B31.3 Process Piping
制程管道
ASME B31.3 2020
Process Piping
工艺管道
FOREWORD前言
Responding to evident need and at the request of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the American
Standards Association initiated Project B31 in March 1926, with ASME as sole administrative sponsor. The breadth of the field
involved required that membership of the Sectional Committee be drawn from some 40 engineering societies, industries,
government bureaus, institutes, and trade associations. 为反映业界实际需求，美国标准协会应美国机械工程师协会之要求于
1926 年 3 月着手规划 B31 管道系列，且 ASME 是唯一的行政赞助单位；其中由于所涉及的领域广泛，B31 部门委员会
的构成成员资格大约由 40 位工程学会、工业界、政府部门、研究机构和贸易协会来分别提供。
Initial publication in 1935 was as the American Tentative Standard Code for Pressure Piping. Revisions from 1942 through
1955 were published as American Standard Code for Pressure Piping, ASA B31.1. It was then decided to publish as separate
documents the various industry Sections, beginning with ASA B31.8-1955, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems.
The first Petroleum Refinery Piping Code Section was designated ASA B31.3-1959. ASA B31.3 revisions were published in 1962
and 1966. 在1935 年首次所出版的是“美国压力管道准则”。在 1942 年至 1955 年期间历经多次修订版后再次被公布为
美国压力管道标准 (编号：ASA B31.1)。随后决议以不同工业部门独立发行，而 ASA B31.8-1955 “天然气输配管道系
统” 则是最先被独立出来所发布的其中一册。首次石油炼油厂管道规范册被称之为 ASA B31.3-1959，并于1962 年和
1966 年分别发布了 ASA B31.3 的修订版。
In 1967–1969, the American Standards Association became first the United States of America Standards Institute, then the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The Sectional Committee became American National Standards Committee B31
and the Code was renamed the American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping. The next B31.3 revision was designated
ANSI B31.3-1973. Addenda were published through 1975. 在 1967 至 1969 年，美国标准协会首先成为美利坚合众国标准协
会，最改名为现今大家所熟悉的美国国家标准协会，而本部门委员会则成为美国国家标准 B31委员会，且本规范亦更名为美国国
家标准中的压力管道规范。随后所出版之后 B31.3 版本被称之为 ANSI B31.3-1973，且增补亦于 1975 年出版。
A draft Code Section for Chemical Plant Piping, prepared by Section Committee B31.6, was ready for approval in 1974. It was
decided, rather than have two closely related Code Sections, to merge the Section Committees and develop a joint Code Section,
titled Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping. The first edition was published as ANSI B31.3-1976. In this Code,
responsibility for piping design was conceptually integrated with that for the overall processing facility, with safeguarding
recognized as an effective safety measure. Three categories of Fluid Service were identified, with a separate Chapter for Category
M Fluid Service. Coverage for nonmetallic piping was introduced. New concepts were better defined in five Addenda, the fourth
of which added Appendix M, a graphic aid to selection of the proper Fluid Service category. 由分委员会 B31.6 编制之化工厂管
道规范部分草案于 1974 年获得核准。会议决定，与其设立两个密切相关之规范委员会，不如合并两个分委员会，并设
立一个联合规范委员会，并制定一个部标题为化工厂和炼油厂管道规范册。 第一版作为 ANSI B31.3-1976 出版。 在本
规范册中，管道设计的责任在于将整体加工设施的有效保护安全措施概念上具体化，并区分为三种流体工况类别，另外
还有用于 M 流体工况类别的单独章节。本规范册亦介绍了非金属管道的适用范围。在五次的增补中新增了用于如何选
用合宜流体工况类别之图形辅助工具的附录 M，从而此新概念在五个附录中获得了更好的定义。
The Standards Committee was reorganized in 1978 as a Committee operating under ASME procedures with ANSI
accreditation. It is now the ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31 Committee. Section committee structure remains essentially
unchanged. 标准委员会于 1978 年为能按照 ASME 程序运行对各委员会进行了重新组织，并获得了 ANSI 认证。现为
ASME 压力管道规范 B31 委员会。各部门委会结构基本保持不变。
The second edition of Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping was compiled from the 1976 Edition and its five
Addenda, with nonmetal requirements editorially relocated to a separate Chapter. Its new designation was ANSI/ASME B31.31980. “化工厂和石油精炼管道”第二版是从 1976 年版及其五次的增补中所编制而成的，并将非金属要求部分单独地编辑
为一个独力章节，而其新的名称之为 ANSI / ASME B31.3-1980。
Section Committee B31.10 had a draft Code for Cryogenic Piping ready for approval in 1981. Again, it was decided to merge
the two Section Committees and develop a more inclusive Code with the same title. The work of consolidation was partially
completed in the ANSI/ASME B31.3-1984 Edition. 分委员会 B31.10 在 1981 年制定了一份低温管道规范草案以供批准。再
次决定合并这两个分委员会并制定一个更具包容性的同名规范。 合并工作在ANSI/ASME B31.3-1984版中已部分完成。
Significant changes were made in Addenda to the 1984 Edition: integration of cryogenic requirements was completed; a new
stand-alone Chapter on high-pressure piping was added; and coverage of fabrication, inspection, testing, and allowable stresses
was reorganized. The new Edition was designated as ASME/ANSI B31.3-1987 Edition. 在对 1984 年版完成增补时作了重大修
改：完成了对低温要求的整合；对高压管道新增了一个独立的章节；并对制作、检验、测试和许用压力的 涵盖范围进
行了重新组织。新版本再次被命名为 ASME / ANSI B31.3-1987 版。
Addenda to the subsequent five Editions, published at 3-year intervals, were primarily used to keep the Code up to date. New
Appendices were added, however, on requirements for bellows expansion joints, estimating service life, submittal of Inquiries,
aluminum flanges, and quality control in the 1990, 1993, 1999, and 2002 Editions, all designated as ASME B31.3. In a program
to clarify the application of all Sections of the Code for Pressure Piping, changes were made in the Introduction and Scope
statements of the 1996 Edition, and its title was changed to Process Piping. 随后的五个版本的附录每 3 年发布一次，主要用
于使准则保持最新。 但在 1990、1993、1999 和 2002 版中添加了对波纹管膨胀节之要求、估算使用寿命、提交咨询、
铝法兰和质量控制的新附录，均被命名为 ASME B31.3。 在澄清压力管道规范所有章节的应用程序中，对 1996 版的引
言和适用范围声明进行了修正并标题更改为制程管道。
Under direction of ASME Codes and Standards management, SI (metric) units of measurement were emphasized. with certain
exceptions, SI units were listed first in the 1996 Edition and were designated as the standard. Instructions for conversion were
given where SI units data were not available. U.S. Customary units also were given. By agreement, either system may have been
used. 在 ASME 规范和标准管理部门的指导下，强调了公制度量单位。除了某些例外情况外，SI 公制单位在 1996 年版
本中首次被列出并被指定为标准度量单位。在公制数据不可用的地方给出了转换指南。同时也给出了美国的习惯单位。
任一个系统均可通过协议来被运用。
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Beginning with the 2004 Edition, the publication cycle of ASME B31.3 was changed to biennial. Other changes made in the
2004 Edition included the introduction of the weld joint strength reduction factor, W, and the additions of Appendix P, Alternative
Rules for Evaluating Stress Range, and Appendix S, Piping System Stress Analysis Examples. 从 2004 年开始， ASME B31.3
的出版周期改为每两年一次。 在 2004 年版的修改中包括了导入焊缝强度折减系数 W、增加了新附录P "应力范围评估的
替代规则" 以及附录 S的管道系统应力分析实例。
Changes that were made to the 2006 and 2008 Editions of ASME B31.3 included the requirement that valves have blowoutproof stems and the addition of a definition for elevated temperature fluid service, respectively. The most significant change that
was made to the 2010 Edition of ASME B31.3 was the addition of Chapter X, High Purity Piping. In the 2012 Edition, Tables A1M and A-2M were added to Appendix A that give allowable design values in SI units, and Appendix N, Application of ASME
B31.3 Internationally, was also added. 对 2006 年版和 2008 年版之ASME B31.3 所做的修改分别包括要求阀门具有防爆阀
杆以及对高温流体工况的定义。 2010 年版之ASME B31.3的最显著变化是增加了第 X 章“高纯度管道”。 在 2012 年版
中，附录 A中增加了给出许用设计值之 SI 单位的表 A-1M 和 A-2M，还增加了附录 N附录 N《ASME B31.3 在国际上之
应用须知》。
For the 2016 Edition, the allowable design values in SI units as shown in Tables A-1M and A-2M were changed from for
information only to values that may be used to meet the requirements of the Code. 在2016 年版时，表 A-1M 和 A-2M 中所示
SI 单位允许设计值已从仅供参考更改为可用于满足规范要求的许用设计值。
In this Edition, SI units are given first, with U.S. Customary units in parentheses. Table K-1 in Appendix K is an exception,
containing only U.S. Customary units. The allowable design values in Tables A-1 and A-2 are given in U.S. Customary units, and
the SI values are given in Tables A-1M and A-2M. Either the U.S. Customary units or the SI units for these allowable design
values may be used. Except for Tables A-1, A-1M, A-2, A-2M, C-1, C-1M, C-6, C-6M, and K-1, values in SI units are to be
regarded as the standard, unless otherwise agreed between the contracting parties. Instructions are given in Table K-1 for
converting tabular data in U.S. Customary units to appropriate SI units. 在此版本中，首先给出 SI 单位，随后在括号中的是美
国惯用单位。 附录 K 中的表 K-1 是一个例外，它仅包含美国惯用单位。 表 A-1 和 A-2 中的许用设计值以美国常用单位
给出，SI 值在表 A-1M 和 A-2M 中给出。 这些许用设计值可以采用美国惯用单位或 SI 单位。除非缔约方另有约定，否
则表 A-1、A-1M、A-2、A-2M、C-1、C-1M、C-6、C-6M 和 K-1中之SI 单位值应被视为标准值。 表 K-1 中给出了将美
国常用单位元之表格数据转换为相应 SI 单位的说明。
Interpretations, Code Cases, and errata to the B31.3 Code on Process Piping are published on the following ASME web page:
https://cstools.asme.org/csconnect/CommitteePages.cfm?Committee=N10020400. B31.3制程管道规范的解释、规范案例和勘
误表发布在以下 ASME 网页上：https://cstools.asme.org/csconnect/CommitteePages.cfm?Committee=N10020400。
ASME B31.3-2020 was approved by the American National Standards Institute on September 29, 2020. ASME B31.3-2020于
2020年9月29日获得美国国家标准协会的核准。
INTRODUCTION序言
The ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping consists of a number of individually published Sections, each an American National
Standard, under the direction of ASME Committee B31, Code for Pressure Piping. ASME B31 压力管道规范由诸多单独发布
之各册所组成，每个章节都是美国国家标准，而它们都是在 ASME B31 压力管道规范委员会的指导下进行编制的。
Rules for each Section reflect the kinds of piping installations considered during its development, as follows: 每一册之规则反
映了其制定过程中所探讨的如下管道设置种类：
B31.1
Power Piping: piping typically found in electric power generating stations, in industrial and
institutional plants, geothermal heating systems, and central and district heating and cooling
systems 动力管道：通常出现在发电站、工业和机构厂房、地热供暖系统以及中央和区域供
暖和制冷系统中的管道
B31.3
Process Piping: piping typically found in petroleum refineries; onshore and offshore petroleum and
natural gas production facilities; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, ore processing,
semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; food and beverage processing facilities; and related
processing plants and terminals 制程管道：常见于炼油厂中的管道； 陆上和海上石油和天然
气生产设施； 化工、制药、纺织、造纸、矿石加工、半导体和低温设备； 食品和饮料加工
设施； 及相关处理装置及处理站
B31.4
Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquids and Slurries: piping transporting products that are
predominately liquid between plants and terminals and within terminals, pumping, regulating, and
metering stations 液体和泥浆运输管道系统：在工厂和码头之间以及码头、泵站、调节站和
计量站内主要用于输送液体产品的管道
B31.5
Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components: piping for refrigerants and secondary coolants制
冷管路和传热部件：作为制冷剂和二次冷却剂输送之管路
B31.8
Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems: piping transporting products that are
predominately gas between sources and terminals, including compressor, regulating, and
metering stations; gas gathering pipelines 输气和配气管道系统：主要用于来源和终端间之气
体产品输送的管道 (包括压缩机、调节和计量站) 以及集输管道
B31.9
Building Services Piping: piping typically found in industrial, institutional, commercial, and public
buildings, and in multi-unit residences, which does not require the range of sizes, pressures, and
temperatures covered in B31.1房屋建筑接户管道：通常在工业、机构、商业和公共建筑以及
多单元住宅中所出现之管道，其中不需遵循 B31.1 中所涵盖之尺寸、压力和温度值域
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B31.12
Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines: piping in gaseous and liquid hydrogen service and pipelines in
gaseous hydrogen service. This is the B31.3 Process Piping Code Section. Hereafter, in this
Introduction and in the text of this Code Section B31.3, where the word Code is used without
specific identification, it means this Code Section.氢气管道和管线：用于气态和液态氢之管道
以及气态氢之管线。这是 B31.3 制程管道规范册。 此后，在本简介和 B31.3规范册之正文
中，凡在没有具体标识的情况下使用“规范”一词，均指本规范册。
It is the owner’s responsibility to select the Code Section that most nearly applies to a proposed piping
installation. Factors to be considered by the owner include limitations of the Code Section; jurisdictional requirements;
and the applicability of other codes and standards. All applicable requirements of the selected Code Section shall be
met. For some installations, more than one Code Section may apply to different parts of the installation. The owner is
also responsible for imposing requirements supplementary to those of the Code if necessary to assure safe piping for the
proposed installation. Certain piping within a facility may be subject to other codes and standards, including but not
limited to 业主有责任选用最适用于拟议管道建造的规范册。 所有者所要考虑之因素包括个规范册的局限性、
管辖要求以及其他规范和标准的适用性。 应满足所选规范册的所有适用要求。 对于某些设置，多部规范册可
能适用于设置的不同部分。 必要时，业主还要负责对规范之要求提出补充要求，以确保拟议设置的管道安
全。设施内的某些管道可能需要遵守其他规范和标准，包括但不限于
— ANSI Z223.1 National Fuel Gas Code: piping for fuel gas from the point of delivery to the
connection of each fuel utilization device ANSI Z223.1 国家燃气规范：从输送点到每一燃料利用装
置所连接的燃气管道
— NFPA Fire Protection Standards: fire protection systems using water, carbon dioxide, halon, foam,
dry chemicals, and wet chemicals NFPA 消防标准：使用水、二氧化碳、海龙、泡沫、干化学品和
湿化学品的消防系统
— NFPA 99 Health Care Facilities: medical and laboratory gas systems NFPA 99 医疗保健设施：用
于医疗和实验室之气体系统
— building and plumbing codes, as applicable, for potable hot and cold water, and for sewer and drain
systems 适用于饮用之热水和冷水以及下水道和排水系统的建筑和管道规范
The Code specifies engineering requirements deemed necessary for safe design and construction of pressure
piping. While safety is the primary consideration, this factor alone will not necessarily govern the final specifications
for any piping installation. The Code is not a design handbook. Many decisions that must be made to produce a sound
piping installation are not specified in detail within this Code. The Code does not serve as a substitute for sound
engineering judgments by the owner and the designer. 本规范对压力管道之安全设计和施工所需的工程要求给出了
相关规定。虽然安全是首要考虑因素，但此个因素本身并不一定会影响管道建造的最终技术要求。由于本规范
并非是设计手册，因此，在本规范中对如何制作质量佳管道之许多建造决策并未给出详细说明，且本规范不能
取代业主和设计人员的合理工程判断。
To the greatest possible extent, Code requirements for design are stated in terms of basic design principles and
formulas. These are supplemented as necessary with specific requirements to ensure uniform application of principles
and to guide selection and application of piping elements. The Code prohibits designs and practices known to be unsafe
and contains warnings where caution, but not prohibition, is warranted. 在最大可能的范围内，规范对设计的要求是
根据基本设计原则和公式来表述的。 这些根据需要补充具体要求，以确保原则的统一应用并作为管道構成元
件的选用和应用指南。本规范禁止使用已知不安全以及虽不禁止但有提出警语之情况下的设计和做法。
This Code Section includes the following: 本规范册包含如下内容：
(a) references to acceptable material specifications and component standards, including dimensional
requirements and pressure–temperature ratings提及可接受之材料规范和构成元件标准，其中尺寸要求和压力-温
度额定值
(b) requirements for design of components and assemblies, including piping supports构成元件和装配件的
设计要求 (包括管道支承件)
(c) requirements and data for evaluation and limitation of stresses, reactions, and movements associated
with pressure, temperature changes, and other forces对与压力、温度变化和其他影响力相关之压力、作用力和位
移进行评估和限定时所需之必要条件和数据
(d) guidance and limitations on the selection and application of materials, components, and joining methods
材料、构成元件和连接方法之选用和应用的指南和局限性
(e) requirements for the fabrication, assembly, and erection of piping管道的制造加工要求、装配要求和
安装要求
(f) requirements for examination, inspection, and testing of piping管道的检查、检验和测试要求
Either International System (SI, also known as metric) or U.S. Customary units may be used with this edition.
Local customary units may also be used to demonstrate compliance with this Code. One system of units should be used
consistently for requirements applying to a specific installation. The equations in this Code may be used with any
consistent system of units. It is the responsibility of the organization performing calculations to ensure that a consistent
system of units is used. 此版此可采用国际单位制 (SI，也称为公制)或美国惯用单位。 当地惯用单位也可用于证
明遵守本准则。 为适用于特定设置之要求，应始终使用一个单位系统。 本规范中之方程式可与任何兼容单位
系统一起使用。 执行计算之组织有责任确保使用一致的单位系统。
ASME Committee B31 is organized and operates under procedures of The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers that have been accredited by the American National Standards Institute. The Committee is a continuing one,
and keeps all Code Sections current with new developments in materials, construction, and industrial practice. New
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editions are published at intervals of 2 years. ASME B31委员会是按美国国家标准协会对其所认可之规程进行组织
和运作。此委员会是一个常设委员会，以使所有规范册与材料、建造和工业实践方面的新发展保持同步。新版
本每两年出版一次。
Code users will note that paragraphs in the Code are not necessarily numbered consecutively. Such
discontinuities result from following a common outline, insofar as practical, for all Code Sections. In this way,
corresponding material is correspondingly numbered in most Code Sections, thus facilitating reference by those who
have occasion to use more than one Section. 规范用户会注意到本规范中之段落不一定是连续编号的。 此类不连
续性是由于所有规范册在可行的范围内都遵循一个共同的大纲， 通过这种方式，所相应之材料在大多数规范
册中都有相应的编号，从而方便那些有机会使用多个规范册之人员人的参照引用。
This edition of Code Section B31.3 is not retroactive. Normally, agreement is made between contracting parties
to use a specific edition, considering requirements of the authority having jurisdiction. When specified as the latest
edition and when no edition is specified, the specific edition is the one issued at least 6 months prior to the original
contract date for the first design activity. 此版次的规范 B31.3册不具有追溯力。 通常，考虑到具有管辖权之机构
的要求，缔约方之间会达成采用具体版次的协议。 当指定为最新版本和未指定版次时，具体版本是在涉及第
一阶段设计活动之原始合同日期前至少 6 个月所发布的版次。
Users of this Code are cautioned against making use of Code revisions without assurance that they are
acceptable to the proper authorities in the jurisdiction where the piping is to be installed. 告诫本规范用户不要在无法
保证可被管道设置所在辖区之有关当局的接受情况下引用规范修订版。
The B31 Committee has established an orderly procedure to consider requests for interpretation and revision of
Code requirements. To receive consideration, such request must be in writing and must give full particulars in
accordance with Appendix Z. B31 委员会已建立了一个有序程序来审议对规范条款之解释和修订的请求。此类请
求必须照附录 Z以书面形式提供完整详细信息才能被接受。
The approved reply to an inquiry will be sent directly to the inquirer. In addition, the question and reply will be
published as part of an Interpretation supplement. 已核准之询问答复将直接发送给询问者。问题和答复将作为条
款解释补充的一部分，并附于相应规范册中发行。
A Case is the prescribed form of reply when study indicates that the Code wording needs clarification, or when
the reply modifies existing requirements of the Code or grants permission to use new materials or alternative
constructions. The Case will be published as part of a Case supplement. 当研究表明规范措辞需要澄清时，或者当回
复修改规范之现有条款或授予使用新材料或替代结构的许可时，案例是所规定的答复形式。 该案例将作为案
例增补的一部分发布。
Code Cases remain available for use until annulled by the ASME B31 Standards Committee. 在被 ASME B31
标准委员会废止之前，规范案例仍然可用。
A request for revision of the Code will be placed on the Committee’s agenda. Further information or active
participation on the part of the proponent may be requested during consideration of a proposed revision. 规范的修订请
求将列入委员会的议程。 在审议所提修订期间，可能会要求提议者提供更多信息或积极参与。
Materials ordinarily are listed in the stress tables only when sufficient usage in piping within the scope of the
Code has been shown. Requests for listing shall include evidence of satisfactory usage and specific data to permit
establishment of allowable stresses, maximum and minimum temperature limits, and other restrictions. Additional
criteria can be found in the guidelines for addition of new materials in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
Section II. (To develop usage and gain experience, unlisted materials may be used in accordance with paragraph
323.1.2.)
