OBE SYSTEM
If a student degree program is accredited on the Outcome-Based
Education (OBE) system of The Washington Accord then you
can easily go and study or work in any of the signatory
countries without having clear any competitive or equivalence
examination.
Program Educational Objectives (PEO)
The Civil Engineering program at the Department of Civil Engineering produces graduates who:
PEO-1: Demonstrate necessary knowledge and skills in Civil Engineering profession.
PEO-2: Work, manage in team and effectively communicate with stakeholders.
PEO-3: Undertake professional practice considering ethical, societal and environmental implications.
PEO-4: Be engaged in lifelong learning and continued professional growth
Program Learning Objectives (PLO)
The graduates of Civil Engineering Department will demonstrate the following attributes for their professional
career. .
Engineering Knowledge
CLO’s
Problem Analysis
Design/Development of Solutions
CLASS LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Investigation
Modern Tool Usage
The Engineer and Society
Environment and Sustainability
Ethics
Individual and Team Work
Communication
Project Management
Lifelong Learning
COURSE CONTENT
S. No.
1
Topic
Fine and coarse aggregates; and
stones
Metals (Steel andAluminum)
2
3
4
Ceramics, bricks and blocks
Miscellaneous construction
materials
Contents
Definition, introduction, mechanical and
physical properties, Types, propertiesand
application of good building stones
Introduction, mechanical and physical properties,
application of construction steel, Introduction,
mechanical and physical properties, application of
construction aluminum
Introduction, types and use
Asbestos, plastic of Paris, abrasives,
rubber, plastics, Bamboo, steel fibres,FRPs
BOOKS
• ENGINEERING MATERIALS BY: SURENDRA SINGH
• CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS BY: NEIL JACKSON, RAVINDRA K. DHIR
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE BY: A. M. NEVILLE
SESSIONAL CRITERIA
Assessment Type
Marks
Schedule (Week No.)
Quiz/Test
05
04
Mid- Term
20
09
Quiz/Test
05
11
Presentation/Poster
05
14
Class Participation/Assignments
05
15
Total Sessional Marks
40
INTRODUCTION
• ENGINEERING MATERIALS REFERS TO THE GROUP OF MATERIALS THAT ARE USED
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MANMADE STRUCTURES AND COMPONENTS. THE
PRIMARY FUNCTION OF AN ENGINEERING MATERIAL IS TO WITHSTAND APPLIED
LOADING WITHOUT BREAKING AND WITHOUT EXHIBITING EXCESSIVE
DEFLECTION
MATERIALS USED IN BUILDING
CONCRETE
• CONCRETE IS BASICALLY A MIXTURE OF
TWO COMPONENTS
• PASTE (PORTLAND CEMENT, WATER,
AND AIR)
• AGGREGATE (SAND, GRAVEL, CRUSHED
STONE)
• AGGREGATES MAKE UP 60-75% OF
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE.
AGGREGATES
• AGGREGATES ARE INERT MATERIALS MIXED WITH A
BINDING MATERIAL LIKE CEMENT OR LIME IN THE
PREPARATION OF MORTAR OR CONCRETE.
• GRANULAR MATERIAL OF MINERAL COMPOSITION
SUCH AS SAND, GRAVEL, SHALE, SLAG OR CRUSHED
STONE.
• USES:
• FILLER MATERIAL
• STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS
• TO MAKE THE CONCRETE DENSER
QUARRY
• LONI KOT AREA, KARACHI-HYDERABAD
MOTORWAY, USED AS A BUILDING MATERIALS
THROUGHOUT SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN
• BHOLARI RAILWAY BRIDGE, A BRIDGE BUILT BY
BRITISH INDIA GOVERNMENT SOME 150 YEARS
AGO, NEAR KOTRI RAILWAY STATION DISTRICT
JAMSHORO SINDH, PAKISTAN
• HUB RIVER
• MANGOPIR
• EXTRACTED ROCK IS TYPICALLY REDUCED TO
USABLE SIZES BY MECHANICAL CRUSHING.
• AGGREGATES MAKE UP MORE THAN 65% OF PORTLAND
CEMENT CONCRETE AND 90% OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS.
