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NACE SP0169-2024 - APUNTES
teoria electromagnetica (Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Las Choapas)
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or criteria to achieve adequate corrosion control, is the responsibility of the user, and should be
based on the experience of the user and the unique conditions influencing the piping system(s).
In determining whether adequate corrosion control has been achieved, the conditions and factors
listed in Paragraph 6.1.2, Special Conditions (6.2.1.5), and Relevant Considerations (6.3) should
be considered regardless of what methods or criteria are used.
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Appendix B (nonmandatory) contains a list of sorne country/region national and international stan­
dards that contain discussions of externa! corrosion control criteria that have been established.
6.1.2
In selecting the methods or criteria for a specific pipeline, the following are the responsibilities of
the user:
6.1.2.1
To determine the level of corrosion control that is necessary and sufficient to address
the specific conditions. A commonly used industry benchmark for effective externa!
corrosion control is (a reduction in the general corrosion rate to) 0.025 mm per year
(1 mil per year) or less. 1• • 3• 4• 5•
2
6.1.2.2
6.1.2.3
6.2
22 2
2
2
26
To include a means to evaluate the effectiveness of that method or criterion, whether
used separately or in combination.
To document the effectiveness of CP or other externa! corrosion control measures
(see Section 11 ). In the absence of such documentation, at least one of the criteria
in Paragraph 6.2 shall apply.
Criteria
6.2.1
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Criteria for Steel and Gray or Ductile Cast-lron Piping
6.2.1.1
6.2.1.2
6.2.1.3
Criteria that have been documented through empirical evidence to indicate corro­
sion control effectiveness on specific piping systems may be used on those piping
systems or others with the same characteristics.
A mínimum of 100 mV of cathodic polarization. Either the formation or the decay of
polarization must be measured to satisfy this criterion.7·26
A structure-to-electrolyte potential of -850 mV or more negative as measured with
respect to a saturated copper/copper sulfate (CSE) reference electrode. This poten­
tial may be either a direct measurement of the polarized potential or a current-ap­
plied potential. lnterpretation of a current-applied measurement requires consider­
ation of the significance of voltage drops in the earth and metallic paths in order to
assess whether or not sufficient cathodic polarization has been achieved to provide
effective corrosion control.
6.2.1.3.1
Consideration is understood to mean the documented application of
sound engineering practice to evaluate the importance of structure
and environment-specific effects by one or more of the following:
6.2.1.3.1.1
Measuring, calculating, or extrapolating the pipe and
electrolyte voltage (IR) drops in accordance with
NACE TM04977 and NACE SP0207. 27
6.2.1.3.1.2
Using cathodic protection coupons to establish
levels of current density, corrosion potential, levels
of polarization, corrosion rates, and/or comparisons
between coupon and polarized pipe potentials in
accordance with NACE SP0104.28
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6.2.1.3.1.3
Conducting indirect inspections such as close­
interval potential surveys or DC surface potential
gradient surveys in accordance with NACE SP0207, 27
TM010932 and TM0497.7
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6.2.1.3.1.4
6.2.1.3.1.5
6.2.1.3.1.6
6.2.1.4
Determining whether there is physical evidence of
corrosion, such as by direct examination to determine
evidence of active corrosion and correlation of direct
examination data with other data such as CIS, DCVG
surveys, and ILI results. When direct examinations
are used, the number and extent of the examinations
performed as well as a comparison of the environments
and their relevance should be considered.
Other methods that confirm that sufficient polarization
has been achieved to control corrosion.
A current-applied, structure-to-electrolyte potential equal to, or more negative than,
the corresponding current-applied potential measured when either the cathodic po­
larization criterion or the polarized potential criteria in Paraqraphs 6.2.1.2 or 6.2.1.3
has been achieved at that particular reference electrode location.
6.2.1.4.1
6.2.1.5
Demonstrating sufficiently low corrosion rate using
the following methods, either separately or in
combination, corrosion rate probes in accordance
with NACE TR05107, 29 using periodic ILI surveys
to identify locations of externa! corrosion and
calculating the corrosion rate between successive
surveys in accordance with API Standard 1163, 30
using ECDA to identify locations of externa!
corrosion and calculating the corrosion rate in
accordance with NACE SP0502. 31
Periodic reassessment of the current-applied, potential value is re­
quired to account tor changes in the environmental conditions sur­
roundinq the structure, exposure to AC or DC interference, and/or
the effectiveness of any protective coatings on the metal surface.