材料通常仅在本规范之适用范围内的管道中充分应用时才列在应力表中。 为可建立许用应力、最高和最低温
度極限以及其他限制条件，请求列入许用应力表时应包括良好的应用证据和具体数据。对于新材料之拟议附加
准则的申请指南可参阅 ASME 锅炉和压力容器规范第 II册 (为促进使用度和获得经验，可按第 323.1.2条款采
用非表列材料)。
IV
Chapter I Scope and Definitions 第 I章 适用范围和定义
300 GENERAL STATEMENTS总体概述
(a) Identification. This Process Piping Code is a Section of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Code for
Pressure Piping, ASME B31, an American National Standard. It is published as a separate document for convenience of Code
users. 本规范所扮演之角色。 本制程管道规范是美国机械工程师协会压力管道规范 ASME B31中的一册，这是一项美国
国家标准。 为方便规范用户，它以单独的文档出版。
(b) Responsibilities 职责
(1) Owner. The owner of a piping installation shall have overall responsibility for compliance with this Code, and for
establishing the requirements for design, construction, examination, inspection, and testing that will govern the entire fluid
handling or process installation of which the piping is a part. The owner is also responsible for designating piping in Category D,
Category M, High Pressure, and High Purity Fluid Services, and for determining if a specific Quality System is to be employed.
[See (d)(4) through (d)(7) and Appendix Q.] Where applicable, the owner shall consider requirements imposed by the authority
having jurisdiction regarding the piping installation. The owner may designate a representative to carry out selected
responsibilities required by this Code, but the owner retains ultimate responsibility for the actions of the representative. 业主之职
责。 设置管道之所有者应全面负责遵守本规范，并制定设计、建造、检查、检验和测试的要求，以管控管道之一部分
的整个流体处理或制程设备。 所有者还负责指定 D 类、M 类、高压和高纯度流体工况中的管道，并确定是否要采用具
体质量体系 [参见 (d)(4) 至 (d)(7) 和附录 Q] 。在所适用之情况下，所有者应研究具有管辖权之当局对管道设置所提出的
要求。 业主可指派一名代表，以履行本规范所要求之选定职责，但业主对该代表的行为保有最终责任。
(2) Designer. The designer is responsible to the owner for assurance that the engineering design of piping complies
with the requirements of this Code and with any additional requirements established by the owner. 设计师之职责。 设计者有责
任向业主保证管道的工程设计符合本规范的要求以及业主所制定的任何附加要求。
(3) Manufacturer, Fabricator, and Erector. The manufacturer, fabricator, and erector of piping are responsible for
providing materials, components, and workmanship in compliance with the requirements of this Code and of the engineering
design. 制造商、制作商和安装厂商之职责。 管道之制造商、制作商和安装厂商负责提供符合本规范和工程设计要求的
材料、构成元件和工艺技术。
(4) Owner’s Inspector. The owner’s Inspector (see paragraph 340) is responsible to the owner for ensuring that the
requirements of this Code for inspection, examination, and testing are met. If a Quality System is specified by the owner to be
employed, the owner’s Inspector is responsible for verifying that it is implemented. 业主检验员之职责。业主检验员 (见 340 条
款)要对业主负责，并确保满足本规范的检查、检验和测试要求。 如果业主指定采用质量体系，则业主检验员负责核实
其是否被贯彻。
(c) Intent of the Code 本规范之意图
(1) It is the intent of this Code to set forth engineering requirements deemed necessary for safe design and construction
of piping installations. 本规旨在在规定设置管道时的安全设计和建造所必需的工程要求。
(2) This Code is not intended to apply to the operation, examination, inspection, testing, maintenance, or repair of piping
that has been placed in service. See paragraph F300.1 for examples of standards that may apply in these situations. The provisions
of this Code may optionally be applied for those purposes, although other considerations may also be necessary. 本规范不适用于
已投入使用之管道的操作、检查、检验、测试、维护或修理。 见 F300.1条款中可能适用于这些情况的标准示例。 本规
范中之规定可以选择性地用于这些目的，但也可能还需要探讨其他因素。
(3) The Code generally specifies a simplified approach for many of its requirements. A designer may choose to use a
more rigorous analysis to develop design and construction requirements. When the designer decides to take this approach, the
designer shall provide to the owner details and calculations demonstrating that design, construction, examination, and testing are
consistent with the design criteria of this Code. These details shall be adequate for the owner to verify the validity and shall be
approved by the owner. The details shall be documented in the engineering design. 本规范通常为其许多要求规定了一种简化
方法。 设计师可选用更严谨的分析来制定设计和建造要求。 当设计师决定采用这种方法时，设计师应向业主提供详细
信息和计算结果，以证实设计、建造、检查和测试都符合本规范的设计准则。 这些详细信息应足以让所有者核实其有
效性，并应得到所有者的核准。 这些详细数据应记录在工程设计中。
(4) Piping elements shall conform to the specifications and standards listed in this Code or, if not prohibited by this
Code, shall be qualified for use as set forth in applicable Chapters of this Code. 管道構成元件应符合本规范中所列出之规范和
标准，或者，如果本规范未禁用，则应符合本规范适用章节中所规定的使用限定条件。
(5) The engineering design shall specify any unusual requirements for a particular service. Where service requirements
necessitate measures beyond those required by this Code, such measures shall be specified by the engineering design. Where so
specified, the Code requires that they be accomplished. 工程设计应规定特定况的任何异常要求。 当工况要求需要采取超出
本规范所要求之措施时，则应藉由工程设计来对这些措施给出规定。 在有如此规定的地方，本规范要求完成这些规
定。
(6) Compatibility of materials with the service and hazards from instability of contained fluids are not within the scope
of this Code. See paragraph F323. 材料与工况的兼容性和管内液体流体不稳定的危险因素不在本规范的适用范围内， 见第
F323。
(d) Determining Code Requirements 确定规范要求
(1) Code requirements for design and construction include fluid service requirements, which affect selection and
application of materials, components, and joints. Fluid service requirements include prohibitions, limitations, and conditions, such
as temperature limits or a requirement for safeguarding (see Appendix G). Code requirements for a piping system are the most
restrictive of those that apply to any of its elements. 设计和建造说明书中应包括会影响材料、构成元件和接头之择用和应用
的流体工况要求。 流体工况要求包括禁令、局限性和条件，例如應用溫度范圍或保护要求 (参见附录 G)。 管道系统之
5
规范要求则是适用于其任何管道构成元件之相应规范要求中最具限制性的规定。
(2) For metallic piping not designated by the owner as Category M, High Pressure, or High Purity Fluid Service (see
paragraph 300.2 and Appendix M), Code requirements are found in Chapters I through VI (the base Code) and fluid service
requirements are found in所有者未指定为 M 类、高压或高纯度流体工况之金属管道 (参见第 300.2条款和附录 M)的规范
要求请参见第 I 章至第 VI 章 (基准代码章)而对流体工况之要求见如下：
(-a) Chapter III for materials 材料请参阅第 III 章
(-b) Chapter II, Part 3, for components 构成元件请参阅第 II 章第 3 篇
(-c) Chapter II, Part 4, for joints 接头请参阅第 II 章第 4 篇
(3) For nonmetallic piping and piping lined with nonmetals, all requirements are found in Chapter VII. Paragraph
designations begin with “A.” 非金属管道和非金属衬里管道之所有要求请参见段落代号以“A”开头的第VII章 。
(4) For piping in a fluid service designated as Category M, all requirements are found in Chapter VIII. Paragraph
designations begin with “M.” 对被指定为 M 类流体工况之管道的所有要求请参见段落代号以“M”开头的第VIII章VIII。
(5) For piping in a fluid service designated as Category D, piping elements restricted to Category D Fluid Service in
Chapters I through VII, as well as elements suitable for other fluid services, may be used.被指定为 D 类流体工况之管道除可采
用第 I 至 VII 章中限于 D 类流体工况的管道构成元件外，还可采用适用于其他流体工况之组件。
(6) For piping designated as High Pressure Fluid Service, all requirements are found in Chapter IX. These rules apply
only when specified by the owner. Paragraph designations begin with “K.” 被指定为高压流体工况之管道的所有要求请参见段
落代号以“K”开头的第 IX 章。 这些规则仅在所有者指定时才适用。
(7) For piping designated as High Purity Fluid Service, all requirements are found in Chapter X. Paragraph
designations begin with “U.” 被指定为高纯度流体工况之管道的所有要求请参见段落代号以“U”开头的第 X 章。
(8) Requirements for Normal Fluid Service in Chapters I through VI are applicable under severe cyclic conditions
unless alternative requirements for severe cyclic conditions are stated. 除非对剧烈循循环条件提出了替代要求，否则第 I 章到
第 VI 章中对一般流体之要求适用于剧烈循循环条件。
(9) Requirements for Normal Fluid Service in Chapters I through VI are applicable for Elevated Temperature Fluid
Service unless alternative requirements for Elevated Temperature Fluid Service are invoked. 第 I 章至第 VI 章中对一般流体工
况之要求适用于高温流体工况，除非引用了高温流体工况的替代要求。
(e) Appendices. Appendices of this Code contain Code requirements, supplementary guidance, or other information. See
paragraph 300.4 for a description of the status of each Appendix. 附录。 本规范附录中包含了规范要求、补充指南或其他信
息。 为了解每一附录之目的请参见见 300.4条款的叙述。
(f) Code Cases. ASME issues Code Cases that are applicable to this Code. The Code Cases规范案例。 ASME 发布适用
于本规范的规范案例。这些规范案例的的目的和局限性如下所述：
(1) modify the requirements of this Code对本规范中之条款的修改
(2) are applicable from the issue date until the Cases are annulled自发布之日起即适用，直至废止
(3) may be used only when approved by the owner. When so approved, the Code Cases shall be specified in the
engineering design and become requirements of this Code. 经业主同意方可使用。 批准后，规范案例应在工程设计中指定并
成为本规范的要求。
300.1 Scope 适用范围
Rules for the Process Piping Code Section B31.3 1 have been developed considering piping typically found in
petroleum refineries; onshore and offshore petroleum and natural gas production facilities; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile,
paper, ore processing, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; food and beverage processing facilities; and related processing
plants and terminals. 制程管道规范册中之各条款系针对炼油厂、 陆上和海上石油和天然气生产设施、化工、制药、
纺织、造纸、矿石加工、半导体和低温设备、 食品和饮料制程设备以及相关之加工厂和处理站中之常见管道而制
定。
1 B31 references here and elsewhere in this Code are to the ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping and its various Sections, which are identified
and briefly described in the Introduction. 在本规范之本文和其他地方中所引用之 B31 是指 ASME B31 压力管道规范及在序言中予以确定和简
要描述之其它各册。
300.1.1 Content and Coverage内容和所涵盖之范围
(a) This Code prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection,
examination, inspection, and testing of piping. 本规范规定了管道的材料和构成元、设计、制造加工、装配、安装、检查、
检验和测试的要求。
(b) This Code applies to piping for all fluids, including本规范适用于包括如下所述的所有流体管道：
(1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals 用于输送化学制品之原料、半产品和成品之管道
(2) petroleum products 用于输送石油产品之管道
(3) gas, steam, air, and water 用于输送气体、蒸汽、空气和水之管道
(4) fluidized solids 用于输送流体化固体之管道
(5) refrigerants 用于输致冷剂之管道
(6) cryogenic fluids 用于输送低温流体之管道
(c) See Figure 300.1.1 for a diagram illustrating the application of B31.3 piping at equipment. The joint
connecting piping to equipment is within the scope of B31.3. 为了解 B31.3 管道在设备上的应用，请参见图 300.1.1 之图例说
明。 将管道连接制设备之接头在 B31.3 的适用范围内。
300.1.2 Packaged Equipment Piping. Also included within the scope of this Code is piping that interconnects pieces
or stages within a packaged equipment assembly. 套装设备管道。 本规范之适用范围还包括了在套装设装配中之各互连配件或
各组成段间之管道。
300.1.3 Exclusions. This Code excludes the following: 例外情況。 本规范不包括以下条件：
(a) piping systems designed for internal gage pressures at or above zero but less than 105 kPa (15 psi), provided
6
the fluid handled is nonflammable, nontoxic, and not damaging to human tissues as defined in 300.2, and its design temperature is
from −29°C (−20°F) through 186°C (366°F) 设计用于内部表压 ≥ 零但小于 105 kPa (15 psi) 的管道系统，前提是所处理之流体
是不可燃、无毒且不会损及 300.2 中所定义的人体组织，并且其设计温度在 −29°C (−20°F) 至 186°C (366°F)之间
Figure 300.1.1 Diagram Illustrating Application of B31.3 Piping at Equipment
B31.3 管道在设备处的应用示意图
符合 BPV 規範第 I 冊之動力鍋爐
Power boilers in accordance with BPV
Code Section I
Boiler external piping which is
required to conform to B31.1
符合 B31.1 要求之鍋爐外部管道
Packaged equipment piping套裝設
備之管道
Pressure vessels, heat exchangers,
pumps, compressors and other fluid
handling or processing equipment,
including internal piping and
connections for external piping压力
容器、热交换器、泵、压缩机和
其他流体之装卸设备或加工设备
，包括上述设备之内部管道及与
外部管道之间的连接接头
Tubes, tube headers, crossovers and
manifolds of fired heaters, internal
to the heater enclosure連接到加熱
器外殼內之管子、集管箱、橫通
管和火管式加熱爐歧管
Legend
Piping within the scope of B31.3 在B31.3 適用範圍內之管道
Piping outside the scope非本規範適用範圍內之管道
GENERAL NOTE: The means by which piping is attached to equipment is within the scope of the applicable piping code. 通用批注：管道
连接到设备的方式在相应管道规范的适用范围内。
(b) power boilers in accordance with ASME BPVC,2 Section I and boiler external piping that is required to
conform to ASME B31.1 符合 ASME BPVC第 I册《动力锅炉》并需要符合 ASME B31.1 的锅炉外部管道
(c) tubes, tube headers, crossovers, and manifolds of fired heaters that are internal to the heater enclosure 连接到
加热器外壳内之管子、集管箱、横通管和火管式加热炉歧管
(d) pressure vessels, heat exchangers, pumps, compressors, and other fluid handling or processing equipment,
including internal piping and connections for external piping 压力容器、热交换器、泵、压缩机和其他流之装卸设备或加工设备，
包括上述设备之内/外部管道的连接
2 ASME BPVC references here and elsewhere in this Code are to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and its various Sections as
follows: 在本规范之本文中和其他地方所引用之 BPV 规范系指 ASME BPVC中以下所示各册：
Section I, Rules for Construction of Power Boilers 第 I 册《动力锅炉建造规则》
Section II, Materials, Parts C and D第 II 册《材料》的第C卷和 D卷
Section III, Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components, Division 1, Subsection NH第 III 册《核设施部件建造规则》第
1 卷中的NH 子卷
Section V, Nondestructive Examination第V 册《无损检测》
Section VIII, Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels, Divisions 1, 2, and 3 第 VIII 册《压力容器建造规则》的第 1、2 和 3 卷
