GIS 42-103
Specification for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection,
and Inspection of Pipework (ASME B31.3)
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Copyright © 2020. BP International Ltd. All rights reserved.
GPO Revision No. B03
19 September 2020
GIS 42-103
Specification for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Pipework (ASME B31.3)
Table of Contents
Page
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................7
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................8
Chapter I Scope and definitions .........................................................................................................9
300 General statements...................................................................................................................9
300.1 Scope.............................................................................................................................9
300.2 Definitions ....................................................................................................................10
300.4 Status of appendices ...................................................................................................11
Chapter V Fabrication, assembly, and erection ...............................................................................12
327 General ...................................................................................................................................12
327.1 Control of welding and fabrication ...............................................................................12
327.2 Health, safety, and environment (HSE) for welding operations ...................................14
327.3 Material control and storage ........................................................................................14
327.4 Pipework marking ........................................................................................................15
327.5 Fabrication facilities .....................................................................................................16
327.6 Welding equipment ......................................................................................................17
328 Welding and brazing ...............................................................................................................17
328.2 Welding and brazing qualification ................................................................................17
328.3 Welding materials ........................................................................................................22
328.4 Preparation for welding................................................................................................23
328.5 Welding requirements..................................................................................................26
328.6 Weld repair ..................................................................................................................31
330 Preheating...............................................................................................................................32
330.1 General ........................................................................................................................32
330.2 Specific requirements ..................................................................................................33
331 Heat treatment ........................................................................................................................33
331.1 General ........................................................................................................................34
331.2 Specific requirements ..................................................................................................35
332 Bending and forming...............................................................................................................36
332.2 Bending........................................................................................................................36
334 Cleaning after fabrication ........................................................................................................38
335 Assembly and erection............................................................................................................38
335.1 Alignment.....................................................................................................................38
335.2 Flanged joints ..............................................................................................................38
335.11Field welds...................................................................................................................38
336 Packing, preservation, marking, and shipping ........................................................................39
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337 Deliverables ............................................................................................................................39
338 Order of precedence ...............................................................................................................39
Chapter VI Inspection, examination, and testing..............................................................................41
340 Inspection................................................................................................................................41
340.2 Responsibility for inspection ........................................................................................41
340.3 Rights of the owner’s inspectors..................................................................................41
341 Examination ............................................................................................................................41
341.3 Examination requirements ...........................................................................................41
341.4 Extent of required examination ....................................................................................42
342 Examination personnel ...........................................................................................................44
342.1 Personnel qualification and certification ......................................................................44
344 Types of examination..............................................................................................................44
344.1 General ........................................................................................................................44
344.2 Visual examination.......................................................................................................44
344.5 Radiographic examination ...........................................................................................45
344.6 Ultrasonic examination ................................................................................................45
344.7 In-process examination................................................................................................46
345 Testing ....................................................................................................................................46
345.2 General requirements for leak tests.............................................................................46
345.4 Hydrostatic leak test ....................................................................................................47
Appendix E Reference standards ....................................................................................................49
Appendix J Nomenclature ................................................................................................................51
Appendix Q Quality System program...............................................................................................53
Appendix AA Requirements for carbon steels, low alloy steels and martensitic stainless steels ....54
AA.1 Scope......................................................................................................................................54
AA.2 Welding ...................................................................................................................................54
AA.2.1Welding processes ......................................................................................................54
AA.2.2Filler metal ...................................................................................................................54
AA.2.3Shielding gases ...........................................................................................................54
AA.2.4Purge gas ....................................................................................................................55
AA.2.5Preheat and interpass temperature .............................................................................55
AA.3 Welding procedure qualification..............................................................................................55
AA.3.1Essential variables.......................................................................................................55
AA.3.2Charpy V-notch impact testing.....................................................................................55
AA.3.3Hardness determination...............................................................................................56
AA.4 Production welding..................................................................................................................56
AA.4.1Interrupted welding ......................................................................................................56
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AA.5 Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) ..........................................................................................57
AA.6 Bending and forming...............................................................................................................58
Appendix BB Requirements for 300 series austenitic and high alloy austenitic stainless steels, 6%mo
alloys, nickel base alloys, and cupro nickel ............................................................................59
BB.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................59
BB.2 Welding ...................................................................................................................................59
BB.2.1Welding processes ......................................................................................................59
BB.2.2Filler metal ...................................................................................................................59
BB.2.3Shielding gas ...............................................................................................................60
BB.2.4Backing gas .................................................................................................................60
BB.2.5Preheat and interpass temperature .............................................................................60
BB.2.6Heat input ....................................................................................................................60
BB.3 Welding procedure qualification..............................................................................................60
BB.3.1Charpy V-notch impact testing.....................................................................................60
BB.4 Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) ..........................................................................................61
BB.5 Bending...................................................................................................................................62
BB.6 Cleaning, pickling, and passivating of stainless steels ...........................................................62
Appendix CC Requirements for 22 Cr duplex and 25 Cr super duplex stainless steel materials ....63
CC.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................63
CC.2 Welding ...................................................................................................................................63
CC.2.1 Welding processes.....................................................................................................63
CC.2.2 Filler metal..................................................................................................................63
CC.2.3 Shielding gas..............................................................................................................64
CC.2.4 Backing gas................................................................................................................64
CC.2.5 Joint geometry............................................................................................................64
CC.2.6 Heat input...................................................................................................................65
CC.2.7 Preheat and interpass temperature ...........................................................................65
CC.3 Welding procedure qualification..............................................................................................65
CC.3.1 P-numbers..................................................................................................................65
CC.3.2 Positional welding ......................................................................................................65
CC.3.3 Metallurgical qualification ...........................................................................................65
CC.3.4 Charpy V-notch impact testing ...................................................................................66
CC.3.5 Hardness determination .............................................................................................67
CC.3.6 Essential variables .....................................................................................................67
CC.3.7 Corrosion testing ........................................................................................................67
CC.4 Welder qualification.................................................................................................................68
CC.5 Production welding..................................................................................................................68
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CC.5.1 General ......................................................................................................................68
CC.5.2 Repair welding ...........................................................................................................69
CC.6 Bending...................................................................................................................................69
Appendix DD Requirements for titanium and zirconium ..................................................................70
DD.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................70
DD.2 Cleaning and preparation for welding .....................................................................................70
DD.3 Welding ...................................................................................................................................70
DD.3.1 Welding process.........................................................................................................70
DD.3.2 Filler metals................................................................................................................70
DD.3.3 Shielding gases..........................................................................................................71
DD.3.4 Backing gas................................................................................................................71
DD.3.5 Preheat and interpass temperature ...........................................................................72
DD.3.6 Interpass cleaning ......................................................................................................72
DD.4 Welding procedure qualification..............................................................................................72
DD.4.1 Charpy V-notch impact testing ...................................................................................72
DD.4.2 Hardness determination .............................................................................................72
DD.5 Welder qualification.................................................................................................................72
DD.6 Production welding..................................................................................................................73
DD.6.1 General ......................................................................................................................73
DD.6.2 Weld bead discolouration...........................................................................................73
Appendix EE Requirements for automated gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)...............................74
EE.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................74
EE.2 Welding equipment .................................................................................................................74
EE.3 Welding consumables.............................................................................................................74
EE.3.1Tungsten electrodes ....................................................................................................74
EE.3.2Penetration enhancing flux ..........................................................................................74
EE.4 Tube end preparation..............................................................................................................75
EE.5 Welding procedure qualification..............................................................................................75
EE.6 Welder performance qualification ...........................................................................................75
EE.7 Non-destructive testing ...........................................................................................................76
EE.8 Non-destructive testing acceptance criteria for small bore tubing ..........................................76
EE.9 Weld repairs............................................................................................................................76
Bibliography .....................................................................................................................................77
List of Tables
Table 300.4 - Status of appendices in B31.3 ...................................................................................11
Table 328.5.1 - Acceptable welding processes................................................................................28
Table 331.1.6 - Number of thermocouples required for pipe spools ................................................34
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Table 341.1.4A - Method and extent of non-destructive testing (NDT)............................................43
Table 342.1A - Qualification of inspection personnel.......................................................................44
Table AA.3.2.1 - Charpy Impact Test Requirements for Carbon Steel ............................................56
Table AA.3.2.2 - Charpy Impact Test Acceptance Criteria for Carbon Steel ...................................56
Table CC3.6 - Qualified thickness range .........................................................................................67
Table DD.6.2C - Weld bead discolouration......................................................................................73
List of Figures
Figure 328.2A - Charpy notch locations...........................................................................................18
Figure 328.2B - Location of hardness indents .................................................................................21
Figure 328.4.3A - Dimensional tolerances for fabricated pipework..................................................25
Figure 331.2.6 - Local heat treatment for branch connections.........................................................36
Figure 332.2.3 - Segmental bends...................................................................................................37
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Foreword
The previous issue of GIS 42-103 was retired 20 April 2016. This Specification is a
reinstatement of GIS 42-103 based on part of the following documents that are now retired:
Company
EP-GIS 42-103
Specification for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of
Pipework (ASME B31.3).
RM-GIS 42-103
Specification for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection and Inspection of
Pipework (ASME B31.3).
This Specification incorporates the following technical changes with respect to EP-GIS 42-103:

Modifications to the weld procedure qualification essential variable requirements.

Modifications to PWHT requirements.

Modifications to NDT requirements.

Modifications to pressure test requirements

Revisions to the Appendices of this specification.
This Specification contains the same technical content as GPO-EN-SPE-42103 Rev. B03.
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Introduction
a.
Requirements for fabrication, assembly, erection, and inspection of pipework are
based on American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B31.3, Process Piping,
2018.
1.
Chapter I
Scope and definitions.
2.
Chapter V
Fabrication, assembly and erection.
3.
Chapter VI
Inspection, examination and testing.
b.
Requirements of this Specification are modifications to ASME B31.3.
c.
Modifications to ASME B31.3 are identified as Add, Modify to Read, or Delete.
d.
Paragraph numbers in this Specification correspond to ASME B31.3.
e.
Paragraphs of ASME B31.3 that are not revised remain applicable.
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Chapter I
Scope and definitions
300
General statements
300.1
Scope
Add
(a) This Specification provides requirements, recommendations, and permissions for the,
materials, fabrication, inspection, testing, documentation, and preparation for the
onshore and offshore process and utility piping systems fabricated in carbon and low
alloy steels, stainless steels, cupro-nickel, nickel based alloys, titanium alloys, and
zirconium alloys that are within the scope of ASME B31.3.
(b) If included in the Purchase Order, the requirements in this Specification can be
applied to the following:
(1) Fabrication of subsea pipework and components.
(2) Welded seams in fabricated pipe fittings (tees, elbows, reducers, etc.).
(3) Welded attachments to valve bodies include attachment of welded pups.
(4) Pipework fabricated in conformance to ship classification society rules.
(c) If specified in the package equipment specification or the Purchase Order, this
Specification applies to all piping fabrication including prefabrication, module
assembly, package or skid mounted units, and site and field installation.
300.1.3
Exclusions
Add
(e) Land based pipelines and flowlines.
(f)
Subsea pipelines, flowlines, and risers.
(g) Pipelines of length and diameter that are specified by Company to be engineered as
main pipelines (e.g., transfer lines between processing units, storages, and jetties).
(h) Steam piping systems within plot limits of power stations and steam generating
stations outside process areas.
(i)
Underground drainage systems.
(j)
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) piping systems, including chilled
water, hydronic heating, drains, and refrigerant systems.
(k) Domestic water and waste water systems within buildings, including offshore
accommodation modules.
300.2
Definitions
Add
For the purpose of this Specification, the following terms and definitions apply:
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Arc energy
Energy input calculated from welding current, arc voltage, and welding travel speed.
Terms arc energy and heat input are interchangeable in this Specification.
Company
BP p.l.c, an associate or subsidiary, or other organization acting as owner, Company, or
customer as designated in Purchase Order.
Company responsible engineer
Company engineer responsible for the technical requirements of the item.
Interpass temperature
Temperature at weld joint prior to initiation of welding arc.
Fabricator
Site piping contractor or package supplier.
Manufacturer
Entity or sub-supplier producing equipment item.
Preheat temperature
Minimum metal temperature that welding can take place.
Quality plan
Document specifying which procedures and associated resources will be applied, who will
apply them, and when these procedures and resources will be applied to a specific project,
product, process, or contract.
Sub-Supplier
Contractor or vendor of Supplier.
Supplier
Entity entering into a contract with Company to provide materials, goods, supplies,
equipment, or plant and includes successors and (or) permitted assigns of such entity.
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300.4
Status of appendices
Table 300.4 - Status of appendices in B31.3
Add
Appendix
Title
Status
AA
Requirements
BB
Requirements for carbon, low alloy steels, and martensitic stainless steels
Requirements for 300 series austenitic and high alloy austenitic steels, 6%Mo
alloys, nickel based alloys, and cupro-nickel
CC
DD
EE
Requirements for 22 Cr duplex and 25 Cr super duplex stainless steel materials
Requirements for titanium and zirconium
Requirements for automated GTAW
Requirements
Requirements
Requirements
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Requirements
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Chapter V
Fabrication, assembly, and erection
327
General
Add
327.1
Control of welding and fabrication
Unless otherwise approved by Company responsible engineer, welding and fabrication
activities shall take place within constraints in accordance with the certified quality
management system.
327.1.1
Initial documentation
(a) Quality plan
(1) Prior to the commencement of fabrication, a quality plan shall be submitted to
and subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
(2) The quality plan shall detail the full scope of activities related to the fabrication,
inspection, testing, and erection of pipe spools.
