Lecture 12
Feedback & Reflection
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Feedback Classification
Information Feedback
Intrinsic Feedback
Knowledge of
Performance
Vision
Audition
Touch
Muscle Feeling
.
Extrinsic Feedback
Knowledge of
Results
Knowledge of
Performance
Knowledge of
Results
Basketball
Golf
Tennis service ace
Darts
.
Instructor/Coach
Parent/Friend
Video replay
Photographs
Radar gun
Stopwatch
Lap times
Distance jumped
Height jumped
Judge’s score
.
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Feedback
Intrinsic feedback – natural
sensory information resulting from
movement (e.g., vision,
proprioceptive)
With more practice, athletes begin to rely
on less intrinsic visual feedback (e.g., don’t
need to look at hands while dribbling a
basketball).
However, this depends a lot on how you
practice.
– If you practice with full vision and then it is
taken away, the athlete will do much worse.
– Evidence that still making some use of it.
Intrinsic Feedback:
dark
Intrinsic Feedback:
Demonstrates that the
sensorimotor basis for learning is
specific to the conditions of
practice.
Range effects
Adding new information that wasn’t
present in practice can actually make
you worse!
Feedback
Extrinsic Feedback: Knowledge of
the accuracy of performance provided
after a response has been completed.
Based on the motor program theory
it is predicted that the more extrinsic
feedback that is given the better
learning will be.
Intuitively most people would think this
is the case.
Extrinsic Feedback
But, surprisingly this prediction is
wrong!
Learning of a skill is as good if
knowledge of results is provided 33% of
the time as when it is provided 100% of
the time.
Also evidence that reducing the
frequency of extrinsic feedback
gradually can make learning faster.
Providing a summary at the end is often
better than feedback on every trial.
Extrinsic Feedback
Why does this occur?
Athletes may need to make really big
errors to improve.
Without feedback you need to come
up with your own internal mechanism
for evaluating performance.
If extrinsic feedback is provided too
soon after performance it can interfere
with intrinsic.
Extrinsic Feedback
For difficult tasks like hitting a
baseball or driving a golf ball,
knowledge of results alone is not
very good because it does not
indicate which aspects of the
movement contributed to the
successful performance.
Especially with multiple degrees of
freedom tasks.
Need knowledge of performance
feedback.
Knowledge of Performance
Feedback
Two basic types:
Kinetic – feedback about the forces
generated (e.g., club head speed, rpm
in cycling).
Kinematic – feedback about the
temporal and spatial properties of the
movement (timing, speed, duration,
etc).
Multisensory Intrinsic
Feedback
Gray (2009)
Compared how batters used auditory,
tactile and visual feedback
Gray (2009)
Batters can use each source of
feedback on its own
Multisensory Intrinsic
Feedback
Neurofeedback
Neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback in which a person’s brain
activity is transformed into an external signal that is fed back to
them in some manner so they can learn to change and influence
this activity.
The feedback is typically auditory, visual or a combination of the
two.
It can be based on a variety of different signals include blood
flow and oxygen consumption, but by far the most common
method involves feeding back electrical activity recoded with
electrocencephalography or EEG.
Mostly mixed results on its benefits
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Ecological Approach to
Using Feedback
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Reflection
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Key Points
There are different types and
dimensions of feedback
Too much feedback (particularly
extrinsic) can impair learning
Reflecting to what extent we have
achieved our goals in training can
aid learning
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