Risk Factors​
• High BMI / obesity: Strongly linked with insulin insensitivity and T2DM
risk.​
• Diet: Frequent intake of soft drinks, fried foods, red meat, junk foods linked
with higher glucose and insulin resistance.​
• Physical inactivity / sedentary lifestyle: Reduces glucose uptake and worsens
insulin sensitivity.
Influence of Lifestyle​
• Unhealthy diet and inactivity work together to worsen metabolic control.​
• Lifestyle modification (diet changes, increased activity) can improve
prevention and outcomes.
Impact of Age​
• Older adults show higher diagnostic values and stronger T2DM prevalence.​
• Obese children also show higher HbA1c, indicating emerging risk in younger
age groups.
Prevalence Based on Gender​
• Reports show higher T2DM risk in individuals with positive family history
regardless of gender, though some data suggest slightly elevated risk in males
in low socio-economic contexts.
Environmental Influences
• Social/economic status and living conditions impact risk via diet, physical
activity, stress, and access to care.
• Environmental drivers like socioeconomic inequity shape overall risk assessment
and prevention efficacy
Etiology
-Insulin resistance and progressive B-cell dysfunction lead to chronic
hyperglycemia.
-Global rise in T2DM is driven by genetic predisposition and
environmental/lifestyle factors.
Biological / Non-modifiable Factors
-Age: Risk increases with age (higher HbA1c and prevalence in older populations).
-Family history: Positive family history raises risk and influences glucose control.
Genetic Basis of T2DM
-Ethnicity affects risk and glycemic measures (e.g., higher HbA1c in some ethnic
groups).
-Genetic variations contribute to individual susceptibility and assessment
variability.
Medical/Physiological Causes
-Underlying diseases (hypothyroidism, hypertension, kidney disease) increase
insulin resistance/impact glucose levels.
-Certain medicines (statins, beta-blockers) may influence glucose regulation.