Section IX, Welding, Brazing, and Fusing Qualifications第 IX 册中焊接、焊焊和电阻顶镦融接的有关评定
300.1.4 Units of Measure. This Code states values in both SI and U.S. Customary units. Within the text, the U.S.
Customary units are shown in parentheses or in separate tables. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents;
therefore, each system of units should be used independently of the other. 计量单位。 本规范以 SI 和美国惯用单位来表示数
值。 在文本中，美国惯用单位显示在括号中或单独的表格栏中。 由于每个系统中的规定值并不完全相同， 因此，每个
单位制都应独立使用。
When separate equations are provided for SI and U.S. Customary units, those equations shall be executed using
variables in the units associated with the specific equation. The results obtained from execution of these equations may
be converted to other units. 当文中同时为某参数提供了 SI 和美国惯用单位单独的方程时，这些方程式应采用与
具体方程式相关联之单位中的变量来进行计算。 从这些方程式之计算中所得结果可以转换为其他单位。
When necessary to convert from one system of units to another, conversion should be made by rounding the values
to the number of significant digits of implied precision in the starting value but not less than four significant digits for
7
use in calculations. 当需要从一种单位制转换为另一种单位制时，应通过将值舍入法为起始值中所隐含之精度的
有效位数进行转换，但不少于四位有效数字以供计算使用。
300.1.5 Rounding. The rules described in this paragraph apply unless otherwise specified in the Code or the
engineering design. For purposes of determining conformance with specified limits in this Code, an observed value or a calculated
value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand significant digit used in expressing the requirement, in
accordance with the rounding method of ASTM E29, Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with
Specifications. ASTM E29 requires that when rounding a number to one having a specified number of significant digits, choose
that which is nearest. If two choices are possible, as when the digits dropped are exactly a 5 or a 5 followed only by zeros, choose
that ending in an even digit. See Appendix F, paragraph F300.1.5. 舍入。 除非规范或工程设计中另有规定，按本段所述规则
进行数据之四舍五入。 为确定是否符合本规范中所规定的限值，观察值或计算值应按ASTM E29的舍入方法舍入到用于
表达所要求之右手方最后有效数字位中“最接近的单位” ，使用测试数据中之有效数字来确定是否符合规范。 ASTM E29
要求在将数字舍入到具有指定有效数字位数的数字时，要选择最接近的数字。 如果可能有两种选择，例如当所要舍入
之数字恰好是 5 或 5 后跟零时，请选择以偶数结尾的数字。 见附录 F第 F300.1.5条款。
300.1 Definitions定义
Some of the terms relating to piping are defined below. For welding, brazing, and soldering terms not shown here,
definitions in accordance with AWS Standard A3.0 3 apply. 有关管道的一些术语定义如下。于此处未给出并易之焊接，硬
焊焊和软焊焊等术语，请参阅 AWS A3.03 之术语定义。
3
AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal
Cutting and Thermal Spraying AWS A3.0M/A3.0《标准焊接术语和定义》，包括黏接、硬焊焊、软焊焊、热切割和热喷涂
的术语
air-hardened steel: a steel that hardens during cooling in air from a temperature above its transformation range. 气淬钢： 升
温至高于其相变温度后，令其在空气中进行冷却时仍会产生硬化现象的一种钢材。
anneal heat treatment: see heat treatment.退火热处理：请参见热处理。
arc cutting: a group of cutting processes wherein the severing or removing of metals is effected by melting with the heat of an
arc between an electrode and the base metal. (Includes carbon-arc cutting, metal-arc cutting, gas metal-arc cutting, gas
tungsten-arc cutting, plasma-arc cutting, and air carbon-arc cutting.) See also oxygen-arc cutting. 电弧切割：藉由电极与
母材间之电弧热以熔化母材进而切断或去除金属之切割方法的一组切割工艺，其中包括了碳弧切割、金属电弧切
割、气体保护金属电弧切割、气体钨极电弧切割、等离子弧切割和空气碳弧切割)。另见氧弧切割。
arc welding (AW): a group of welding processes that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc or arcs, with
or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal. 在一或多个电弧加热金属期间，通过
施加或不施加压力，添加或不添加焊填金属的情况下以使金属产生接合的一组焊接方法。
assembly: the joining together of two or more piping components by bolting, welding, bonding, screwing, brazing, soldering,
cementing, or use of packing devices as specified by the engineering design. 装配：按照工程设计之规定，通过螺栓连
接、焊接、键结、螺钉连接、硬焊焊、软焊焊、胶接或使用包装装置将两个或多个管构成元组件连接在一起。
autogenous weld: a weld made by fusion of the base metal without the addition of filler metal [see also gas tungsten arc
welding (GTAW)]. 无填料焊接：在不添加焊填金属之情况下，通过母材熔合而形成的焊缝 [另见气体遮护钨弧焊
(GTAW)]。
automatic welding: welding with equipment that performs the welding operation without adjustment of the controls by an
operator. The equipment may or may not perform the loading and unloading of the work. 自动焊：在焊接其间无须操作人
员对焊接设备进行调整的一种焊接工艺。设备能或可无法执行工件的装卸作业。
backing filler metal: see consumable insert. 衬垫式焊填金属：见消耗性嵌条。
backing ring: material in the form of a ring used to support molten weld metal. 垫环：用于衬托熔融焊缝金属的环形材
料。
balanced piping system: see paragraph 319.2.2(a). 平衡管道系统：见第 319.2.2(a)条款。
base material: the material to be brazed, soldered, welded, or otherwise fused. 母材：以硬焊焊、软焊焊、焊接或以其他方
式被熔合在一起的材料。
basic allowable stress: see stress terms frequently used. 基本许用压力：参见经常采用的应力术语
bolt design stress: see stress terms frequently used. 螺栓设计应力：参见经常采用的应力术语。
bonded joint: a permanent joint in nonmetallic piping made by one of the following methods: 键结接头：非金属管道中采用
下列方法之一所制成的永久接头：
(a) adhesive joint: a joint made by applying an adhesive to the surfaces to be joined and pressing them together
粘接接头：通过将胶合剂涂在待连接之表面上并将它们压在一起而形成的接头
(b) butt-and-wrapped joint: a joint made by butting together the joining surfaces and wrapping the joint with
plies of reinforcing fabric saturated with resin对接-缠绕接头：通过将接合面对接在一起并用浸透树之增
强纤维包裹接头而制成的一种接头
(c) heat fusion joint: a joint made by heating the surfaces to be joined and pressing them together to achieve
fusion热熔接头：对接头表面加热并加压达到熔合形成接头。
(d) hot gas welded joint: a joint made by simultaneously heating the surfaces to be joined and a filler material
with a stream of hot air or hot inert gas, then pressing the surfaces together and applying the filler material to
achieve fusion热气焊接接头：用热空气流或热惰性气体流同时加热待接合表面和焊填材料，然后将表
面压在一起并添加加焊填材料以实现熔接而制成的接头
(e) solvent cemented joint: a joint made by using a solvent cement to soften the surfaces to be joined and
pressing them together溶剂胶合接头：使用溶剂型胶合剂软化待接合表面并将它们压在一起而制成的
接头
8
(f)
electrofusion joint: a joint made by heating the surfaces to be joined using an electrical resistance wire coil
that remains embedded in the joint. 电熔接头：通过使用预埋并仍留在接头中之电阻线圈加热待接合表
面而制成的接头。
bonder: one who performs a manual or semiautomatic bonding operation. 键结工：执行手工或半自动键合操作之工人。
bonding operator: one who operates machine or automatic bonding equipment. 键结操作工：操作机器式或自动键结设备
之工人。
bonding procedure: the detailed methods and practices involved in the production of a bonded joint. 键结程序：键结接头生
产中所要采用之详细方法和实务。
bonding procedure specification (BPS): the document that lists the parameters to be used in the construction of bonded joints
in accordance with the requirements of this Code. 键结工艺规程说明 (BPS)：按本规范之要求列出用于键结接头构造
所需参数的一种文件。
borescope examination: a visual examination aided by a mechanical or electromechanical device to examine the inside
diameter of inaccessible welds. 管道镜检查：一种借助于机械或电机械装置去检测难以接近之焊缝内径的目视检
测。
branch connection fitting: an integrally reinforced fitting welded to a run pipe and connected to a branch pipe by a
buttwelding, socket welding, threaded, or flanged joint; includes a branch outlet fitting conforming to MSS SP-97. 支管连
接管配件 ：：焊接在直管上并通过对焊、承插焊、螺纹或法兰接头与支管连接在一起的整体式加固管件， 包括
符合 MSS SP-97 的支管引出口管配件。
brazing: a metal joining process wherein coalescence is produced by use of a nonferrous filler metal having a melting point
above 427°C (800°F), but lower than that of the base metals being joined. The filler metal is distributed between the
closely fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary attraction. 硬钎焊：一种通过使用熔点高于 427°C (800°F)但低于被连接
母材之熔点的非铁基金属焊填金属产生键结的金属连接工艺。 钎焊期间，焊填金属通过毛细管吸引扩散并均匀
分布在接头紧密配合之表面间。
butt joint: a joint between two members aligned approximately in the same plane. 对接接头：大致在同一平面内对准之两
个构件间的接头。
Category D: see fluid service. D 类：参见流体工况。
Category M: see fluid service. M 类：参见流体工况。
caulked joint: a joint in which suitable material (or materials) is either poured or compressed by the use of tools into the
annular space between a bell (or hub) and spigot (or plain end), thus comprising the joint seal. 捻缝接头：用工具将一种
或几种合适材料 (或多种材料)注人或压人钟形口 (或衬套) 和套管 (或平管口)间之环状空间，从而构成接头密封性
的一种接头。
chemical plant: an industrial plant for the manufacture or processing of chemicals, or of raw materials or intermediates for
such chemicals. A chemical plant may include supporting and service facilities, such as storage, utility, and waste
treatment units. 化工厂：制造或加工化学品或此类化学品之原材料或半成品的工厂。 化工厂可能包括辅助设施和
营运设施，例如仓库、公用设施和废物处理装置。
cold spring: see paragraph 319.2.4. 冷紧：见 319. 2. 4。
compression type tube fittings: tube fittings consisting of a flareless, mechanical grip connection, including a body, nut, and
single or dual ferrules. See also paragraph U306.6. 压合型管配件：平口管通过机械夹紧接头所组成的一种管配件，
此管配件包括了主体、螺母和单套圈或双套圈， 另见第 U306.6。
BODY本體
connections for external piping: those integral parts of individual pieces of equipment that are designed for attachment of
external piping. 外部管道连接件：设计用连接外部管道之单独设备的组成部分。
consumable insert: preplaced filler metal that is completely fused into the root of the joint and becomes part of the weld. 消耗
性嵌条：完全熔合到接头根部并成为焊缝一部分的预置型焊填金属。
damaging to human tissues: for the purposes of this Code, this phrase describes a fluid service in which exposure to the fluid,
caused by leakage under expected operating conditions, can harm skin, eyes, or exposed mucous membranes so that
irreversible damage may result unless prompt restorative measures are taken. (Restorative measures may include flushing
with water, administration of antidotes, or medication.) 对人体组织的损害：就本规范而言，此警语描述了一种流体
服务，在这种服务中，由于在预期操作条件下发生泄漏而导致接触流体时，可能会伤害皮肤、眼睛或外露粘膜，
除非及时采取急救措施 (急救措施可能包括用水冲洗、服用解毒剂或药物)，否则可能导致不可逆转的损害。
9
design minimum temperature: see paragraph 301.3.1. 最低设计温度：见 301.3.1。
design pressure: see paragraph 301.2. 设计压力：见 301.2。
design temperature: see paragraph 301.3. 设计温度：见 301.3。
designer: the person or organization in responsible charge of the engineering design. 设计者：负责工程设计之个人或组
织。
displacement stress range: see paragraph 319.2.3. 位移应力值逾：见 319.2.3。
elements: see piping elements. 组件：参见管道构成元件。
engineering design: the detailed design governing a piping system, developed from process and mechanical requirements,
conforming to Code requirements, and including all necessary specifications, drawings, and supporting documents. 工程
设计：根据工艺程序机械要求制定符合本规范要求且作为管道系统之管理的详细设计 (包括所有必要的技术说明
书、图纸和辅助文件)。
equipment connection: see connections for external piping. 设备接头：见外部管道连接件。
erection: the complete installation of a piping system in the locations and on the supports designated by the engineering
design including any field assembly, fabrication, examination, inspection, and testing of the system as required by this
Code. 安装：管道系统按工程设计安装所指定之位置和支架上，包括本规范对该系统所要求的任何现场装配、制
造加工、检查、检验和测试。
examination, examiner: see paras. 341.1 and 341.2. 检查、检查员：见 341.1 和 341.2。
examination, types of: see paragraph 344.1.3 for the following: 检查类型：下列几种检查类型见 344.1.3之说明 ：
(a) 100% examination全检
(b) random examination随机检查
(c) spot examination抽样检查
(d) random spot examination随机抽样检查
extruded outlet header: see paragraph 304.3.4. 挤制引出口集管：见 304.3.4。
fabrication: the preparation of piping for assembly, including cutting, threading, grooving, forming, bending, and joining of
components into subassemblies. Fabrication may be performed in the shop or in the field. 制造加工：装配管道的前置
工作，包括切割、螺纹加工、坡口、成型、弯曲和将构成元件连接成局部装配件。 可以在车间或现场进行制造
加工。
face of weld: the exposed surface of a weld on the side from which the welding was done. 焊缝面：从焊件施焊侧所见到的
焊缝外露面。
face seal fitting: a High Purity Fluid Service fitting that incorporates two machined faces and a metallic gasket within an
external/internal nut configuration to attain a high leak integrity seal. See also paragraph U315.3(b). 面密封管配件：一
种高纯度流体工况用管件，在外部/内部螺母配置中包含两个机加工面和一个金属垫片，以获得高度防漏密封。
另见U315.3(b)。
filler material: the material to be added in making metallic or nonmetallic joints. 焊填材料：制造金属或非金属接头时所
添加之材料。
fillet weld: a weld of approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other
in a lap joint, tee joint, or corner joint. (See also size of weld and throat of a fillet weld.) 填角焊：近似三角形横截面的
焊缝，以搭接接头、T-接头或角接头等形式连接两表面彼此大致成直角的工件 (另请参见焊缝尺寸和填角焊缝之
焊喉)。
flammable: for the purposes of this Code, describes a fluid that under ambient or expected operating conditions is a vapor or
produces vapors that can be ignited and continue to burn in air. The term thus may apply, depending on service
conditions, to fluids defined for other purposes as flammable or combustible. 易燃：就本规范而言，它描述在周围环
境或预期操作条件下为蒸气或产生可被点燃并在空气中持续燃烧之蒸气的流体。 因此，根据操作条件，此一术
语可能为适用于其他目的而被定义为易燃流体或可燃流体。
fluid service: a general term concerning the application of a piping system, considering the combination of fluid properties,
operating conditions, and other factors that establish the basis for design of the piping system. See Appendix M. 流体工
况：关于管道系统应用的通用术语，它考虑了流体特性、操作条件和其他因素的组合，这些因素构成了管道系
统的设计基础， 见附录 M。
(a)
Category D Fluid Service: a fluid service in which all of the following apply: D 类流体工况：D 类流体工
况是指满足以下所有条件的流体工况：
(1) the fluid handled is nonflammable, nontoxic, and not damaging to human tissues as defined in
paragraph 300.2 所处理之流体是不可燃的、无毒的且不会对300.2所定义的人体组织造成损害
之流体。
(2) the design gage pressure does not exceed 1 035 kPa (150 psi) 设计表压不超过 1 035 kPa (150 psi)
(3) the design temperature is not greater than 186°C (366°F) 设计温度不大于 186°C (366°F)
(4) the fluid temperature caused by anything other than atmospheric conditions is not less than −29°C
(−20°F) 由大气条件以外之任何因素所引起的流体温度不低于 −29°C (−20°F)
(b)
Category M Fluid Service: a fluid service in which both of the following apply: M 类流体工况：适用于以
下两项的流体工况：
(1) the fluid is so highly toxic that a single exposure to a very small quantity of the fluid, caused by
leakage, can produce serious irreversible harm to persons on breathing or bodily contact, even when
prompt restorative measures are taken仅单次接触由泄漏所引起的极少量剧毒流体时，即使采取及
10
时急救措施，也会对呼吸或身体接触之人员造成严重不可逆转的伤害
(2) after consideration of piping design, experience, service conditions, and location, the owner determines
that the requirements for Normal Fluid Service do not sufficiently provide the leak tightness required to
protect personnel from exposure在考虑管道设计、经验、操作条件和位置后，所有者确定对一般
流体工况之要求不足以为人员提供保护免遭受暴露所需的密封性
(c)
Elevated Temperature Fluid Service: a fluid service in which the piping metal temperature is sustained equal
to or greater than 𝑇𝑐𝑟 as defined in Table 302.3.5, General Note (b). 高温流体工况：管道金属温度持续等
于或大于𝑇𝑐𝑟 的流体工况，𝑇𝑐𝑟 之定义见表 302.3.5中通用注释 (b)。
(d)
High Pressure Fluid Service: a fluid service for which the owner specifies the use of Chapter IX for piping
design and construction; see also paragraph K300. 高压流体工况：所有者指定按第 IX 章进行管道设计
和建造的流体工况； 另见第 K300。
(e)
High Purity Fluid Service: a fluid service that requires alternative methods of fabrication, inspection,
examination, and testing not covered elsewhere in the Code, with the intent to produce a controlled level of
cleanness. The term thus applies to piping systems defined for other purposes as high purity, ultra high
purity, hygienic, or aseptic. 高纯度流体工况：需要本规范中其他地方未提及之其他制造加工、检查、
检验和测试方法的流体工况，其目的是产生受控的清洁度等级。 因此，此术语适用于为其他目的而
定义为高纯度、超高纯度、卫生或无菌的管道系统。
(f)
Normal Fluid Service: a fluid service pertaining to most piping covered by this Code, i.e., not subject to the
rules for Category D, Category M, Elevated Temperature, High Pressure, or High Purity Fluid Service. 一般
流体工况：与本规范所涵盖之大多数管道相关的流体工况，即不受 D 类、M 类、高温、高压或高纯
度流体工况规则的约束。
full fillet weld: a fillet weld whose size is equal to the thickness of the thinner member joined. 满填角焊缝：填角焊缝的尺
寸等于所连接之较薄构件的厚度。
fusion: the melting together of filler material and base material, or of base material only, that results in coalescence. 熔合：焊
填材料和母材熔化在一起或仅母材间相互熔化在一起，从而达到结合的目的。
gas metal-arc welding (GMAW): an arc-welding process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc
between a continuous filler metal (consumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained entirely from an externally
supplied gas, or gas mixture. Some variations of this process are called MIG or CO 2 welding (nonpreferred terms). 气体遮
护金属电弧焊 (GMAW)：通过在消耗性连续焊填金属焊丝与工件之间用电弧加热金属来产生金属间接合的一种电
弧焊接工艺。 完全由外部所供应之气体或体混合气来获得屏蔽。 此焊接方法的一些变体称为 MIG 或 CO2 焊接
(非首选术语)。
gas tungsten-arc welding (GTAW): an arc-welding process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc
between a single tungsten (nonconsumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained from a gas or gas mixture.
Pressure may or may not be used and filler metal may or may not be used. (This process has sometimes been called TIG
welding.) 气体遮护钨弧焊 (GTAW)：一种电弧焊接工艺，通过在一根非消耗性钨电极与工件间用电弧加热金属来
产生金属间接合的一种电弧焊接工艺。由外部所供应之气体或体混合气来获得屏蔽。 施焊期间可施加也可不施
加压力，可添加也可不添加焊填金属 (此焊接法有时被称为 TIG 焊接)。
gas welding: a group of welding processes wherein coalescence is produced by heating with a gas flame or flames, with or
without the application of pressure, and with or without the use of filler material. 气焊：其中通过采用气体火焰加热或
不施加压力、添加或不添加焊填材料来产生接合的焊接工艺族。
groove weld: a weld made in the groove between two members to be joined. 坡口焊缝：在待连接之两个构件间的坡口中
所沉积形成的焊缝。
heat-affected zone: that portion of the base material which has not been melted, but whose mechanical properties or
microstructure have been altered by the heat of welding, brazing, soldering, forming, or cutting. 热影响区：母材虽未熔
化，但其机械性能或微观结构已因焊接、软焊焊、硬焊焊、成型或切割的热量而改变的那一区域。
heat treatment: the following terms describe various types and processes of heat treatment: 热处理：以下术语描述了热处理
的各种类型和工艺：
(a) annealing: heating to and holding at a suitable temperature above the transformation temperature range,
followed by slow cooling to well below the transformation temperature range. 退火：加热至相变温度值
域以上之合适温度并持温至所需时间，然后缓慢冷却至远低于相变温度值域。
(b) normalizing: heating a ferrous metal to a temperature above the transformation temperature range, followed
by cooling in room-temperature still air to well below the transformation temperature range. 正火：将铁基
金属加热到高于相变温度值域的温度，然后在室温下之静止空气中冷却至远低于相变温度值域。
(c) quenching: when used as a part of a heat-treating operation, a rapid cooling process that results in
microstructural stabilization or changes in material properties that would not have occurred without rapid
cooling. 淬火：当用作热处理操作的一部分时，急速冷却过程会导致微观结构稳定或材料特性发生
变化，如果没有急速冷却，这些变化是不会发生的。
(d) recommended or required heat treatment: the application of heat to a metal section subsequent to a cutting,
forming, or welding operation, as provided in paragraph 331. 所推荐或所要求的热处理：在切割、成型
或焊接操作后对局部金属进行如 331所述的加热。
(e) solution heat treatment: heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough
to allow one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold the
constituents in solution. 固溶化热处理：将合金加热到合适温度，并在该温度下持温至所需时间，以
11
使一种或多种成分进入固溶体中，然后迅速冷却，从而使这些成分存留在固溶体中。
stress-relief: uniform heating of a structure or portion thereof to a sufficient temperature below the
transformation temperature range to relieve the major portion of the residual stresses, followed by uniform
cooling slowly enough to minimize development of new residual stresses. 应力消除：将结构或其一部分
均匀加热到低于相变温度值域的规定温度，以消除大部分残余应力，然后缓慢均匀冷却，以尽量减
少新残余应力的产生。
(g) tempering: reheating a hardened metal to a temperature below the transformation range to improve
toughness. 回火：将已硬化金属重新加热到低于相变温度值域的规定温度以提高韧性。
(h) transformation range: the temperature range over which a phase change occurs.
