Class 11 CBSE History – Short Notes
Chapter 7: Changing Cultural Traditions
• Jacob Burckhardt was a Swiss historian who wrote about the Italian Renaissance.
• His famous book is The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy.
• Humanism focused on classical Greek and Roman texts and human potential.
• Renaissance encouraged individualism, education and realism in art.
• Famous artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael.
• Renaissance innovations included printing press, firearms and compass.
Chapter 8: Displacing Indigenous Peoples
• Europeans cleared forests and grasslands for farming.
• Land was divided into private farms for settlers.
• Crops like wheat, cotton and sugarcane were introduced.
• Native Americans were forced into reservations.
• The Gold Rush led to migration and displacement.
• Slavery was abolished in the USA in 1865.