• COARSE AGGREGATE ARE BELIEVED TO SIGNIFICANTLY
AFFECT STRENGTH, STABILITY AND DEFORMATION
PROPERTIES.
TYPES OF AGGREGATES (ON BASIS OF
SOURCE)
• NATURAL AGGREGATES
• MANUFACTURED AGGREGATES
• RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES
NATURAL AGGREGATES
• NATURAL AGGREGATES ARE GENERALLY EXTRACTED FROM LARGER ROCK
FORMATIONS THROUGH AN OPEN EXCAVATION (QUARRY).
• ALL NATURAL AGGREGATES PARTICLES ORIGINALLY FORMED A PART OF A
LARGER PARENT MASS.
• MANY PROPERTIES OF THE AGGREGATES DEPEND ENTIRELY ON THE PROPERTIES
OF THE PARENT ROCK. E.G. CHEMICAL AND MINERAL COMPOSITION,
PETROLOGICAL CHARACTER, SPECIFIC GRAVITY ETC..
• SOME PROPERTIES ARE POSSESSED BY THE AGGREGATES BUT ABSENT IN THE
PARENT ROCK: PARTICLE SHAPE AND SIZE, SURFACE TEXTURE, AND ABSORPTION.
MANUFACTURED AGGREGATES
• MANUFACTURED AGGREGATE IS OFTEN THE BY PRODUCT OF OTHER
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES.
• SLAG IS A BYPRODUCT OF THE STEEL MAKING PROCESS
RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES
Waste concrete, the concrete which is obtained as a result of
demolition of concrete buildings, pavements, dams and other
concrete infrastructures, as well as remains of concrete waste
from the ready mix concrete plants
3
2
4
1
5
After demolition, the waste concrete is crushed and processed
and then used as concrete material (i.e., recycled coarse
aggregates (RCA)) in the production of new
concrete.
TYPES OF AGGREGATES (ON BASIS OF WEIGHT)
Weight
Examples of Aggregates Used
Uses for the Concrete
ultra-lightweight
vermiculite, ceramic, diatomite, pumice,
scoria, perlite,
can be sawed or nailed, also used for its
insulating properties (250 to 1450
kg/m3).
lightweight
expanded clay, shale or slate, crushed brick
used primarily for making lightweight
concrete for structures, also used for its
insulating properties (1350 to 1850
kg/m3).
normal weight
crushed limestone, sand, river gravel,
crushed recycled concrete
used for normal concrete projects
(2200–2450 kg/m3)
heavyweight
barlite, magnetite , steel or iron shot; steel
or iron pellets
used for making high density concrete
for shielding against nuclear radiation
(2080 to 4485 kg/m3).
TYPES OF AGGREGATES (ON BASIS OF SIZE)
• COARSE AGGREGATES : COARSE AGGREGATES ARE
RETAINED ON 4.75MM (#4) SIEVE.
• AGGREGATES THE SIZE OF WHOSE PARTICLE IS
BIGGER THAN 4.75 MM BUT SMALLER THAN 7.5 MM
ARE KNOWN AS COARSE AGGREGATES.
• FINE AGGREGATES : PARTICLES OF FINE AGGREGATES
PASS THROUGH 4.75MM (NO.4) SIEVE . MOST
COMMONLY USED FINE AGGREGATES ARE SAND,
CRUSHED STONE, ASH OR CINDER AND SURKI.
PARTICLE SHAPE
• THE SHAPE OF THE INDIVIDUAL AGGREGATE PARTICLES DETERMINE HOW THE
MATERIAL WILL PACK INTO A DENSE CONFIGURATION AND ALSO DETERMINES THE
MOBILITY OF THE STONES WITHIN A MIX
• THERE ARE TWO CONSIDERATIONS IN THE SHAPE OF THE MATERIAL:
• ANGULARITY AND FLAKINESS
• ANGULARITY : IS THE ABSENCE OF ROUNDNESS IN AGGREGATES. A MORE ROUNDED
PARTICLE HAS LESS ANGULARITY AND VICE VERSA
• WHEN THE AGGREGATE THICKNESS IS SMALL WHEN COMPARED WITH WIDTH AND
LENGTH OF THAT AGGREGATE IT IS SAID TO BE FLAKY AGGREGATE
SHAPES OF AGGREGATES
• ANGULAR AGGREGATES
• ROUNDED AGGREGATES
• ELONGATED AGGREGATES
• FLAKY AGGREGATES
• FLAKY AND ELONGATED AGGREGATES
ROUNDED
ANGULAR
FLAKY
ELONGATED
FLAKY AND
ELONGATED
shaped by attrition and
available in the form of
seashore gravel.
consist well defined
edges formed at the
intersection of roughly
planar surfaces
these are obtained by
crushing the rocks
When the aggregate
thickness is small when
compared with width and
length of that aggregate
it is said to be flaky
aggregate.
