Level: Overall Book
Sequence & Structure
SEQUENCE
Cell structure
↓
Biological molecules
↓
Enzymes
↓
Cell membranes and transport
↓
The mitotic cell cycle
↓
Nucleic acids and protein synthesis
↓
Transport in plants
↓
Transport in mammals
↓
Gas exchange and smoking
↓
Infectious diseases
↓
Immunity
↓
Practical skills for AS
↓
Energy and respiration
↓
Photosynthesis
↓
Homeostasis
↓
Coordination
↓
Inherited change
↓
Selection and evolution
Biodiversity, classification and conservation
↓
Genetic technology
↓
Planning, analysis and evaluation
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Cell structure
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Why cells?
↓
Cell biology and microscopy
↓
Animal and plant cells have features in common
↓
Differences between animal and plant cells
↓
Units of measurement in cell studies
↓
Electron microscopy
↓
Ultrastructure of an animal cell
↓
Ultrastructure of a plant cell
↓
Two fundamentally different types of cell
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Biological molecules
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
The building blocks of life
↓
Monomers, polymers and macromolecules
↓
Carbohydrates
↓
Lipids
↓
Proteins
↓
Water
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Enzymes
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Mode of action of enzymes
↓
Factors that affect enzyme action
↓
Enzyme inhibitors
↓
Comparing the affinity of different enzymes for
their substrates
↓
Immobilising enzymes
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Cell membranes and transport
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Phospholipids
↓
Structure of membranes
↓
Cell signalling
↓
Movement of substances into and out of cells
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – The mitotic cell cycle
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Chromosomes
↓
Mitosis
↓
The significance of telomeres
↓
Stem cells
↓
Cancer
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Nucleic acids and protein synthesis
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
The structure of DNA and RNA
↓
DNA replication
↓
Genes and mutations
↓
DNA, RNA and protein synthesis
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Transport in plants
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
The transport needs of plants
↓
Two systems: xylem and phloem
↓
Structure of stems, roots and leaves
↓
The transport of water
↓
Transport of mineral ions
↓
Translocation
↓
Differences between sieve tubes and xylem
vessels
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Transport in mammals
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Transport system in animals
↓
The mammalian cardiovascular system
↓
Blood vessels
↓
Blood plasma and tissue fluid
↓
Lymph
↓
Blood
↓
Haemoglobin
↓
Problems with oxygen transport
↓
The heart
↓
The cardiac cycle
↓
Control of the heart beat
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Gas exchange and smoking
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Gas exchange
↓
Lungs
↓
Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
↓
Alveoli
↓
Smoking
↓
Tobacco smoke
↓
Lung diseases
↓
Short-term effects on the cardiovascular system
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Infectious diseases
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Worldwide importance of infectious diseases
↓
Cholera
↓
Malaria
↓
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
↓
Tuberculosis (TB)
↓
Measles
↓
Antibiotics
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Immunity
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Defence against disease
↓
Cells of the immune system
↓
Active and passive immunity
↓
Autoimmune diseases – a case of mistaken
identity
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – P1: Practical skills for AS
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Experiments
↓
Variables and making measurements
↓
Estimating uncertainty in measurement
↓
Recording quantitative results
↓
Constructing a line graph
↓
Constructing bar charts and histograms
↓
Making conclusions
↓
Describing data
↓
Making calculations from data
↓
Explaining your results
↓
Identifying sources of error and suggesting
improvements
↓
Drawings
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Energy and respiration
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
The need for energy in living organisms
↓
Work
↓
ATP
↓
Respiration
↓
Mitochondrial structure and function
↓
Respiration without oxygen
↓
Respiratory substrates
↓
Adaptations of rice for wet environments
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Photosynthesis
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
An energy transfer process
↓
The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis
↓
The light independent reactions of
photosynthesis
↓
Chloroplast structure and function
↓
Factors necessary for photosynthesis
↓
C4 plants
↓
Trapping light energy
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Homeostasis
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Internal Environment
↓
Control of homeostatic mechanisms
↓
The control of body temperature
↓
Excretion
↓
The structure of the kidney
↓
Control of water content
↓
The control of blood glucose
↓
Urine analysis
↓
Homeostasis in plants
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Coordination
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Nervous communication
↓
Muscle contraction
↓
Hormonal communication
↓
Birth control
↓
Control and coordination in plants
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Inherited change
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Homologous chromosomes
↓
Two types of nuclear division
↓
Meiosis
↓
Genesis
↓
Genotype affects phenotype
↓
Inheriting genes
↓
Multiple alleles
↓
Sex inheritance
↓
Sex linkage
↓
Dihybrid crosses
↓
Interactions between loci
↓
Autosomal linkage
↓
Crossing over
↓
The chi-squared test
↓
Mutations
↓
Gene control in prokaryotes
↓
Gene control in eukaryotes
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Selection and evolution
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Variation
↓
Natural selection
↓
Evolution
↓
Artificial selection
↓
The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution by
natural selection
↓
Species and speciation
↓
Molecular comparisons between species
↓
Extinctions
↓
End-of-chapter quesitons
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Biodiversity, classification and conservation
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Ecosystems
↓
Biodiversity
↓
Simpson’s Index of Diversity
↓
Systematic sampling
↓
Correlation
↓
Classification
↓
Viruses
↓
Threats to biodiversity
↓
Why does biodiversity matter?
