Sec.3 History Crib Sheet
Alexandra P. June 19 2023
When Studying: What to look at?
• Economy
• Territory
• Religion
• Government
• Treaties & Constitutions
• Alliances and rivalries
1) Origins to 1608)
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• 3 linguistic groups- Inuit, Algonquian, Iroquoian. They arrived 30,000 years ago to Canada via
Beringia/Bering Strait.
• Lifestyle:
Iroquoian: They are sedentary and live in longhouses (which is a more permanent structure). Main source of
food: agriculture. Their society is matrilineal.
Algonquian: They are nomadic and live in wingwams (tents). Main source of food: hunter-gathering. Their society
is patrilineal.
Inuit: They are nomadic and live in igloos in the winter and tents in the summer. Main source of food: hunting,
fishing and gathering. Their society is patrilineal.
• Life before colonization:
Social values: Equality, liberty, sharing and respect for nature.
Nations governed by: Councils, with chief as figurehead- but still non-hierarchical.
Economy: Large trade network were established where goods were traded between nations through barter
(exchange surplus for needed goods).
Faith: Nations were very spiritual, they were animist (believed in natural things being equal) led by a shaman.
Knowledge: Was passed down orally (no writing).
• Early colonization: The first attempts of colonizing this territory is seen with the Vikings circa 1000.
Then, during the Renaissance (a period of great discovery and optimism), other Europeans start
exploring.
• French colonization: First, Jaques Cartier’s took 3 voyages (starting in 1534) in search for metals and
a new route to Asia (Turks took over Constantinople, blocking their route- Silk Road) & to expand
France empire. During voyages he makes contact with the Indigenous & maps out the St. Lawrence
river. 60 years later, new attempts were made (specifically in Tadoussac and Acadia). His 3 attempts
to settle failed due to bouts of cold, hunger, scary and various conflicts.
• In 1603, French established trade/military alliance with the Indigenous.
• Mutual influence: The first alliance (1603) between them were French-Innu.
French: Needed Indigenous’ knowledge to survive in Canada (how to adapt to environment and exploit
resources- fur). Tried to adapt to allies’ culture- resulting in knowledge being transmitted to them (French) (ex:
Ind. values, snowshoes, trade networks). Allied with Innu=ally with Innu’s allies + enemies with Iroquois.
Indigenous: They obtained products that improved their lives and gained military support (+guns).
2) 1608-1760, Evolution Of Colonial Society Under French Rule)
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• Chartered Companies: Companies that are given monopoly of fur trade in exchange for settling colonies, and
to evangelize (make Catholic) the Indigenous. This system didn’t work as the companies were only focused on
profiting off of fur trade- not on settlement.
• Fur Trade: The major economic element.
Conges de traite: A licence granted to hunt (for fur).
Voyageurs: Legal fur traders (they had the license).
Coureurs de bois: Illegal fur smugglers (no license).
Destruction of Huronia: 1650 (when fur licenses started because their main
ally that supplied fur is gone).
• First settlements:
1608: Quebec (Stadaconna)
1634: Trois-Rivières
1642: Ville-Marie/Montreal (Hochelega)
Other settlements: Acadia, Louisiana, Newfoundland…
• Indigenous wars (Iroquois-French) are happening until peace treaty
“Great Peace of Montreal” happens in 1701.
• Royal Government: Put into place in 1663. The first governor is Samuel
Champlain. Established because chartered companies weren’t working
(profit over colony’s settlement).
Governor: Responsible for external affairs (ex: military alliances).
Intendant: Responsible for internal affairs (ex: budget).
Absolutism: “King got his power from God,” aka “divine right if Kings”.
• Military: is composed of:
Canadian milita: (Canadians: knew lay of land but were not funded or experienced)
Regular soldiers: (trained soldiers from France: experienced and funded- but did not know land)
• Population Growth: The population was growing very slowly because it was mainly men. Jean Talon (the
Intendant of New France in 1663), after conducting the 1st census established a policy to incentivize three
main groups of people to immigrate:
Filles du Roy: Unmarried women who had their dowry and voyage paid for to come here and have many kids.
Engages: People who would get land after 1-3 years of work.
Soldiers: Would get land after service in colony.
• The population was able to rise as these people came over, but also because other policies were put into
place that heavily encouraged having many children (ex: $ to those with 10+, education for 26th)
• Land Division: The seigneurial system was put into place.
Censives: Plot of land. Rectangle to allow the most to have access to river.
Censitaires: People who had to pay taxes and dues to seigneur.
Seigneuries: The entire land area owned by a seigneur.
Seigneur: A wealthy French noble or Catholic Church clergy from France.
• Economy: First, chartered companies + fur trade, then settlements (first in 1663) with goal of economic
diversification***.
Diversification measures: (by Intendants)
1. Jean Talon*** (1665-1672): Introduces new crops (agriculturalism), builds brewery, created workshops, and
established shipyards.
