RESEARCH ARTICLE | JANUARY 12 2024
Density mangrove relationship with gastropod abundance in
Pulau Rambut wildlife reserve 
Ade Suryanda  ; Eka Putri Azrai; Avarha Mahaputri; Agung Satiya; Anisa Fitriani; Cynthia Loka;
Khafifah Nurhasanah; Warsa Jaya
AIP Conf. Proc. 2982, 050011 (2024)
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0183567
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13 January 2024 01:24:59
Density Mangrove Relationship with Gastropod Abundance
in Pulau Rambut Wildlife Reserve
Ade Suryanda1,a), Eka Putri Azrai1,b), Avarha Mahaputri1,c), Agung Satiya1,
Anisa Fitriani1, Cynthia Loka1, Khafifah Nurhasanah1, Warsa Jaya2
Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika, FMIPA, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jl. Rawamangun Muka, Jakarta
Timur 13220, Jakarta, Indonesia
2
Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam DKI Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
1
a)
Corresponding author: asuryanda@unj.ac.id,
b)
ekaputri@unj.ac.id,
c)
avarhamahaputri@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Pulau Rambut Wildlife Reserve (PRWR) is an island under the supervision of the Thousand Islands Marine
National Park Center with about 90 hectares consisting of 45 hectares of land and 45 hectares of water. Rambut
Island Wildlife Reserve has a biodiversity of mangrove forests. Mangrove forest ecosystems significantly contribute
to organic detritus, which is important as a food source for biota living in the surrounding waters [1]. One of the
biotas that live in the surrounding waters is gastropods. The mangrove forest ecosystem is a habitat for foraging for
food and a spawning ground for gastropods [2].
Gastropods are found on sandy, rocky, and muddy substrates. The gastropods are influenced by
environmental factors such as light, brightness, turbidity, temperature, salinity, and pH [3]. Gastropods in mangrove
forest ecosystems are detritus eaters that destroy and reduce litter that falls from mangrove trees to support
decomposition carried out by microorganisms [4]. Sirante revealed that the mangrove forest ecosystem contributes
to organic detritus as a food source for the surrounding biota [5].
The mangrove forest ecosystem in the Pulau Rambut Wildlife Reserve contains marine debris [6]. Piles of
marine debris will affect the entry and exit of the tides [7]. The condition of the mangrove forest ecosystem affects
the abundance of gastropods because gastropods have an effect on survival which tends to settle with limited
Science Mathematics and International Conference 2022
AIP Conf. Proc. 2982, 050011-1–050011-7; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0183567
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4801-8/$30.00
050011-1
13 January 2024 01:24:59
Abstract. The mangrove forest ecosystem has a significant contribution to the biota that live in the surrounding waters as
a food source, one of which is the gastropod class. The purpose of this study is to determine mangrove density, gastropod
abundance, and the correlation between mangrove density and gastropod abundance. This research was conducted in March
to June 2022 in the Pulau Rambut Wildlife Reserve. The method used in this research is a survey method in the field by
drawing a line 50 meters long, then dividing the line into three plots, measuring 10 x 10 meters with a distance between
plots of 10 meters. In order to determine the sampling point to take gastropods is by using the purposive sampling technique
was used. The data is categorized based on the variables. Mangrove density is variable X, and the abundance of gastropods
is variable Y. The results showed that the mangrove density in the North, East, and Southwest of the Pulau Rambut Wildlife
Reserve was included in the very good category with a value of 33,400 ind/ha. The highest abundance of gastropods was
dominated by the species Aclis sp., with a total of 4,089 individuals, and the lowest was Monodonta sp. totaling six
individuals. Mangrove substrate and organic matter content in the area determine the abundance of gastropods. The
correlation between mangrove density and gastropod abundance was calculated using simple linear regression analysis
with a correlation coefficient of 0.148, while the value of a determination coefficient was 0.022, which means it is positively
correlated.
movement [8]. Research on gastropods is needed because gastropods can be used as indicators of pollution in
aquatic environments because gastropods tend to live sedentary lives, have limited movement, attach to substrates,
and are sensitive to environmental changes. This is what underlies this research to determine the relationship
between mangrove density and the abundance of gastropods in the Pulau Rambut Wildlife Reserve.
METHOD
RESULT
Mangrove Density and Its Composition
TABLE 1. Mangrove Density in the Pulau Rambut Wildlife Reserve
Observation
Area
Mangrove Species (Ind/100m2)
Plot
Total
Avicienna
sp.
Rhizophora mucronata
Bruguiera
Pongamia
pinnata
Thespesia
populnea
Rhizophora
stylosa
1
15
8
2
7
4
0
36
2
10
30
0
0
0
0
40
3
15
0
0
0
0
0
15
4
0
0
0
0
1
54
55
5
0
0
0
0
0
37
37
6
0
0
0
0
0
23
23
7
0
30
0
0
0
0
30
8
0
58
0
0
0
0
58
9
0
40
0
0
0
0
40
40
166
2
7
5
114
334
1 (Southwest)
2 (East)
3 (North)
Total
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This study used a quantitative descriptive method. Descriptive research can provide or describe an event
with scientific procedures to answer the actual problem. The research location was determined by using a survey
method in the field. Determination of the sampling point is done using a purposive sampling technique. This
technique was chosen because it is certain that there are mangroves and gastropods in the ecosystem. In the area
where the sampling point was determined, two replicates of the transect line were made, with each transect having
a total of 3 plots. Transect determination is carried out by drawing a line 50 meters long parallel to the coastline.