↓
Protecting endangered species
↓
Controlling alien species
↓
International conservation organizations
↓
Restoring degraded habitats
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – Genetic technology
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Genetic engineering
↓
Tools for the gene technologist
↓
Genetic technology and medicine
↓
Gene therapy
↓
Genetic technology and agriculture
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Level: Chapter – P2: Planning, analysis and evaluation
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Planning an investigation
↓
Constructing a hypothesis
↓
Using the right apparatus
↓
Identifying variables
↓
Describing the sequence of steps
↓
Risk assessment
↓
Analysis, conclusions and evaluation
↓
Pearson’s linear correlation
↓
Spearman’s rank correlation
↓
Evaluating evidence
↓
Conclusions and discussion
↓
End-of-chapter questions
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
System
Sentence level
Subchapter level
Chapter level
Book level
Read source
Read subchapter
Organize subchapter propositions
Organize chapter propositions
Identify core propositions
Detect and note sequence of
points
Produce core chapter proposition
Produce book proposition
Make test questions
Make test questions
Do test questions
Do test questions
Detect Cause and Effect
Study each core proposition
List examples
Structure core propositions into
coherent model
Make test questions
Make test questions
Do practice questions
Admin
New method start date: 16 Feb 2026
New method finish date: ____
(Finish means)
• Have analyzed the whole book
• Structure and sequence are clear
• Questions devised
Sequence = How the elements are actually
presented
Structure = The logical structure of
propositions/elements
Level: Subchapter – The Principle-Centred Paradigm
Sequence and Structure
SEQUENCE
Foundation of Character Ethic: There are
principles governing human effectiveness.
Analogy of principles and reality: Frank
Koch’s lighthouse story
Maps vs territories. Subjective vs Objective
reality
Nature and examples of principles
Principles vs practices vs values
STRUCTURE
Basis of Character Ethic
• Always present like laws of gravity.
Principles are:
• Natural laws
• Real
• Cannot be broken
Govern
Human Effectiveness
Can be
adopted
Self-evidence of principles
Importance of paradigms-principles
alignment. “Having the correct map.”
PERSONAL TAKE
Paradigms / Values
Basis of
Behaviours / Practices
• Analogy: Lighthouses. Unmoving.
Ships navigate based on its direction
• Nature:
• Timeless
• Objective Reality
• Generally applicable
• Self-Evident
• Inherent in all
Strong
Alignment
Survival
Weak
Alignment
Destruction
•
•
•
The Map
Subjective Reality
Adaptive
•
•
Specific activities
Situationally specific
Level: Proposition – Self-evidence of principles
EXAMPLE
The more closely our maps or paradigms are aligned with
these principles or natural laws, the more accurate and
functional they will be.
Correct maps will infinitely impact our personal and
interpersonal effectiveness far more than any amount of
effort expended on changing our attitudes and behaviours.
STRUCTURE
PERSONAL TAKE
Basis of Character Ethic
Principles are:
• Natural laws
• Real
• Unchanging
• Cannot be broken
Govern
• Always present like laws
of gravity.
• Nature:
• Timeless
• Generally applicable
• Self-Evident
• Inherent in all
Human Effectiveness
Can be
adopted
Paradigms / Values
Basis of
Behaviours / Practices
Strong
Alignment
Survival
Weak
Alignment
Destruction
•
•
•
The Map
Subjective Reality
Adaptive
•
•
Specific activities
Situationally specific
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