(b) Fabricator’s responsible personnel (e.g., welding engineer, welding inspector(s),
quality engineer, NDT coordinator, and foreman) shall be identified.
(c) Manufacturing procedures (fabrication and welding procedures)
(1) Associated manufacturing procedures shall be submitted and subject to approval
by Company responsible engineer.
(2) Manufacturing procedures shall include the following:
(a) Material control and storage.
(b) Welding consumable storage and control in conformance to welding
consumable manufacturer’s recommendations.
(c) PMI for alloy materials, including welding consumables, deposited weld
metal, and consumable insert rings, in conformance to EP-GIS 36-103 or
RM-GIS 36-103.
(d) WPS and associated PQR.
(e) NDT procedures and qualifications.
(f)
Mechanical working.
(g) Heat treatment.
(h) Portable hardness testing.
(i)
Hydrostatic leak testing.
(j)
Pneumatic testing (specified for piping system or otherwise approved by
Company responsible engineer).
(k) Sensitive leak testing.
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(d) Previously qualified welding procedures
(1) Previously qualified WPS’ may be used if they:
(a) Conform to this Specification.
(b) Conform to the welding procedures clause of EP-GIS 18-011 or
RM-GIS 18-011.
(c) Are approved by Company responsible engineer.
(2) Previously qualified WPSs shall include a summary table that lists the following:
(a) WPS number.
(b) PQR number.
(c) Essential and supplemental essential variables listed in the applicable
industry code and this Specification.
(d) Areas of intended application including a weld map or sketch identifying
types of joint to be welded and procedures to be applied.
(e) NDT reports and results on existing PQR samples.
(3) For a WPS using multiple processes, preference shall be given to a single PQR.
(4) Original mechanical test certificates or certified copies shall be included in
information package.
(5) Photographic records shall be included in information package, with each region
of weldment and any associated hardness measurements being visible.
(e) pWPS documents
(1) pWPS documents for new welding procedures or welding procedures requiring
requalification shall be submitted for Company review and approval before
fabrication of test pieces.
(2) pWPS documents shall be indexed and presented in legible form with a summary
table as detailed in 327.1.1(d)(2).
(f)
Results, related data, and photographic records of pWPSs, WPSs, and PQRs shall be
submitted in an electronic format.
(g) Copies of approved WPS in welder’s first language shall be available for reference to
welder at all times during production welding.
327.1.2
Production documentation
(a) Fabricator shall maintain production records.
(b) Production records shall include:
(1) Material and welding consumable certificates.
(2) PWHT records (PWHT is applied) including PWHT chart.
(3) Visual and dimensional inspection.
(4) NDT and pressure test records.
(5) Isometric drawings or weld map marked up with weld numbers and applicable
WPS and PQR.
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(6) Welder and welding operator qualification test records.
(7) Authenticated copies of NDT operator(s) certificates.
(8) Records of agreed concessions to fabrication standards.
(c) On completion of fabrication, records shall be either given to Company or stored by
fabricator, as directed by fabrication contract. Unless otherwise specified in contract,
storage shall be for a minimum of 5 yrs.
327.2
Health, safety, and environment (HSE) for welding operations
HSE for welding operations shall comply with local laws and regulations.
327.3
Material control and storage
(a) Materials shall be inspected on receipt to confirm that correct grade of material has
been supplied and that the following conform to applicable standards and
specifications:
(1) Identification.
(2) Dimensions.
(3) Material quality.
(4) End preparation.
(b) PMI can be required for alloy materials on receipt of materials or prior to release for
construction. PMI shall conform to EP-GIS 36-103 or RM-GIS 36-103 if specified in
ITP.
(c) Materials shall be stored under cover and above ground in a weatherproof enclosure
or building using non-metallic dunnage.
(d) While in storage, materials shall be kept free from dirt, grease, and other
contaminants.
(e) Valve supplier preservation shall be maintained until installation.
(f)
Following installation, valves shall be protected from ingress of dust, grit, and other
solids.
(g) Flange faces shall be coated with a suitable corrosion preventive and protected from
mechanical damage during storage and fabrication.
(h) End caps shall remain in place until material is selected for fabrication.
(i)
Different materials shall be kept in discrete sections of storage area.
(j)
Material shall be marked in a manner that allows traceability to original manufacturer
certification.
(k) Identification on each individual component shall be maintained through production
processes to final product form.
(l)
Procedures for transfer of material identification marks shall be subject to approval by
Company responsible engineer prior to commencement of fabrication.
(m) Material that is not identifiable shall be removed from work area and quarantined until
material grade and source can be confirmed.
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327.4
Pipework marking
(a) Pipework shall be identified by indelible marking:
(1) Free from low melting point metallic materials, sulphides, chlorides, and others
containing halides or other halogens.
(2) Placed at least 100 mm (4 in) from weld preparation.
(b) Marking shall have minimum life of 1 yr in covered, unheated storage.
(c) Transfer of identification markings shall take place prior to cutting.
(d) Acceptable techniques for identification transfer shall include:
(1) Permanent marker or paint pen (typical method).
(2) Vibro-etching.
(3) Hard stamping with low stress stamps.
(4) Adhesive tapes with or without bar codes.
(e) Marking shall identify material, fabricator, and include item number, enabling spool to
be traced to corresponding isometric drawing.
327.5
Fabrication facilities
(a) A shop that manufactures both carbon and/or low alloy steels and high alloy steels at
the same facility shall ensure that the areas used for fabrication are separate and in
conformance to the following:
(1) Each alloy type is segregated during fabrication.
(2) The following equipment shall be segregated or thoroughly cleaned before
switching materials:
a)
Pipe handling equipment.
b)
Pipe end preparation machines.
c)
Rollers.
d)
Line-up clamps.
e)
Other jigs and fixtures.
(3) Separate sets of clearly identified cleaning and grinding equipment are provided.
(4) The following low melting point metals, and their alloys are not permitted to
contact materials that will undergo hot forming, welding, or PWHT or that
subsequently will be placed in elevated temperature service:
a)
Aluminium.
b)
Lead.
c)
Tin.
d)
Copper.
e)
Zinc.
f)
Cadmium.
g)
Mercury.
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(b) Shop layout, equipment, and production procedures shall be subject to approval by
Company responsible engineer.
(c) Scrap materials shall be removed from fabrication area and disposed of in
conformance to fabrication contract requirements.
327.6
Welding equipment
(a) Welding power source voltage and amperage meters shall be calibrated on an annual
basis and recorded in QMS.
(b) If conducting QC checks of parameters during production welding, calibrated
instrumentation shall be used.
(c) Systems shall be in place to allow traceability of calibration back to national
standards.
328
Welding and brazing
328.2
Welding and brazing qualification
Add
(a) General requirements
(1) WPS and PQR results shall be subject to approval by Company responsible
engineer before commencement of fabrication.
(2) PQRs shall be mechanically tested at an independent laboratory accredited to a
national or international standard and certified by the fabricator.
(3) If included in the Purchase Order or Company responsible engineer option,
mechanical testing shall be witnessed by a third party.
(b) Weld procedures qualified for subsea piping shall conform to the following:
(1) Impact testing, including weld metal centreline, fusion line, and fusion line +2 mm
(+0.08 in) specimens are as shown in Figure 328.2A.
(2) For material thicknesses
(a) Less than 20 mm (0.8 in) - Charpy specimens are taken from external
surface.
(b) Greater than or equal to 20 mm (0.8 in) - Charpy specimens are taken from
external and internal surfaces.
(c) Greater than or equal to 50 mm (2.0 in) - Charpy specimens are taken from
external and internal surfaces and mid-wall thickness.
(3) Impact testing is performed at MDT unless specified otherwise in Appendix AA
through Appendix DD.
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Figure 328.2A - Charpy notch locations.
2mm MAX
WELD CENTRE
LINE NOTCHES
F
L
2mm MAX
FL + 2mm
FUSION LINE (FL) AND HAZ
NOTCH POSITIONS
Note:
1 Refer to 328.2.(b).
(4) Charpy specimens are cut transverse to weld, with axis of notch perpendicular to
surface of test piece.
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(5) Weld metal Charpy impact specimens are machined such that notch is located at
weld metal centreline.
(c) Backing rings shall not be allowed.
(d) In exploration and production, socket welds shall not be permitted in sour service
applications.
(e) For subsea applications, any change in material grade shall require re-qualification,
unless subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
(f)
During PQR, procedure data and essential variables shall be recorded on a
pass-by-pass basis using a calibrated arc monitoring system subject to approval by
Company responsible engineer.
(g) In addition to requirements of ASME Section IX, following are considered essential
variables:
(1) A change greater than ±10% of welding parameter range recorded in PQR or a
change in heat input range recorded on PQR.
(2) A change in type of current (e.g., AC to DC or, in DC welding, a change in
electrode polarity) except if type of current changes within electrode
manufacturer recommendations.
(3) A change from a double-sided to a single-sided weld preparation.
(4) An increase in maximum interpass temperature above that recorded on the PQR.
(5) Unless otherwise approved by Company Responsible Engineer, a change in
consumable classification and trade name.
(6) For exploration and production applications, a change in base material carbon
equivalent of ± 0.03 or a change in carbon content of ± 0.02%.
(7) A change from vertical up welding to vertical down welding or vice versa.
(h) Requalification shall be performed for critical applications identified by Company.
(i)
Weldment hardness testing for qualifying a new PQR
(1) For applications designated as sour service, root passes made by FCAW are not
permitted:
(a) Pipe and fittings welded with FCAW shall conform to NACE SP0472 for weld
procedure HAZ hardness controls.
(b) Base metal chemistry controls shall conform to NACE SP0472 if welds are
not post weld heat treated.
(c) Root passes made by FCAW are not permitted.
(2) Hardness testing
(a) A limitation on weldment hardness is specified in Appendix AA through
Appendix DD. Metallographic examination and hardness measurements also
shall form part of PQR.
(b) Sections for hardness testing shall be prepared to a 1 μm (39 μin) diamond
paste finish and etched to reveal microstructure.
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(c) Indents
(1) Each hardness survey shall consist of three rows of indents. Only mid
wall traverse is required on thin wall if OD and ID measurements are not
possible.
(2) One traverse shall be located below the cap, one above root (or internal
surface), and one at mid thickness. The positions are shown in
Figure 328.2B.
(3) Mid thickness traverse may be waived for single sided welds below
12.7 mm (0.5 in).
(4) Hardness survey shall sample CGHAZ adjacent to fusion boundary (see
Note 2 below in Figure 328.2B).
(5) Additional hardness indent positions shall be performed if a consumable
type has not been sampled by specified three traverses.
(6) For exploration and production, conformance to
NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 for sour service, additional indents shall be
made at specified locations (7.3 of NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 Part 2).
(7) For refining and petrochemical applications, hardness traverses shall
also conform to ISO 17945 (NACE MR0103).
Figure 328.2B - Location of hardness indents
1 - 2mm
t/2
1 - 2mm
Notes:
1. Parent material indentations shall be at least 20 mm (0.8 in) from fusion line.
2. First HAZ indentation shall be placed as close as possible to fusion line. Further indentations into HAZ shall be separated
by approximately 0,5 mm (0,02 in). However, minimum centre to centre separation requirement of 2.5 times or 3 times
mean diagonal of nearest indentation shall be maintained (see ISO 6507-1 and ASTM E92).
3 Same survey pattern shall be applied to double-sided welds. For double sided welds, mid thickness traverse shall be
located to sample root region of the weld.
(d) Hardness measurements in weld metals and HAZs shall be performed using
Vickers pyramid method (5 kg or 10 kg).
(e) Vickers hardness readings shall not be converted from other hardness
scales.
(f)
Digital macro photographs (approximately 3x to 10x) showing location of
each hardness impression shall be prepared and included in welding
procedure qualification documentation.
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(g) Location of the hardness indents in HAZ shall be clearly visible.
(j)
In addition to mechanical testing, PQR samples shall be subjected to the same NDT
techniques and requirements as those for production welds.
(k) NDT shall be completed prior to machining of test pieces.
(l)
Pipe diameters up to and including DN 65 (NPS 2 1/2) shall be GTAW welded
throughout.
(m) Welder performance qualification
(1) Welders and welding operators:
(a) For duplex stainless steel weld metals and parent materials (Appendix CC)
and titanium and zirconium (Appendix DD), shall be qualified before work on
production welds.
(b) Subject to the provision of an authenticated performance qualification record
and approval by Company responsible engineer, may be qualified on initial
production welds.
(2) New welder and welding operator qualification tests shall be subject to witnessing
by Company if not waived by Company responsible engineer.
(3) Any welder who, in opinion of Company responsible engineer, is either ignoring
good welding practice or specification requirements or is responsible for a high
level of repairs during production shall:
(a) Be removed from work.
(b) Undergo a retraining programme subject to approval by Company
responsible engineer before a retest is considered.
Add
328.2.5
Test joints
(a) Unless otherwise approved by Company responsible engineer, PQR for impact tested
P1 steels and all higher P-number materials shall be performed on a pipe or pipe
fitting.
(b) If castings are to be welded in production, qualification shall be performed on
castings.
(c) Plate qualified welding procedures on pipe sizes less than DN 200 (NPS 8) shall be
subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
(d) Welder performance tests shall be performed on pipe.
(e) Unless approved otherwise by Company responsible engineer, welder performance
tests shall use welding consumables of nominally the same chemical analysis as
production material.
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328.3
Welding materials
328.3.1
Electrodes and filler metal
Add
(f)
For exploration and production applications, storage and control of welding
consumables shall conform to EP-GIS 18-011.
(g) For refining and petrochemical applications, storage and control of welding
consumables shall conform to RM-GIS 18-012.
