.09434601
44.26422053
44.41678863
44.61795215
44.76373079
44.86045293
45.21199918
45.37789574
45.83508362
45.98406846
46.16880553
46.68523761
46.85216417
46.93505102
46.57108109
46.54453147
46.3615153
46.11691725
45.88860612
46.18612712
46.6069711
47.025252
-180.0000005
-180.0000317
-131.6957183
-97.96415498
-77.13796096
-62.16180586
-31.43062462
-0.86542368
5.519800663
5.533797457
4.711813463
2.204145796
1.937115398
1.329458943
0.906209117
0.434922695
0.322315106
0.610967193
0.060112993
0.136864276
-0.0657412
-0.285318156
-0.463976165
-0.304524959
0.089452888
-0.245667084
-0.160636482
0.150206713
0.073794376
-0.142675763
-0.760324385
-0.248308477
-0.402616155
-0.696349923
-0.542411587
-0.749872392
-0.741396757
-1.032328006
-1.195217451
-1.351351063
-1.512559036
-1.32142198
-1.119904293
-1.24733524
-1.21329093
-1.423295629
-1.314399808
-1.389934208
-1.225693349
-1.237761519
-1.217024477
-1.289876158
-1.638768449
-1.656238333
-2.082386929
-2.275704328
-2.117264657
-2.183620976
-2.216683154
REAL
MAG
PHASE
MAG(TREN) PHASE(TREN) IMAG
2.15324E-07 -26.0287
26.0287 -180.0000005
26.0287
-0.000809 -26.0289 26.02890001 -179.9982192 26.02880001
2.04
-8.3 8.547022873 -193.8086224 20.20154096
-4.533
29.1 29.45094377 -8.853989418 22.51389166
-17.98
37.1 41.22730163 -25.85650422 26.25657366
-10.672
31 32.78553925 -18.99643745 27.34473459
0.213
35.2 35.20064444 0.346700343
28.873392
0.514
41.6 41.60317531 0.707897407 31.46910455
1.966
40.2 40.24804537 2.799846426 36.7526083
2.664
40 40.08861305
3.810272 38.52555318
2.894
40.8 40.90250892 4.057272989 38.47142106
0.57
42.9 42.90378655 0.761227802 40.15779561
2.099
41 41.05369412 2.930705805 41.13330389
1.006
43.7 43.71157783
1.31875001 41.4847043
1.407
42.7 42.72317461 1.887260061 41.89722585
-0.16
42 42.00030476 -0.21826858 42.21584113
1.66
41 41.03359112
2.31851401 42.23768816
-0.853
45.9 45.90792534 -1.064655224 42.73837796
-1.495
43.5 43.52568236 -1.968356085
43.150376
-1.826
42.1 42.13958087 -2.483528788 42.88837651
2.141
41.7 41.75492643 2.939152132 42.72700181
0.054
43.7 43.70003336 0.070800241 43.01028991
-1.432
43 43.02383786 -1.90737779 43.3419977
-1.662
42.5 42.53248457 -2.239460898 42.77942424
0.4739
41.4 41.40271224 0.655828118 42.42559589
-1.258
42.8 42.81848391 -1.683582822 42.5387464
-0.415
44.4 44.40193943 -0.535519281 42.97991523
0.689
44 44.00539423 0.897126498 43.03080871
-0.466
43.8 43.80247888 -0.609562235 43.16058221
0.075
42.9 42.90006556 0.100167345 43.22184571
1.5824
43.8 43.82857504 2.069073663 43.62615617
-0.845
43.5 43.50820641 -1.112847021 43.74110992
-0.923
44.8 44.80950713 -1.18027955 43.80903787
1.4439
44.3 44.32352476 1.866819388 43.86205963
-0.598
44 44.00406349 -0.778653791 43.89565706
-2.136
44.5 44.55123451 -2.74808818 44.17085189
1.649
43.5 43.53124396 2.170931552 44.12129671
-1.025
46.6 46.61127144 -1.260058061 44.63847421
-1.1115
45.2 45.21366422 -1.408659887 44.70583373
-0.785
44.4 44.40693893 -1.012894174 44.71973609
-0.254
44.7 44.70072165 -0.325569829 44.83584578
-2.362
45.5 45.56126693 -2.971676037 45.00418452
-1.604
45.8 45.8280789
-2.0057835 45.38699034
0.148
44.9 44.90024392 0.188858456 45.10181909
-1.092
48.7 48.71224142 -1.284527892 45.68491529
-1.168
46.1 46.11479398 -1.451348297 45.9695578
-0.605
44.1 44.10414975 -0.785981229 45.87012915