(i)
transformation temperature: the temperature at which a phase change begins or ends. In metals, phase
changes can be solid-state changes.
High Pressure Fluid Service: see fluid service. 高压流体工况：见“流体工况”。
High Purity Fluid Service: see fluid service. 高纯度流体工况： 见“流体工况”。
hygienic clamp joint: a tube outside-diameter union consisting of two neutered ferrules having flat faces with a concentric
groove and mating gasket that is secured with a clamp, providing a non-protruding, recessless product contact surface. See
also paragraph U315.3(b). 卫生级夹紧接头：在由任外侧由两个带有相同中心且有凹槽之平 面上的金属环并匹配有
可靠夹紧的垫片，以提供既无凹进也无凸出的产品接触表面，另见 U315.3(b)。
indication, linear: in nondestructive examination, an indication having a length greater than 3 times its width. 线性指示：在
无损检测中，长度大于其宽度 3 倍的迹象。
indication, rounded: in nondestructive examination, an indication with a length equal to or less than 3 times its width. These
indications may be circular, elliptical, conical, or irregular in shape and may have tails. 圆形指示：在无损检测中，长度
等于或小于其宽度 3 倍的迹象。 这些指示可能是圆形、椭圆形、锥形或不规则形状，并且可能有尾巴。
inline portions of instruments: pressure-containing portions of instruments that are in direct contact with the fluid when
installed in a piping system. Permanently sealed fluid-filled tubing systems furnished with instruments as temperature or
pressure-responsive devices, e.g., pressure gages, pressure transmitters, and transducers, are excluded. 仪表的内联部分：
安装在管道系统中时与流体直接接触之仪表的承压部分。 永久密封且充满流体之管道系统配备有作为温度或压力
感应装置的仪器，但压力表、压力变感器和传感器不包括在内。
in process examination: see paragraph 344.7. 生产中的检查： 见 344.7。
inspection, Inspector: see paragraph 340. 检验，检验员：见 340。
integrally reinforced branch connection fitting: see branch connection fitting. 整体加固型支管接头：见支管接头。
joint design: the joint geometry together with the required dimensions of the welded joint. 接头设计：结合所需焊接接头尺
寸的接头几何形状。
listed: for the purposes of this Code, describes a material or component that conforms to a specification in Appendix A,
Appendix B, or Appendix K or to a standard in Table 326.1, A326.1, or K326.1. 表列材料或构成元件：就本规范而
言，描述符合附录 A、附录 B 或附录 K 中所给出之规范或表 326.1、A326.1 或 K326.1 中所述标准的材料或构成
元件。
manual welding: a welding operation performed and controlled completely by hand. 手工焊接：完全由手工完成和控制的
焊接操作。
may: a term that indicates a provision is neither required nor prohibited. 可：表示既不需要也不禁止之条款的术语。
mechanical joint: a joint for the purpose of mechanical strength or leak resistance, or both, in which the mechanical strength is
developed by threaded, grooved, rolled, flared, or flanged pipe ends; or by bolts, pins, toggles, or rings; and the leak
resistance is developed by threads and compounds, gaskets, rolled ends, caulking, or machined and mated surfaces.
机械接头：以机械强度或防漏或两者为目的之接头，其中机械强度由螺纹、沟槽、滚压、扩口或用法兰连接之管
端形成； 或通过螺栓、销钉、肘环套接扣环来形成； 防漏性能是由螺纹和密封填料、垫片、滚压端面、捻缝或
机加工和配合面所形成的。
miter or miter bend: for the purposes of this Code, two or more straight sections of pipe matched and joined in a plane
bisecting the angle of junction so as to produce a change in direction greater than 3 deg. 斜接或斜接弯头：就本规范而
言，在一平面上由两个或多个直管段配接在接合角平分在线以产生大于 3o的方向变化。
nominal: a numerical identification of dimension, capacity, rating, or other characteristic used as a designation, not as an exact
measurement. 标称：尺寸、容量、额定值或用作代号而非精确计量之其他特性的数字标识。
Normal Fluid Service: see fluid service. 一般流体工况：参见流体工况。
normalizing: see heat treatment. 正火：见热处理。
notch-sensitive: describes a metal subject to reduction in strength in the presence of stress concentration. The degree of notch
sensitivity is usually expressed as the strength determined in a notched specimen divided by the strength determined in an
unnotched specimen, and can be obtained from either static or dynamic tests. 缺口敏感度：描述了存在着应力集中的情
况下强度会降低的金属。 缺口敏感度通常表示为缺口试样中所测定之强度除以无缺口试样中所测定之强度，并且
可从静态或动态测试中获得。
NPS : nominal pipe size (followed, when appropriate, by the specific size designation number without an inch symbol).
NPS：公称管道尺寸 (后面跟着不带in. 符号之具体尺寸的赋值数)。
orbital welding: automatic or machine welding in which the electrode rotates (orbits) around the circumference of a stationary
pipe or tube. 轨迹焊：自动或机器式焊接，其中电极绕着固定之钢管或管子的圆周轨道旋转。
owner: the person, partnership, organization, or business ultimately responsible for design, construction, operation, and
maintenance of a facility. 所有者：对设施之设计、建造、运营和维护负最终负责的个人、合伙企业、组织或企
(f)
12
业。
oxygen-arc cutting (OAC): an oxygen-cutting process that uses an arc between the workpiece and a consumable electrode,
through which oxygen is directed to the workpiece. For oxidation-resistant metals, a chemical flux or metal powder is used
to facilitate the reaction. 氧气电弧切割 (OAC)：在工件和自耗性电极间通过该电弧将氧气引导至工件的一种氧气切
割工艺。 对于抗氧化金属，使用化学熔剂或金属粉末来促进氧化反应。
oxygen cutting (OC): a group of thermal cutting processes that severs or removes metal by means of the chemical reaction
between oxygen and the base metal at elevated temperature. The necessary temperature is maintained by the heat from an
arc, an oxyfuel gas flame, or other source. 氧气切割 (OC)：通过氧气与母材在高温下发生化学反应来切断或去除金
属的热切割工艺组。 所必要的温度由来自电弧、富氧火焰或其他来源的热量来维持。
oxygen gouging: thermal gouging that uses an oxygen cutting process variation to form a bevel or groove. 氧气刨削：使用氧
切割工艺变体之热气刨削来形成斜面或坡口。
packaged equipment: an assembly of individual pieces or stages of equipment, complete with interconnecting piping and
connections for external piping. The assembly may be mounted on a skid or other structure prior to delivery. 套装设备设
备：由各单独工件或设备段所组成的装配件，包括互连管道和用于与外部管道连接之连接件。 此装配件可以在交
付前安装在垫木或其他结构上。
petroleum refinery: an industrial plant for processing or handling of petroleum and products derived directly from petroleum.
Such a plant may be an individual gasoline recovery plant, a treating plant, a gas processing plant (including liquefaction),
or an integrated refinery having various process units and attendant facilities. 炼油厂：加工或处理石油和直接从石油中
提取产品的工厂。 这样的工厂可以是单独的汽油回收厂、处理厂、气体处理厂 (包括液化)或具有各种处理单元和
附属设施的综合炼油厂。
pipe: a pressure-tight cylinder used to convey a fluid or to transmit a fluid pressure, ordinarily designated “pipe” in applicable
material specifications. Materials designated “tube” or “tubing” in the specifications are treated as pipe when intended for
pressure service. Types of pipe, according to the method of manufacture, are defined as follows: 钢管：用于输送流体或
传递流体压力的压力密封圆筒体，在所适用之材料规范中通常称为“Pipe”。 规范中指定为“管子”或“管线”的材料
在用于压力工况时也被视为钢管。 根据制造方法，钢管的类型定义如下：
(a) electric resistance-welded pipe: pipe produced in individual lengths or in continuous lengths from coiled
skelp and subsequently cut into individual lengths, having a longitudinal butt joint wherein coalescence is produced by the
heat obtained from resistance of the pipe to the flow of electric current in a circuit of which the pipe is a part, and by the
application of pressure. 电阻焊接钢管：由特定长度之管坯料或连续长盘管坯料切成一定长度后所制成的钢管，这类
钢管具有一条纵向对接焊缝，其是靠管子本身作为电流回路的一部分，电流通过钢管阻抗时所产生之热量来加热
金属并在焊接时施加压力而焊成的。
(b) furnace butt welded pipe, continuous welded: pipe produced in continuous lengths from coiled skelp and
subsequently cut into individual lengths, having its longitudinal butt joint forge welded by the mechanical pressure
developed in passing the hot-formed and edge-heated skelp through a set of round pass welding rolls. 对接炉焊管，连续焊
接：由盘绕钢带连续生产出之钢管，随后切割成单独的长度，其纵向对接接头是让热成型和边缘加热之钢带通过
一组环形布置之焊道焊辊时所产生之机械压力而焊成的。
(c) electric-fusion welded pipe: pipe having a longitudinal butt joint wherein coalescence is produced in the
preformed tube by manual or automatic electric-arc welding. The weld may be single (welded from one side) or double
(welded from inside and outside) and may be made with or without the addition of filler metal. 电熔焊接钢管：具有纵向
对接接头之钢管，其中通过手工或自动电弧焊在预制管中产生结合。 焊缝可以是单面焊缝 (从一侧焊接)或双面焊
缝 (从内侧和外侧焊接)，并且可以添加或不添加焊填金属。
(d) double submerged-arc welded pipe: pipe having a longitudinal butt joint produced by at least two passes,
one of which is on the inside of the pipe. Coalescence is produced by heating with an electric arc or arcs between the bare
metal electrode or electrodes and the work. The welding is shielded by a blanket of granular fusible material on the work.
Pressure is not used and filler metal for the inside and outside welds is obtained from the electrode or electrodes. 双面潜弧
焊钢管：具有一条纵向对接接头之钢管，而该纵向对接接头由至少两道焊道所焊成，其中一道位于管内侧。 结合
是通过在一根或多根裸焊丝与工件间之电弧加热而产生的。 焊接的保护由工件上的一层粒状易熔材料来提供的。
焊接时， 不施加压力，内部和外部焊缝之焊缝金属是一或多根焊丝所沉积而成的。
(e) seamless pipe: pipe produced by piercing a billet followed by rolling or drawing, or both. 无缝钢管：通
过对钢坯进行穿孔然后轧制或拉拔，或两者兼而有之而生产出的钢管。
(f) spiral (helical seam) welded pipe: pipe having a helical seam with a butt, lap, or lock-seam joint that is
welded using an electrical resistance, electric fusion, or double-submerged arc welding process. 螺旋焊接 (螺旋缝)钢管：
具有螺旋形接缝之钢管材，该接缝可以是对接、搭接或或锁缝接头，并采用电阻焊、电熔焊或双面潜弧焊工艺所
焊接而成。
pipe-supporting elements: pipe-supporting elements consist of fixtures and structural attachments as follows: 管道
支承件：管道支承件由如下所述固定件和结构附件所组成：
(a) fixtures: fixtures include elements that transfer the load from the pipe or structural attachment to the
supporting structure or equipment. They include hanging type fixtures, such as hanger rods, spring hangers, sway braces,
counterweights, turnbuckles, struts, chains, guides, and anchors; and bearing type fixtures, such as saddles, bases, rollers,
brackets, and sliding supports. 固定件：固定件包括将载荷从管道或结构附件转移到支承结构或设备的组件。 它们包
括悬挂式固定件，例如吊杆、弹簧吊架、防摇支撑、平衡锤、松紧螺套、支撑杆、吊链、导轨和锚固件，以及支
座式固定件，如鞍座、底座、滚轮、托架和滑动支座。
(b) structural attachments: structural attachments include elements that are welded, bolted, or clamped to the
pipe, such as clips, lugs, rings, clamps, clevises, straps, and skirts. 结构附件：结构附件是指用焊接、螺栓连接或夹在管
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道上之组件，例如管箍、吊耳、管环、管夹管、U 形夹、管卡箍和裙式管座。
piping: assemblies of piping components used to convey, distribute, mix, separate, discharge, meter, control, or
snub fluid flows. Piping also includes pipe-supporting elements, but does not include support structures, such
as building frames, bents, foundations, or any equipment excluded from this Code (see paragraph 300.1.3). 管
道：用于输送、分配、混合、分离、排放、计量、控制或缓冲流体流动之管道构成元件的装配件。 管
道还包括管道支承件，但不包括支架结构，例如建筑框架、平台基架面、地基或被本规范所排除的任
何设备 (参见 300.1.3)。
piping components: mechanical elements suitable for joining or assembly into pressure-tight fluid-containing
piping systems. Components include pipe, tubing, fittings, flanges, gaskets, bolting, valves, and devices such as
expansion joints, flexible joints, pressure hoses, traps, strainers, inline portions of instruments, and separators.
管道构成元件：适用于连接或装配成耐压流体管道系统的机械组件。 构成元件包括了钢管、管子、管
配件、法兰、垫片、螺栓、阀门和设备 (诸如膨胀节、柔性接头、压力软管、疏水阀、过滤器、仪器内
联部分和分离器)。
piping elements: any material or work required to plan and install a piping system. Elements of piping include
design specifications, materials, components, supports, fabrication, examination, inspection, and testing.管道要
素：规划和安装管道系统所需的任何材料或工作。 管道要素包括了设计说明书、材料、组件、支承
忤、制造加工、检查、检验和测试。
piping installation: designed piping systems to which a selected Code edition and addenda apply. 管道敷设：指设
计符合所选规范版本和增补的管道系统。
piping subassembly: a portion of a piping system that consists of one or more piping components. 管道局部装配
件：管道系统的一部分，由一或多个管道构成元件所组成。
piping system: interconnected piping subject to the same set or sets of design conditions. 管道系统：受同一组或
多组设计条件所约束且相互连接之管道所成。
plasma arc cutting (PAC): an arc cutting process that uses a constricted arc and removes molten metal with a high
velocity jet of ionized gas issuing from the constricting orifice. 等离子弧切割 (PAC)：利用窄弧并通过从缩
孔喷出之高温、高速电离气体射流来去除熔融金属的一种电弧切割工艺。
postweld heat treatment: see heat treatment. 焊后热处理：见热处理。
preheating: the application of heat to the base material immediately before or during a forming, welding, or cutting
process. See paragraph 330. 预热：在成型、焊接或切割过程之前或期间对母材所进行的加热， 见第
330。
procedure qualification record (PQR): a document listing all pertinent data, including the essential variables
employed and the test results, used in qualifying the procedure specification. 规程评定记录表 (PQR)：列出所
有相关数据之文件，包括用于评定规程说明书之必要变量和测试结果。
process unit: an area whose boundaries are designated by the engineering design within which reactions,
separations, and other processes are carried out. Examples of installations that are not classified as process units
are loading areas or terminals, bulk plants, compounding plants, and tank farms and storage yards. 处理设备：
其边界为工程设计所指定的区域，在该区域中进行反应、分离和其他作业。 未归类为处理设备的装置
示例包括装卸区或码头、散装厂、配混厂以及油罐区和储存场。
quench annealing: see solution heat treatment under heat treatment. 急冷退火：见热处理中的固溶化热处理。
quenching: see heat treatment. 淬火：见热处理。
readily accessible (for visual examination) : those surfaces that can be examined from a distance of not more than
600 mm (24 in.) and at an angle of not less than 30 deg to the surface to be examined. 易于接近 (用于目视检
查)：可以在距离不超过 600 mm (24 in.) 且与待检查表面的角度不小于 30o的情况下进行检查的那些表
面。
reinforcement: see paras. 304.3 and A304.3. See also weld reinforcement. 余高：见 304. 3 和A304.3，另参见焊
缝余高。
representative: a person, partnership, organization, or business designated by the owner to carry out selected
responsibilities on the owner’s behalf. 代理：由所有者指定，以代表所有者履行选定职责之个人、合伙企
业、组织或企业。
room temperature: temperature between 10°C and 38°C (50°F and 100°F). 室温：温度介于 10°C 和 38°C (50°F
和 100°F)之间。
root opening: the separation between the members to be joined, at the root of the joint. 根部间隙：要连接之两组
件间在接头根部处的间距。
safeguarding: provision of protective measures of the types outlined in Appendix G, where deemed necessary. See
Appendix G for detailed discussion. 安全措施：必要时提供附录 G 中所列各类安全措施， 详见附录 G。
seal bond: a bond intended primarily to provide joint tightness against leakage in nonmetallic piping. 密封剂: 一种
主要用于提供接头密封性以防止非金属管道泄漏的粘结剂。
seal weld: a weld intended primarily to provide joint tightness against leakage in metallic piping. 密封焊缝：主要
用于提供接头密封性以防止金属管道泄漏的焊缝。
semiautomatic arc welding: arc welding with equipment that controls only the filler metal feed. The advance of the
welding is manually controlled. 半自动电弧焊：使用仅控制焊填金属送进设备所进行的电弧焊。 焊接的
推进是手工控制的。
severe cyclic conditions: conditions applying to specific piping components or joints for which the owner or the
14
designer determines that construction to better resist fatigue loading is warranted. See Appendix F, paragraph
F301.10.3 for guidance on designating piping as being under severe cyclic conditions. 剧烈循环条件：适用于
具体管道构成元件或接头的条件，所有者或设计者确定有必要采用具有更高抗疲劳载荷之结构。 见附
录 F 第F301.10.3 条款用于将管道指定于剧烈循环条件下运行的指南。
shall : a term that indicates a provision is a Code requirement. 应：表示该条款是规范要求的术语。
shielded metal-arc welding (SMAW): an arc welding process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them
with an arc between a covered metal electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained from decomposition of the
electrode covering. Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode. 金属被覆电弧焊
(SMAW)：通过在药皮焊条与工件间之电弧来加热金属以产生金属结合的一种电弧焊工艺。 屏蔽是通
过焊条上之药皮的分解而获得的。焊接期间 不施加压力，焊缝金属是焊条沉积的结果。
should : a term that indicates a provision is recommended as good practice but is not a Code requirement. 宜：表
示一项规定被推荐为良好做法，但不是规范要求的术语。
size of weld: 焊缝尺寸
(a) fillet weld: the leg lengths (the leg length for equalleg welds) of the sides, adjoining the members welded,
of the largest triangle that can be inscribed within the weld cross section. For welds between
perpendicular members, the definitions in Figure 328.5.2A apply. 填角焊缝：对于等焊脚的填角焊缝而
言，其焊缝尺寸为焊缝横截面内可内接枝最大内接等腰三角形与焊接更件相邻边的焊脚长度 (等腰
角焊缝的焊脚长度)。 垂直工件间的焊缝定义见图 328.5.2A 。
NOTE: When the angle between members exceeds 105 deg, size is of less significance than effective throat (see also
throat of a fillet weld). 注意：当工件间之夹角超过 105 度时，尺寸的重要性不如有效焊喉 (另请参见填角焊缝的焊
喉)。
(b) groove weld: the joint penetration (depth of bevel plus the root penetration when specified). The size of a
groove weld and its effective throat are the same. 坡口焊缝：接头熔深等于坡口深度加上所指定之根
部熔深。 坡口焊缝的尺寸与其有效焊喉相同。
slag inclusion: nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld metal and base metal. 夹渣：
夹杂在焊缝金属中或焊缝金属与母材间的非金属固体物质。
soldering: a metal joining process wherein coalescence is produced by heating to suitable temperatures and by
using a nonferrous alloy fusible at temperatures below 427°C (800°F) and having a melting point below that of
the base metals being joined. The filler metal is distributed between closely fitted surfaces of the joint by
capillary attraction. In general, solders are lead-tin alloys and may contain antimony, bismuth, and other
elements. 软钎接：一种金属连接工艺，其中通过加热到适当温度并采用在低于 427°C (800°F) 知温度下
可熔且熔点低于被连接母材的非铁基金属合金来产生结合。 作用扩散到紧密相接的接头表面之间。 一
般来说，软钎料是可能含有锑、铋等元素的铅锡合金。
solution heat treatment: see heat treatment. 固溶热化处理：见热处理。
stress ratio: see paragraph 323.2.2(b). 应力比：见 323.2.2(b)。
stress relief: see heat treatment.应力消除：见热处理。
stress terms frequently used:常用的应力术语：
(a) basic allowable stress: this term, symbol S, represents the stress value for any material determined by
the appropriate stress basis in paragraph 302.3.2 基本许用应力：此术语以符号 S来代表任何材料的
应力值，并可按302.3.2中所适用之应力基准来确定之。
(b) bolt design stress: this term represents the design stress used to determine the required cross-sectional
area of bolts in a bolted joint 螺栓设计应力：此术语表示被用于确定螺栓接头设中所需螺栓横截
面积的设计应力
(c) hydrostatic design basis: selected properties of plastic piping materials to be used in accordance with
ASTM D2837 or D2992 to determine the HDS [see (d) below] for the material流体静力设计基准：按
ASTM D2837 或 D2992 所选用材料之塑性管道材料的特性来确定该材料的HDS [见下文 (d)]
(d) hydrostatic design stress (HDS): the maximum continuous stress due to internal pressure to be used in
the design of plastic piping, determined from the hydrostatic design basis by use of a service (design)
factor静水压设计应力 (HDS)：塑料管道设计中用工况 (设计)系数并按静水压设计基准所确定的
由内部压力而引起只最大连续应力
submerged arc welding (SAW): an arc welding process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with
an arc or arcs between a bare metal electrode or electrodes and the work. The arc is shielded by a blanket of
granular, fusible material on the work. Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode and
sometimes from a supplemental source (welding rod, flux, or metal granules). 潜弧焊 (SAW)：通过在一根或
多根裸焊丝与工件之间用一个或多个电弧来加热金属以产生金属间结合的一种弧焊工艺。 电弧被工件
上的一层颗粒状易熔材料所屏蔽。 焊接时不施加压力，焊凤充金属来自焊丝的沉积，有时来自补充来
源 (焊条芯、焊剂或金属颗粒)。
tack weld: a weld made to hold parts of a weldment in proper alignment until the final welds are made. 定位焊
缝：定位焊缝：在完成最终焊缝以前，用以保持焊接件各零部件正确对准的一种焊缝。
tempering: see heat treatment. 回火：见热处理。
thermoplastic: a plastic that is capable of being repeatedly softened by increase of temperature and hardened by
decrease of temperature. 热塑性塑料：一种能够通过温升而反复软化，并通过温降度而硬化的塑料。
thermosetting resin: a resin capable of being changed into a substantially infusible or insoluble product when cured
at room temperature, or by application of heat, or by chemical means. 热固性树脂：在室温下或通过加热或
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通过化学方法固化时能够变成基本上不熔化或不溶解产品的树脂。
throat of a fillet weld: 填角焊缝之焊喉：
(a) theoretical throat: the perpendicular distance from the hypotenuse of the largest right triangle that can
be inscribed in the weld cross section to the root of the joint理论喉深：焊缝横截面能内接之最大直
角三角形的斜边到接头根部的垂直距离
(b) actual throat: the shortest distance from the root of a fillet weld to its face实际喉深：填角焊缝根部
到其焊缝表面的最短距离
(c) effective throat: the minimum distance, minus any reinforcement (convexity), between the weld root
and the face of a fillet weld有效喉深：焊缝根部和填角焊缝表面间之最短距离再减去，减去任何
余高 (凸度)后的尺寸
toe of weld: the junction between the face of a weld and the base material. 焊趾：焊缝表面与母材的交界处。
tube: see pipe. 管子：见钢管。
tungsten electrode: a nonfiller-metal electrode used in arc welding or cutting, made principally of tungsten.