Special Conditions Applicable to Steel and Gray or Ductile Cast-lron Piping Systems
6.2.1.5.1
When active MIC has been identified or is probable in an anaero­
bic environment, the criteria listed in Paragraphs 6.2.1.2 and 6.2.1.3
might not be sufficient. Under sorne conditions, a polarized potential
of -950 mV CSE or more negative33• or as much as 300 mV of ca­
thodic polarization might be required.22
34
6.2.1.5.2
At elevated temperatures (> 40 ºC [104 ºF]), the criteria listed in
Paragraphs 6.2.1.2 and 6.2.1.3 may not be sufficient. At tempera­
tures greater than 60 ºC (140 ºF), the polarized potential of -950 mV
CSE or more negative might be required.22•33-35-36
6.2.1.5.3
On mill-scaled steel, cathodic polarization greater than 100 mV might
be required.22
6.2.1.5.4
In uniformly high-resistivity well-aerated and well-drained soil, polar­
ized potentials less negative than -850 mV CSE might be sufficient.
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6.2.1.5.8.1
Characteristics of High pH SCC include:
6.2.1.5.8.1.1
lt is not typically associated with long seams
or other metallurgical features;
6.2.1.5.8.1.2
lt is commonly found on bottom of pipe (three
o'clock to nine o'clock position);
6.2.1.5.8.1.3
lt is commonly associated with coal tar
coatings2 (found less frequently with other
coating types);
6.2.1.5.8.1.4
lt is not a strong function of steel metallurgy, and
6.2.1.5.8.1.5
Environmental factors are most dominant.
Research reported in Publication 3510338
indicates that meeting a polarized potential of
-850 mV CSE is sufficient to remain outside
(more negative than) the potential range for
high-pH SCC. The potential range for High­
pH SCC is dependent on both temperature
and pH of the electrolyte in contact with the
steel surface. The electrolyte producing high­
pH SCC is not the soil or soil leachate, but
an electrolyte produced at the pipe surface by
a combination of cathodic reaction products
and the presence of C02 in the environment.
Figure 2 shows the potential range for
high-pH SCC as a function of temperature
in a simulated field electrolyte (pH 9.1 ).
Figure 2 agrees with the research reported
in Publication 35103.38 Therefore, when
conditions exist that are conducive to high-pH
SCC, any criteria that provides for a polarized
potential of -850 mV CSE or more negative
is acceptable. A consideration in applying a
potential criterion to mitigate high-pH SCC
is that fluctuations in the CP potential (e.g.,
during wet-dry transitions and/or beneath
disbonded coatings) may permit potentials
to periodically become more positive, placing
areas of the pipeline in the potential range for
SCC. To mitigate SCC, these conditions must
be considered.
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-600
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Figure 2: Potential Range as a Function of Temperature for High pH SCC Based on Slow Strain
Rate Tests Performed in Simulant of Field Electrolyte (pH 9.1)42
6.2.1.5.8.2
Characteristics of Near Neutral pH SCC include:
6.2.1.5.8.2.1
lt is typically associated with minor externa!
corrosion/pitting;
6.2.1.5.8.2.2
lt is frequently associated with long seams
and other metallurgical features/stress
raisers (e.g., dents, mechanical damage);
6.2.1.5.8.2.3
Stress-related factors are more dominant
(e.g., cyclic loading, maximum stress);
6.2.1.5.8.2.4
lt is commonly associated with polyethylene
tape coatings (found less frequently on
asphalt-coated pipelines), and
6.2.1.5.8.2.5
lt is not temperature dependent.
6.2.1.5.8.2.6
The electrolyte associated with near-neutral
pH SCC is dilute carbonic acid at a pH of
6-8, indicating inadequate CP. For near­
neutral-pH SCC, any CP criterion that is
sufficient to mitigate corrosion is adequate to
mitigate SCC. When conditions exist that are
conducive to either form ofSCC, it is important
to maintain the levels of CP indicated above
through all seasonal variations in soil
conditions and under disbonded coatings.
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6.2.1.5.8.2.7
6.2.1.6
For those pipelines in which sorne form of
SCC has been identified, a sole strategy
of increasing the CP potential is not
recommended. A threat mitigation program
should be developed that depends on the
severity of cracking found and incorporates
the most significant factors associated with
the SCC found on the pipeline. 38-4º-4 1-43
6.2.1.6.1.2
6.2.1.6.2
6.2.1.6.3
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Caustic Overprotection: Levels of cathodic protection that result in
formation of a highly caustic environment (pH > 13) on the pipe sur­
face. Such environments are known to degrade coating adhesion.
