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Subject:
Year Level:
Lesson Title:
Learning
Objectives:
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
Knowl
edge:
Skills:
Attitud
e:
Grade 12
TEXT STRUCTURE
Identify the common types of text structures (e.g., cause-effect, comparecontrast, sequence, problem-solution, description).
Analyze and classify examples of texts based on their structure.
Appreciate the importance of understanding text structures for better
comprehension and effective communication.
ACTIVITY 1. Together with your group, read and analyze the two texts below. Share your observations
to your group. Answer the question that follows. Prepare to share your answers to the class.
TEXT 1
Deforestation has significant environmental impacts, including soil erosion, loss of
biodiversity, and climate change. The removal of trees leaves soil exposed, increasing vulnerability
to erosion by wind and water, which can lead to decreased soil fertility and increased risk of
landslides. Additionally, forests are home to a vast array of plant and animal species; their
destruction results in habitat loss, threatening biodiversity and leading to species extinction.
Moreover, trees play a crucial role in sequestering carbon dioxide; deforestation contributes to
higher greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, exacerbating global warming and altering
climate patterns.
Source: Deforestation – Soil Erosion, Biodiversity Loss, Climate Change | Britannica | April 6, 2007
TEXT 2
Dogs are renowned for their loyalty and active nature, thriving on human interaction and
requiring regular exercise to maintain their physical and mental health. They form strong bonds
with their owners, often seeking companionship and engaging in playful activities. In contrast, cats
are known for their independence and low-maintenance lifestyle. They are generally content to
entertain themselves and require less attention, making them suitable for individuals with busier
schedules. This independence makes them low-maintenance pets, perfect for busy households.
Understanding these differences is crucial when choosing a pet that aligns with one's lifestyle and
preferences.
Source: The Difference Between Dogs and Cats
Question(s):
1. What is the main idea of each paragraph?
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2. How are the ideas organized?
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THINGS TO REMEMBER
Common Text Structures
Text structures (WDPI, 2012) refer to the way authors organize information in text.
Recognizing the underlying structure of texts can help students focus attention on key concepts and
relationships, anticipate what is to come and monitor their comprehension as they read.
Text Structure
1. Narrative
Definition
Narrates an
event or story
with characters,
Graphic Organizer
Transitions/
Signal Words
Descriptive
language
(adjectives,
Questions
a. Who is the
narrative all
about?
UBAY NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Fatima, Ubay, Bohol
English for Academic and Professional Purposes (EAPP)
By Aiza G. Ibaño-Abaya
Page 2 of 6
setting, conflict,
point of view
and plot
2. Chronological,
Process, or
Sequence
Presents ideas
or events in the
order in which
they happen
3. Cause and Effect
Provide
explanations
or reasons for
phenomena
adverbs,
similes and
metaphors)
a. First,
second,
third…
b. Later
c. Next
d. Before
e. Then
f. Finally
g. After
h. When
i. Since
j. Now/
previously
k. Actual use
of dates
Step by Step
Cause
#1
Cause
#2
Effect
Cause
#3
Identify
problems and
pose solutions
Problem
Problem
f. consequently
g. since
h. so that
i. for
j. due to
a. problem is
b. dilemma is
c. if/then
d. because
e. so that question/
answer
f. puzzle is
solved
a. However/
yet
Similarities
Discuss two
ideas, events,
or phenomena,
showing how
they are
different and
how they are
similar
Difference
5. Compare and
Contrast
Difference
4. Problem/
Solution
a. If/then
b. reasons why
c. as a result
d. therefore
e. because
b. Nevertheless
- on the other
hand
c. but/
whereas –
similarly –
although
d. also/likewise
b. Where is it
set?
c. What is the
conflict?
d. Who is
telling the
narrative?
e. What is
happening?
a. What items,
events, or
steps are
listed?
b. Do they
have
to/always
happen in
this order?
c. What
sequence of
events is
being
described?
d. What are
the major
incidents
that occur?
e. How is this
structure
revealed in
the text?
a. What
happened
b. Why did it
happen?
c. What
caused it to
happen?
a. What is the
problem?
b. Why is this
a problem?
c. Is anything
being done
to try to
solve the
problem?
d. What can
be done to
solve the
problem?
a. What items
are being
compared?
b. In what
ways are
they
similar?
c. Different?
d. What
conclusion
UBAY NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Fatima, Ubay, Bohol
English for Academic and Professional Purposes (EAPP)
By Aiza G. Ibaño-Abaya
Page 3 of 6
h. Description or
Definition
Describes a
topic by listing
characteristics,
features,
attributes, and
examples
e. in contrast/
comparison
f. different
g. either/or in the same
way/ just as
does the
author
reach about
these items?
e. What
conclusion
does the
author
reach about
these items?
a. for example
a. What are the
most important
characteristics?
b. characteristics
c. for instance
d. such as
e. including
f. to illustrate
b. How is it
being
described
(what does
it look like,
how does it
work, etc.)?
c. What is
important
to
remember
about it?