2. Michel Began (1712-1726): Tobacco farming & sawmills.
3. Gilles Hocquart (1729-1748): Built chemin du Roy (transportation network), financed forges (metal works) &
restarts shipyard.
Religion: Catholic churches (which provided healthcare and education), Religious orders (missions to evangelize
Indigenous). The Catholic Church is very important because it influenced inhabitants morality and day to day
decisions.
Territory circa 1608-1760: Cities in Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg (Acadia/NS) & New Orleans (Louisiana/US).
War of Conquest: Both Europe and France wanted to expand and control fur trade.
1st years were French (France + New France) victories in Ohio, Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. After the
capture of Louisbourg (which British used to block supplies and reinforcements from Canada) Great Britain + 13
colonies were winning as they has more support from their mother country than New France.
***War of the Conquest (1754-1760): F-E In North America | Seven Years’ War (1756-1763): F-E in Europe, long.
3) 1760-1791, The Conquest And The Change Of Empire)
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• 1760: End of War of Conquest. France surrenders.
• 1760-1763: War in Europe is still happening, so former “New France”
(now province of Quebec) is under provisional (temporary) military
regime. A small number of french return to France. Most stay.
• 1763: First constitution, “Royal Proclamation.” This solidifies Britain’s
victory. Province of Quebec is now British colony under British rule.
• Under Royal Proclamation:
Territory: Is very small (Just St. Lawrence Valley (Montreal to Quebec
City).
Religion: No new catholic bishop could be appointed.
English: Became the official language.
Division of land: Township system. Square.
• Royal Proclamation Application: Governor James Murray*** is tolerant of the French and knows he can’t
assimilate French because they make up 99% of their population.
• Protests: After many petitions, Murray was replaced by Guy Carleton who is also tolerant of French.
Ultimately, the Royal Proclamation needs to be replaced/updated to reflect the reality of the territory and
address the protest movements…
British Party: Demanded full application of the Royal Proclamation + Murray’s removal.
French Party: Canadiens want to abolish the Test Act + the expansion of territory. The Catholic Church wants
back the right to collect the tithe (church tax).
*Also, during this time (1763-1766), Pontiac’s Revolt (led by Chief Pontiac) happened. He didn’t win. It lead to the
creation of the Indian Department + reserved Indigenous territory- but Americans ignored the Ind. reservations.
• 1774, Second Constitution, Quebec Act:
1. Makes concessions to Canadiens (because their the majority of population).
2. Still does not create Legislative Assembly, so British merchants are furious.
3. Colony greatly extended- which is good for fur trade BUT angers the 13 Colonies (Patriots).
• Under Quebec Act:
Territory: Still called Province of Quebec, now much bigger.
Admin: Same as under Royal Proclamation.
Law: French civil law, but English criminal law. Habeas corpus applied.
Religion: The Test Act was replaced by an oath of allegiance & Catholics could resume collecting tithes and
electing a new Bishop.
Division of land: Current seignenuries maintained, new land would be in townships.
**1760s-1770s) 17 colonies are under increased taxation.
1774) Quebec Act further angers 13 colonies because of land division. Patriots send a letter to Canadiens to join
their independence movement- they refuse.
1775) Patriots invade Quebec, but are pushed back by British.
1776) US declares independence.
1783) Treaty of Paris which recognizes US as state. Province of Quebec looses territory south of Great Lakes.
After independence, Loyalists move North as first large scale British immigration (they create Eastern Townships
& demand more English/British system.)
• Economy: British merchants control economy after Conquest, based mainly in Montreal (professional
bourgeoisie). Fur Trade is still a major “driver” of economy. After the US controls south of Great Lakes, North
West Company is established and becomes major competitor to Hudson Bay Company. The population is
mostly subsistence farmers, some (few) products are exported to Great Britain.
• Population:
1. Loyalists are first major British immigration.
2. 1755-1763: Period of Acadian deportation. (Some return after Treaty of Paris in 1763).
3. French are having lots of babies so they remain the dominant % of population:
1766= French (99%)
English (1%)
1790= French (94%)
English (6%)
• Religion:
Catholic: Clergy try to work with governors to ensure their survival. Less religious groups (ex: Jesuits, Récollets)
+ less access to education for French Catholics. (Less gov. Funding towards education).
Anglican: Church established with conquest. English had more access to education. (More gov. Funding)
**Helpful Hint= On exam pt.B (Chart Question) is about this time period.
1791-1840, Demands And Struggles Of Nationhood
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• Constitutional Act (1791): New
constitution divides colony into
Upper Canada (British/Loyalists
(Ontario)) & Lower Canada
(Canadiens/British Merchants
(Quebec)). The big issue with this
act is that there is still no true
democracy.
• Lower Canada: There is still
intense fights between French &
British. Canadiens denounce favouritism (to English), corruption & poor administration by governor &
councillors.
• As tensions rise between French & English Canadiens, another threat is looming- Americans.