0.421
46.1 46.10192231 0.523228908 45.96023838
-0.418
46.3 46.30188683
-0.5172567 46.03920637
-0.763
46.5 46.50625946 -0.940059289 46.30687563
-1.2466
46.4 46.41674279 -1.538959942 45.92429252
-2.827
45.7 45.78735556 -3.53980381 45.86971945
-1.802
46.3 46.33505373 -2.228831751 46.24153678
-2.635
47 47.07380615 -3.208861662 46.40351742
-2.535
46.6 46.66889998 -3.113772151 46.46468628
-3.677
48.6 48.73889955 -4.326666078 46.83679296
-2.213
47.3 47.35174093 -2.678713827 46.99262598
-3.868
49.1 49.25212101 -4.504344574 47.57008689
-1.705
46.8 46.83104766 -2.086455527 47.65275254
-180.0000005
-179.9991098
-184.6022807
-140.6652079
-117.7034671
-101.2522955
-71.19451205
-41.07682595
-8.308747817
-6.198037581
-1.212408047
2.080536161
2.511203738
2.613012505
2.460914778
1.789491348
1.499698185
1.195384347
0.378874032
-0.254839101
-0.079523756
-0.031345619
-0.735660919
-0.931461865
-0.494097831
-0.360773503
-0.939885406
-0.802164363
-0.58586177
-0.19592373
0.039617194
0.134739828
0.027279783
0.188895265
0.160713339
-0.313995915
-0.2970196
-0.321554774
-0.359618163
-0.839570424
-0.76405643
-0.801321073
-1.497440248
-1.255954162
-1.235265496
-1.308341183
-1.385076417
-0.802592259
-0.554504459
-0.742657417
-0.785062758
-1.133138677
-1.373613764
-1.995628859
-2.428381434
-2.992815899
-3.18277488
-3.343531674
-3.319802303
REAL
MAG
PHASE
MAG(TREN)
2.15324E-07 -25.3287
25.3287 -180.0000005
25.3287
-0.002295 -25.3289 25.3289001 -179.9948085 25.32880005
-10.33
44.3 45.48844798 -13.12584485 32.0486827
0.71
32.5 32.50775446 1.251493346 32.16345064
-15.48
31.5 35.0981538 -26.17082038 32.75039127
-4.442
31.9 32.20778421 -7.927328138 32.65995676
2.424
43.4 43.46764056 3.196793128 35.68311352
1.688
41.4 41.43439808 2.334824517 38.36736318
1.526
41 41.02838866 2.131537061 37.62401996
2.164
44.1 44.15306214 2.809267431 39.56490457
0.455
46.2 46.20224048 0.564258374 41.41558569
2.38
43.6 43.6649104 3.124512684 43.32510672
4.429
42.7 42.92908153 5.921751583 43.23534688
1.196
40.8 40.81752584 1.679071923 43.13253484
1.107
42.5 42.5144146 1.492049174 43.38020583
0.388
42.6 42.60176691 0.521834454 43.12165663
0.96
43.6 43.61056753 1.261354636 42.68971114
-1.023
42.3 42.31236851 -1.385393831 42.46428749
2.075
40.2 40.25351693 2.954809095 42.01836005
0.634
40.5 40.50496212 0.896853268 41.9662661
0.391
41.5 41.5018419 0.539806914 41.79750398
-0.7496
44.2 44.20635588 -0.971601797 42.06493548
-0.744
44.1 44.10627547 -0.966530983 42.14755347
1.408
43.6 43.62272875
1.84964292 42.36594684
-0.3641
42.5 42.5015596 -0.490844305 42.74062062
0.21
43.1 43.1005116 0.279165162 43.1732122
-0.052
43.8 43.80003087 -0.068022355 43.5562437
-0.2
43 43.00046511 -0.266490076 43.3552619
-0.1582
42.7 42.70029306 -0.212275195 43.1209315
-0.775
42.5 42.50706559 -1.044689606 42.93498764
-0.7336
43.4 43.40619966 -0.968391277 43.08576098
0.1445
43.9 43.90023782 0.188592488 43.21904868
-0.2284
44.7 44.70058351 -0.292757095 43.36914079
-0.1262
44.1 44.10018057 -0.163961624 43.5524267
-1.591
46.2 46.2273867 -1.972328475 44.14027564
-0.7122
42.8 42.80592516 -0.953324497 44.19008557
-0.135
43.6
43.600209 -0.17740609 44.22242046
-1.473
44.4 44.42442717 -1.900129293 44.30978535
-1.6215
44.7 44.72940042 -2.077503081 44.31458817
-2.399