When the length of
aggregate is larger than
the other two dimensions
then it is called
elongated aggregate
When the aggregate
length is larger than its
width and width is larger
than its thickness then it
is said to be flaky and
elongated aggregates.
Or in the other, when the
least dimension of
aggregate is less than the
60% of its mean
dimension then it is said
to be flaky aggregate.
or the length of
aggregate is greater than
180% of its mean
dimension.
They give 10-20% more not suitable for concrete
compressive strength due mixing.
to development of
stronger aggregatemortar bond. So, these
are useful in high
strength concrete
manufacturing.
not suitable for concrete
mixing
They are not considered
for high-strength
concrete because of poor
interlocking behavior
and weak bond strength
not suitable for concrete
mixing
RESISTANCE TO FREEZING AND THAWING
• THE ABILITY OF AGGREGATE TO WITHSTAND WEATHERING IS DEFINED AS SOUNDNESS OR DURABILITY.
• AGGREGATES USED IN VARIOUS CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS MUST BE SOUND AND DURABLE,
PARTICULARLY IF THE STRUCTURE IS SUBJECTED TO SEVERE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
• WATER FREEZING IN THE VOIDS OF AGGREGATES GENERATES STRESSES THAT CAN FRACTURE THE
STONES
• IMPORTANT FOR EXTERIOR CONCRETE.
• AFFECTED BY AN AGGREGATE'S HIGH POROSITY, ABSORPTION, PERMEABILITY AND PORE STRUCTURE.
• IF AGGREGATES OR CONCRETE ABSORBS SO MUCH WATER THAT WHEN THE WATER FREEZES AND
EXPANDS THE CONCRETE CANNOT ACCOMMODATE THE BUILD UP OF INTERNAL PRESSURE, POP–OUTS
MAY OCCUR.
TOUGHNESS, HARDNESS, AND ABRASION
RESISTANCE
• THE ABILITY OF AGGREGATES TO RESIST THE DAMAGING
EFFECT OF LOADS IS RELATED TO THE HARDNESS OF THE
AGGREGATE PARTICLES AND IS DESCRIBED AS THE
TOUGHNESS OR ABRASION RESISTANCE.
• THE AGGREGATE MUST RESIST CRUSHING, DEGRADATION,
AND DISINTEGRATION WHEN STOCKPILED, MIXED AS
EITHER PORTLAND CEMENT OR ASPHALT CONCRETE,
PLACED AND COMPACTED, AND EXPOSED TO LOADS.
• THE LOS ANGELES ABRASION TEST (ASTM C131, C535)
FIRE RESISTANCE AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
• THE FIRE RESISTANCE AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
DEPEND ON THE MINERAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE AGGREGATES.
• LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES ARE MORE FIRE RESISTANCE THAN
NORMAL WEIGHT AGGREGATES DUE TO THEIR INSULATION
PROPERTIES.
• CONCRETE CONTAINING CALCAREOUS COARSE AGGREGATES
PERFORMS BETTER UNDER FIRE EXPOSURE THAN SILICEOUS
AGGREGATE (GRANITE OR QUARTZ).
29
VOIDS
• VOID CONTENT AFFECTS MORTAR REQUIREMENTS IN MIX DESIGN; WATER AND
MORTAR REQUIREMENT TEND TO INCREASE AS AGGREGATE VOID CONTENT
INCREASES.
• VOID CONTENTS RANGE FROM 30-45% FOR COARSE AGGREGATES TO ABOUT 40-50%
FOR FINE AGGREGATES.
• TOTAL VOLUME OF VOIDS CAN BE REDUCED BY USING A COLLECTION OF
AGGREGATE SIZES.