钨电极：用于弧焊或切割的非焊填金属电极，主要由钨制成。
unbalanced piping system: see paragraph 319.2.2(b).不平衡管道系统：见 319.2.2(b)。
undercut: a groove melted into the base material adjacent to the toe or root of a weld and left unfilled by weld
material. 咬边：熔化到邻近焊缝趾部或根部之母材中且未被焊缝金属锁填满的勾槽。
visual examination: see paragraph 344.2.1. 目视检查：见344.2.1。
weld: a localized coalescence of material wherein coalescence is produced either by heating to suitable
temperatures, with or without the application of pressure, or by application of pressure alone, and with or
without the use of filler material. 焊缝：通过将金属加热到合适温度，起施焊期间可施加或不施加压力还
是金对其中一工件加压力、添加或不添加焊填材料而使材料产生的局部结合。
weld coupon: a sample weld used to determine weld acceptance. Types of weld coupons are defined as follows:
焊缝试件：用于确定焊缝验收之焊缝试件。 焊接试件类型之定义如下所述：
(a) primary weld coupon: made prior to the start of production welding to establish a benchmark of weld
acceptance原生焊缝试件：在生产焊接开始之前制作，以建立焊接验收基准
(b) production weld coupon: made when any of the conditions in paragraph U341.4.5 exist and used to
compare against a corresponding primary weld coupon to demonstrate continued acceptability of
welds during production welding生产焊缝试片：当存在着U341.4.5中的任何条件时制作。 并用
于与相应的原生焊缝试件进行比较，以证明在制造熔接过程中之焊缝的持续可接受性
weld coupon examination: see paragraph U344.8.1. 焊缝试件的检查：见 U344.8.1。
weld reinforcement: weld material in excess of the specified weld size. 焊缝余高：超过焊缝规定尺寸的焊缝金
属部分。
welder: one who performs a manual or semi-automatic welding operation. (This term is sometimes erroneously
used to denote a welding machine.) 焊工：执行手工或半自动焊接操作之工人 (此术语有时被错误地用于
表示焊机)。
welding operator: one who operates machine or automatic welding equipment. 焊接操作人员：操作机器式或自
动焊接设备之人员。
welding procedure: the detailed methods and practices involved in the production of a weldment. 焊接规程：焊件
生产中所使用到的详细方法和实务。
welding procedure specification (WPS): the document that lists the parameters to be used in construction of
weldments in accordance with requirements of this Code. 焊接工艺规程说明书 (WPS)：按本规范之要求列
出焊件构造所用参数的文件。
weldment: an assembly whose component parts are joined by welding. 焊件：其组成零部件通过焊接连接在一
起的装配件。
300.2 Nomenclature符号
Dimensional and mathematical symbols used in this Code are listed in Appendix J, with definitions and location
references to each. Uppercase and lowercase English letters are listed alphabetically, followed by Greek letters. 本规范中所
用尺寸和数学符号列在附录 J 中，并附各自的定义和所在章节。 大写和小写英文字母按字母顺序列出，后跟着希腊
字母。
300.3 Status of Appendices附录的地位
Table 300.4 indicates for each Appendix of this Code whether it contains Code requirements, guidance, or supplemental
information. See the first page of each Appendix for details. 表 300.4 指明了本规范中之每一附录是否为规范要求、指南
或补充信息。 有关详细信息请参阅每个附录的第一页。
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Table 300.4 Status of Appendices in B31.3 B31.3 中各附录的地位
Title
Appendix附录
Status地位
A
Allowable Stresses and Quality Factors for Metallic Piping and Bolting Materials
Requirements技术条件
金属管道和螺栓材料之许用应力和质量系数
B
Stress Tables and Allowable Pressure Tables for Nonmetals非金属之应力表和许用压力表
Requirements技术条件
C
Physical Properties of Piping Materials管道材料的物理性能
Requirements技术条件(1)
E
Reference Standards
Requirements技术条件
F
Guidance and Precautionary Considerations参考标准
Guidance指南 (2)
G
Safeguarding安全措施
Guidance指南 (2)
H
Sample Calculations for Branch Reinforcement支管补强的计算实例
Guidance指南
J
Nomenclature符号
Information信息
K
Allowable Stresses for High Pressure Piping髙压管道的许用应力
Requirements技术条件 (3)
L
Aluminum Alloy Pipe Flanges铝合金管法兰
Specification技术条件 (4)
M
Guide to Classifying Fluid Services流体工况的分类导则
Guidance指南 (2)
N
Application of ASME B31.3 Internationally ASME B31.3在国际上的应用
Guidance指南 (2)
Q
Quality System Program质量体系大纲
Guidance指南 (2)
R
Use of Alternative Ultrasonic Acceptance Criteria用超声波作为替代合格准则时的效用
Requirements技术条件 (5)
S
Piping System Stress Analysis Examples管道系统的应力分析示例
Guidance指南 (2)
V
Allowable Variations in Elevated Temperature Service高温服务指南中的允许波動
Guidance指南 (2)
W
High-Cycle Fatigue Assessment of Piping Systems管道系统所要求的高周疲劳评估
Requirements技术条件
X
Metallic Bellows Expansion Joints金属波纹管膨胀节要求
Requirements技术条件
Z
Preparation of Technical Inquiries技术询问的前置作业
Requirements技术条件 (5)
NOTES:批注
(1) Contains default requirements, to be used unless more directly applicable data are available. 除非有更直接且适用之数据可用，否则包含默
认要求之附录C应被采用。
(2) Contains no requirements but Code user is responsible for considering applicable items. 不包含任何要求，但法规用户负责考虑其中可采用
之项目。
(3) Contains requirements applicable only when use of Chapter IX is specified. 仅在指定采用第 IX 章时，第 IX 章中的要求才适用。
(4) Contains pressure–temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, and markings of forged aluminum alloy flanges. 包含锻造铝合金法兰之压力温度额定值、材料、尺寸和标记。
(5) Contains administrative requirements. 包含行政要求。
Chapter II Design 第II 章 设计
PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA 第 1 篇 条件和准则
301 DESIGN CONDITIONS设计条件
Paragraph 301 states the qualifications of the Designer, defines the temperatures, pressures, and forces applicable to the design of
piping, and states the consideration that shall be given to various effects and their consequent loadings. See also Appendix F,
paragraph F301. 本节规定了设计师所应具有之资格，并界定了用于管道设计的温度、压力和作用力，还说明了所应考虑
之各种影响及其随之而来的载荷。 另见附录 F中的 F301。
301.1 Qualifications of the Designer设计者的资格
The Designer is the person(s) in charge of the engineering design of a piping system and shall be experienced in the use
of this Code. The qualifications and experience required of the Designer will depend on the complexity and criticality of the
system and the nature of the individual’s experience. The owner’s approval is required if the individual does not meet at
least one of the following criteria: 设计者是负责管道系统工程设计的人员，其应具有使用本规范的经验。 设计者所
需具备之资格和经验将取决于系统的复杂性和危险程度以及个人经验的性质。 如果个人不符合下列准则之一，则
设计者需获得所有者的批准：
(a) Completion of a degree, accredited by an independent agency [such as ABET (U.S. and international), NBA
(India), CTI (France), and CNAP (Chile)], in engineering, science, or technology, requiring the equivalent of at least 4 yr of fulltime study that provides exposure to fundamental subject matter relevant to the design of piping systems, plus a minimum of 5 yr
of experience in the design of related pressure piping. 完成由独立机构 [例如 ABET (美国和国际)、NBA (印度)、CTI (法国)
和 CNAP (智利)] 所认可且相当于至少 4 年全日制与管道系统设计相关之基本主题的工程、科学或技术学位，加上至少 5
年相关压力管道设计经验。
(b) Professional Engineering registration, recognized by the local jurisdiction, and experience in the design of related
pressure piping. 当地管辖机构所认可的专业工程注册，以及相关压力管道设计经验。
(c) Completion of an accredited engineering technician or associates degree, requiring the equivalent of at least 2 yr of
study, plus a minimum of 10 yr of experience in the design of related pressure piping. 完成所认可且相当于至少 2 年的工程技
术员或副学士学位，加上至少 10 年的相关压力管道设计经验。
(d) Fifteen yr of experience in the design of related pressure piping. 15年的相关压力管道设计经验。
Experience in the design of related pressure piping is satisfied by piping design experience that includes design
calculations for pressure, sustained and occasional loads, and piping flexibility. 管道设计经验满足相关压力管道之设计经
验，包括压力载荷、持续和偶发载荷以及管道可挠性的设计计算。
301.2 Design Pressure设计压力
301.2.1 General通则
(a) The design pressure of each component in a piping system shall be not less than the pressure at the most severe
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condition of coincident internal or external pressure and temperature (minimum or maximum) expected during service, except as
provided in paragraph 302.2.4. 管道系统中之每个构成元件的设计压力应不低于投役期间所预期之内/外部压力和温度 (最
小值或最大值)同时发生之恶劣条件下的压力，但302.2.4中之规定的除外 。
(b) The most severe condition is that which results in the greatest required component thickness and the highest
component rating. 最恶劣条件条件是导致所需组件厚度最大和组件额定值最高的条件。
(c) When more than one set of pressure–temperature conditions exist for a piping system, the conditions governing
the rating of components conforming to listed standards may differ from the conditions governing the rating of components
designed in accordance with paragraph 304. 当管道系统中存在着多于一组的压力-温度条件时，符合所列标准之组件额定值
的控制条件可能不同于按304所设计之组件额定值的控制条件。
(d) When a pipe is separated into individualized pressure-containing chambers (including jacketed piping, blanks,
etc.), the partition wall shall be designed on the basis of the most severe coincident temperature (minimum or maximum) and
differential pressure between the adjoining chambers expected during service, except as provided in paragraph 302.2.4. 当管道被
分隔成个单独的 (包括夹套管道、盲板等)时，隔墙应按役期间承压室所预期之重合温度 (最低或最高)和不同压力组合下
的最恶劣条件来进行设计，但符合302.2.4之规定时除外。
301.2.2 Required Pressure Containment or Relief所需的压力安全壳或泄压阀
(a) Provision shall be made to safely contain or relieve (see paragraph 322.6.3) any expected pressure to which the
piping may be subjected. Piping not protected by a pressure-relieving device, or that can be isolated from a pressure-relieving
device, shall be designed for at least the highest expected pressure. 应采取措施以安全地容纳或泄放 (见第 322.6.3 段)管道可
能承受的任何预期压力。 不受泄压装置保护或可与泄压装置隔离管道应至少设计为可承受最高预期压力。
(b) Sources of pressure to be considered include ambient influences, pressure oscillations and surges, improper
operation, decomposition of unstable fluids, static head, and failure of control devices. 所要考虑之压力源包括环境影响因素、
压力脉动和压力突波、操作不当、不稳定流体的分解、静水头压力和控制装置的失效。
(c) The allowances of paragraph 302.2.4(f) are permitted, provided that the other requirements of paragraph 302.2.4
are also met. 只要满足 302.2.4 的其他要求， 则 302. 2. 4(f)的变动范围是允许的。
301.3 Design Temperature设计温度
The design temperature of each component in a piping system is the temperature at which, under the coincident
pressure, the greatest thickness or highest component rating is required in accordance with paragraph 301.2. (To satisfy the
requirements of paragraph 301.2, different components in the same piping system may have different design temperatures.) 管道
系统中每一组件的设计温度是在重合压力下并符合第 301.2设计压力要求之最大厚度或组件最高额定值的相应温度。
(为满足 301.2 的要求，同一管道系统中的不同组件可能具有不同的设计温度)。
In establishing design temperatures, consider at least the fluid temperatures, ambient temperatures, solar radiation,
heating or cooling medium temperatures, and the applicable provisions of paras. 301.3.2, 301.3.3, and 301.3.4. 在确定设计温度
时，至少要考虑流体温度、环境温度、太阳辐射、加热或冷却介质之温度以及第 301.3.2、301.3.3 和 301.3.4的有关规
定。
301.3.1 Design Minimum Temperature. The design minimum temperature is the lowest component temperature
expected in service. This temperature may establish special design requirements and material qualification requirements. See also
paras. 301.4.4 and 323.2.2. 最低设计温度。最低设计温度是投役中所预期的最低组件温度。 该温度可能会建立特殊的设
计要求和材料限定要求，另见301.4.4 和 323.2.2条款所述。
301.3.2 Uninsulated Piping Components不保温之管道构成元件
(a) For fluid temperatures below 65°C (150°F), the component temperature shall be taken as the fluid temperature
unless solar radiation or other effects result in a higher temperature. 当流体温度低于 65°C (150°F) 时，组件温度应被视为流
体温度，除非太阳辐射或其他影响源导致更高的温度。
(b) For fluid temperatures 65°C (150°F) and above, unless a lower average wall temperature is determined by test
or heat transfer calculation, the temperature for uninsulated components shall be no less than the following values: 当流体温度 ≥
65°C (150°F) 时，除非通过试验或传热计算确定了较低的平均壁温，否则不保温之的温度应不低于以下值：
(1) valves, pipe, lapped ends, welding fittings, and other components having wall thickness comparable to
that of the pipe — 95% of the fluid temperature阀门、管道、搭接短管、焊制管件和其他壁厚与管道相当之组件为
流体温度的 95%
(2) flanges (except lap joint flanges) including those on fittings and valves — 90% of the fluid temperature法
兰 (活套法兰除外)，包括管件和阀门上之法兰为流体温度的 90%
(3) lap joint flanges — 85% of the fluid temperature活套法兰为流体温度的85%
(4) bolting — 80% of the fluid temperature螺栓连接件为流体温度的80%
301.3.3 Externally Insulated Piping Components. The component design temperature shall be the fluid temperature
unless calculations, tests, or service experience based on measurements support the use of another temperature. Where piping is
heated or cooled by tracing or jacketing, this effect shall be considered in establishing component design temperatures. 外部保温
之管道构成元件。 除基于测量值之左证下的计算、测试或运行经验表明可采用非流体温度之其他温度是可行时，否则
组件之设计温度应为流体温度。 在对通过伴热管线或夹套加热或冷却管线处之组件进行设计温度时应考虑这种影响。
301.3.4 Internally Insulated Piping Components. The component design temperature shall be based on heat transfer
calculations or tests. 内部保温之管道构成元件。 组件之设计温度应基于传热计算或试验。
301.4 Ambient Effects环境的影响效应
See Appendix F, paragraph F301.4. 见附录 F中之第 F301.4条款。
301.4.1 Cooling — Effects on Pressure. The cooling of a gas or vapor in a piping system may reduce the pressure
sufficiently to create an internal vacuum. In such a case, the piping shall be capable of withstanding the external pressure at the
18
lower temperature, or provision shall be made to break the vacuum. 冷却对压力的影响。 管道系统中之气体或蒸汽的冷却可
使压力充分降低到足以产生内部真空，在这种情况下，管道应能承受较低温度下的外部压力，或应采取因应措施来破坏
因冷却而造成的真空。
301.4.2 Fluid Expansion Effects. Provision shall be made in the design either to withstand or to relieve increased
pressure caused by the heating of static fluid in a piping component. See also paragraph 322.6.3(b)(2). 流体膨胀的影响效应。
设计中应采取因应措施以承受或缓解因管道构成元件中因静态流体被加热而新增的压力， 另见 322.6.3(b)(2)。
301.4.3 Atmospheric Icing. Where the design minimum temperature of a piping system is below 0°C (32°F), the
possibility of moisture condensation and buildup of ice shall be considered and provisions made in the design to avoid resultant
malfunctions. This applies to surfaces of moving parts of shutoff valves, control valves, pressure-relief devices including
discharge piping, and other components. 大气结冰的影响效应。 如果管道系统的最低设计温度低于 0°C (32°F)，则应重视
水分凝结和结冰的可能性，并在设计中做出规定以避免由此产生的失效。 这适用于截止阀、控制阀、减压装置 (包括排
放管道)和其他部件之组件的表面。
301.4.4 Low Ambient Temperature. Consideration shall be given to low ambient temperature conditions for
displacement stress analysis. 低环境温度。 位移应力分析时应考虑到低环境温度条件。
301.5 Dynamic Effects动载的影响效应
301.5.1 Impact. Impact forces caused by external or internal conditions (including changes in flow rate, hydraulic
shock, liquid or solid slugging, flashing, and geysering) shall be taken into account in the design of piping. See Appendix F,
paragraph F301.5.1. 冲击。 管道设计中应重视由由内/ 外条件 (包括流量变化、水力冲击、液体或固体段塞、闪蒸和间歇
性涌水)所引起的冲击力。 见附录 F中第F301.5.1条款。
301.5.2 Wind. The effect of wind loading shall be taken into account in the design of exposed piping. The analysis
considerations and loads may be as described in ASCE 7. Authoritative local meteorological data may also be used to define or
refine the design wind loads. 风。 在设计外露管道时应重视风荷载的影响效应。 分析考虑因素和载荷可能如 ASCE 7 中所
述。权威的当地气象数据也可用于确定风载荷或使所设计之风载荷更为完善。
301.5.3 Earthquake. The effect of earthquake loading shall be taken into account in the design of piping. The analysis
considerations and loads may be as described in ASCE 7. Authoritative local seismological data may also be used to define or
refine the design earthquake loads. 地震。 管道设计应顾及到地震荷载的影响效应。 分析考虑因素和荷载可能如 ASCE 7
中所述。权威的当地地震学数据也可用于确定地震荷载或使所设计之地震荷载更为完善。
301.5.4 Vibration. Piping shall be designed, arranged, and supported to eliminate excessive and harmful effects of
vibration that may arise from such sources as impact, pressure pulsation, turbulent flow vortices, resonance in compressors,
external vortex shedding (e.g., wind), and acoustically induced vibration. 振动。 管道的设计、布置和支撑应消除可能由冲
击、压力脉动、涡流紊流、压缩机共振、外部涡流剥离 (例如风)和声致振动等来源引起的过度且有害的振动影响。
301.5.5 Discharge Reactions. Piping shall be designed, arranged, and supported so as to withstand reaction forces due
to let-down or discharge of fluids. 排放的反作用。 管道的设计、布置和支承应能够承受由于流体减速或而引起的反作用
力。
301.6 Weight Effects重量影响效应
The following weight effects, combined with loads and forces from other causes, shall be taken into account in the
design of piping. 在管道设计中，应重视以下重量效应以及其他原因所产生的载荷和作用力。
301.6.1 Live Loads. These loads include the weight of the medium transported or the medium used for test. Snow and
ice loads due to both environmental and operating conditions shall be considered. 活载荷。 这些载荷包括运输介质或用于测试
之介质的重量。 应研究由环境和操作条件引起的雪载荷和冰载荷。
301.6.2 Dead Loads. These loads consist of the weight of piping components, insulation, and other superimposed
permanent loads supported by the piping. 静载荷。 这些载荷包括管道构成元件的重量、保温材料和管道支承的其他迭加永
久载荷。
301.7 Thermal Expansion and Contraction Effects热胀冷缩效应
The following thermal effects, combined with loads and forces from other causes, shall be taken into account in the design
of piping. See also Appendix F, paragraph F301.7. 在管道设计中，应重视以下热效应以及由其他原因所引起的载荷和作
用力。 另见附录 F中之 F301.7条款。
301.7.1 Thermal Loads Due to Restraints. These loads consist of thrusts and moments that arise when free thermal
expansion and contraction of the piping are prevented by restraints or anchors. 因限动而引起的热载荷。 这些载荷包括推力和
力矩，这些推力和力矩是在管道的自由热膨胀和收缩被限动或受锚栓所阻止时而产生的。
301.7.2 Loads Due to Temperature Gradients. These loads arise from stresses in pipe walls resulting from large