There are no structure-to-electrolyte potential or current density
threshold limits for caustic overprotection, as susceptibility varíes
based on a number of pipe and environmental factors.
6.2.1.6.1.1
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Cathodic Overprotection
6.2.1.6.1
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For disbondment of existing coating systems, pipe
and coating evaluations conducted during the
operating history of the piping system should be used
to evaluate the potential for caustic overprotection.
For disbondment of new coating systems, operators
should consider coating qualification testing to
include cathodic disbondment testing to establish
limit parameters.
Metallurgical overprotection: Levels of cathodic protection that result
in excessive generation of hydrogen gas at the cathode. Such con­
ditions can increase hydrogen uptake into the metallic piping system
and lead to a variety of damage mechanisms related to loss of duc­
tility. There are no structure-to-electrolyte potential or current density
threshold limits for metallurgical overprotection, as susceptibility var­
íes based on a number of pipe and environmental factors. In general,
vintage piping systems with non-homogenous metallurgical features,
such as hard spots or brittle welds, may be more susceptible to met­
allurgical overprotection.
lncreasing the polarization at the pipe surface results in more nega­
tive potentials and an increase in pH. Potentials sufficient to cause
ionization of water may increase the detrimental effects of hydrogen
and pH on susceptible metallurgy and coating types (NACE TM0497,
Appendix F).
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Criteria for Aluminum Piping
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Criteria that have been documented through empirical evidence to indicate corro­
sion control effectiveness on specific piping systems may be used on those piping
systems or others with the same characteristics in similar environments.
6.2.2.2
A mínimum of 100 mV of cathodic polarization between the structure surface and
a stable reference electrode contacting the electrolyte. Either the formation or the
decay of polarization must be measured to satisfy this criterion. 7·26
6.2.2.3
Precautionary Notes
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6.2.2.3.1
6.2.2.3.2
6.2.3
6.2.3.2
Criteria that have been documented through empirical evidence to indicate corro­
sion control effectiveness on specific piping systems may be used on those piping
systems or others with the same characteristics in similar environments.
A mínimum of 100 mV of cathodic polarization between the structure surface and
a stable reference electrode contacting the electrolyte. Either the formation or the
decay of this polarization must be measured to satisfy this criterion.
Criteria for Stainless Steel Piping
Criteria that have been documented through empirical evidence to indicate corro­
sion control effectiveness on specific piping systems may be used on those piping
systems or others with the same characteristics in similar environments.
6.2.4.2
A mínimum of 100 mV of cathodic polarization between the structure surface and
a stable reference electrode contacting the electrolyte. Either the formation or the
decay of polarization must be used in this criterion.
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Precautionary Notes
6.2.4.3.1
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6.2.4.1
6.2.4.3
6.3
Alkaline Conditions: Aluminum can suffer from corrosion under high­
pH conditions, and application of CP tends to increase the pH at the
metal surface. Therefore, investigations or testing should be complet­
ed prior to the application of CP to determine whether the anticipated
level of polarization of the aluminum can create a corrosive condition
in the specific electrolyte adjacent to the aluminum alloy under con­
sideration. Aluminum can experience corrosion in alkaline or acidic
environments (8.5 < pH < 4) according to Pourbaix diagrams.44 The
specific ranges depend on the specific electrolyte and alloy.
Criteria for Copper Piping
6.2.3.1
6.2.4
Excessive voltages: Notwithstanding the mínimum criterion in Para­
graph 6.2.2.2, a polarized potential more negative than -1,200 mV
CSE reference electrode shall not be used unless previous test
results indicate that no appreciable corrosion has occurred in the
particular environment. Specific attention shall be given to possible
corrosion as a result of the buildup of alkali on the metal surface, as
outlined in Paragraph 6.2.2.3.2.
o
For protection of stainless steel buried in soil and/or groundwater,
protective externa! coatings should be applied to reduce the CP
current requirement. lf the environment is not sufficiently aerated to
evenly form a protective oxide film on the stainless steel surface or
significant chloride ions are present, a polarized potential of -850 mV
CSE should be considered for protection.
6.2.4.3.2
When applying the 100 mV polarization criterion, be aware of chang­
es in the environment that could then impact the free corrosion and
depolarized potential. When this occurs, changes may be needed in
the targeted polarized potential to achieve 100 mV polarization.
6.2.4.3.3
When operating pressure and conditions are conducive to high pH SCC,
avoid polarized potentials in the cracking range relative to temperature.
The safe negative potential limit should be determined by testing.
Relevant Considerations
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Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
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Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|62128143
Downloaded by William Ruiz Martinez (will.ruizmartinez@gmail.com)