There are three observation stations selected: southwest, east, and north. Each station has three sampling points.
Thus, overall there are nine sampling points.
Gastropod data retrieval is done by making a plot of 10 x 10 m2 to observe gastropod biota and a plot of
mangrove trees. Then the gastropod samples were taken using a quadrat transect. For data accuracy, the transect
was made within the mangrove transect line using a plot measuring 1 x 1 meter with five subplots in each mangrove
plot.
Data was obtained from observations and presented as a graph table. The analysis used in data processing
is mangrove density, the composition of mangrove species, gastropods, and correlation coefficient as statistical
measurements of covariance or association between 2 variables. If the correlation coefficient is positive, then the
second variable has a unidirectional relationship, meaning that if the value of the X variable is high, the value of
the Y variable will also be high. Conversely, suppose the correlation coefficient is negative. In that case, the second
variable is inversely proportional, meaning that if the X value is high, the Y variable value will be low, and vice
versa.
Based on TABLE 1, the highest density of mangrove species is found in observation area 3 (North) plot 8
of 58 ind/100m2. Environmental conditions around the observation area significantly affect the high density of
mangrove species, such as muddy sediment, PH value 8, relative humidity 91%, salinity 20, wet thermometer 32°C,
dry thermometer 33°C, and dew point 31.5° C. Then mangrove density data can be seen in Table 1.
Then the following data is the percentage of mangrove composition in the Pulau Rambut Wildlife Reserve.
Based on figure 1, the percentage of species of each mangrove is different such as Avicenna sp (40
individuals) 11.2%, Rhizophora mucronata (166 individuals) 49.7%, Bruguiera (2 individuals) 0.6%, Pongamia
pinnata (7 individuals) 2%, Thespesia populnea (5 individuals) 1.5%, Rhizophora stylosa (114 individuals) 34.1%.
The difference in composition is caused by the different observation areas spread from the southwest, east,
and north. Rhizophora mucronata was more abundant because of numerous environmental factors that supported
its growth, such as temperature, temperature change, turbidity, salinity change, pH, pH change, and dissolved
oxygen (DO). Temperature, temperature change, pH, pH change, and DO decrease the growth rate of Rhizophora
mucronata, while turbidity and salinity change provide positive effects [9].
Mangrove is tropical vegetation with better growth in warm regions [10]. Cold temperature inhibits
mangrove development. Both air and water temperature are essential regulators for mangrove growth [11].
FIGURE 2. Gastropods Abundance Grap
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FIGURE 1. Mangrove composition in the Pulau Rambut Wildlife Reserve
TABLE 2 . Gastropod Species Found at the Research Station
No
Observation Area
Total
Species
1 (Southwest)
1
2 (East)
3 (North)
Plot 1
Plot 2
Plot 3
Plot 4
Plot 5
Plot 6
Plot 7
Plot 8
Plot 9
161
938
74
1285
785
52
-
3
37
Pirenella incisa
2
3335
-
2
16
665
1008
353
568
837
640
Aclis sp
3
4089
-
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
11
Teleskopium sp.
4
18
-
-
-
-
-
-
574
809
684
Terebralia palustris
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
4
Monodonta sp.
6
9515
Total
161
940
97
1950
1793
405
1142
1651
1376
1,61
9,4
0,97
19,5
17,93
4,05
11,42
16,51
13,76
Abundance (ind/ m2)
11,98
41,48
41,69
Quite Abundant
Very Abundant
Very Abundant
Σ (ind/ m2)
Description
Based on table 2 and figure 2, the most common species found were Aclis sp., namely as many as 4089
individuals, while the least found species was Monodonta sp. The highest abundance was found at the third station
shown in plots 7, 8, and 9, with the total abundance of the three plots being 41.69 ind/m2 so that it can be interpreted
that this station has an abundance level, namely the type of gastropods is very abundant. Then also with the second
station has a very abundant level of abundance because the number of plots 4, 5, and 6 is 41.48 ind/m2. Meanwhile,
station 1 only has a fairly abundant level because the number of plots 1, 2, and 3 is 11.98 ind/m 2.
Monodonta sp. was found the least because they live on sediment surfaces in the mid-intertidal zone [12].
Meanwhile, we collected the gastropods in the shallow water area, which was ideal for Aclis sp. [13]
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5
2067
Correlation of Mangrove Density with GastropodS Abundance
The following graphic image shows the results of the correlation of variables X and Y.