328.3.3
Consumable inserts
Modify to Read
Use of consumable inserts shall be subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
Add
328.3.4
Welding gases
(a) Gases used for shielding and purging shall conform to ANSI/AWS A5.32 or
ISO 14175.
(b) Gas containers shall be labelled with grade and brand name as specified in WPS.
(c) Gases shall:
(1) Be pre-mixed and bottled by gas supplier unless otherwise approved by
Company responsible engineer.
(2) Have certificates of conformance.
(3) Be held in containers in which they are supplied and stored, with adequate
support, in a secured area.
(d) Standard Ar/CO2 compositions may be mixed at site if:
(1) Approved by Company responsible engineer.
(2) Mixing system is part of a mechanized process using a failsafe cut off and/or
alarm if proportions fall outside those specified in the approved welding
procedure.
(e) Gas mixtures containing hydrogen shall not be used for either shielding or purging
unless approved by Company responsible engineer.
328.4
Preparation for welding
328.4.1
Cleaning
Add
(a) Working practices shall be designed to minimize contamination.
(b) Before welding, internal and external surfaces shall be cleaned for a distance of at
least 50 mm (2 in) from fusion face.
(c) Surfaces to be joined by welding shall be wire brushed and degreased immediately
prior to welding.
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(d) For small pipes that are not abrasively cleaned, chemical cleaning is acceptable using
a chemical approved by Company responsible engineer.
(e) Degreasing agents shall leave no chloride or sulphide containing residues on surface.
(f)
328.4.2
Methanol shall not be used for degreasing titanium and zirconium.
End preparation
(a) General
Add
(3) Materials shall be cut to size and bevelled by:
(a) A thermal cutting technique (oxy fuel gas or plasma arc).
(b) Cold cutting.
(c) Machining.
(d) Abrasive grinding.
(4) Zirconium and titanium preparation shall be in accordance with Appendix DD.
(5) Pipe ends shall be prepared perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pipe.
(6) Tolerance on out-of-squareness shall be ±1.5 degrees.
(7) Prior to plasma cutting, prepared surfaces shall be cleaned by degreasing agent.
(8) For plasma cutting, surfaces adjacent to cut shall be cleaned by grinding or wire
brushing to shiny metal before cutting.
(9) After thermal cutting, surfaces shall be ground to remove heat tinted metal,
smooth profile, and returned to shiny metal finish.
(10) Holes for branch connections less than or equal to 25 mm (1 in) diameter shall be
drilled.
(b) Circumferential welds
(2) Add
Joint preparations with internal tapers or thickness transitions immediately
adjacent to weld bevel shall not be used if UT is primary means of NDT.
(4) Modify to Read
Weld metal buttering shall not be deposited to assist alignment or provide
material for machining without approval of Company responsible engineer.
Add
(7) Prior to fit-up, weld bevels shall be subject to VT.
(8) VT may be supplemented by MT for ferrous materials or PT for non-ferrous
materials.
328.4.3
Alignment
(a) Circumferential welds
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Add
(3) Bore misalignment in circumferential butt joints shall not exceed lesser of either
0.1t of wall thickness, “t”, or 3 mm (0.12 in) without approval by Company
responsible engineer.
(c) Branch connection welds
(3) Add
Weld metal shall not be deposited to correct the contour, shape, or tolerances
without approval by Company responsible engineer.
Add
(4) Proprietary branch connections shall be welded in conformance to the branch
fitting manufacturer guidelines.
Add
(e) Fabrication tolerances
(1) Fabrication tolerances shall conform to Figure 328.4.3A, unless subject to
approval by Company responsible engineer.
(2) Design changes necessary to conform to defined tolerances when welding
austenitic stainless steels shall be subject to approval by Company responsible
engineer.
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Specification for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Pipework (ASME B31.3)
Figure 328.4.3A - Dimensional tolerances for fabricated pipework
A
CL
B
A
C
CL
C/L FLANGE OR BRANCH
CL
A
D
A
A
CL
A
E
Maximum allowable dimensional tolerance
Item
Category D and normal fluid service
Severe cyclic conditions,
temperature 450°C (850°F)
rating PN 150 (Class 900)
A
3 mm (±1/8 in) maximum from indicated dimension - From face to face, centre to face, location of
attachments, etc.
B
8% maximum (for internal pressure)
2% maximum
3% maximum (for external pressure)
Flattening measured as difference between maximum OD and minimum OD at any cross section
C
3 mm (±1/8 in) maximum lateral translation of
branches or connections
D
1.5 mm (±1/16 in) maximum rotation from the indicated position, of flanges measured as shown
E
0.75 mm (0.03 in) maximum out of alignment of
flanges from indicated position, measured across
any diameter
328.5
Welding requirements
328.5.1
General
1.5 mm (±1/16 in) maximum lateral translation
of branches or connections
0.4 mm (0.016 in) maximum out of alignment of
flanges from indicated position, measured
across any diameter
(b) Modify to Read
Each qualified welder and welding operator shall be assigned an identification symbol.
Welds shall be marked with welder (welding operator) identification symbol using
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marker pencils or paints that conform to 327.4. In lieu of marking weld, records shall
be filed subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
(c) Modify to Read
Tack welds
(1) Tack welds shall be deposited by a qualified welder in conformance to an
approved WPS.
(2) Tack welds shall be deposited using the preheat level specified in the WPS.
(3) The base metal temperature for tack welds shall be at or above the specified
preheat temperature for a distance not less than 25 mm (1 in) in all directions
from the point of welding.
(4) Root tack welding shall be subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
(5) Root tack welding shall not commence until the specified level of bore purging
has been established in conformance to the WPS.
(6) Root tack welds shall be removed.
(7) Interval between tack welding and deposition of root pass shall be minimized to
reduce contamination.
(8) Removal of bridge tacks shall be by mechanical grinding.
(d) Modify to Read
Peening shall not be permitted on any pass.
Add
(g) Unless stated otherwise in valve manufacturer installation instructions, welding
adjacent to inline valves shall be performed with valve in full open position.
(h) Self-shielded FCAW process shall not be used.
(i)
For exploration and production applications, acceptable welding processes are shown
in Table 328.5.1.
(j)
For refining and petrochemical applications, acceptable welding processes shall be
based on API RP 582, with specific modifications to be advised by the engineering
design or project specification.
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Table 328.5.1 - Acceptable welding processes
GTAW
Butt welds ≤ DN 65 (NPS 2-1/2)
Root pass of all materials P-No 4 and greater
regardless of diameter
Root pass of all compressor pipework
downstream of the inlet suction scrubber
2nd (hot) pass if GTAW was used for the root
pass
Piping ≤ DN 150 (NPS 6)
Piping > DN 150 (NPS 6)
Root and 2nd (hot) pass of CS/ Low Alloy/
Martensitic SS if not already required
elsewhere in this Specification
Root and 2nd (hot) pass of 3xx SS/High Alloy
Austenitic SS/ 6Mo alloys/Ni base
alloys/CuNi/Duplex
Fill/cap passes of 3xx SS/high alloy austenitic
SS/6Mo alloys/Ni base alloys/CuNi with wall
>5 mm (3/16 in) and fillet welds
Fabrication of process pipework
Fabrication of utility pipework
Titanium and Zirconium
SMAW
SAW
Required
Not permitted
Not permitted
Required
Not permitted
Required (1)
FCAW (gas
shielded)
GMAW
PAW
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted
Preferred
Acceptable (2)
Not permitted
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Preferred
Preferred
Acceptable (2)
Acceptable
Not permitted (3)
Acceptable
Not permitted (4)
Acceptable
Not permitted (4)
Acceptable
Not permitted (4)
Acceptable
Preferred
Acceptable
Not permitted
Not permitted
Acceptable
Acceptable
Required
Not permitted
Not permitted
Not permitted
Acceptable
Not permitted
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Not permitted
Acceptable (5)
Acceptable
Not permitted
Not permitted (4)
Acceptable
Not permitted
Not permitted (4)
Acceptable
Not permitted
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Notes:
1. Back purging shall also be used regardless of P-No or alloy content.
2. SMAW is acceptable if electrode size ≤ 2.4 mm (3/32 in).
3. Not acceptable unless welder has consistently demonstrated his ability to use SAW on pipe of these diameters.
4. Unless specifically approved by Company responsible engineer.
5. For 300 SS/high alloy austenitic SS/6Mo alloys/Ni base alloys/CuNi/Duplex, subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
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(k) GTAW equipment shall use either a high frequency starting unit or alternative
programmed touch starting unit. A current decay device should also be installed,
together with a gas lens, to improve gas shielding of weld pool.
(l)
Composition of shielding gas used for welding shall be compatible with alloy being
welded.
(m) Welding processes that are gas shielded shall be used only under enclosed shop
conditions, unless weather protection is provided, subject to approval by Company
responsible engineer, at each outdoor location in which such techniques are used.
(n) Back purging
(1) Back purging using high purity argon shall be used if welding materials of P5B
and greater (i.e., greater than or equal to 2 1/4% Cr content) to prevent
unacceptable levels of oxidation or coking of the root run and internal pipe
surface.
(2) Internal purging shall be used if welding attachments to materials of P5A and
greater with a wall thickness less than or equal to 10 mm (0.40 in).
(3) For exploration and production applications, oxygen meters shall be used to
monitor the quality of the purge gas on all materials of P6 and greater.
(4) For exploration and production applications, maximum oxygen content of
purge gas shall not exceed 0.2% (2 000 ppm).
(5) Gas mixtures, including mixtures containing hydrogen, shall not be used for
back purging, unless approved by Company responsible engineer.
(6) Purge gas flowrate shall be maintained for a minimum of four weld passes or
10 mm (0.4 in) of deposited weld metal to minimize the ingress of oxygen.
(o) Temporary attachments and their welds.
(1) Temporary attachments to outside surface of pipe shall be subject to approval
by Company responsible engineer.
(2) Temporary attachments shall conform to a WPS subject to approval by
Company responsible engineer.
(3) Attachments that are permitted shall be made in a manner to avoid oxidation
of internal surface of pipework.
(4) Fabricator shall advise precautions proposed to take with regard to fixing
temporary attachments.
(5) Temporary attachments shall be removed by cold cutting, leaving a 3 mm
(0,12 in) stub. Stub shall be ground flush with pipe wall.
(6) Following removal of attachments, pipe wall shall be subject to a wall
thickness UT check. Pipe wall surface shall be subject to MT/PT.
(7) Temporary attachments shall be removed prior to application of any PWHT
(refer to 328.5.1 (o) (5)).
(p) Fillet welded joints for pressure containment should have at least two weld passes.
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328.5.3
Seal welds
Modify to Read
Seal welding of threaded connections specified by the engineering design or project
specification shall conform to the following:
(a) Threaded joints shall be assembled so that a maximum of three threads are
exposed prior to welding.
(b) Joints to be seal welded shall be made without use of tape or compound.
(c) Welding shall be performed by a qualified welder in conformance to a WPS
approved by Company responsible engineer.
(d) Exposed threads shall be covered by the seal weld.
(e) Welding shall not cause damage to threaded fitting.
328.5.4
Welded branch connections
Add
(j)
When designing angled branch connections, in addition to considering stress
concentration effects, access shall be provided for welding in acute angle section.
(k) Branch connection welding shall conform to branch fitting manufacturer
recommendations.
328.5.5
Fabricated laps
Add
Fabricated laps shall be subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
328.5.6
Welding for severe cyclic conditions
Add
Weld reinforcement shall blend with external surface of pipe to minimize possible
stress concentration effects.
Add
328.5.7
Proximity of welds
(a) Separation of toes of adjacent circumferential butt welds shall be at least:
(1) Four times nominal wall thickness of pipe.
(2) 50 mm (2 in) for pipe sizes DN 300 (NPS 12) and smaller.
(3) 100 mm (4 in) for pipe sizes greater than DN 300 (NPS 12).
(b) Separation of welded joints shall provide space for manipulation of the ultrasonic
probes if weldments are to be examined by UT.
(c) Branch and non-pressure part attachment welds
(1) Welds shall not cross longitudinal seam or circumferential butt welds.
(2) Welds shall be subject to toe-to-toe separation distance specified for
circumferential butt welds if weld beads are not ground flush.
(3) Toe-to-toe separation of welds shall be 50 mm (2 in) if weld beads are ground
flush.
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(4) If weld intersections with longitudinal seam or circumferential butt welds are
unavoidable, main weld and footprint area of attachment shall be subject to
NDT prior to making attachment weld.
(d) Joints involving intersection of more than two welds shall not be permitted.
(e) Longitudinal seam welds in pipes and fittings shall be separated by a minimum of
90 degrees.
328.6
Weld repair
Add
(a) As a minimum, any instance of cracking (except small crater cracks less than or
equal to 4 mm [5/32 in] in length) or laminations shall be reported to BP welding
engineer.
(b) Cracked welds (with the exception of small crater cracks defined in (a)) shall be
completely cut out of the pipework and the cause of cracking established to the
satisfaction of the BP welding engineer.
(c) Repair shall be subject to approval by Company responsible engineer prior to
commencing further work on defective welds.
(d) Crater cracks shall be removed by grinding and the surface shall be confirmed as
free from cracks by MT or PT examination.
(e) Detailed records of repairs, including individual welder repair rates, shall be
retained by the fabricator.
(f)
Repair welding shall conform to an approved WPS and PQR.
(g) Original WPS and PQR may be used for repairs.
(h) A specific repair WPS and PQR shall be qualified for repairs that are performed
with a welding process different than the original WPS and PQR.
(i)
Full penetration repairs shall be specifically qualified if root gap or joint preparation
is outside limits of original PQR.
