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Chapter 01
A First Look at
Anatomy
Human Anatomy
SIXTH EDITION
McKinley
O’Loughlin
Pennefather-O’Brien
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No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill.
What is Anatomy?
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Characteristics of Living Organisms: Overview
Chemical level: atoms and molecules.
Cellular level: cells are the basic structural and functional units of an
organism and the smallest living units in the human body.
Tissue level: groups of cells that work together to perform a particular
function.
• Epithelial tissue
• Connective tissue
• Muscular tissue
• Nervous tissue
Organ level: organs are structures that are composed of two or more
different types of tissues and have specific functions.
System level: consists of related organs that have a common function.
Organismal level: an organism is any living individual.
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Structural Organization of the Body
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism
Figure 1.3
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Organ Systems
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The Anatomic Position
Provides common reference
Standing upright
Feet parallel and on the floor
Head level and looking forward
Arms at sides
Palms facing forward
• Thumbs pointing away from body
Figure 1.4 (a)
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Anatomic Position and Body Planes
Figure 1.5
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(a) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Joe DeGrandis, photographer; (b) ©CGinspiration/iStock/ Getty
Images; (c) ©Trevor Lush/The Image Bank/Getty Images; (d) ©Roxana Wegner/ Getty Images
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Sections and Planes
Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that pass
through the body
Coronal plane (frontal plane)
•
Divides body into anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts
Transverse plane (cross-sectional plane,
horizontal plane)
•
Divides body into superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) parts
Midsagittal plane (median plane)
•
Divides body into equal left and right
halves
•
Other sagittal planes divide the body into
unequal left and right parts
Oblique planes
•
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Pass through specimen at an angle
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Directional Terms
•
•
Anterior (ventral, front) vs.
posterior (dorsal, back)
• Medial (toward midline) vs.
lateral (away from midline)
• For example, The heart is
posterior to the sternum
• Ipsilateral (same side) vs.
contralateral (opposite side)
Superior (toward head) vs.
inferior (toward feet)
• Deep (internal) vs. superficial
(external)
• Caudal (toward tail) vs. cranial • Proximal (close to trunk) vs.
(toward head) and rostral
distal (far from trunk)
(toward nose)
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Regional Anatomy
Two main body regions: axial and appendicular
Axial region
• Head, neck, and trunk
• Vertical axis of body
Appendicular region
• Upper and lower limbs
Several more specific regional terms describe areas within
these major subdivisions
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Key Body Regions
Figure 1.8
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Body Cavities
1
Ventral cavity
• Contains two smaller
cavities separated by
diaphragm
• Thoracic cavity: superior
to diaphragm
• Abdominopelvic cavity:
inferior to diaphragm;
contains two cavities
divided by pelvic brim of hip
bones
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•
Abdominal cavity: superior to
pelvic brim
•
Pelvic cavity: inferior to pelvic
brim
Figure 1.9
Posterior aspect
• Cranial cavity: formed
by skull bones
• Vertebral canal: formed
by vertebral column
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Ventral cavities are lined by serous membranes
• Divided into two continuous parts (layers):
• Parietal layer: lines internal surface of the body wall
• Visceral layer: covers external surface of specific organs
• Between layers is serous cavity with serous fluid
• Reduces friction between moving organs
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Membranes of Thoracic Cavity
Median space in thoracic cavity =
mediastinum
• Contains heart, thymus,
esophagus, trachea, major
vessels
Pericardium: serous membranes
around heart
• Parietal pericardium,
pericardial cavity, visceral
pericardium
Pleura: serous membranes
around lungs
• Parietal pleura, pleural cavity,
visceral pleura
Figure 1.10 (a) – (c)
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Membranes of Abdominopelvic Cavity
Peritoneum: serous
membranes around many
abdominal organs
• Parietal peritoneum:
lines internal walls of
abdominopelvic cavity
• Peritoneal cavity:
potential space with
serous fluid
• Visceral peritoneum:
covers surface of most
digestive organs
Figure 1.10 (d)
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Nine Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11 (a)
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RHR
ER
LHR
RLR
UR
LLR
RIR
PR
LIR
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Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants
RUQ
LUQ
RLQ
LLQ
Figure 1.11 (b)
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