Grammar & Vocabulary for First - Notes
Tenses Overview
Present Simple (habits), Present Continuous (now), Present Perfect (experience), Past Simple
(finished past), Past Continuous (past in progress), Future forms (will, going to, present continuous
for arrangements).
Modal Verbs
Ability (can, could), obligation (must, have to), advice (should), possibility (might, may, could).
Conditionals
Zero (facts), First (real future), Second (unreal present), Third (unreal past).
Passive Voice
Form: be + past participle. Used when the action is more important than the subject.
Reported Speech
Reporting statements, questions, and commands. Tense backshift often required.
Relative Clauses
Defining and non-defining clauses using who, which, that, where.
Vocabulary Topics
Common topics: travel, work, education, environment, health, technology. Focus on collocations
and phrasal verbs.