(j)
If impact testing is required, impact testing of repair weld procedures shall sample
weld metal and both adjacent HAZs (i.e., HAZ in original weld metal and HAZ in
parent material).
(k) If back purging was applied with original WPS, back purging in conformance to
328.5.1(n) shall be applied for repairs in which depth of excavation leaves a
thickness less than or equal to 10 mm (0.4 in).
(l)
Unless approved otherwise by Company responsible engineer, full circumference
of repaired weld shall be re-inspected with techniques used for inspection of
original weld.
(m) No more than two repairs shall be attempted on any defective area unless
otherwise approved by Company responsible engineer.
(n) Prior to repair welding, excavated repair area shall be inspected by either PT or
MT.
330
Preheating
330.1
General
Add
(a) Preheat shall be performed to an approved procedure.
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(b) Preheat shall be applied by oxy fuel gas burners or electrical heating elements
designed for preheat applications or by induction heating.
(c) Cutting or oxyacetylene cutting torches shall not be used.
(d) Pipework and components shall be free from surface moisture prior to the
commencement of welding.
(e) Minimum metal temperature for welding or thermal gouging shall be 10°C (50°F)
or the preheat temperature specified on the WPS or gouging procedure.
330.1.1
Requirements
Add
Preheat temperature requirements shall conform to Table 330.1.1, unless specified
otherwise in Appendix AA through Appendix DD.
330.1.3
Preheat temperature verification
(b) Add
Thermocouples shall not be directly attached to pressure parts unless subject to
approval by Company responsible engineer.
330.1.4
Preheat zone
Add
(a) Preheat zone shall extend following distance beyond each edge of weld:
(1) 75 mm (3 in) for a thickness less than or equal to 40 mm (1.6 in).
(2) 150 mm (6 in) for a thickness greater than 40 mm (1.6 in).
(b) Temperature shall be measured after removal of heating source (if gas heating)
and following a delay of 1 min/12.5 mm (0.5 in) wall thickness with a minimum
delay of 1 min.
Add
330.1.5
Interpass temperature
(a) Requirements for maximum interpass temperatures for specific alloys are provided
in Appendix AA through Appendix DD.
(b) Subject to approval by Company responsible engineer, weldments may be force
cooled with dry air or water jackets to accelerate interpass cooling and maintain
working efficiency.
(c) The use of accelerated interpass cooling shall be qualified during weld procedure
qualification.
(d) Direct water spray quenching shall not be used on incomplete welds.
(e) Water quenching or other means of accelerated cooling on weld completion shall
be qualified during weld procedure qualification.
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330.2
Specific requirements
Add
330.2.3
Dissimilar materials
Modify to Read
Dissimilar materials and weld deposited overlay
(a) Dissimilar welds shall be subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
(b) Requirements concerning dissimilar metal welds shall conform to API RP 582 and
be subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
(c) Weld deposited overlay shall conform to specific requirements if specified in
Purchase Order documents by Company responsible engineer.
331
Heat treatment
Add
(a) Requirements for the heat treatment of individual materials are provided in
Appendix AA through Appendix DD.
(b) The PWHT exemptions and requirements for carbon steel as detailed in B31.32012 shall be adhered to using the 2012 version of Table 331.1.1.
(c) Carbon steel materials thicker than 20 mm (3/4 in) shall receive PWHT.
(d) ASME B31P-2017 provides alternative solutions if heat treatment is not possible or
practical. Exemptions to PWHT shall be subject to approval by Company
responsible engineer.
331.1
General
Add
Additional welding on assemblies that have been post weld heat treated shall not be
permitted unless subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
331.1.4
Heating and cooling
Add
Exothermic chemical reaction packs and direct flame heating shall not be used as a
heat source.
331.1.6
Temperature verification
(a) Add
For pipe welds that are not heat treated in a furnace, number of thermocouples
required shall be as Table 331.1.6.
Table 331.1.6 - Number of thermocouples required for pipe spools
Pipe diameter
Up to DN 80 (NPS 3)
Over DN 80 (NPS 3 and up to
DN 350 (NPS 14)
Over DN 350 (NPS 14)
Number of thermocouples required
1
2 (to be placed 180 degrees apart)
4 (to be placed 90 degrees apart around weld)
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(b) Add
Procedures for attachment of thermocouples by capacitor discharge welding shall
be subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
(c) Add
Temperature measurements shall be recorded at intervals no greater than 15 min
throughout heating, holding, and cooling cycles.
Add
(d) Heat treatment charts shall be provided to Company for each heat treatment.
Add
331.1.7
Hardness tests
(a) Unless otherwise approved by Company responsible engineer, production
hardness testing shall conform to API RP 582 12.6.2 and GIS 36-102.
(b) A master calibration of hardness testing equipment shall be performed annually by
equipment manufacturer or at frequency specified by hardness equipment
manufacturer.
(c) Calibration of hardness testing equipment shall be checked locally on standards of
similar hardness prior to its use.
(d) Portable hardness testing equipment shall be suitable for the application and able
to access the areas to be tested.
331.2
Specific requirements
331.2.3
Dissimilar materials
Add
Procedures for PWHT of dissimilar metals shall be subject to approved by Company
responsible engineer.
331.2.4
Delayed heat treatment
Modify to Read
Delayed heat treatment shall be performed in conformance to Appendix AA.5c.
331.2.6
Local heat treatment
Modify to Read
(a) When local heat treatment is applied, weld shall be heated and insulated to ensure
that (for a pipe of DN (NPS) “D” and wall thickness “t”):
(1) Specified heat treatment temperature is achieved at weld.
(2) Within distance of 1.8 Dt on both sides of weld, temperature of not less than
half of specified heat treatment temperature is attained.
(b) In the case of branch attachments, temperature gradient shall be such that a band
of material from each crotch heated to temperature equalling half heat treatment
temperature shall be 1.8 Dt (where “D” and “t” are nominal diameter and
thickness of the main pipe and branch as appropriate) (see Figure 331.2.6).
(c) In (a) and (b), “D” is expressed as DN (NPS), and “t” is expressed in mm (in).
(d) Local heat treatment shall be applied by electrical heating.
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Figure 331.2.6 - Local heat treatment for branch connections
1.8
D1 t 1
1.8
D2 t 2
SHADED AREAS TO BE HEAT TREATED
D NOMINAL O.D OF MAIN PIPE
1
D NOMINAL O.D OF BRANCH PIPE
2
t
t
1
2
THICKNESS OF MAIN PIPE
THICKNESS OF BRANCH PIPE
Add
331.2.7
Heat treatment of welded valves in piping systems
(a) Welded valves that are heat treated shall be locally heat treated rather than
furnace heat treated.
(b) Only pipe spools without valves may be furnace heat treated.
332
Bending and forming
332.2
Bending
332.2.3
Corrugated and other bends
Add
(a) Fabricated mitre (segmented) bends shall not be used unless approved by
Company responsible engineer.
(b) Subject to approval by Company responsible engineer, mitred (segmental) bends
in conformance to Figure 332.2.3 may be proposed.
(c) “Cut and shut” design shall not be used.
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Figure 332.2.3 - Segmental bends
30
60
90
TYPE A
TYPE B
TYPE C
OVER 60 DEGREES
2 SEGMENTS
DN 350 (NPS 14) & OVER
OVER 30 DEGREES
1 SEGMENT
DN 350 (NPS 14) & OVER
ALL PIPE SIZES
LONGITUDINAL SEAMS TO BE
STAGGERED BY 90 DEGREES
DIMENSION L REFER TO
:
PARAGRAPH 328.5.7
THESE
ANGLES
SHALL BE
EQUAL
45 MIN.
BUTT
JOINT
60
MINIMUM
'L'
BACK WELD
TO BE
APPLIED ON
ALL JOINTS
' L'
L
LAP OR SLEEVE
JOINTS SHALL NOT BE
USED WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF BP
.
SECTION AT THROAT
OF BEND
L
WELD NECK
FLANGE
SLIP-ON FLANGE
(HUB OR PLATE TYPE)
Add
334
Cleaning after fabrication
(a) Following fabrication and prior to shipment, piping shall be cleaned of loose scale,
weld spatter, slag, sand, and other foreign material, both inside and out.
(b) Shop coating requirements will be provided by Company.
(c) For special fluid services, see Appendix F, F335.9.
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335
Assembly and erection
335.1
Alignment
(a) Piping distortions
Add
(1) Application of heat for correction of minor distortions shall be performed in
conformance to a procedure subject to approval by Company responsible
engineer.
(2) Heat correction shall be performed only on carbon and low alloy steels.
(3) Use of heat correction shall be subject to witness by Company responsible
engineer.
335.2
Flanged joints
335.2.5
Flanged Joint Assembly
Add
Flanged bolted joint assembly shall be performed in conformance to a procedure for
each joint or group of joints to be assembled, subject to approval by Company
responsible engineer.
Add
335.11
Field welds
(a) Subject to approval by Company responsible engineer, field welds may be
fabricated using a WPS and/or PQR that is qualified and approved for shop
fabrication.
(b) Field welds shall be protected by wind and weather shielding as subject to
approval by Company responsible engineer prior to commencement of welding or
tacking.
(c) Field welds may be inspected and tested using procedures and NDT techniques
qualified and approved by Company welding inspector for shop inspection and
testing.
(d) Field welds shall be blast cleaned and painted to same standard as shop welds,
unless otherwise approved by Company responsible engineer.
336
Packing, preservation, marking, and shipping
(a) Preparation of equipment for transportation shall conform to packing, marking, and
shipping instructions or other documents identified in Purchase Order.
(b) Spools shall be identified with mark number assigned on drawing.
(c) Method of marking shall be based on procedure subject to approval by Company
responsible engineer.
(d) Spools shall be marked (painted) at each end with spool mark number as shown
on piping isometric.
(e) Only Company approved marking methods free of chlorides, bromides, sulphur,
and heavy metals shall be used.
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Specification for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Pipework (ASME B31.3)
(f)
Shipping damage protection
(1) Flanges shall be blanked with bolted or steel-strapped wood, plastic, or metal
covers with rubber gaskets.
(2) Covers shall have OD no smaller than flange or stub end OD.
(3) Bevelled ends shall be protected by metal or plastic covers.
(4) Tapped connections shall be fitted with threaded steel or non-threaded plastic
pipe plugs.
(5) Threaded ends shall be provided with steel or plastic thread protectors.
(6) Other openings shall be protected to prevent entry of extraneous material.
Tape, paper, cardboard, or plastic sheeting are not permitted.
(7) Machined surfaces shall be coated with an anti-rust compound.
337
Deliverables
Technical data, registers, documents, and drawings shall conform to requirements for
Supplier information identified in Purchase Order.
338
Order of precedence
(a) The order of precedence of the codes and standards quoted in the specifications
shall be:
(1) International and local statutory regulations.
(2) Project data sheets.
(3) Project specifications.
(4) This Specification.
(5) Referenced Company documents.
(6) Referenced national and international codes.
(b) Areas of apparent conflict between documents shall be brought to the attention of
Company responsible engineer for resolution.
(c) In the event of a conflict between this document and a relevant law or regulation,
the relevant law or regulation shall be followed. If the document creates a higher
obligation, it shall be followed as long as this also achieves full compliance with
the law or regulation.
(d) Design, engineering, procurement, and construction of equipment shall comply
with the statutory laws and regulations of the final location of the asset. Refer to
documents identified in the purchase documents for a list of these regulations.
(e) For projects where the final location of the asset is in the EU:
(1) Products supplied shall be confirmed to comply with applicable EU directives.
(2) A Declaration of Conformity shall be provided.
(3) CE mark shall be affixed to the package nameplate.
(4) Components supplied shall be listed together with EU directives with which
they comply and rationale by which compliance has been achieved.
(5) A Technical File in compliance with applicable EU directives shall be compiled
and retained for a period of 10 yrs.
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Specification for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Pipework (ASME B31.3)
Chapter VI
Inspection, examination, and testing
340
Inspection
340.2
Responsibility for inspection
Add
(a) Prior to start of manufacture, an ITP shall be subject to approval by Company
responsible engineer.
(b) The ITP shall:
(1) Include inspection and testing activities to be performed, including those at
sub-suppliers’ works.
(2) Refer to all testing procedures, control documents, and resulting records and
reports.
340.3
Rights of the owner’s inspectors
Add
Company and the Company appointed representative shall:
(a) Have unlimited access to the following to inspect purchased equipment:
(1) Workshops and testing facilities.
(2) Sub-supplier workshops engaged in material supply or equipment fabrication.
(b) Be authorized to photograph equipment in the Purchase Order scope during
manufacturing, assembly, and test.
341
Examination
341.3
Examination requirements
341.3.1
General
(a) Modify to Read
Final examination shall be performed after completion of PWHT.
For welds not subject to PWHT with base metal and/or filler metal with a SMYS
greater than 490 MPa (70 ksi), a minimum 48 h hold time shall occur between
completion of welding and the specified examination.
Subject to approval by Company responsible engineer, the 48 h hold time may be
reduced or eliminated if a hydrogen bakeout is performed.
Add
(c) If less than 100% examination is specified, each lot, as defined in 344.1.3, shall be
approved prior to shipment of piping within that subject lot, unless otherwise
approved by Company responsible engineer.
341.3.2
Acceptance Criteria
(a) Welds
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Modify to Read
ASME B31.3 Table 341.3.2 states acceptance criteria (limits on imperfections) for
welds. See ASME B31.3, Figure 341.3.2 for typical weld imperfections. For subsea
welds and welds classified as NDT Group 1, the acceptance criteria for severe
cyclic conditions shall be applied.
Welds classified as NDT Group 2 or Group 3 shall have criteria per normal service
conditions unless otherwise approved by Company responsible engineer.