VOID CONTI….
UNIT WEIGHT
• THE WEIGHT OF THE AGGREGATE REQUIRED TO FILL A CONTAINER OF A
SPECIFIED UNIT VOLUME.
• VOLUME IS OCCUPIED BY BOTH THE AGGREGATES AND THE VOIDS
BETWEEN THE AGGREGATE PARTICLES.
• DEPENDS ON SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND SHAPE OF PARTICLES AND HOW
DENSELY THE AGGREGATE IS PACKED.
BULK DENSITY (ASTM C 29)
• Defined as the mass of the aggregate particles that would fill a unit volume. The term
bulk is used since the volume is occupied by both the aggregates and voids. The typical
bulk density used in making normal concrete ranges from 1200 to 1750 kg/m3.
• The void contents range between 30% to 45% for coarse aggregate and 40% to 50% for
fine aggregate. Void content increases with angularity and decreases with well graded
aggregate.
• Specific gravity (sp. Gr.), The mass of a material divided by the mass of an equal volume of distilled
water, is more commonly used.
33
ABSORPTION AND SURFACE
MOISTURE
• IF WATER CONTENT OF THE CONCRETE MIXTURE IS NOT KEPT CONSTANT, THE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, WORKABILITY, AND OTHER PROPERTIES WILL VARY
FROM BATCH TO BATCH.
• ABSORPTION CAPACITY: MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF WATER AGGREGATE CAN ABSORB.
• SURFACE MOISTURE: WATER ON SURFACE OF AGGREGATE PARTICLES.
• MOISTURE CONTENT: OF AN AGGREGATE IN ANY STATE.
• AGGREGATE ABSORPTION MUST BE EVALUATED TO DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE AMOUNT OF WATER TO
MIX INTO THE CONCRETE
MOISTURE CONDITIONS OF
AGGREGATES:
Oven dry- fully absorbent
Air dry- dry at the particle surface but
containing some interior moisture
Saturated surface dry (SSD) –neither absorbing
water nor contributing water to the concrete
mixture
Wet or moist- containing an excess of moisture
on the surface
SIEVE ANALYSIS
SIEVE ANALYSIS
• THIS IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE OPERATION OF DIVIDING A SAMPLE OF AGGREGATES INTO
VARIOUS FRACTIONS EACH CONSISTING OF THE PARTICLES OF THE SAME SIZE.
• SIEVE ANALYSIS IS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN A
SAMPLE OF AGGREGATE, WHICH WE CALL GRADATION
• GRADING IS THE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLES AMONG VARIOUS SIZES. GRADING IS USUALLY
EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE PASSING EACH SIEVE.
• DIFFERENT STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS SPECIFY GRADING LIMITS FOR BOTH FINE AND
COARSE AGGREGATES. THERE ARE SEVERAL REASONS FOR SPECIFYING GRADING LIMITS,
THEY AFFECT:
• CEMENT AND WATER REQUIREMENT
• WORKABILITY
• ECONOMY
• SHRINKAGE AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
40
• The test sieves used for concrete aggregate have square
openings. Sieves used to be described by the size of the
opening (in inches) for larger sizes, and by the number of
openings per linear inch for sieves smaller than 1/8 inch.
Thus a no. 100 test sieve has 100 x 100 openings in each
square inch. Nowadays, sieve sizes are designated by the
nominal aperture size in millimeters or micrometers.
• All sieves are mounted in frames one above the other in
order of size with the largest sieve at the top, and the
material retained on each sieve after shaking represents the
fraction of aggregate coarser than the sieve in question but
finer than the sieve above.
• It may be recalled that 4.75 mm (3/16”, no. 4 ASTM) is the
dividing line between the fine and coarse aggregate.
FINENESS MODULUS (ASTM C 125)
• The fineness modulus is a convenient index for estimating the degree of
coarseness. The higher the FM, the coarser the aggregate. FM of fine
aggregate is useful in estimating proportions of fine and coarse aggregate
in concrete mixtures.
• The fineness modulus (fm) for both fine and coarse aggregates is obtained
by adding the cumulative percentages by mass retained on each of a
specified series of sieves and dividing the sum by 100.
42