FIGURE 3. Graph of Mangrove Density and Gastropods Abundance
TABLE 3. Correlation Analysis of Mangrove Density and Gastropod Abundance
Based on the analysis results table using SPSS, the Sig is known. (2-tailed) the value between mangrove
density and gastropod abundance is 0.705 > 0.05. These results indicate no significant correlation between
mangrove density and gastropod abundance. In line with Silaen and Wardani & Rifqiyanti, which stated that the
abundance of gastropods can be influenced by the environmental conditions of the habitat of gastropod species, the
availability of food in the area, competence between gastropod species, environmental changes in the form of
changing vegetation conditions and environmental parameters in the form of water salinity and temperature.
Gastropoda tends to prefer open mangrove areas, so that more light intensity enters. In addition, open mangroves
also cause extensive standing water, so that not all gastropod species have a close and significant relationship to
mangrove vegetation [14] [15].
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The graph above shows that the linear equation Y = 640,484 + 4.892X. This indicates a positive relationship
between the X variable (mangrove density) and Y (gastropod abundance), meaning that an increase will follow
every increase in mangrove density unit in gastropod abundance in the area. Assuming that other factors remain
and do not change. While the correlation value (R) of the relationship between mangrove density and gastropod
abundance is 0.148 or 14.8% of gastropod abundance, and 0.852 or 85.2% is influenced by other variables such as
temperature, salinity, sediment, organic matter available in the environment and intensity—incoming light. And
the value of R square (R2) from this test is 0.022.
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
By analysis, we concluded that there is no significant correlation between mangrove density and gastropod
abundance. The organic matter influenced mangrove density in the surrounding area which supports decomposers
and substrates there. In contrast, gastropod abundance was determined by the higher number of organic matter
existence.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya (BKSDA) Pulau Rambut, who have provided the
opportunity for writers to do the research. Besides that, the researcher also wishes to thank State University of
Jakarta for their support with the help of facilities, funding, and infrastructure that has been given. Thank you.
050011-6
13 January 2024 01:24:59
Based on the observational data in this study, it can be seen that the highest mangrove density is found in
observation area 3 (North) on plot 8 of 58 ind/100m 2. The surrounding environment has a very high density of
mangrove species, including muddy sediment conditions in the area, pH 8, relative humidity 91%, salinity 20 and
wet temperature 32°C, dry thermometer 33°C, and dew point 31.5° C. This data is supported by Nuruddin, who
states that the environment greatly influences the density of mangroves in an area. The lowest mangrove density is
found in the observation area 2 (East) plot 4 of 1 ind/100m2 [16]. The incompatibility of the species with the
substrate or the surrounding environment, such as differences in temperature and salinity values, causes this. The
value of mangrove species density is due to competition between mangrove species. The environment in the
observation area is also expected to be worried about the nutrient content so that there is competition for nutrients
and space and air salinity which is important for mangrove growth [17].
The highest mangrove composition in this study was the mangrove species Rhizophora mucronata, which
was 166 individuals or 49.7% of the total mangroves counted. The high growth of Rhizophora mucronata is caused
by the conditions of supportive environmental parameters such as low salinity and pH values. Both of these factors
can control the growth of vegetation and reproduction of mangrove species.
While the number of gastropods in the study was calculated through an approach to observing the
mangrove community so as to produce data on the abundance of gastropods, the type of gastropods we found in
this study was dominated by Aclis sp., namely as many as 4,089 individuals while the minor species is Monodanta
sp. There are differences in the distribution pattern of the abundance of gastropods at each station in the study. This
is caused by environmental conditions on the survival of gastropods. Environmental conditions in the form of high
organic matter content, sediment, substrate type, food availability, competition between species, ecological
pressures and environmental changes affect the abundance of an organism [18][19]. Gastropods can carry out
metabolic processes optimally in the temperature range between 25-320C [20]. Temperature can also affect the
amount of dissolved oxygen in the water; the higher the temperature in the water, the less oxygen is dissolved.
High temperatures will reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water; as a result, gastropods and other
aquatic organisms will die due to the lack of oxygen [21]. The optimal degree of acidity or pH of water for
gastropod life is between 6-7 [22].
The correlation between mangrove density and gastropod abundance was tested by using a correlation test
using the X variable, which indicates the mangrove density, and the Y variable, which indicates the gastropod
abundance. Based on the analysis results table using SPSS, the Sig is known. (2-tailed) value between mangrove
density and gastropod abundance are 0.705 > 0.05. These results indicate no significant correlation between
mangrove density and gastropod abundance. This is in accordance with the research conducted by Hapsari, which
shows that the density of mangroves can be caused by various environmental factors such as temperature, salinity,
pH and substrate conditions in the area [23]. Gastropoda tends to prefer open mangrove areas, so the intensity of
light that enters is higher. [24]. However, gastropods have an important value and role in the mangrove area,
namely, storing high enough carbon (biosequestration), balancing food webs, and the structure of the mangrove
vegetation community. Gastropods can also be a good bioindicator to determine the level of pollution, ponds, and
damage to mangrove areas.
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13 January 2024 01:24:59
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