341.4
Extent of required examination
Add
(a) For all fluid categories, criticality rating of individual piping system, as specified by
engineering design or project specification, shall specify the extent of required
examination and inspection method used.
(b) Method of determining criticality rating shall be subject to approval by Company
responsible engineer.
(c) Assigned values of criticality rating shall be recorded in piping line lists based on
NDT group.
(d) For guidance, method(s) and extent of NDT shall be based on Table 341.1.4A,
subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
(e) For subsea applications, the following extent of examinations shall be applied, and
defect acceptance criteria shall be “Severe cyclic conditions”.
(1) 100% visual examination.
(2) 100% radiographic or ultrasonic examination.
(3) 100% MT or PT.
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Specification for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Pipework (ASME B31.3)
Table 341.1.4A - Method and extent of non-destructive testing (NDT)
NDT
group
Type of inspection
Type of weld
System service
Pressure rating
Design temp
1
100% VT
All welds
All systems
All
100% RT or UT (3)
Full pen. welds
Class 600 (PN 100)
and above
100% MT or PT
All welds
All systems except
in NDT Group 1
Class 150 and 300
(PN 20 and PN 50)
All
Non-flammable and
non-toxic services
10.35 barg
(150 psig)
-29°C (-20°F) to
185°C (365°F)
2
3
100% VT
All welds
10% RT or UT (1), (2), (3)
Full pen. welds
10% MT or PT (1), (2)
Part. pen. and fillet
welds
100% VT (2)
All welds
Notes:
1. 10% examination is minimum requirement for each welder and shall be defined as 100% examination of one weld in
ten. Welds to be examined shall be selected such that work of each welder or welding operator is included.
2. If examination of a weld in NDT Group 2 or 3 reveals a defect, the requirements of 341.3.4 shall apply.
3. UT may be used in place of RT for pipe nominal thickness of 6 mm (0,25 in) and above. If PAUT is utilized, Vendor
shall pass BP qualification test or other industry standard qualification test.
4. Services categorized as high temperature (MDT above 400°C [750°F]), low temperature (MDT below -50°C
[-58°F]), sour (above region 0 in NACE MR0175), hydrogen, or lethal shall require 100% examination by VT, RT, or
UT (see note 3), and MT or PT for all pressure ratings.
5. Attachment welds in thicknesses greater than 15 mm (0.6 in) shall be subject to 10% UT and 10% MT of each
welder’s work.
6. For full penetration welds where 100% volumetric inspection cannot be achieved to code requirements, including
weld-o-lets, the root pass shall be visually inspected. Inner diameters ≥2-in shall also be internally visually inspected
using mirrors, borescopes, or other agreed equipment.
Add
341.4.5
Socket welds
A minimum of 5% of all socket weld joints (minimum one weld) shall be selected and
examined for imperfections by radiography. The following applies:
(a) Welds to be examined shall represent each welder’s work for each welding
procedure used and spread throughout fabrication of designated lot.
(b) Acceptance criteria shall be in conformance to Table 341.3.2 of ASME B31.3 for
“Normal service conditions” unless “Severe cyclic conditions” is specified.
(c) If a rejectable imperfection is revealed, the provision for progressive sampling
examination in ASME B31.3 shall apply.
342
Examination personnel
342.1
Personnel qualification and certification
Add
(a) Unless otherwise specified by Company responsible engineer, personnel shall be
qualified in conformance to Table 342.1A, following requirements and
EP-GIS 18-011 or RM-GIS 18-011.
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Specification for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Pipework (ASME B31.3)
Table 342.1A - Qualification of inspection personnel
NDT Process
Practitioner
Qualification - ASNT, EN 473 or PCN (1) (2) (3)
RT
Supervisor or Technician
carrying out interpretation
ASNT Level 2
Technician
ASNT Industrial Radiographer Level 1 / 2
UT
Technician
MT
PT
VT
Technician
Technician
Technician
ASNT Level 2 (Plate welds, butt welds, nodes –
whichever is applicable)
ASNT Level 2
ASNT Level 2
ASNT Level 2, AWS CWI, CSWIP 3.1, or PCN Level 2
Notes:
1. ASNT system shall be subject to a full conformance audit by Company prior to acceptance of
ASNT system. Only externally independently assessed systems shall be permitted and shall be
frequently monitored by an external ASNT Level 3.
2. Equivalent qualifications to other standards such as TWI-CSWIP, B-GAS, ISO 20807, ISO 9712,
EN 473, or other national standard may also be acceptable subject to specific approval by
Company responsible engineer.
3. NDT personnel responsible for acceptance of welds shall be qualified as a minimum to Level 2.
(b) Personnel qualifications shall be subject to approval by Company responsible
engineer.
344
Types of examination
344.1
General
344.1.3
Definitions
Add
Lot
For purpose of this Specification, a lot for 5% random examination is defined as
20 welds.
344.2
Visual examination
344.2.1
Definition
Add
VT shall include examination of internal weld surface, if accessible.
344.5
Radiographic examination
344.5.1
Method
Modify to Read
(a) Single wall, single image technique shall be used if access to ID of pipe is possible
(e.g., diameters above DN 600 [NPS 24]).
(b) Double wall images may be used only if:
(1) Pipe diameter is DN 250 (NPS 10) and less.
(2) Access to ID is not possible.
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(c) If using gamma ray isotopes such as iridium, lead intensifying screens and fine or
very fine grain high-contrast film shall be used to achieve required ISO wire
penetrameter sensitivities.
(d) IQI sensitivity and film density for specific material thickness shall be in
accordance with ASME Section V.
(e) Four IQIs placed at 90-degree intervals shall be used to radiograph complete joint
circumference in a single exposure.
(f)
Radiographic films shall be thoroughly dried and viewed with an illuminator
conforming to ISO 5580.
(g) Radiographic films shall be processed to allow storage without deterioration for a
period of 5 yr or life specified in fabrication contract.
(h) Set-on branch connections
(1) Intermediate RT shall be performed on set-on branch (weld-o-let or similar)
connections.
(2) Film shall be on bore side of joint.
(3) RT shall be performed if weld depth is flush to the wall thickness and before
reinforcing fillet is applied.
(4) Set-on branch welds shall be subject to volumetric examination (RT or UT) at
same rate as required for specific main run piping class.
(5) If required, root and final passes shall receive MT or PT.
344.5.2
Extent of radiography
(c) Spot radiography
Modify to Read
Spot RT shall not be used for girth, mitre, or branch welds (i.e., 344.5.2(a) or
344.5.2(b) shall be used).
344.6
Ultrasonic examination
Add
(a) UT procedures for each joint configuration and thickness shall be subject to
approval by Company responsible engineer.
(b) UT examination shall be restricted to wall thicknesses:
(1) Greater than 19 mm (3/4 in).
(2) Down to 6 mm (1/4 in) if it can be demonstrated to Company that successful
ultrasonic techniques can be implemented through qualification
demonstrations and scan plan approval.
(c) Following repairs to root and re-examination, weld shall be completed and
subjected to final examination.
(d) UT examination shall use scanning from all available internal and external
surfaces to maximize coverage of weldment.
(e) UT examination infers using PAUT and FMC. UT examination using manual shear
wave technique may be used only if approved by Company responsible engineer.
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344.7
In-process examination
344.7.1
Definition
Add
(h) Subject to approval by Company responsible engineer, level of in-process
examination shall be based on the following:
(1) Criticality rating of pipework.
(2) Complexity of welding.
(i)
Welding of duplex stainless steels, titanium, and zirconium shall be monitored as
detailed in Appendix CC and Appendix DD.
(j)
Closure welds shall be considered criticality 1 and subject to 100% monitoring of
activities associated with preparation and execution of welding and NDT.
345
Testing
345.2
General requirements for leak tests
345.2.3
Special provisions for testing
(c) Closure welds
Add
Method statement detailing working sequence and applicable welding and NDT
procedures shall be prepared and submitted for approval by Company responsible
engineer.
Add
(f)
345.2.7
Existing plant Test procedures for newly fabricated pipe spools or other new
equipment incorporated into existing plant prior to hydrostatic leak testing shall
account for the limitations and precautions that might be necessary to avoid
damage to the existing equipment.
Test records
Modify to Read
Records shall be made of each piping system during testing, including:
(a) Date of test.
(b) Identification of piping system tested.
(c) Test fluid.
(d) Test pressure.
(e) Certification of results by examiner.
These records shall be retained after completion of test and given to Company in
conformance to Company document control procedures.
345.3.1
Joints exposed
(d) Modify to Read
All joints may be primed and painted prior to leak testing unless a sensitive leak
test (para 345.8) is required. It is considered acceptable to fully paint piping
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subassemblies and piping systems (including welds) under the following
conditions:
(1) The welds consist of at least two layers, in accordance with a WPS qualified
for the application.
(2) The piping subassembly has been fabricated and inspected in accordance
with this ETP.
345.4
Hydrostatic leak test
Add
(a) Fabricator hydrostatic test procedure shall include:
(1) Details of test fluid.
(2) Minimum temperature.
(3) Test pressure.
(4) Pressure recording.
(5) Control method and holding time.
(b) Hydrostatic test and any associated flushing procedure shall be subject to
approval by Company responsible engineer.
(c) Hydrostatic testing shall be performed after completion of heat treatment and NDT.
(d) After hydrostatic testing, pipe spools to be stored prior to installation shall be
treated as follows:
(1) Spools:
(a) Thoroughly dried.
(b) Sealed at open ends to prevent ingress of dirt, moisture, or other
contaminants.
(c) Stored undercover and above ground on non-metallic dunnage.
(2) Flange faces protected from corrosion and mechanical damage.
(3) Need for a vapour phase inhibitor or biocide evaluated.
345.4.1
Test fluid
Modify to Read
(a) Fresh water shall be used unless otherwise detailed in Purchase Order.
(b) General requirements of hydrotesting are as specified below:
(1) Unless otherwise approved by Company responsible engineer, test shall be
conducted at a temperature not lower than 10°C (50°F) during the time at
pressure, and the system or unit under test shall be drained then dried with
dry air or nitrogen immediately after completion.
(2) No residual water pools shall remain after dewatering and drying.
(3) Fresh water shall have pH 6.5 to pH 7.5.
(4) Maximum allowable water chloride content shall not exceed 50 ppm.
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Appendix E
Reference standards
Add
The following documents are referenced in one or more requirements in this
Specification. For dated references, only the version cited applies. For undated
references, the latest version of the referenced document (including amendments)
applies.
Company
EP-GIS 18-011
EP-GIS 36-103
GIS 36-102
RM-GIS 18-011
RM-GIS 18-012
RM-GIS 36-103
Specification for Welded Fabrication and Construction.
Specification for Positive Material Identification (PMI).
Specification for Hardness Testing and Pickling for Pressure
Containing Components.
Specification for Welded Fabrication and Construction.
Specification for Procurement, Storage, and Control of Welding
Consumables.
Positive Materials Identification (PMI) for Pressure Vessels, Piping,
and other Components.
API Specification
Add
API Specification Q1
Specification for Quality Management System Requirements for
Manufacturing Organizations for the Petroleum and Natural Gas
Industry.
API Recommended Practice
Add
API RP 582
Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil, and Gas Industries.
American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Add
ASME Section IIC
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) - Specifications
for Welding Rods, Electrodes and Filler Metals.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Add
ASTM A380
ASTM A923
ASTM E92
ASTM E562
ASTM G48
Standard Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of
Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems.
Standard Test Methods for Detecting Detrimental Intermetallic
Phase in Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels.
Standard Test Method for Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hardness
of Metallic Materials.
Standard Test Methods for Determining Volume Fraction by
Systematic Manual Point Count.
Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric
Chloride Solution.
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American Welding Society (AWS)
Add
AWS A5.32
Welding Consumables—Gases and Gas Mixtures for Fusion
Welding and Allied Processes.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Add
ISO 14175
ISO 17781
ISO 3183
ISO 5580
ISO 6507-1
ISO 9001
ISO 15156-1
ISO 15156-2
ISO 15156-3
ISO 17945
Welding consumables. Gases and gas mixtures for fusion welding
and allied processes.
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Test
methods for quality control of microstructure of ferritic/austenitic
(duplex) stainless steels.
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Steel pipe for pipeline
transportation systems.
Non-destructive testing - Industrial radiographic illuminators Minimum requirements.
Metallic materials - Vickers hardness test - Part 1: Test method.
Quality management system - Requirements.
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Materials for use in H2S
containing environments in oil and gas production - Part 1: General
principles for selection of cracking-resistant materials.
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Materials for use in H2S
containing environments in oil and gas production - Part 2:
Cracking-resistant carbon and low alloy steels, and the use of cast
irons.
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Materials for use in H2S
containing environments in oil and gas production - Part 3:
Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosion resistant alloys) and other
alloys.
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Metallic
materials resistant to sulfide stress cracking in corrosive petroleum
refining environments. [NACE MR0103]
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Appendix J
Nomenclature
Add
For the purpose of this Specification, the following terms and definitions apply:
AC
Ar
AWS
CE
CGHAZ
CO
CO2
CSWIP
Cu
CuNi
CWI
DC
DN
FCAW
FL
FMC
GMAW
GTAW
HAZ
HF
HIP
HRC
H 2S
HSE
HV
HVAC
ID
IIW
IQI
ITP
ksi
LPT
MDT
Mo
MT
Nb
NDT
Ni
NiAI
Alternating current.
Argon.
American Welding Society.
Carbon equivalent.
Coarse grain heat affected zone.
Carbon monoxide.
Carbon dioxide.
Certification scheme for welding inspection personnel.
Copper.
Copper nickel.