rapid temperature changes or from unequal temperature distribution as may result from a high heat flux through a comparatively
thick pipe or stratified two-phase flow causing bowing of the line. 由于温度梯度而引起的载荷。 这些载荷来自管壁中的应
力，这些应力是由快且大的温度变化或不均匀的温度分布所引起的，这可能是由通过相对较厚之管道的高热通量或导致
管线弯曲之两相层流所引起的。
301.7.3 Loads Due to Differences in Expansion Characteristics. These loads result from differences in thermal
expansion where materials with different thermal expansion coefficients are combined, as in bimetallic, lined, jacketed, or
metallic–nonmetallic piping. 由于膨张特性不同而产生的载荷。 这些载荷是由具有不同热膨胀系数之材料组合下的热膨胀
差异而引起的，如双金属、内衬、夹套或金属-非金属管道。
301.8 Effects of Support, Anchor, and Terminal Movements支承件、锚固件和管端位移的影响效应
The effects of movements of piping supports, anchors, and connected equipment shall be taken into account in the
design of piping. These movements may result from the flexibility and/or thermal expansion of equipment, supports, or
anchors; and from settlement, tidal movements, or wind sway. 在管道设计中重视支承件、锚固件和管端位移的影响效
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应。 这些位移可能是由于设备、支承件或锚固件的可挠性和/或热膨胀所造成的； 以及沉降、潮水流动或风而引起
的微晃动。
301.9 Reduced Ductility Effects延展性降低的影响效应
The harmful effects of reduced ductility shall be taken into account in the design of piping. The effects may, for
example, result from welding, heat treatment, forming, bending, or low operating temperatures, including the chilling effect
of sudden loss of pressure on highly volatile fluids. Low ambient temperatures expected during operation shall be
considered. 管道设计中应重视延展性降低的有害影响。 例如，这些影响可能由焊接、热处理、成型、弯曲或低操
作温度，包括突然失压对高挥发性流体之冷却作用而引起的。 应重视操作期间所预期的低环境温度。
301.10 Cyclic Effects循环载荷的影响效应
Fatigue due to pressure cycling, thermal cycling, and other cyclic loadings shall be considered in the design of piping. See
Appendix F, paragraph F301.10. 管道设计中应重视由压力循环、热循环和其他循环载荷所引起的疲劳。 见附录 F中之
F301.10条款。
301.11 Air Condensation Effects空气冷凝的影响效应效应
At operating temperatures below −191°C (−312°F) in ambient air, condensation and oxygen enrichment occur. These shall
be considered in selecting materials, including insulation, and adequate shielding and/or disposal shall be provided. 在大气中
低于 −191°C (−312°F) 的工作温度下，会发生冷凝和富氧。 在选用材料 (包括绝缘材料)时应考虑这些因素，并应提
供足够的防护和/或配置。
302 DESIGN CRITERIA设计准则
302.1 General通则
Paragraph 302 states pressure–temperature ratings, stress criteria, design allowances, and minimum design values
together with permissible variations of these factors as applied to the design of piping. 第 302 条款规定了压力-温度额定
值、应力准则、设计公差和最小设计值，以及应用于管道设计之这些因素的容许波動。
302.2 Pressure–Temperature Design Criteria压力-温度设计准则
302.2.1 Listed Components Having Established Ratings. Except as limited elsewhere in the Code, pressure–
temperature ratings contained in standards for piping components listed in Table 326.1 are acceptable for design pressures and
temperatures in accordance with this Code. When the owner approves, provisions of this Code may be used to extend the
pressure–temperature ratings of a component beyond the ratings contained in the listed standard. 具有已建立额定值的表列元
件。 除本规范另行規定之限制外，表 326.1 中所列管道构成元件之标准中所给出之压力-温度额定值对于符合本规范之
设计压力和温度是可接受的。 当所有者批准时，本规范的规定可用于将组件之压力-温度额定值扩展到所列标准中所含
额定值之外。
302.2.2 Listed Components Not Having Specific Ratings不具有已建立额定值的表列元件
(a) Some of the standards for fittings in Table 326.1 (e.g., ASME B16.9 and B16.11) state that pressure–
temperature ratings are based on straight seamless pipe. Such fittings shall be rated as calculated for straight seamless pipe with
the same allowable stresses as the fitting and the nominal thickness corresponding to the wall thickness or class designation of the
fitting, less all applicable allowances (e.g., thread depth and corrosion allowance), and considering the manufacturing under
tolerances of the fittings and the pipe. 表 326.1 中所给出之某些管件标准 (例如 ASME B16.9 和 B16.11)，其所规定之压力温度额定值是基于无缝直管。 此类管件之额定值应按照与管件相同之许用应力和与管件壁厚或级别代号所对应之无缝
直管公称厚度减去所有适用余量 (例如，螺纹深度和腐蚀余量)来计算得出，并且考虑在配件和钢管的制造负公差。
(b) For components with straight or spiral (helical seam) longitudinal welded joints, the pressure rating as
determined for seamless pipe shall be multiplied by the weld joint strength reduction factor, W, as defined in paragraph
302.3.5(e). 对于具有直缝或螺旋 (螺旋缝)纵向焊接接头之组件而言，其压力额定值为由上述无缝直管所确定之压力额定
值应乘以如302.3.5(e)条款中所定义之焊缝强度折减系数 W 。
(c) Other listed components not addressed in paragraph 302.2.1 or 302.2.2(a) shall have their pressure– temperature
ratings established in accordance with the rules in paragraph 304. 应根据 304条款中的规则来确定第 302.2.1 或 302.2.2(a)条款
中未提及的其他表列元件的压力-温度额定值。
302.2.3 Unlisted Components. Piping components not listed in Table 326.1 may be used subject to all of the following
requirements: 非表列元件。 可在符合以下所有要求下使用表 326.1 中未列出之管道构成元件：
(a) The material shall comply with paragraph 323. 材料应符合 323要求。
(b) The designer shall be satisfied that the design is suitable for the intended service. 设计者应确信设计适合预期
工况。
(c) Pressure–temperature ratings shall be established in accordance with the rules in paragraph 304. 压力-温度额定
值应按第304 条款中之规定来确定之。
302.2.4 Allowances for Pressure and Temperature Variations. Occasional variations of pressure, temperature, or
both may occur in a piping system. Such variations shall be considered in selecting design pressure (paragraph 301.2) and design
temperature (paragraph 301.3). The most severe coincident pressure and temperature shall determine the design conditions unless
all of the following criteria are met (see Appendix F, paragraph F302.2.4): 压力和温度的容许波動裕量。 管道系统中可能会
偶尔发生压力、温度或两者的波動。 在选用设计压力 (第 301.2 节)和设计温度 (第 301.3 节)时应考虑到此类波動。 除非
满足以下所有准则 (参见附录 F中之F302.2.4条款)，否则应以最恶劣之重合压力和温度应来确定设计条件：
(a) The piping system shall have no pressure-containing components of gray iron or other nonductile metal. 管道系
统不应有由灰铸铁或其他非延展性金属所制成之承压组件。
(b) Circumferential pressure stresses (based on minimum pipe wall thickness, less allowances) shall not exceed the
yield strength at temperature (see paragraph 302.3 of this Code and 𝑆𝑦 data in ASME BPVC, Section II, Part D, Table Y-1). 周向
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压应力 (基于最小管壁厚度，减去余量)不应超在该过温度下的降服强度 (参见本规范第 302.3条款和 ASME BPVC 第 II-D
卷表 Y-1 中的𝑆𝑦 值)。
(c) Combined stresses shall not exceed the limits established in paragraph 302.3.6. 组合应力不应超过302.3.6的规
定限值 。
(d) The total number of pressure–temperature variations above the design conditions shall not exceed 1 000 during
the life of the piping system. 在管道系统之使用寿命期间，超过设计条件之压力-温度的波動总次数不应超过 1000 次。
(e) In no case shall the increased pressure exceed the test pressure used under paragraph 345 for the piping system.
在任何情况下，所增加之压力都不应超过345中用于管道系统的试验压力。
(f) Occasional variations above design conditions shall remain within one of the following limits for pressure
design. 偶尔高于设计条件的波動应保持在以下压力设计限度之一内。
(1) Subject to the owner’s approval, it is permissible to exceed the pressure rating or the allowable stress for
pressure design at the temperature of the increased condition by not more than经业主批准，允许在允许在升温之情况下超
过压力额定值或压力设计的许用应力不超过：
(-a) 33% for no more than 10 h at any one time and no more than 100 h/y, or一次不超过 10 小时且不超过
100 小时/年时为33% ，或者是
(-b) 20% for no more than 50 h at any one time and no more than 500 h/y一次不超过 50 小时且不超过
500 小时/年时为20%
The effects of such variations shall be determined by the designer to be safe over the service life of the piping
system by methods acceptable to the owner. (See Appendix V.) 此类波動的影响应由设计者通过业主可接受的方法
来确定在管道系统之整个使用寿命期间是安全的 (见附录V)。
(2) When the variation is self-limiting (e.g., due to a pressure-relieving event), and lasts no more than 50 h at
any one time and not more than 500 h/y, it is permissible to exceed the pressure rating or the allowable stress for pressure
design at the temperature of the increased condition by not more than 20%.当波動是自限性的 (例如由于泄压事件所引的
应力变化)，并且任何一次持续时间不超过 50 小时且每年不超过 500 小时时，则允许超过压力额定值或在温升条件
下之压力设计的许用应力不超过 20%。
(g) The combined effects of the sustained and cyclic variations on the serviceability of all components in the
system shall have been evaluated. 应评估持续和周期性波動对系统所有组件之适用性的综合影响。
(h) Temperature variations below the minimum temperature shown in Appendix A are not permitted unless the
requirements of paragraph 323.2.2 are met for the lowest temperature during the variation. 除非满足第323.2.2段所述波動期间
的最低温度要求，否则不允许低于附录 A 中所示最低温度的温度波動 。
(i) The application of pressures exceeding pressure– temperature ratings of valves may under certain conditions
cause loss of seat tightness or difficulty of operation. The differential pressure on the valve closure element should not exceed the
maximum differential pressure rating established by the valve manufacturer. Such applications are the owner’s responsibility.
在某些情况下，施加超过阀门压力-温度额定值的压力可能会导致阀座密封性丧失或操作困难。 阀门关闭组件上的压差
不应超过阀门制造商规锁定之最大压差额定值。 此类超压应用是所有者的责任。
302.2.5 Ratings at Junction of Different Services. When two services that operate at different pressure– temperature
conditions are connected, the valve segregating the two services shall be rated for the more severe service condition. Where
multiple valves are used (e.g., in a double block and bleed arrangement), all of the valves shall be rated for the more severe
service condition. If the valve(s) will operate at a different temperature due to remoteness from a header or piece of equipment,
the valve(s) (and any mating flanges) may be selected on the basis of the different temperature. 不同工况交界处的额定值。 当
连接在不同压力-温度条件下运行的两种工况时，隔离这两种工况的阀门应额定为较为苛刻之条件。 在使用多个阀门的
地方 (例如，在双关断和双排放布置中)，所有阀门的额定值都应适用于较为苛刻的工况条件。 如果阀门由于远离集管或
设备而在不同的温度下运行，则可根据不同的温度来选用阀门 (和任何配合法兰)。
302.3 Allowable Stresses and Other Stress Limits 许用应力和其他应力之限值
302.3.1 General. The allowable stresses defined in (a), (b), and (c) shall be used in design calculations unless modified
by other provisions of this Code. 通则。如下 (a)、(b) 和 (c) 中所定义之许用应力应用于设计计算，除非本规范之其他条款
有所修改。
(a) Tension. Basic allowable stresses, S, in tension for metals listed in Tables A-1 and A-1M, and design stresses,
S, for bolting materials listed in Tables A-2 and A-2M were determined in accordance with paragraph 302.3.2. 拉伸。 表 A-1 和
A-1M 中所列金属之基本许用应力S 和表 A-2 和 A-2M 中所给出之螺栓材料的设计应力S 是按第 302.3.2确定的。
In equations elsewhere in the Code where the product SE appears, the value S is multiplied by one of the
following quality factors:1 在本规范中出现乘积SE的其他方程序中，值S乘以以下质量因子之一：
1 If a component is made of castings joined by longitudinal welds, both a casting and a weld joint quality factor shall be applied. The
equivalent quality factor E is the product of 𝐸c , Table A-1A, and 𝐸𝑗 , Table A-1B. 如果组件是由具又纵向焊缝之铸件制成时，则应同
时采用铸件质量系数和焊缝质量系数。等效品质因子 E 是表 A-1A中之 Ec和表 A-1B 中之 Ej的乘积。
(1) casting quality factor 𝐸c as defined in paragraph 302.3.3 and tabulated for various material specifications
in Table A-1A, and for various levels of supplementary examination in Table 302.3.3C, or 铸件质量因子𝐸c 之定义见
302.3.3，各种材料规范见表 A-1A 中所列，而各种级别的补充检查则在表 302.3.3C中给出，或者
(2) longitudinal weld joint factor 𝐸j as defined in 302.3.4 and tabulated for various material specifications
and classes in Table A-1B, and for various types of joints and supplementary examinations in Table 302.3.4 纵向焊缝接头
系数𝐸j 之定义见302.3.4，表 A-1B中给出各种材料规格和等级的𝐸j 表列值，而表 302.3.4 中则给出了各种接头类型所
要进之补充检查
The stress values in Tables A-1, A-1M, A-2, and A-2M are grouped by materials and product forms, and are for
stated temperatures up to the limit provided in paragraph 323.2.1(a). Straight-line interpolation between temperatures
21
is permissible. The temperature intended is the design temperature (see paragraph 301.3).表 A-1、A-1M、A-2和 A2M中之应力值是按材料和产品形式进行分组的，这些表列值仅能适用到323.2.1(a)所规定之极限温度 。 允许
温度间采用线性插值。 预期温度是设计温度 (参见301.3)。
(b) Shear and Bearing. Allowable stresses in shear shall be 0.80 times the basic allowable stress in tension
tabulated in Appendix A. Allowable stress in bearing shall be 1.60 times that value. 剪切和承重。 许用剪应力应为附录
A中所列基本许用拉伸应力的 0.80 倍。承重的许用应力应为该值的 1.60 倍。
(c) Compression. Allowable stresses in compression shall be no greater than the basic allowable stresses in
tension as tabulated in Appendix A. Consideration shall be given to structural stability. 压应力。 许用压应力不应大于附录 A
中所列基本许用拉伸应力。应考虑到结构稳定性。
302.3.2 Bases for Design Stresses.2 The bases for establishing design stress values for bolting materials and basic
allowable stress values for other metallic materials in this Code are specified in (a) through (d). In the application of these criteria,
the yield strength at temperature is considered to be SYRY and the tensile strength at temperature is considered to be 1.1STRT, where
设计应力的依据。确定本规范中螺栓材料之设计应力值和其他金属材料之基本许用应力值的依据列举在如下 (a) 至 (d)
中。 在应用这些准则时，温度下的降服强度被认为是𝑆𝑌 𝑅𝑌 的乘积，温度下的抗拉强度被认为是1.1𝑆𝑇 𝑅𝑇 ,，其中
𝑅𝑇 = ratio of the average temperature-dependent trend curve value of tensile strength to the room temperature tensile
strength平均温度随趋势曲线值变化之抗拉强度与室温抗拉强度的比值
𝑅𝑌 = ratio of the average temperature-dependent trend curve value of yield strength to the room temperature yield
strength平均温度随趋势曲线值变化之降服强度与室温屈降强度的比值
𝑆𝑇 = specified minimum tensile strength at room temperature室温下的最小规定抗拉强度
𝑆𝑌 = specified minimum yield strength at room temperature室温下的最小规定降服强度
2
These bases are the same as those for ASME BPVC, Section III, Class 1 materials, given in ASME BPVC, Section II, Part D. Stress values in
B31.3, Appendix A, at temperatures below the creep range generally are the same as those listed in ASME BPVC, Section II, Part D, Tables 2A
and 2B, and in Table 3 for bolting, corresponding to those bases. They have been adjusted as necessary to exclude casting quality factors and
longitudinal weld joint quality factors. Stress values at temperatures in the creep range generally are the same as those in ASME BPVC, Section
II, Part D, Tables 1A and 1B, corresponding to the bases for ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1. 这些基准与 ASME BPVC 第 III册中之
C.1材料的基准相同，且在 ASME BPVC 第 II-D 卷中给出。B31.3 附录 A中所给出之应力值在低于蠕变范围之温度下通常与ASME
BPVC 第 II - D卷表 2A和 2B 以及表 3中针对螺栓连接件所给出之对应值是相同的。 它们已根据需要进行了调整，以排除铸件质量因
素和纵向焊缝质量因素。蠕变范围温度下的应力值通常与ASME BPVC 第 II -D卷表1A 和 1B 中基于ASME BPVC 第 VIII-1卷之对应
值的相同。
(a) Bolting Materials. Design stress values at temperature for bolting materials shall not exceed the lowest of the
following: 螺栓材料。 螺栓材料在表列温度下的设计应力值不应超过下列中之最低值：
(1) at temperatures below the creep range, for bolting materials whose strength has not been enhanced by heat
treatment or strain hardening, the lowest of one-fourth of 𝑆𝑇 , one-fourth of tensile strength at temperature, two-thirds of 𝑆𝑌 ,
and two-thirds of yield strength at temperature 在低于蠕变范围的温度下，对于未通过热处理或应变硬化增强强度之螺
栓材料，最低为 𝑆𝑇 的1/4，表列温度下的抗拉强度的1/4，𝑆𝑌 的三分之二， 和表列温度下之降服强度的2/3
(2) at temperatures below the creep range, for bolting materials whose strength has been enhanced by heat
treatment or strain hardening, the lowest of one-fifth of 𝑆𝑇 , one-fourth of the tensile strength at temperature, one-fourth of 𝑆𝑌 ,
and two-thirds of the yield strength at temperature (unless these values are lower than corresponding values for annealed
material, in which case the annealed values shall be used) 在低于蠕变范围的温度下，对于通过热处理或应变硬化增强强
度之螺栓材料，最低为𝑆𝑇 的1/5，表列温度下之抗拉强度的1/4，𝑆𝑌 的1/4 和和表列温度下之降服强度的2/3 (除非这些
值低于退火材料的相应值，在这种情况下则应采用退火值)
(3) 100% of the average stress for a creep rate of 0.01% per 1 000 h 等于每 1000小时之蠕变率为 0.01% 时之
平均应力
(4) 67% of the average stress for rupture at the end of 100000 h 历经 100000 h时之平均断裂应力的 67%
(5) 80% of minimum stress for rupture at the end of 100000 h 历经100000 h 时之最小断裂应力的 80%
(b) Gray Iron. Basic allowable stress values at temperature for gray iron shall not exceed the lower of the following:
灰铸铁。 灰铸铁在表列温度下之基本许用应力值不应超过下列值中的较低值：
(1) one-tenth of 𝑆𝑇 𝑆𝑇 的1/10
(2) one-tenth of the tensile strength at temperature 表列温度下之抗伸强度的1/10
(c) Malleable Iron. Basic allowable stress values at temperature for malleable iron shall not exceed the lower of the
following: 可锻铸铁。 可锻铸铁在表列温度下之基本许用应力值不应超过下列值中的最低值：
(1) one-fifth of 𝑆𝑇 𝑆𝑇 的1/5
(2) one-fifth of the tensile strength at temperature 表列温度下之抗伸强度的1/5
(d) Other Materials. Basic allowable stress values at temperature for materials other than bolting materials, gray
iron, and malleable iron shall not exceed the lowest of the following: 其他材料。 除螺栓材料、灰铸铁和可锻铸铁以外之材
料，其在温度下之基本许用应力值不应超过下列值中的最低值：
(1) the lower of one-third of 𝑆𝑇 and one-third of tensile strength at temperature. 𝑆𝑇 的1/3和表列温度下之抗伸
强度的1/3中的较低者。
(2) except as provided in (3) below, the lower of two-thirds of 𝑆𝑌 and two-thirds of yield strength at
temperature. 为𝑆𝑌 之1/3和表列温度下之抗伸强度的1/3中的较低者。
(3) for austenitic stainless-steels and nickel alloys having similar stress–strain behavior, the lower of two-thirds
of 𝑆𝑌 and 90% of yield strength at temperature [see (e)]. 除如下 (3) 之规定外，为𝑆𝑌 的2/3和表列温度下之抗伸强度的2/3
中的较低者。
(4) 100% of the average stress for a creep rate of 0.01% per 1 000 h. 等于每 1000小时之蠕变率为 0.01% 时平
均应力
22
(5) for temperatures up to and including 815°C (1,500°F), 67% of the average stress for rupture at the end of
100 000 h.