• War of 1812: Americans invade Northern British colonies because:
1. Britain seizing ships from America (Napoleonic Wars).
2. Americans think Britain is helping Indigenous (ex: guns) which is blocking American westward expansion.
• Population Growth: French is still the majority (high brith rate), English is still growing (immigration),
the Indigenous are in trouble (they are no longer considered useful when the fur trade is replaced by
timber.
• English immigration: Famine, poverty and high unemployment leads to many to immigrate to Canada
(notably Irish). These people bring disease. The French don’t like English immigrants because they
fear assimilation.
• Religion: Anglican Bishop Jacob Mountain introduces free education as another method to
assimilate French.
• Economy:
1. Agriculture: Wheat becomes a major crop, but intense cultivation leads to crisis (soil depletion). Because of
this, a lot of French emigrate to America for work, and new areas are opened for settlement to try to limit
expansion.
2. Fur Trade: NWC + HBC have competition (which is good for Indigenous). Competition means less fur viable,
so the two companies merge under HBC (very bad for Indigenous).
3. Timber: Another natural resource we have lots of! The continental blockade and preferential tariffs lead
Lower Canada to export huge amount of timber to Britain. This replaces the Fur Trade as main revenue
source. New jobs and areas open up.
**Bonus economy things:
1. Transportation networks improved (helps economy) ex: roads, canals, railways.
2. Banks formed which stimulates the economy and gives room for further diversification of economy.
• Tensions are still high between French & English in Lower Canada:
1834) Parti Canadien evolves into Parti patriote (more radical). In 1834 election Parti publishes 92 resolutions
which criticized political system & corrupt admin.
1837) Britain responds with Russel Resolutions which rejects 92 Resolutions.
1837-1838) Rebellions. Upper Canada is also revolting for Responsible Government. Government is aggressively
suppressing rebellions (mass arrests, people exiled, people hung).
• 1838) Durham Report: Lord Durham
outlines problems + solutions:
• 1840) Act of Union: The Province of
Canada is re-installed.
***On exam the part C essay question is on chapter 4 content.
Extra Notes:
Chapter 4: 1791-1840, Rebellions
In 1791, for the first time ever they are given parliamentary system (!) However, they quickly realize it is
not a true democracy because the governor has power of veto and is choosing councillors (:( ).
1. By 1826 the debates over true democracy have intensified (also because of rise of liberalism
(American and French revolutions) and rise of nationalistic sentiments through newspapers). Parti
Canadien (French party) changes to Parti Patriot (led by Papineau).
2. In the election of 1834, the 92 resolutions outline everything system (save the French culture, get
rid of governor, wants responsible gov’t). Britain responds 3 years later with Russel Resolution in
which they decline ALL of the 92 resolutions.
3. This leads to rebellions starting in 1837-1838. French win the first Battle of Saint Denis, but loose
all subsequent battles (St. Charles, St. Eustache). The legislative assembly is replaced with military
rule again- very rough time, people hung for protesting etc.
4. Finally, in 1839 Lord Durham is sent by London to investigate rebellions and propose solutions, this
leads to Act of Union 1840.
Constitutions and Acts/Treaties for British colony of Quebec:
1. Treaty of Utrecht (1713): Peace treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession.
2. Treaty of Paris (1763): Put an end to the 7 Years’ War between France and Great Britain.
Formalized Great Britain’s victory. France lost tons of territory.
3. Royal Proclamation (1763): Very strict towards the French. The idea was pure assimilation- the
French could not be in positions of power without renouncing their French-ness.
4. Quebec Act (1774): French are recognized as being too numerous, they get some rights back
(Catholicism recognition, Test Act abolished, larger territory given). Ensures Canadien loyalty.
5. Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts (1774): British imposed taxes on 13 colonies (who got furious).
6. Treaty of Paris (1783): Great Britain officially recognizes 13 colonies as independent U.S. Province
of Quebec lost territory south of Great Lakes.
7. Constitutional Act (1791): Separates territory into Upper and Lower Canada why- many loyalists
arrive and set up English settlements to the East and do not want to be associated with the French.
First parliamentary system (Legislative Assembly- but this is not real democracy).
Quebec’s Governors (+an Intendant and Chief):
1. 1608-1635: Samuel de Champlain (unofficial governor, governed since the creation of New France,
ended governing due to suddenly dying)
2. 1636-1648: Governor Montmagny (had difficulty increasing colony’s pop. due to Iroquoian attacks).
3. 1665–1668 and 1669–1672: Jean Talon (1st intendant, responsible for settlement, development
and population)
***Capitulation of Montreal/Royal Government***
1. 1760-1763: General Jeffery Amherst (Military regime, General Wolfe’s successor).
2. 1763: James Murray (first civil governor, kicked out for being conciliatory).
3. 1763: Guy Carleton (Murray’s replacement, also conciliatory).
***1763-1766: Chief Pontiac (Indigenous Chief- a revolutionist that led rebellions).
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