Certified Welding Inspector.
Direct current.
Diameter nominal.
Flux cored arc welding.
Fusion line.
Full matrix capture.
Gas metal arc welding.
Gas tungsten arc welding.
Heat affected zone.
Hydrofluoric acid.
Hot isostatic pressing.
Hardness Rockwell C.
Hydrogen sulphide.
Health, safety and environmental.
Vickers hardness.
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.
Internal diameter.
International Institute of Welding.
Image quality indicator.
Inspection test plan.
Kilopound per square inch.
Liquid penetrant testing.
Minimum design temperature.
Molybdenum.
Magnetic particle testing.
Niobium.
Non-destructive testing.
Nickel.
Nickel aluminide.
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Specification for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Pipework (ASME B31.3)
NPS
OD
PAW
PAUT
PCN
pen
PMI
PN
PQR
PREN
PT
PWHT
pWPS
QC
QMS
RT
Sch
SAW
SMAW
SMYS
UNS
UT
VT
WPS
Nominal pipe size.
Outside diameter.
Plasma arc welding.
Phased array ultrasonic testing.
Personnel certification in non-destructive testing.
Penetration.
Positive material identification.
Pressure Nominal.
Procedure qualification record.
Pitting resistance equivalent number.
Penetrant testing.
Post-weld heat treatment.
Proposed welding procedure specification.
Quality control.
Quality management system.
Radiographic testing.
Schedule.
Submerged arc welding.
Shielded metal arc welding.
Specified minimum yield stress.
Unified numbering system.
Ultrasonic testing.
Visual testing.
Welding procedure specification.
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Appendix Q
Quality System program
Add
The quality management system shall conform to ISO 9001, API Specification Q1, or
other internationally recognized standard as approved by Company responsible
engineer.
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Add
Appendix AA
Requirements for carbon steels, low alloy steels and martensitic
stainless steels
AA.1
Scope
(a) This Appendix lists specific requirements for fabrication of carbon steels, low alloy
steels, and martensitic stainless steels.
(b) This Appendix shall be read in conjunction with the main body of this Specification.
AA.2
Welding
AA.2.1
Welding processes
GTAW should be used for the root pass and second (hot) pass for materials covered
by this Appendix but, as a minimum, shall be used as directed in Table 328.5.1.
AA.2.2
Filler metal
(a) SMAW electrodes
(1) Low hydrogen SMAW consumables shall be used for process pipework.
(2) Cellulosic electrodes may be allowed for the root and hot pass if approved by
the Company responsible engineer.
(b) Consumables designated suffix “G” (e.g., E8018-G or ER70S-G) shall only be
used if approved by Company responsible engineer.
(c) Consumable manufacturer and trade name of suffix “G” consumables shall be an
essential variable.
(d) Deposited weld metal
(1) Composition shall be suitable for the composition of the parent material.
(2) For exploration and production applications, carbon steel carrying injection
water in which consumables containing 0,7%Ni to 1,0%Ni shall be used, as a
minimum, for the root pass and second (hot) pass.
(3) 2 1/4Cr 1Mo 1/4V steels shall use 2 1/4Cr 1Mo consumables to minimize risk
of stress relief cracking and provide adequate creep ductility in service.
(4) Consumables for repairs to C 1/2Mo steels, shall be of 1-1/4Cr 1/2Mo
composition.
(5) ERNiCr-3 or ENiCrFe-3 consumables shall be used for 3-1/2Ni steels.
AA.2.3
Shielding gases
Shielding gases shall conform to 328.3.4.
AA.2.4
Purge gas
(a) Back purging on materials P1 through P4 shall only be utilized if specified by the
engineering design or project specification.
(b) Back purging shall be used for P5B, P5C, and greater.
(c) Oxygen meters for monitoring purge gas quality for P1 through P5A, P5B, and
P5C shall be used if required by the Company responsible engineer.
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AA.2.5
Preheat and interpass temperature
(a) Minimum metal temperature for welding P1 materials shall be 10°C (50°F).
(b) For pipework in severe cyclic conditions or in exploration and production
hydrocarbon applications, P1 materials containing greater than or equal to
0.25%C, a minimum preheat temperature of 80°C (175°F) shall be applied,
regardless of thickness or tensile strength.
(c) For P1 materials in excess of 25 mm (1 in) thickness, a minimum preheat
temperature of 93°C (200°F) shall be applied.
(d) Preheat temperature for ISO 3183/API 5L materials and AISI steels used for
process and utility pipework shall conform to qualified PQR and be subject to
approval by Company responsible engineer.
(e) Unless approved otherwise by Company responsible engineer, the maximum
interpass temperature shall be 250°C (482°F).
AA.3
Welding procedure qualification
AA.3.1
Essential variables
(a) For exploration and production sour service applications, an increase in P1
material CEIIW value of more than 0.02 over that qualified shall require
requalification.
(b) A new PQR shall be required for a change in consumable brand name of gas
shielded rutile flux cored wires used for welds that are subject to PWHT
AA.3.2
Charpy V-notch impact testing
(a) When impact testing is required by ASME B31.3, the requirements below shall
apply.
(b) For exploration and production applications, qualification of weldments in P1
materials and low alloy steels, including 3-1/2 Ni, for service at MDT less than or
equal to -10°C (14°F) shall include Charpy impact testing.
(c) The CVN testing requirements are defined in Tables AA.3.2.1 and AA.3.2.2.
Table AA.3.2.1 - Charpy Impact Test Requirements for Carbon Steel
MDT
CVN Test
Temperature
CVN
Specimen
Size
Carbon and Low Alloy Steel
-29°C (-20°F) ≤ MDT ≤ -10°C (14°F)
-29°C (-20°F)
10 x 10 mm
Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
-46°C (-50°F) ≤ MDT < -29°C (-20°F)
-46°C (-50°F)
10 x 10 mm
Carbon and low alloy steels
MDT < -46°C (-50°F)
MDT1
10 x 10 mm
3-1/2 Ni Steels2
Any
Per ASME B31.3
10 x 10 mm
Material
Notes:
1. Unless otherwise advised by Company responsible engineer.
2. The absorbed energy impact requirements for 3-1/2 Ni Steels are 40 J (30 ft-lb) average with a 30 J (22 ft-lb)
individual minimum.
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Table AA.3.2.2 - Charpy Impact Test Acceptance Criteria for Carbon Steel
AA.3.3
SMYS
(MPa [ksi])
Charpy impact value
(J [ft-lb]) average/min value
Any
27 J/20 J
(20 ft-lb/15 ft-lb)
Hardness determination
(a) Maximum hardness limit for carbon and low alloy steel weld metal and HAZs in
non-sour environments shall be 325Hv10, unless specified otherwise in
engineering design or project specification.
(b) Maximum hardness limit for carbon and low alloy steel weld metal and HAZs in
sour environments shall be 250Hv10. Weld cap hardness up to 275Hv10 max
shall be permitted for materials over 9 mm (0.35 in) in thickness.
(c) Refining and petrochemical applications shall follow ISO 17945 (NACE MR0103).
AA.4
Production welding
AA.4.1
Interrupted welding
(a) Welds shall be completed without interruption or intermediate cooling to ambient
temperature.
(b) Welds that cannot be completed without interruption or intermediate cooling may
use intermediate cooling under a 25 mm (1 in) thick dry insulating blanket after
completion of 30% of final weld depth.
(c) Welds in materials of P3, P4, P5A, P5B, P5C, and P6 shall be allowed to cool to
the minimum preheat temperature and held at that temperature during any
interruption in welding.
(d) Weldments in materials of P3, P4, P5A, P5B, P5C, and P6 shall be cooled to
ambient temperatures. The intermediate PWHT detailed in AA.5(c) (2) shall be
applied.
(e) Welds that are unavoidably cooled to ambient temperature before completion shall
have MT performed on the weld surface prior to re-application of preheat and
continuation of welding.
(f)
AA.5
Pipes shall not be moved or lifted until at least 50% of final weld depth has been
deposited.
Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT)
(a) Materials less than or equal to 19 mm (0.75 in) thickness shall be subject to PWHT
if specified by engineering design or project specification.
(b) For pipework in severe cyclic conditions or in exploration and production process
hydrocarbon applications, PWHT shall be performed if carbon content of P1
material is greater than or equal to 0,25% unless otherwise approved by Company
responsible engineer.
(c) Unless otherwise specified by the engineering design or project specification:
(1) On completion of welding, materials having a P3, P4, P5A, P5B, P5C, or P6
shall be allowed to slow cool under dry insulation such that welded
components are:
(a) Maintained at preheat temperature prior to final PWHT.
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(b) Held at this temperature for 1 h per 25 mm (1 in) of thickness, with a
minimum hold time of 30 min, and then raised to PWHT temperature.
(2) Weldments fabricated from materials of P3, P4, P5A, P5B, P5C, or P6 that
need to cool to ambient temperature prior to final PWHT, shall have
intermediate post-weld heating to control cooling rate as follows:
(a) Joints of thickness less than 10 mm (0.4 in):
On completion of welding, joint is allowed to cool to ambient temperature
under 25 mm (1 in) thick dry insulation.
(b) Joints of thickness greater than or equal to 10 mm (0.4 in):
(1) On completion of welding, joint is raised to 345°C (653°F) for 1 h per
25 mm (1 in) of thickness, with a minimum hold time of 30 min.
(2) Joint is cooled slowly to ambient temperature under 25 mm (1 in)
thick dry insulation.
(3) Alloys 9Cr-1Mo (ASTM Grade P9) and 9C-1Mo-V-Nb (ASTM Grade P91)
shall:
(a) Be allowed to slow cool, under dry insulation, to a temperature in the
range of 80°C to 100°C (175°F to 212°F).
(b) Be held in this temperature range for a minimum of 1 h.
(c) Have PWHT applied before weld cools below this temperature range.
(d) Furnace temperature shall not exceed 425°C (800°F) while pipe spools are loaded
or removed.
(e) Maximum heating or cooling rates above 425°C (800°F)
(1) Rate of heating shall not exceed 222°C/h (400°F/h) divided by maximum
metal thickness in inches and 222°C/hr (400°F/hr) for any thickness.
(2) Rate of cooling shall not exceed 280°C/hr (500°F/h) divided by maximum
metal thickness in inches and 280°C/h (500°F/h) for any thickness.
(f)
From 425°C (800°F) piping may be cooled in still air.
(g) PWHT shall be performed at temperature range specified in WPS ±15°C (±30°F)
from set temperature.
(h) For quenched and tempered components, PWHT temperature shall be at least
30°C (50°F) below tempering temperature.
AA.6
Bending and forming
(a) Following heat treatment of cold pulled bends in low alloy steels, a quality control
check by hardness testing shall be performed, at least in the early stages of
production.
(b) Hardness testing shall be performed on one bend per heat treatment batch at four
locations around pipe circumference using portable hardness tester of a type
approved by Company responsible engineer.
(c) In absence of specific restrictions on hardness, Company guidance shall be
sought.
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Appendix BB
Requirements for 300 series austenitic and high alloy austenitic
stainless steels, 6%mo alloys, nickel base alloys, and cupro nickel
BB.1
Introduction
(a) This Appendix lists specific requirements for fabrication of 300 series austenitic
and high alloy austenitic stainless steels, 6 Mo alloys, nickel base alloys, and
cupro nickel.
(b) This Appendix shall be read in conjunction with the main body of this Specification.
BB.2
Welding
BB.2.1
Welding processes
(a) Autogenous welding techniques shall not be used unless approved by Company
responsible engineer.
(b) SMAW shall be restricted to fill and capping passes in pipe with wall thickness
greater than 5 mm (3/16 in) and fillet welds.
(c) Alternative gas shielded welding processes may be used for fill and capping
passes, subject to provision of documented evidence of previous successful use
and subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
(d) Use of SAW shall be subject to approval of Company responsible engineer.
(e) SAW fluxes that add alloying elements to weld deposit shall not be used (i.e., only
neutral SAW fluxes shall be used) except for small additions of Cr to prevent Cr
depletion in weld deposit.
BB.2.2
Filler metal
(a) Filler metals for 300 series austenitic stainless steels that have a weld metal
microstructure containing 3% to 8% ferrite shall be selected, unless otherwise
specified by the engineering design or project specification.
(b) ERNiCrMo-3 and ENiCrMo-3 fillers shall be used for 6%Mo alloy fabrication welds.
BB.2.3
Shielding gas
Shielding gases shall conform to 328.3.4.
BB.2.4
Backing gas
(a) High purity argon shall be used for bore purging.
(b) A positive flow of backing gas shall be maintained during tacking and welding for a
wall thickness less than or equal to 10 mm (0.4 in).
(c) Positive gas flow may be terminated, and the bore may be sealed once the weld
throat thickness is greater than 10 mm (0.4 in).
(d) If approved by Company responsible engineer, technologies involving GMAW
without the use of back purge may be used if successfully qualified.
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BB.2.5
Preheat and interpass temperature
(a) Preheating is not required for welding the alloys covered by this Appendix but
might be required to drive off surface moisture or to raise the minimum metal
temperature to 10°C (50°F).
(b) A preheat temperature of 50°C (122°F) may be applied to facilitate deposition of
the root pass to weld section thickness greater than or equal to 20 mm (0,8 in)
(c) Maximum interpass temperature for nickel alloys, cupro nickel alloys, and high
alloy austenitic stainless steels (greater than 4% Mo) shall not exceed 200°C
(390°F).
(d) Maximum interpass temperature for 300 series austenitic SS shall not exceed
150°C (302°F).