©2012 Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction – Form DL-I
Why is Text Structure Important?
The readers can significantly improve their comprehension and retention of information when
they can identify and recognize the text structure of a text. It can also help them:
1.
2.
3.
Organize information and details they are learning in their minds while reading.
Make connections between the details being presented in a text
Summarize the important details shared in a text
At this stage, you should have several ideas on the common text structures used in academic
texts. Keep in mind these ideas because you are going to use your knowledge on text structures
for enhancing your skills in gleaning information.
ACTIVITY 2. Together with your group, read and analyze the given texts to identify the text structure
and highlight the signal words. Answer the questions that follow. Prepare to share your answers to the
class.
TEXT 1
There are two popular sports played at Milton, basketball, and volleyball. Both take place
inside of the gym at Milton. Also, each sport has two teams of people. In basketball, however, the
ball can be played off of the floor, and in volleyball, the ball cannot touch the floor, or it is out of
play. Basketball and volleyball are popular sports at Milton.
TEXT 2
Lots of students fail classes. Some students fail because the work is too hard for them.
Other times they may fail because they are lazy, and don’t do any work. Another reason why
students may fail is if they don’t go to school. If you’re not in class, you may miss a lot. Many
students fail classes every quarter.
UBAY NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Fatima, Ubay, Bohol
English for Academic and Professional Purposes (EAPP)
By Aiza G. Ibaño-Abaya
Page 4 of 6
TEXT 3
Dr. Knapp doesn’t want people to sit back and let the toad vanish. He believes that
everyone is responsible for restoring the toad species. Dr. Knapp thinks we could help restore the
toad population if we stop mowing parts of our lawns and let the grass grow wild to reserve space
for the toad. He also believes we need to stop using pesticides and fertilizers. The chemicals kill
the insects that toads eat. If we preserve some spaces in our lawns and stop using fertilizers, Dr.
Knapp believes we can save the toads.
TEXT 4
Devers experienced the highlight of any sprinter’s career, as she stood on the huge platform
in the giant stadium and received an Olympic gold medal. Eighteen months earlier she wasn’t
thinking about running. She was hoping that she would be able to walk again. Just four years earlier,
in the summer of 1988, as Devers was training for the Olympic Games, to be held in Seoul, South
Korea, she began to feel very tired all the time and failed to make the Olympic finals.
TEXT 5
The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections. I. The lowest section of the tower contains
the entrance, a gift shop, and a restaurant. II. The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and
elevators that lead to the top. III. The top section of the tower includes an observation deck with a
spectacular view of Paris.
Question (s):
1.
Why is it important to recognize the structure of a text?
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2.
How does identifying text structure improve reading comprehension?
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PERFORMANCE TASK
Each group will write a short paragraph using a specific text structure. The group can choose one
from the five (5) topics listed below. Prepare to present your output to the class.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A Person Who Inspires Me
A Life Lesson I Learned the Hard Way
How Technology Has Changed Communication
Online Learning vs. Traditional Classroom Learning
How to Overcome Procrastination in Students
UBAY NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Fatima, Ubay, Bohol
English for Academic and Professional Purposes (EAPP)
By Aiza G. Ibaño-Abaya
Page 5 of 6
ATTACHMENT 1
CLASS RATING SHEET
CLASS RATING SHEET
LESSON
TITLE:
LESSON
TITLE:
RATER
RATER
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MEMBERS:
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LEGEND:
Excellent
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CLASS RATING SHEET
LESSON
TITLE:
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LEGEND:
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UBAY NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Fatima, Ubay, Bohol
English for Academic and Professional Purposes (EAPP)
By Aiza G. Ibaño-Abaya
Page 6 of 6
ATTACHMENT 2
GROUP RATING SHEET
GROUP RATING SHEET
LESSON TITLE:
LESSON TITLE:
RATER
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GROUP NO.
NAME:
GROUP NO.
NAME:
LEGEND:
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GROUP RATING SHEET
LESSON TITLE:
LESSON TITLE:
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NAME:
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NAME:
LEGEND:
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GROUP RATING SHEET
LESSON TITLE:
LESSON TITLE:
RATER
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NAME:
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NAME:
LEGEND:
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NAME of GROUP
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Excellent 5
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UBAY NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Fatima, Ubay, Bohol
English for Academic and Professional Purposes (EAPP)
By Aiza G. Ibaño-Abaya