(6) for temperatures higher than 815°C (1,500°F), (100 × 𝐹avg )% times the average stress for rupture at the end
of 100 000 h. 𝐹avg is determined from the slope, n, of the log time-to-rupture versus log stress plot at 100 000 h such that log
𝐹avg = 1/n. 𝐹avg shall not exceed 0.67. 当温度高于 815°C (1,500°F) 时，为(100 × 𝐹avg )% 乘以 100 000 小时结束时的平均
破裂应力。由于可按100 000 小时的对数断裂时间与对数应力图之斜率 n来确定𝐹avg ，因此 log 𝐹avg = 1/n，且𝐹avg 不应
超过 0.67。
(7) 80% of the minimum stress for rupture at the end of 100000 h. 100000 小时结束时之最小断裂应力的
80%。
For structural grade materials, the basic allowable stress shall be 0.92 times the lowest value determined in (1) through (7).
结构级材料之基本许用应力应为 (1)至 (7)中所确定之最低值的 0.92 倍。
(e) Application Limits. Application of stress values determined in accordance with (d)(3) is not recommended for
flanged joints and other components in which slight deformation can cause leakage or malfunction. 应用限制。 不建议将按
(d)(3) 所确定之应力值应用于法兰接头和其他即使轻微变形也会导致泄漏或失效之组件。
(1) These values are shown in italics or boldface in Table A-1, as explained in Note (4a) to Appendix A Tables.
Instead, either 75% of the stress value in Table A-1 or two-thirds of the yield strength at temperature listed in ASME BPVC,
Section II, Part D, Table Y-1 should be used. 如附录 A中各表之的注释 (4a)所述，这些值在表 A-1 中以斜体或粗体显
示。 相反，应采用表 A-1中应力值的 75% 或 ASME BPVC 第 II-D 卷表 Y-1中所列温度下之降服强度的2/3。
(2) Stress values determined in accordance with (d)(3) are not identified in Table A-1M. See Note (4b) to
Appendix A. When using Table A-1M, two-thirds of the yield strength at temperature listed in ASME BPVC, Section II, Part
D, Table Y-1 should be used. 按(d)(3)所确定之应力值未列于在表 A-1M 中。 参见附录 A 之注释 (4b)。应用表 A-1M
时，应采用 ASME BPVC 第-D 卷表 Y-1中所列温度下之降服强度的2/3。
302.3.3 Casting Quality Factor, 𝑬𝐜 铸件质量系数𝑬𝐜
(a) General. The casting quality factors, 𝐸c , defined herein shall be used for cast components not having pressure–
temperature ratings established by standards in Table 326.1. 通则。 此处所规定之铸件质量系数 Ec 应用于不具有表 326.1中
标准所规定之压力-温度额定值的铸件。
Table 302.3.3C Increased Casting Quality Factors, 𝑬𝐜 通过检测所提高知铸件质量系数𝑬𝐜
Supplementary Examination in Accordance with Note(s)
按注释进行的额外检查
Factor, 𝑬𝐜 系数𝑬𝐜
(1)
0.85
(2)(a) or (2)(b)
0.85
(3)(a) or (3)(b)
0.95
(1) and (2)(a) or (2)(b)
0.90
(1) and (3)(a) or (3)(b)
1.00
(2)(a) or (2)(b) and (3)(a) or (3)(b)
1.00
GENERAL NOTE: Titles of standards referenced in this Table’s Notes are as follows: 通注：本表注释中所引用的标准标
题如下：
ASME B46.1 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness and Lay)
ASTM E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
ASTM E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact Testing
ASTM E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for General Industry
ASTM E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
MSS SP-53 Quality Standard for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges, Fittings, and Other Piping
Components — Magnetic Particle Examination Method
MSS SP-93 Quality Standard for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges, Fittings, and Other Piping
Components — Liquid Penetrant Examination Method
NOTES:批注
(1) Machine all surfaces to a finish of 6.3 μm 𝑅𝑎 (250 μin. 𝑅𝑎 in accordance with ASME B46.1), thus increasing the
effectiveness of surface examination. 将所有表面机加工至 6.3 μm Ra (根据 ASME B46.1 为 250 μin. Ra)的光洁度，从而
提高表面检查的有效性。
(2)
(a) Examine all surfaces of each casting (ferromagnetic material only) by the magnetic particle method in accordance with
ASTM E709. Judge acceptability in accordance with MSS SP-53, Table 1. 按ASTM E165对每个铸件的所有表面进行液体渗透检
测。 判定准则为SP-93 表 1。
(b) Examine all surfaces of each casting by the liquid penetrant method, in accordance with ASTM E165. Judge acceptability
in accordance with SP-93, Table 1. 按ASTM E114 对每个铸件进行100%超声波检测，只有在没有证据表明缺陷深度超过壁厚
的 5% 时才可接受该铸件。
(3)
(a) Fully examine each casting ultrasonically in accordance with ASTM E114, accepting a casting only if there is no evidence
of depth of defects in excess of 5% of wall thickness. 按ASTM E94 对每个铸件进行100%射线照相。 并按表302.3.3D所规定的验
收等级来判定可接受性。
(b) Fully radiograph each casting in accordance with ASTM E94. Judge in accordance with the stated acceptance levels in
Table 302.3.3D. 按ASTM E94 对每个铸件进行100%射线照相。 并按表302.3.3D所规定的验收等级来判定可接受性。
(b) Basic Quality Factors. Castings of gray and malleable iron, conforming to listed specifications, are assigned a
basic casting quality factor, 𝐸c , of 1.00 (due to their conservative allowable stress basis). For most other metals, static castings that
conform to the material specification and have been visually examined as required by MSS SP-55, Quality Standard for Steel
Castings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components — Visual Method, are assigned a basic casting quality
factor, 𝐸c , of 0.80. Centrifugal castings that meet specification requirements only for chemical analysis, tensile, hydrostatic, and
flattening tests, and visual examination are assigned a basic casting quality factor of 0.80. Basic casting quality factors are
tabulated for listed specifications in Table A-1A. 基本质量系数。 符合所列规格之灰铁和可锻铸铁铸件的基本铸件质量系数
Ec 为 1.00，由于其保守的许用应力基础，因而对于大多数其他金属而言，只要符合材料规范并按照 MSS SP-55《阀
23
门、法兰和配件以及其他管道部件织钢铸件质量标准 - 表面不规则性评估的目视方法》之要求进行目视检查的静模铸件
被指定为基本铸件，且其质量因子𝐸c 可取直为0.80。 仅满足规范所要求之化学分析、拉伸、水压和压扁试验以及目视检
查的离心铸件，其基本铸件质量系数为 0.80。 表 A-1A 列出了基本铸件质量系数的表列值。
(c) Increased Quality Factors. Casting quality factors may be increased when supplementary examinations are
performed on each casting. Table 302.3.3C states the increased casting quality factors, 𝐸c , that may be used for various
combinations of supplementary examination. Table 302.3.3D states the acceptance criteria for the examination methods specified
in the Notes to Table 302.3.3C. Quality factors higher than those shown in Table 302.3.3C do not result from combining tests
(2)(a) and (2)(b), or (3)(a) and (3)(b). In no case shall the quality factor exceed 1.00. 被提高之质量系数。 当对每个铸件进行
附加检测时，铸件系数因素可能会被提高。 表 302.3.3C 列出了可用来提高铸件质量系数 Ec之附加检测的各种组合。 表
302.3.3D规定了表 302.3.3C 注释中所规定之检测方法的合格准则。 高于表 302.3.3C 中所示质量系数不是组合 (2)(a) 和
(2)(b)，或 (3)(a) 和 (3)(b)检测的结果。 在任何情况下，质量系数都不应超过 1.00。
Several of the specifications in Appendix A require machining of all surfaces and/or one or more of these supplementary
examinations. In such cases, the appropriate increased quality factor is shown in Table A-1A. 附录 A 中的某些规范要求对所有
表面进行机加工和/或附加检测检测中的一项或多项。 在这种情况下，适当所被提高之质量系数如表 A-1A 所示。
302.3.4 Weld Joint Quality Factor, 𝑬𝐣 焊接接头质量系数𝑬𝐣
(a) Basic Quality Factors. The weld joint quality factors, 𝐸j , tabulated in Table A-1B are basic factors for straight
or spiral (helical seam) welded joints for pressure-containing components as shown in Table 302.3.4. 基本质量系数。 表 A-1B
中所列焊接接头质量系数 Ej 是表 302.3.4 中所示承压组件的直焊缝或螺旋焊缝 (螺旋焊缝)的基本系数。
(b) Increased Quality Factors. Table 302.3.4 also indicates higher joint quality factors that may be substituted for
those in Table A-1B for certain kinds of welds if additional examination is performed beyond that required by the product
specification. 被提高之质量系数。 表 302.3.4 还指出了更高的接头质量系数，如果进行了超出产品规范要求的附加检
测，则可以用某些类型的焊缝代替表 A-1B 中的接头质量系数。
302.3.5 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Sustained Loads and Displacement Strains由持续载荷和位移应变
所引起之计算应力的限度
(a) Internal Pressure Stresses. Stresses due to internal pressure shall be considered safe when the wall thickness
of the piping component, including any reinforcement, meets the requirements of paragraph 304. 内部压应力。 当管道构成元
件 (包括任何加固件)的壁厚满足304的要求时，则由内部压力所引起的压应力应被认为是安全的。
(b) External Pressure Stresses. Stresses due to external pressure shall be considered safe when the wall thickness
of the piping component, and its means of stiffening, meet the requirements of paragraph 304. 外部压应力。 当管道構成元件的
壁厚及其加固方式满足 .的要求时，应认为由外部压力所引起的压应力是安全的。
(c) Stresses Due to Sustained Loads, 𝑆𝐿 . The stresses due to sustained loads, 𝑆𝐿 , in any component in a piping
system (see paragraph 320), shall not exceed 𝑆ℎ , where 𝑆ℎ is the basic allowable stress provided in Table A-1 or Table A-1M at
the metal temperature for the operating condition being considered. 持续载荷所引起的应力𝑆𝐿 。 管道系统之任何组件 (见320)
由持续载荷𝑆𝐿 所引起的应力不应超过表 A-1 或表 A-1M对拟用用操作条件所规定之相应金属温度下的基本许用应力𝑆ℎ 。
Material Examined Thickness
被检材料之厚度, T
Steel钢
T ≤ 25 mm (1 in.)
Steel钢
T > 25 mm, ≤ 51 mm (2 in.)
Steel钢
T > 51 mm, ≤ 114 mm (41∕2
in.)
Steel钢
T > 114 mm, ≤ 305 mm (12
in.)
Aluminum and magnesium铝和镁
Applicable Standard
适用标准
ASTM E446
Acceptance Level (or Class)
Acceptable Discontinuities
合格标准 (或等级)
可接受的不连续性
1
Types A, B, C
ASTM E446
2
Types A, B, C
ASTM E186
2
Categories A, B, C
ASTM E280
2
Categories A, B, C
ASTM E155
…
Shown in reference radiographs
见基准射线照片
Codes A, Ba, Bb
Codes A and B
ASTM E272
2
Copper, Ni–Cu 铜，镍-铜
ASTM E310
2
Bronze青铜
GENERAL NOTE: Titles of ASTM standards referenced in this Table are as follows:
通注：本表中所引用的 ASTM 标准标题如下：
E155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings
E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4-1∕2-in. (50.8 to 114 mm)) Steel Castings
E272 Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
E280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4-1∕2 to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm)) Steel Castings
E310 Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings
E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in Thickness
(d) Allowable Displacement Stress Range, 𝑆𝐴 . The computed displacement stress range, SE, in a piping system
(see paragraph 319.4.4) shall not exceed the allowable displacement stress range, 𝑆𝐴 (see paras. 319.2.3 and 319.3.4), calculated
by eq. (1a)许用位移应力值域𝑆𝐴 。 对管道系统所计算得出之位移应力值域SE (见 319.4.4)不应超过按如下计算公式(1a)所得
出的许用位移应力值域𝑆𝐴 (见第 319.2.3 节和 319.3.4 节)：
𝑆𝐴 = f (1.25Sc + 0.25𝑆ℎ )
(1a)
When 𝑆ℎ is greater than 𝑆𝐿 , the difference between them may be added to the term 0.25𝑆ℎ in eq. (1a). In that
case, the allowable stress range is calculated by eq. (1b) 当𝑆ℎ 大于𝑆𝐿 时，可将两者之差加到式(1a)中的0.25𝑆ℎ 项
中 ；在这种情况下，按式 (1b)来计算出许用应力值域。
𝑆𝐴 = f [1.25(Sc + 𝑆ℎ )] - 𝑆𝐿
(1b)
24
For eqs. (1a) and (1b) 方程 (1a) 和 (1b)中所用运算符之定义如下所述：
f = stress range factor,3 calculated by eq. (1c)4 应力变化范围系数，可用式 (1c)来计算之。
f (see Figure 302.3.5) = 6.0(N)-0.2 ≤ 𝑓𝑚
(1c)
𝑓𝑚 = maximum value of stress range factor; 1.2 for ferrous materials with specified minimum tensile
strengths ≤517 MPa (75 ksi) and at metal temperatures ≤371°C (700°F); otherwise 𝑓𝑚 = 1.0应力变
化范围系数的最大值； 最小规定抗拉强度≤ 517 MPa (75 ksi) 且金属温度 ≤ 371°C (700°F) 之
铁基金属材料的𝑓𝑚 取值为1.2 ； 否则𝑓𝑚 = 1.0
3 Applies to essentially noncorroded piping. Corrosion can sharply decrease cyclic life; therefore, corrosion resistant
materials should be considered where a large number of major stress cycles is anticipated. 适用于基本上未腐蚀的管
道。 腐蚀会急剧降低循环寿命， 因此，在预计会出现大量主循环应力的情况下，宜考虑采用耐腐蚀材料。
4 The minimum value for f is 0.15, which results in an allowable displacement stress range, 𝑆 , for an indefinitely large
𝐴
number of cycles. 导致无限大循环次数之许用位移应力值域𝑆𝐴的应力变化范围系数f 最小值为 0.15。
N = equivalent number of full displacement cycles during the expected service life of the piping system5
管道系统预之期使用寿命期间的等效最大位移循环次数
Sc = basic allowable stress6 at minimum metal temperature expected during the displacement cycle under
analysis在所分析之位移循环中所预期之最低金属温度下的基本许用应力Sc，其对大值等于
138 MPa (20 ksi)
= 138 MPa (20 ksi) maximum
𝑆ℎ = basic allowable stress6 at maximum metal temperature expected during the displacement cycle
under analysis1在所分析之位移循环中所预期之最高金属温度下的基本许用应力𝑆ℎ ，其对大值
等于138 MPa (20 ksi)
= 138 MPa (20 ksi) maximum
The designer is cautioned that the fatigue life of materials operated at elevated temperature may be reduced. 设计人员要
注意：在高温下使用之材料的疲劳寿命可能会缩短。
6
For castings, the basic allowable stress shall be multiplied by the applicable casting quality factor, 𝐸c . For longitudinal
welds, the basic allowable stress need not be multiplied by the weld quality factor, 𝐸j . 铸件之基本许用应力应乘以所
适用之铸件质量系数E_c。 具有纵向焊缝之铸件的基本许用应力不需要乘以焊缝质量系数𝐸j 。
5
𝑆𝐿 = stress due to sustained loads; in systems where supports may be active in some conditions and
inactive in others, the maximum value of sustained stress, considering all support conditions, shall
be used持续载荷所引起的应力； 在支承件可能在某些条件下有效而在其他条件下无效的系统
中，考虑所有支承条件后，应采用持续应力的最大值
Table 302.3.4 Longitudinal Weld Joint Quality Factor纵向焊缝之质量系数, 𝑬𝐣
No.