BB.2.6
Heat input
Maximum heat input for 6 Mo shall be within the range of 0.8 kJ/mm to 1.5 kJ/mm
(20 kJ/in to 37.5 kJ/in), and 0.5 kJ/mm (12.5 kJ/in) minimum for wall thickness less than
5 mm (0.2 in).
BB.3
Welding procedure qualification
BB.3.1
Charpy V-notch impact testing
(a) Impact testing shall be performed in accordance with ASME B31.3.
(b) Required impact testing of the weld metal shall also require impact testing of the
HAZ in accordance with 328.2(b).
(c) The possibility of toughness degradation exists as a result of PWHT. Charpy
V-notch impact testing is required and specified in the engineering design or
project specifications when PWHT is performed. Such cases shall be brought to
the attention of Company responsible engineer.
BB.4
Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT)
(a) PWHT shall not be considered standard practice for materials covered by this
Appendix. However, austenitic stainless steels may require a reduction in residual
stress level by application of a solution anneal heat treatment after complex
fabrication or cold bending.
(b) Only PWHT that is specified by the engineering design or project specification
shall be performed.
(c) Stress relief heat treatment of austenitic steels specified in the engineering design
or project specification shall be heated to temperature in range of 900°C to 950°C
(1,650°F to 1,740°F) and held for 1 h per 25 mm (1 in) of thickness.
(d) Furnace heat treatment temperature of austenitic steels shall not exceed 300°C
(570°F) while components are loaded.
(e) For austenitic stainless steels, maximum heating rate above 300°C (570°F) shall
not exceed 200°C (390°F) per h.
(f)
Following elevated temperature treatment, austenitic pipework shall be removed
from the furnace and rapidly cooled (quenched) in air to a procedure approved by
Company responsible engineer.
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(g) Thermal stabilization heat treatment:
(1) Shall be performed after welding of types 321, 347, and 347H stainless steels
for applications in high pressure hydrotreating or hydrocracking environments
with operating temperature exceeding 371°C (700°F).
(2) Shall conform to the following conditions:
(a) Heat components to 913°C±14°C (1,675°F±25°F) with a minimum
holding time of 2 h.
(b) For furnace heat treatment:
(1) At the end of the holding time, rapidly cool components from 913°C
to 482°C (1,675°F to 900°F) in 1 h or less.
(2) Report actual cooling rates to Company.
(c) For field heat treatment:
(1) Use removable insulation jacket.
(2) After completion of required holding time at targeted temperature,
remove insulation.
(3) Barricade area and place visible warning signs around barricaded
area to prevent personnel injury.
(h) No galvanized supports, scaffoldings, or other components shall be in contact with
stainless steels during heat treatment.
(i)
BB.5
Weldments in austenitic stainless steel subject to PWHT can suffer degradation of
mechanical properties and toughness. Impact testing shall be subject to review
and approval by Company responsible engineer.
Bending
(a) Bending of materials covered by this Appendix shall be done cold.
(b) If size and schedule of pipe is such that cold bending impractical, hot bending may
be used subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
(c) Cold bending of austenitic stainless steel shall be performed at temperatures less
than 425°C (800°F).
(d) Cold bends in austenitic stainless steels shall be heat treated for applications in
which stress corrosion cracking due to halides (especially chlorides), polythionic
acid, caustic, or other environments is likely.
(e) Bending requirements for other materials covered by this Appendix shall be
subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
(f)
BB.6
Factory manufactured piping fittings shall be solution heat treated in temperature
range specified by alloy manufacturer. Solution heat treatment shall be followed by
water quench.
Cleaning, pickling, and passivating of stainless steels
(a) Stainless steel items that have become contaminated from heat treatment shall be
cleaned by pickling in acid solution followed by passivation. Heat tint from welding
can also be removed by same process.
(b) Specific equipment or items requiring cleaning will be advised by the project
specifications or in the engineering design. Cleaning treatment shall be proposed
and subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
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Appendix CC
Requirements for 22 Cr duplex and 25 Cr super duplex stainless steel
materials
CC.1
Introduction
(a) This Appendix lists specific requirements for the fabrication of duplex stainless
steels.
(b) This Appendix shall be read in conjunction with main body of this Specification.
CC.2
Welding
CC.2.1
Welding processes
(a) GTAW shall be used for root pass and second (hot) pass.
(b) Autogenous welding techniques shall not be used unless qualified by PQR in a
welded joint that has undergone solution heat treatment and water quenching.
(c) SMAW shall be restricted to fill and capping passes in pipe with wall thickness
greater than 5 mm (3/16 in).
(d) Alternative gas shielded welding processes, such as GMAW or FCAW, may be
used for the fill and capping passes, subject to approval by Company responsible
engineer.
(e) The use of SAW shall be subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
(f)
Duplex stainless steels can be susceptible to delayed hydrogen cracking. Steps
shall be taken to minimize hydrogen potential of welding technique, including:
(1) Drying and storage of SMAW consumables conforming to electrode
manufacturer’s recommendations.
(2) Use of low temperature preheat, if necessary, to remove moisture.
CC.2.2
Filler metal
(a) Filler metal compositions of 22 Cr/9 Ni/3 Mo.L or 25 Cr/10 Ni/4 Mo.L type or other
proprietary compositions specifically manufactured for duplex steels shall be
selected for welding.
(b) ENiCrMo-3 and ERNiCrMo-3 filler metals shall not be used for welding.
(c) Consumable selection shall result in:
(1) A weld ferrite level of 35% to 70% in the welded condition.
(2) A weld ferrite level of 35% to 60% in the solution annealed condition.
(3) A minimum PREW value of 35 for 22 Cr duplex and 40 for 25 Cr super duplex.
PREw = %Cr + 3,3(Mo% + 0,5W%) + 16%N
(c) Welds between duplex stainless steel and C-Mn or low alloy steels shall use Nb
free nickel based consumables (e.g., E/ERNiCrMo-10, E/ERNiCrMo-13 or
E/ERNiCrMo-14).
CC.2.3
Shielding gas
(a) Shielding gases shall:
(1) Be argon based.
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(2) Conform to 328.3.4.
(b) Unless approved by Company responsible engineer, shielding gases shall not
contain hydrogen.
CC.2.4
Backing gas
(a) Positive flow of backing gas shall be maintained during tacking and welding,
including capping passes if pipe wall thickness is less than 10 mm (3/8 in).
(b) Positive flow may be terminated, and the bore sealed once weld throat thickness is
greater than 10 mm (3/8 in).
(c) High purity argon shall be used for back purge.
(d) Nitrogen or argon/nitrogen mixtures may be used for duplex alloys.
(e) Hydrogen containing backing gases shall not be used.
(f)
Maximum oxygen content of the purge gas shall not exceed 0.05% (500 ppm).
(g) Oxygen content of backing gas shall be monitored by a calibrated oxygen meter.
CC.2.5
Joint geometry
(a) Weld root gaps less than 2 mm (5/64 in) shall not be allowed, unless fabricator can
demonstrate that its production method does not adversely affect microstructural
balance of root bead.
(b) Achievement of qualified root gap shall be confirmed during production welding.
(c) J-prep joint shall be qualified using PQR representative of the joint configuration.
CC.2.6
Heat input
(a) Arc energy during production welding shall not exceed 2.5 kJ/mm (62.5 kJ/in) for
22 Cr duplex stainless steels, and 0.5 kJ/mm (12.5 kJ/in) minimum for wall
thickness less than 5 mm (0.2 in).
(b) For 25 Cr super duplex stainless steels, the upper limit shall be 1.5 kJ/mm
(37.5 kJ/in) and limited to the range qualified during the PQR.
(c) For small diameter thin wall tubing applications, lower heat inputs may be
considered if they are successfully qualified during weld procedure qualification.
CC.2.7
Preheat and interpass temperature
(a) Preheating shall not be required if welding the alloys covered by this Appendix,
except if needed to remove surface moisture or to raise the minimum metal
temperature to 10°C (50°F).
(b) For welding section thickness greater than or equal to 20 mm (0.80 in), a preheat
temperature of 50°C (122°F) may be applied to enable deposition of the root pass.
(c) Maximum interpass temperature shall be:
(1) 175°C (350°F) for 22 Cr duplex stainless steels.
(2) 150°C (300°F) for 25 Cr super duplex stainless steels and weld metals.
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CC.3
Welding procedure qualification
CC.3.1
P-numbers
(a) Each duplex alloy (UNS number) shall be qualified separately. Upon approval by
Company responsible engineer, a weld may be fabricated consisting of two
different duplex alloys (UNS numbers). If both materials undergo required
mechanical testing, the resulting WPS would be allowed to weld the duplex alloys
to each other and to themselves.
(b) Materials manufactured by HIP shall be qualified separately.
CC.3.2
Positional welding
Unless otherwise approved by Company responsible engineer, weld procedure
qualification for positional welding shall require test pieces welded in both the 2G
position and 5G position.
CC.3.3
Metallurgical qualification
(a) Metallurgical qualification shall be required for each welding PQR.
(b) Butt welds and fillet welds shall be qualified separately.
(c) Sections for hardness and microstructural qualification shall be taken from
3 o’clock position and 6 o’clock position of 5G test piece.
(d) A transverse section taken across weldment shall be prepared for metallographic
examination at 400x or higher magnification.
(e) Etchant used shall enable ferrite, austenite, and intermetallic phase present to be
identified.
(f)
Suitable etchants are:
(1) For determining austenite/ferrite balance - Electrolytic etchant, consisting of
40% KOH or 40% NaOH.
(2) For examination to determine intermetallic phases - Electrolytic Etchant, KOH
(ASTM E407 Etchant 97) is preferred. However, Etchant 98 (ASTM E407),
consisting of K3Fe(CN)6 in KOH can also be effective. A 40% NaOH solution
per ASTM A923 electrolytic can be effective. In each case, photographic
evidence shall be provided to demonstrate that the chosen etching procedure
is valid for detecting low levels of intermetallics.
(3) Upon evidence of intergranular nitrides, alternative etchants may be
considered that might be better suited for highlighting this phase. For
example, oxalic acid (ASTM E407 Etchant 13).
(g) Ferrite austenitic phase balance shall be determined by a systematic point
counting procedure as detailed in ASTM E562.
(h) Phase balance shall be measured, as a minimum, in HAZ and weld metal at root
and cap positions 2 mm (0.08 in) below surface.
(i)
Ferrite levels
(1) Ferrite levels for HAZ and weld areas shall be between 35% and 70% in “as
welded” condition and 35% to 60% in the solution annealed condition.
(2) If duplex filler metals are used to weld austenitic stainless steels, lower ferrite
numbers are acceptable. However, the resulting weld metal shall be free from
intermetallic phases.
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(j)
Intermetallic phases, carbides, and nitrides
(1) Microstructure shall be examined in accordance with ASTM A923 Method A.
(2) Microstructure shall be classified as an unaffected structure.
(3) Alternatively, ISO 17781 may be used to assess the metallographic and
microstructural properties of duplex weldments.
(k) Grain boundaries shall show no continuous precipitation.
(l)
CC.3.4
Microstructures observed during the examinations shall be recorded on
photo-micrographs and included in the PQR documentation.
Charpy V-notch impact testing
(a) Duplex stainless steel piping materials, fittings, components and weldments shall
be impact tested.
(b) Impact tests shall be performed at -46°C (-50°F) taken to be MDT.
(c) Acceptance criteria for energy absorbed shall be 45 J (33 ft-lb) minimum average,
35 J (26 ft-lb) minimum individual.
CC.3.5
Hardness determination
(a) Hardness measurements in conformance to 328.2(i) shall be performed on
samples prepared for metallographic qualification in CC.3.3.
(b) Maximum weld metal and HAZ hardness shall not exceed 334 HV10 for 22 Cr
duplex and 378 HV10 for 25 Cr duplex in as welded condition.
CC.3.6
Essential variables
The following additional essential variables shall apply to duplex stainless steels:
(a) Tolerance of minus 0, plus 2 mm (5/64 in) shall apply to qualified procedure root
gap.
(b) Unless otherwise approved by Company responsible engineer, each pipe wall
thickness less than or equal to 5 mm (3/16 in) shall be qualified separately.
(c) For thicknesses greater than 5 mm (3/16 in), qualified thickness range in
Table CC3.6 shall apply to each thickness (t) tested:
Table CC3.6 - Qualified thickness range
Material
Qualified Material Range
22%Cr
0.5t (but not less than 5 mm [3/16 in])
to t+6 mm (1/4 in) (subject to a maximum thickness of
25 mm [1 in]).
1.0t. to t + 6 mm (1/4 in).
22%Cr > 25 mm (1 in) and 25%Cr
(d) No change shall be made in type of groove or in basic groove design from that
used in PQR. Welding in pipe bore shall require a specific double-sided WPS with
PQR.
(e) SMAW electrode size used for PQR may be reduced by no more than one size.
Increase in maximum size of electrode shall not be allowed.
(f)
Heat input range.
(g) Filler material brand name.
(h) Purging and backing gas oxygen content and monitoring method.
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(i)
CC.3.7
Material grade and UNS number.
Corrosion testing
(a) PQR shall include corrosion testing in conformance to ASTM G48 Method A.
(b) Corrosion testing to ASTM A923 Method C or ISO 17781 may be used if approved
by Company responsible engineer.
(c) Corrosion testing is not required for fillet weld qualifications.
(d) Test specimens shall be pickled before being weighed and tested.
(e) Pickling may be performed in an acid solution following the guidance of
ASTM A380. An example for such a procedure is for 5 min at 60°C in a solution of
20% HNO3 + 5% HF (volume fraction). Samples tested in the as welded condition
are also acceptable.
(f)
Sharp edges shall be broken to approximately 1 mm (0.04 in) radius.
(g) Specimens shall be degreased prior to immersion in the test solution.