44.9 44.96404342 -3.058396462 44.45856531
-1.159
44.8 44.81498947 -1.481941956 44.22316577
-1.836
45.1 45.13735588 -2.331197269 44.61173756
-1.419
45.3 45.32221929 -1.794175159 44.89873927
-0.951
46.3 46.30976572 -1.176687377 45.21296237
-2.349
47.2 47.25841513 -2.84908554 45.63446482
-1.552
45.8 45.82628835 -1.940808661 45.77817231
-0.355
46.6 46.60135218 -0.43647228 46.07589943
-1.14
45.7 45.71421661 -1.428963795 46.17204288
-0.79
46.5 46.50671027 -0.973318531 46.36945804
-0.517
47.8 47.80279583 -0.619681234 46.61829639
-2.0666
48.1 48.14437491 -2.460180457 46.76595636
-0.77
46.2 46.20641622 -0.954841254
46.829311
-1.225
46.2 46.21623768 -1.518850397 46.76512525
-2.185
47.4 47.4503343 -2.639297818 47.0544782
-5.255
50.3 50.57375826 -5.964234837 47.73231953
-1.159
48.9 48.91373305 -1.357737791 47.91747574
-3.553
49.5 49.62734941 -4.105522771 48.16463815
-2.218
48.6 48.65058606 -2.613043614 48.57199979
-1.365
48 48.01940467 -1.628909729 48.87252763
Encoding data and markers
Plots
2 D - scatter plot
2 D – connected line plot
Plots
Regression line graph
Mean and standard deviation
Plots
Bar graph (horizontal)
Composite bar graph
Plots
Histogram (distribution of image)
3D – scatter plot
Plots
Think practical …
…when approaching a design problem
• Case Study - Introduction
Design a Catapult
• You are an engineer (that is good to know and even
better to start imagining being one)
• Your kid brother or sister is asking you to make a
catapult for them for playing during the winter season
• What are the things that you should know to design and
manufacture this catapult
Needs or Functionality
• What you are going to throw with that
• How fast you want to throw a particular object
• How far your catapult should be able to throw that
• What will be mechanism of working of the catapult that you
designed
• How are you going to design that
• After the design, how are you going to produce that
Preliminary Design Constraints
• The part you are going to throw with your design is “assume
an Eraser that you use in drawing class”
• You have to throw that to a distance of say 10 meters
• Since you are designing this for your kid brother or sister,
you cannot use unsafe mechanisms like
• Things that give out lot of energy or sound like explosive materials
etc
• Or use of gasoline or heat to power the device
Design Requirement
• Since you should be able to do it easily you have think of
following things
• Use minimum number of parts in the assembly (<15)
• Use power sources like spring, air cylinder, rubber band or the likes
of these
• The geometric parameters of the components catapult will have an
effect on its performance
• Try mostly to use standard parts in your design
What Have You to Do?
• Come to the next class with a piece of paper outlining the
design including the following
• The components and their sizes and specs
• What were your considerations to choose those particular dimensions
and sizes
• 2 or 3 lines about the mechanism of operation
• We will discuss all those designs and I will show one of the design
myself.
Basic welding symbols
Basic welding symbols
Basic welding symbols
Spring representation
Schematic representation
Detailed representation
Working drawing of a compression spring
Cams
Roller-type followers stud and bore