(h) Duration of the corrosion tests shall be 24 h.
(i)
Test temperature shall be 22°C (72°F) for 22 Cr duplex and 35°C (95°F) for 25 Cr
super duplex materials respectively.
(j)
Acceptance criteria shall be no visible pitting at a magnification of x20.
(j)
Weight loss shall not exceed 4.0 g/m2/day (40 mg/dm2/day).
(k) If the test results do not meet the acceptance criteria, then a new specimen may
be taken and retested.
(l)
CC.4
Company shall be notified before proceeding with retesting.
Welder qualification
(a) Qualification of 25 Cr super duplex consumable and parent metal shall also qualify
22 Cr duplex welded with 25 Cr super duplex consumables.
(b) Qualification of 22 Cr duplex consumable and parent metal shall not qualify 25 Cr
super duplex parent metal.
(c) Unless approved otherwise by Company responsible engineer, both 2G
qualification and 5G qualification shall be qualified at maximum root gap.
(d) Welder qualification for both 22 Cr and 25 Cr shall include corrosion testing as
detailed in CC.3.7.
(e) Welders shall not be qualified on initial production welds.
(f)
Welders and welding operators who either do not possess an authenticated
performance record or will be working with 25 Cr super duplex materials shall be
qualified by VT, and RT in addition to mechanical testing.
CC.5
Production welding
CC.5.1
General
(a) Bridge tacking shall be used for butt welds.
(b) Each temporary attachment shall be subject to approval by Company responsible
engineer.
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(c) Welding parameters, including arc voltage, current, and travel speed shall be
monitored on a basis subject to approval by Company responsible engineer to
ensure that arc energy restrictions of CC.2.6 are being observed.
CC.5.2
Repair welding
(a) Procedures shall be qualified for both deep penetration and shallow repairs.
(b) Extent of testing shall be subject to approval by Company responsible engineer.
(c) No local through wall repairs shall be allowed. Joints that contain defects located
within 5 mm (0.2 in) of internal pipe bore shall be cut out and re-welded.
(d) Repair welding of tubing shall not be permitted.
(e) Only one repair cycle shall be allowed.
CC.6
Bending
(a) Unless approved otherwise by Company responsible engineer:
(1) Cold bending shall be such that maximum strain does not exceed 15%, as
calculated by following equation:
Maximum Strain  D / 2 r
Where:
D is outside diameter of tube
r is bend radius.
(2) Hardness shall not exceed 334 HV10 (28 HRC) for 22 Cr duplex and
378 HV10 (32 HRC) for 25 Cr duplex stainless steel.
(b) Factory manufactured piping fittings shall:
(1) Conform to Company requirements included in Purchase Order.
(2) Be solution heat treated in temperature range specified by alloy manufacturer.
(3) Be water quenched following solution heat treatment.
(c) Cold worked duplex stainless steels shall be solution heat treated and water
quenched.
(d) Heat treatment procedures for duplex stainless steels shall be subject to
qualification testing to demonstrate that acceptable microstructures, mechanical
properties, and corrosion resistance will be achieved.
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Appendix DD
Requirements for titanium and zirconium
DD.1
Introduction
(a) This Appendix lists specific requirements for fabrication of titanium and zirconium.
(b) This Appendix shall be read in conjunction with the main body of this Specification.
DD.2
Cleaning and preparation for welding
(a) Weld preparation shall be performed by machining, sawing, or manually using
metal burr, followed by draw filing or wire brushing with stainless steel or titanium
brush.
(b) Thermal cutting techniques shall not be used.
(c) Working practices shall be designed to minimise contamination.
(d) Before welding, internal and external surfaces shall be cleaned for at least 75 mm
(3 in) from fusion face.
(e) Surfaces to be joined by welding shall be stainless steel or titanium wire brushed
and degreased immediately prior to welding.
(f)
Degreasing agent shall leave no chloride or sulphide containing residues on
surface.
(g) Methanol shall not be used for degreasing titanium and zirconium.
(h) Subject to approval by Company responsible engineer, small pipes that are
impossible to wire brush internal surfaces shall be chemically cleaned using an
agent.
(i)
New files and stainless steel or titanium brushes strictly reserved for use on only
titanium or zirconium shall be used.
DD.3
Welding
DD.3.1
Welding process
(a) Welding shall be performed by gas shielded welding process.
(b) GTAW or PAW shall be used.
DD.3.2
Filler metals
(a) Filler metals shall:
(1) Have same nominal composition as base material.
(2) Conform to ASME IIC SFA 5.16/SFA A5.16M (titanium) and
SFA 5.24/SFA 5.24M (zirconium).
(b) Filler wires shall be cleaned and degreased.
(c) Degreasing agent for filler wires shall:
(1) Leave no chloride and sulphide residues on surface.
(2) Not be methanol for degreasing titanium and zirconium.
(d) After cleaning, wires shall be handled with clean gloves issued for either titanium
or zirconium fabrication.
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(e) End of filler wire shall be kept within gas shield at all times during welding by
restricting weaving of welding wire to a minimum.
(f)
DD.3.3
Prior to each weld pass, end of filler wire shall be cut to expose clean wire using
chromium plated or stainless steel wire cutters.
Shielding gases
(a) Shielding gases shall be only high purity (99.998%) argon, helium, or argon helium
mixtures.
(b) Welding torch nozzle size and the associated gas lens shall be selected to permit
adequate primary shielding.
(c) Trailing secondary shield shall be used to protect the weld and HAZs while they
are cooling to temperatures less than 180°C (350°F) or the temperature
demonstrated in (d).
(d) Temperatures may be greater than 180°C (350°F) if weld procedure qualification
demonstrates that a temperature greater than 180°C (350°F) does not result in
discoloration considered unacceptable in Table DD.6.2C.
(e) Dew point of shielding gas shall be:
(1) Less than -50°C (-58°F).
(2) Measured at torch prior to welding and at cylinder change.
(3) Measured at the beginning of each shift for bulk supply systems.
(f)
DD.3.4
An alternative, but a less preferable option to dew point measurement, is a test
weld that conforms to silver colouration requirements of DD.6.2 produced at
intervals specified in DD.3.3(e). This approach, if proposed, shall be subject to
approval by Company responsible engineer.
Backing gas
(a) Positive flow of high purity (99.998%) argon backing gas shall be maintained
throughout welding operation and during cooling to 180°C (350°F).
(b) System shall be purged prior to commencement of welding.
(c) Dew point of backing gas shall be assessed in conformance to same requirements
stated for shield gas. See DD.3.3(e).
DD.3.5
Preheat and interpass temperature
(a) Minimum temperature for welding shall be 10°C (50°F).
(b) Interpass temperatures shall be:
(1) Restricted to 100°C (212°F).
(2) Measured by contact thermometer.
DD.3.6
Interpass cleaning
(a) No interpass cleaning shall be performed until colour test detailed in DD.6.2 has
been completed.
(b) Craters shall be ground using metal burr.
(c) Each pass shall be cleaned with stainless steel or titanium wire brush.
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DD.4
Welding procedure qualification
DD.4.1
Charpy V-notch impact testing
(a) Impact testing shall be required on titanium for MDT less than -10°C (14°F).
(b) Acceptance criteria shall be 35 J (26 ft-lb) minimum average, 25 J (19 ft-lb)
minimum individual value.
DD.4.2
Hardness determination
(a) Titanium
(1) Hardness measurements shall be performed on PQR weldment.
(2) Hardness traverses shall sample all regions of the weldment.
(3) Acceptance limit shall be 200 HV5 (200 Brinell).
(b) Zirconium
(1) Hardness testing shall be performed for piping welds.
(2) Tests shall be made using a ball type indenter.
(3) The gradient between weld and parent material hardness (including HAZ)
shall not exceed 30 BHN points.
DD.5
Welder qualification
(a) Unless approved otherwise by Company responsible engineer, welders or welding
operators shall be re-qualified prior to start of production welding.
(b) Welders and welding operators who either do not possess an authenticated
performance record or will be working with titanium or zirconium shall be qualified
by VT and RT in addition to mechanical testing.
(c) Welders and welding operators shall weld agreed quality control test piece at
frequency specified by Company responsible engineer.
(d) Bend test coupons shall be taken from test piece.
(e) Bend tests shall pass transverse root bend and face bend tests (bend radius 5T)
that conform to procedure qualification acceptance criteria.
DD.6
Production welding
DD.6.1
General
(a) Unless otherwise approved by Company responsible engineer, line-up clamps
shall be used.
(b) Use of bridge tacks shall be subject to approval by Company responsible
engineer.
(c) Temporary welded attachments shall not be allowed.
DD.6.2
Weld bead discolouration
(a) Each weld bead, including every pass in multipass weldments, shall be examined
for discolouration.
(b) Colours shall be judged against Table DD.6.2C, and additional actions shall apply
as stated.
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(c) Quality plan shall clearly define procedure and individual responsibilities
associated with this examination.
Table DD.6.2C - Weld bead discolouration
Weld colour
Significance
Shielding
Silver
Generally, a
good weld
Good
Pale straw
Acceptable
weld
Fair
Light blue or
purple
Unacceptable
Poor
Grey or yellow
powder
Unacceptable
Extremely
poor
Action
Clean with stainless steel or titanium wire brush.
Proceed to NDT or next weld pass.
Remove discolouration with stainless steel or titanium
brush before next pass.
Remove weld bead and adjacent metal completely.
Improve shielding before re-welding.
Remove weld bead and heat affected zone completely.
Examine shielding equipment for leaks, gas supply, etc.
Make test welds before re-welding.
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Appendix EE
Requirements for automated gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)
EE.1
Introduction
(a) This Appendix details requirements for automated GTAW.
(b) This Appendix shall be read in conjunction with the main body of this Specification
and Appendix AA through Appendix DD, as appropriate.
(c) This Appendix is applicable to both autogenous welding techniques and those
employing the addition of filler wire.
(d) Qualification requirements of this Specification and Appendix AA through
Appendix DD shall be followed if qualifying any automated autogenous welding or
wire fed procedure.
EE.2
Welding equipment
Welding equipment (e.g., orbital welding head, power source, control module, and
programming unit) used for PQR and production welding shall be the same equipment
manufacturer.
EE.3
Welding consumables
EE.3.1
Tungsten electrodes
(a) Only tungsten electrodes with tip geometry qualified by the PQR shall be used.
(b) Manual grinding of tungsten electrodes shall not be allowed.
(c) If recycled, tungsten electrodes shall be reground using specialized, mechanized
grinding equipment.
EE.3.2
Penetration enhancing flux
(a) Use of penetration enhancing flux shall be subject to approval by Company
responsible engineer.
(b) Penetration enhancing flux shall be of the same brand and trade name as used for
the PQR.
EE.4
Tube end preparation
(a) Tube cutting
(1) Tube cutting shall be performed with specialized tube cutters that generate
minimal cutting debris.
(2) Cutting procedures shall allow for the removal of cutting debris from the tube
bore.
(3) The use of alternative cutting methods, such as band saws and hacksaws,
shall be subject to approval of procedures that delineate methods to minimize
and remove contaminates.
(b) Tube facing
(1) Tube end preparation shall be accomplished with specialized tube facing
equipment.
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(2) Facing procedures shall allow for the removal of cutting debris from the tube
bore.
(c) Manual de-burring may be used.
(d) Tube ends shall be thoroughly cleaned and degreased prior to fit-up and welding.
EE.5
Welding procedure qualification
(a) Previously qualified WPS may be submitted for consideration by Company
responsible engineer in conformance to 327.1.1(d).
(b) Essential variables for PQR shall include the relevant parameters detailed in this
Specification and following:
(1) Welding head and power supply.
(2) Tube diameter.
(3) Tube wall thickness.
(4) Diameter of filler wire.
(5) Activating flux - brand name, flux manufacturer, and method or procedure for
application.
(6) Arc current and for pulsed welding, as follows:
(a) Peak and background current values ±10%.
(b) Peak and background current times ±10%.
(7) Arc voltage ±10%.
(8) Travel speed and times associated with travel speed pulsing ±10%.
(9) Wire feed speed and times associated with wire feed speed pulsing ±10%.
(10) Tube position and orientation of weld joint, (i.e., tube axis horizontal with weld
joint vertical, or other).
(c) Method of forced cooling, if applied to PQR weld, shall be specified in the WPS
(see 330.1.5).
EE.6
Welder performance qualification
(a) Welding operators may be qualified on production welds subject to approval by
Company responsible engineer.
(b) Qualification testing.
(1) Qualification testing for autogenous welding shall consist of a series of at
least two consecutive test welds executed using the qualified WPS applicable
to production welding.
(2) Each weld shall conform to NDT requirements of this Appendix.
EE.7
Non-destructive testing
(a) NDT shall conform to 341 through 345, inclusive of this Specification and
additional requirements in EE.8.
(b) For small bore tubing, RT shall conform to 344.5, but with:
(1) Double wall technique.
(2) Procedure based on three exposures shot perpendicular to weld.
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(3) No elliptical exposures.
EE.8
Non-destructive testing acceptance criteria for small bore tubing
Acceptance criteria for weld defects shall conform to ASME B31.3 Table 341.3.2
“severe cyclic conditions”.
EE.9
Weld repairs
(a) Weld repairs shall not be performed on autogenous or single pass welds.
Defective welds shall be cut out and replaced.
(b) Weld repairs on wire fed welds shall be specifically qualified for the following
conditions:
(1) Cap repairs.
(2) Mid thickness repairs, up to 50% of the wall thickness.
(c) Root weld repairs shall not be permitted.
(d) Defective root welds shall be cut out and replaced.
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Specification for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Pipework (ASME B31.3)
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