1
2
3
Type of Joint接头类型
Furnace butt weld,
continuous weld对接炉
焊，连续焊
Electric resistance weld
电阻焊
Electric fusion weld电熔焊
(a) Single butt weld (with
or without filler metal)
单面对接焊 (添加或不
添加焊填金属)
(b) Double butt weld
(with or without filler
metal) 双面对接焊 (添
加或不添加焊填金属)
4
Type of Seam接缝类型
Straight直缝
Factor系数, 𝑬𝐣
Examination检测
As required by listed specification按表列 0.60 [Note (1)]
规范之要求进行
Straight or spiral (helical seam) 直缝 As required by listed specification按表列 0.85 [Note (1)]
规范之要求进行
或螺旋缝
Straight or spiral (helical seam) 直缝 As required by listed specification or this 0.80
Code按表列规范或本规范之要求进行
或螺旋缝
Additionally spot radiographed in
0.90
accordance with paragraph 341.5.1按
341.5.1增加射线抽测
Additionally 100% radiographed in
1.00
accordance with paragraph 344.5.1 and
Table 341.3.2 按 344.5.1 和表 341.3.2
增加100% 的射线检测。
Straight or spiral (helical seam)
As required by listed specification or this 0.85
(except as provided in 4 below) 直 Code按表列规范或本规范之要求进行
0.90
缝或螺旋缝 (以下4之规定的除外) Additionally spot radiographed in
accordance with paragraph 341.5.1按
341.5.1增加射线抽测
Additionally 100% radiographed in
1.00
accordance with paragraph 344.5.1 and
Table 341.3.2按 344.5.1 和表 341.3.2
增加100% 的射线检测。
Specific specification特定规格
API 5L, electric fusion
weld, double butt seam
API 5L《双面对接电
熔焊焊缝》
Straight (with one or two seams) or As required by specification按表列规范 0.95
1.00
spiral (helical seam) —或两条直焊 之要求进行
缝或螺旋缝
Additionally 100% radiographed in
1.00
accordance with paragraph 344.5.1 and
Table 341.3.2按 344.5.1 和表 341.3.2
增加100% 的射线检测。
NOTE: (1) It is not permitted to increase the joint quality factor by additional examination for joint 1 or 2.
注：(1) 不允许通过对接头 1 或接头 2 进行额外检测来提高接头质量系数。
When the computed stress range varies, whether from thermal expansion or other conditions, SE is defined as
the greatest computed displacement stress range. The value of N in such cases can be calculated by eq. (1d) 当所计
算出之应力值域发生变化时，无论是热膨胀还是其他条件，SE 均被指定为最大计算位移应力值域。 在这种
情况下，可通过式 (1d)来计算N 的值。
25
N = 𝑁𝐸 + Σ (r5N ) for i = 1, 2, …, n
(1d)
where 式中所用运算符之定义如下所述：
𝑁𝐸 = number of cycles of maximum computed displacement stress range, 𝑆𝐸
最大计算位移应力值域的循环次数𝑆𝐸
𝑁𝑖 = number of cycles associated with displacement stress range, 𝑆𝑖
与位移应力值域相关的循环次数𝑆𝑖
𝑟𝑖
= 𝑆𝑖 /𝑆𝐸
𝑆𝑖
= any computed displacement stress range smaller than 𝑆𝐸 任何小于𝑆𝐸 的计算位移应力值域
When the total number of significant stress cycles due to all causes exceeds 100000, and with the owner’s
approval, the designer may elect to apply the alternative fatigue assessment rules in Appendix W to satisfy the
displacement stress range requirements of this paragraph and of paragraph 319. A significant stress cycle is defined
in paragraph W300. When the alternative rules of Appendix W are applied, the calculations shall be documented in
the engineering design. 当由各种原因所引起的有效应力循环总数超过 100000 次时，经业主同意，设计者可
选用附录 W 中的替代疲劳评估规则来满足本段和319的位移应力值域要求。 有效压力循环之定义见
W300 。 当采用附录 W中的替代规则时，计算应记录在工程设计中。
(e) Weld Joint Strength Reduction Factor, W. At elevated temperatures, the long-term strength of weld joints may
be lower than the long-term strength of the base material. The weld joint strength reduction factor, W, is the ratio of the nominal
stress to cause failure of a weld joint to that of the corresponding base material for an elevated temperature condition of the same
duration. It only applies at weld locations in longitudinal or spiral (helical seam) welded piping components. The designer is
responsible for the application of weld joint strength reduction factors to other welds (e.g., circumferential). 焊缝强度折减系数
W。在高温下，焊缝的长期强度可能低于母材的长期强度。 焊接接头强度折减系数 W 是在相同持续时间之高温条件下
导致焊接接头失效的标称应力与相应母材之标称应力的比值。 它仅适用于以纵向或螺旋 (螺旋缝)所焊制之管道构成元件
的焊接位置。 设计者负责将焊缝强度折减系数应用于其他焊缝 (例如，周向焊缝)。
When determining the required wall thickness for internal pressure in accordance with paragraph 304, for
each coincident operating pressure–temperature condition under consideration, the product of the basic allowable
stress and the applicable weld quality factor, SE, shall be multiplied by W. 当按304来确定内部压力所需的壁厚
时， 对于所考虑之每个重合操作压力-温度条件，其基本许用应力和所适用之焊接质量系数 SE的乘积应
乘以 W。
W is equal to 1.0 when evaluating occasional loads, e.g., wind and earthquake, or when evaluating permissible
variations in accordance with paragraph 302.2.4. Application of W is not required when determining the pressure
rating for the occasional load or permissible variation condition. It is also not required when calculating the allowable
stress range for displacement stresses, 𝑆𝐴 , in (d). 在评估偶发荷载 (例如风和地震)或按302.2.4估允许变化时，W 等
于 1.0。 在确定偶发荷载或容许波動条件之压力额定值时，不需要乘上 W。 也不需要计算(d)中位移应力𝑆𝐴 的
许用应力值域。
For other than occasional loads or permissible variations, W shall be in accordance with Table 302.3.5 except as
provided in (f). 除了偶发载荷或容许波動外，W 应符合表 302.3.5所给出之相应值，但 (f) 中之规定的除外。
Figure 302.3.5 Stress Range Factor应力变动范围系数, f
N (cycles循环次数)
Ferrous materials, specified minimum tensile strength ≤517 MPa (75 ksi),and at design metal temperatures
≤371°C (700°F) 在设计金属温度 ≤ 371°C (700°F)下之最小规定抗拉强度 ≤ 517 MPa (75 ksi)的铁基金属材料
All other materials所有其他材料
(f) Alternative Weld Strength Reduction Factors. A weld strength reduction factor other than that listed in Table
302.3.5 may be used in accordance with one of the following criteria: 非表列焊缝强度降低系数。 可按以下准则之一使用表
302.3.5 中未列出之焊缝强度折减系数：
(1) Creep test data may be used to determine the weld joint strength reduction factor, W. However, the use of
creep test data to increase the factor W above that shown in Table 302.3.5 is not permitted for the CrMo and Creep Strength
Enhanced Ferritic (CSEF) steels materials, as defined in Table 302.3.5. Creep testing of weld joints to determine weld joint
strength reduction factors, when permitted, should be full thickness cross-weld specimens with test durations of at least 1 000
26
h. Full thickness tests shall be used unless the designer otherwise considers effects such as stress redistribution across the
weld. 蠕变试验数据可用于确定焊接接头的强度降低系数 W，但不允许利用蠕变试验数据将为确定铬钼钢和抗蠕变强
度增强型铁素体 ( CSEF) 钢材中之焊接接头强度降低系数W而进行的焊缝蠕变试验增加到表302.3.5所示的W以上，如
果允许，应采用全厚十字交叉焊缝试样来进行时间至少为 1000 小时的焊缝蠕变试验。 应使用全厚度测试，除非设计
者另外考虑了诸如焊缝上的应力重新分布等影响效应。
(2) with the owner’s approval, extensive successful experience may be used to justify the factor W above
that shown in Table 302.3.5. Successful experience must include same or like material, weld metal composition, and welding
process under equivalent, or more severe, sustained operating conditions. 经业主同意，可采用广泛的成功经验来证明表
302.3.5 中所示上述系数 W 的合理性。 成功的经验必须包括相同或相似的材料、焊缝金属成分和在等效或更严苛的
持续操作条件下的焊接工艺。
302.3.6 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Occasional Loads 偶发载荷引起的计算应力限度
(a) Operation. Stresses due to occasional loads may be calculated using the equations for stress due to sustained
loads in paragraph 320.2. 操作。 由偶发荷载引起之应力可用 320.2中给出用于计算因持续荷载引所起之应力的方程计算
之。
(1) Subject to the limits of paragraph 302.2.4, the sum of the stresses due to sustained loads, such as
pressure and weight, 𝑆𝐿 , and of the stresses produced by occasional loads, such as wind and earthquake, shall not exceed
1.33 times the basic allowable stress provided in Table A-1 or Table A-1M at the metal temperature for the occasional
condition being considered. Wind and earthquake forces need not be considered as acting concurrently. 由于压力和重量等
持续载荷引起之应力 S_L 和风、地震等偶发载荷产生的应力和受302.2.4的限制 ，因而该应力和不应超过表 A -1 或
表 A-1M 在金属温度下对所虑偶发情况所提供之基本许用应力的 1.33 倍。 不需要将风力和地震力视为会同时作用
的偶发载荷。
(2) For Elevated Temperature Fluid Service (see definition in paragraph 300.2) of materials having ductile
behavior, as an alternative to the use of 1.33 times the basic allowable stress provided in Table A-1 or Table A-1M, the
allowable stress for occasional loads of short duration, e.g., surge, extreme wind, or earthquake, may be taken as the lowest
of the following: 在具有延性行为之材料的高温流体工况 (见第 300.2 节中的定义)下，持续时间较短之偶发载荷的许
用应力，例如浪涌、强风或地震，可被视为以下各项中的最低值来取代表 A-1 或表 A-1M 中所提供之基本许用应
力的 1.33 倍：
(-a) the weld strength reduction factor times 90% of the yield strength at the metal temperature for the
occasional condition being considered焊缝强度折减系数乘以所虑偶发情况之金属温度处降服强度的 90%
(-b) four times the basic allowable stress provided in Appendix A 附录 A 中所提供之基本许用应力的
4倍
(-c) for occasional loads that exceed 10 h over the life of the piping system, the stress resulting in a 20%
creep usage factor in accordance with Appendix V 对于在管道系统寿命期间超过 10 小时的偶发载荷，取附录 V
中产生 20%蠕变利用因子的应力
For (-a), the yield strength shall be as listed in ASME BPVC, Section II, Part D, Table Y-1 or determined in
accordance with paragraph 302.3.2. The strength reduction factor represents the reduction in yield strength with longterm
exposure of the material to elevated temperatures and, in the absence of more-applicable data, shall be taken as 1.0 for austenitic
stainless-steel and 0.8 for other materials. 用于 (-a)之降服强度应为列于 ASME BPVC第 II-D卷表 Y-1 中之相应降服强度或
由 302.3.2所确定之降服强度。 强度折减系数表示材料长期暴露在高温下降服强度的降低，在没有更适用之数据的情况
下，奥氏体不锈钢应取 1.0，其他材料应取 0.8。
For (-b), the basic allowable stress for castings shall also be multiplied by the casting quality factor, 𝐸c . Where the
allowable stress value exceeds two-thirds of yield strength at temperature, the allowable stress value must be reduced as specified
in paragraph 302.3.2(e). 对于(-b)而言，铸件之基本许用应力还应乘以铸件质量系数𝐸c 。 当许用应力值超过表列温度下之
降服强度的2/3时，许用应力值必须按302.3.2(e)之规则来折减之。
(b) Test. Stresses due to test conditions are not subject to the limitations in paragraph 302.3. It is not necessary to
consider other occasional loads, e.g., wind and earthquake, as occurring concurrently with test loads. 测试。 由测试条件所引起
之应力不受302.3的限制。 不必考虑与试验载荷同时发生的其他偶发载荷，例如风载荷和地震载荷。
302.4 Allowances裕量
In determining the minimum required thickness of a piping component, allowances shall be included for corrosion,
erosion, and thread depth or groove depth. See definition for c in paragraph 304.1.1(b). 在确定管道构成元件之最小所需厚
度时，应包括腐蚀、侵蚀和螺纹深度或坡口深度的裕量， 参见304.1.1(b)中 c 的定义 。
302.5 Mechanical Strength机械强度
(a) Designs shall be checked for adequacy of mechanical strength under applicable loadings. When necessary, the wall
thickness shall be increased to prevent overstress, damage, collapse, or buckling due to superimposed loads from supports, ice
formation, backfill, transportation, handling, or other loads enumerated in paragraph 301. 应校核设计在适用载荷下之机械强度
是否足够。 必要时，应增加壁厚，以防止因支架、结冰、回填、运输、装卸或301中所列举之其他荷载的迭加荷载而导
致过应力、损坏、倒塌或挫曲。
(b) Where increasing the thickness would excessively increase local stresses or the risk of brittle fracture, or is
otherwise impracticable, the impact of applied loads may be mitigated through additional supports, braces, or other means without
requiring an increased wall thickness. Particular consideration should be given to the mechanical strength of small pipe
connections to piping or equipment. 如果增加厚度会过度提高局部应力或脆性断裂的风险，或者在其他方面不可行时，则
可通过外加支承、拉杆或其他不需要增加壁厚的方式来缓解施加载荷的影响。 对于与管道或设备相连接之小管道连接件
的机械强度，宜予以特殊考虑。
27
PART 2 PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS第 2 篇 管道构成元件的压力设计
303 GENERAL通则
Components manufactured in accordance with standards listed in Table 326.1 shall be considered suitable for use at pressure–
temperature ratings in accordance with paragraph 302.2.1 or 302.2.2, as applicable. The rules in paragraph 304 are intended for
pressure design of components not covered in Table 326.1, but may be used for a special or more-rigorous design of such
components, or to satisfy requirements of paragraph 302.2.2. Designs shall be checked for adequacy of mechanical strength as
described in paragraph 302.5. 根据表 326.1 中所列标准进行制造之组件应被视为适合在符合302.2.1 或 302.2.2之压力-温度
额定值下使用 ，视表列元件还是非表列元件而定。304 中的规则旨在用于表 326.1 中未涵盖之组件的压力设计，但也可
用于此类组件的特殊或更严谨的设计，或用于满足 302.2.2的要求。如302.5所述，应校核所设计之机械强度是否足够 。
304 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS各种组件的压力设计
304.1 Straight Pipe直钢管
304.1.1 General通则
(a) The required thickness of straight sections of pipe shall be determined in accordance with eq. (2) 应按式(2)来
确定直钢管段的所需厚度。
𝑡𝑚 = t + c
(2)
The minimum thickness, T, for the pipe selected, considering manufacturer’s minus tolerance, shall be not less
than 𝑡𝑚 . 考虑到制造商的负公差，因而所选钢管的最小厚度 T 应不小于𝑡𝑚 。
(b) The following nomenclature is used in the equations for pressure design of straight pipe: 直钢管之压力设计方
程中所用运算符之定义如下所述：
c = sum of the mechanical allowances (thread or groove depth) plus corrosion and erosion allowances. For
threaded components, the nominal thread depth (dimension h of ASME B1.20.1, or equivalent) shall
apply. For machined surfaces or grooves where the tolerance is not specified, the tolerance shall be
assumed to be 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) in addition to the specified depth of the cut. 机械裕量 (螺纹或坡口深
度)加上腐蚀和侵蚀裕量的总和。 螺纹部件之标称螺纹深度 (ASME B1.20.1 的尺寸 h，或等效物)
应列入机械裕量。 对于未指定公差之机加工表面或开槽面，除所指定之切割深度外，公差应假定
为0.5 mm (0.02 in.)。
D = outside diameter of pipe as listed in tables of standards or specifications or as measured标准或规范之表
格中所列钢管外径或实测钢管外径
d = inside diameter of pipe. For pressure design calculation, the inside diameter of the pipe is the maximum
value allowable under the purchase specification. 钢管内径。 压力设计计算时，钢管内径取采购说明书
之最大许用值。
E
P
S
T
t
𝑡𝑚
W
Y
= quality factor from Table A-1A or Table A-1B 表 A-1A 或表 A-1B 中的质量系数
= internal design gage pressure内部设计表压
= stress value for material from Table A-1 or Table A-1M 表 A-1 或表 A-1M 中所列材料之应力值
= pipe wall thickness (measured or minimum in accordance with the purchase specification) 钢管之壁厚
(取实测值或采购规格的最小值)
= pressure design thickness, as calculated in accordance with paragraph 304.1.2 for internal pressure or as
determined in accordance with paragraph 304.1.3 for external pressure压力设计厚度，内压作用下按
304.1.2 来计算之，外压作用下则按 304.1.3来确定之。
= minimum required thickness, including mechanical, corrosion, and erosion allowances包括机加工、腐
蚀和侵蚀裕量在内的所需最小厚度
= weld joint strength reduction factor in accordance with paragraph 302.3.5(e) 符合302.3.5(e)之焊缝接头
强度折减系数。
= coefficient from Table 304.1.1, valid for t < D/6 and for materials shown. The value of Y may be
interpolated for intermediate temperatures. For t ≥ D/6, 表 304.1.1中的系数，但限于 t < D/6 和所示材
料。对于中间湿度，Y 值可用内 插法求得。按下式来计算 t ≥ D/6时的Y 值：
304.1.2 Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure内压作用下之直钢管
(a) For t < D/6, the internal pressure design thickness for straight pipe shall be not less than that calculated in
accordance with either eq. (3a) or eq. (3b) 当t < D/6时，内压作用下之直钢管设计厚度应不小于按任一下式 [式 (3a)或式
(3b)]的计得值。
(3a)
(3b)
(b) For t ≥ D/6 or for P/SE > 0.385, calculation of pressure design thickness for straight pipe requires special
consideration of factors such as theory of failure, effects of fatigue, and thermal stress. 当t ≥ D/6或P/SE > 0.385时，内压作用下
之直钢管设计厚度需要特别考虑到失效机理、疲劳效应、热应力等因素。
304.1.3 Straight Pipe Under External Pressure. To determine wall thickness and stiffening requirements for straight
pipe under external pressure, the procedure outlined in ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, UG-28 through UG-30 shall be
followed, using as the design length, L, the running centerline length between any two sections stiffened in accordance with UG29. As an exception, for pipe with 𝑫𝒐 /t < 10, the value of S to be used in determining 𝑷𝒂𝟐 shall be the lesser of the following
28
values for pipe material at design temperature: 外压作用下之直钢管。 为确定外压作用下之直钢管的壁厚和刚度要求，应遵
循 ASME BPVC 第 VIII-1卷UG-28 至 UG-30 中所述程序，其中设计长度 L取值为按UG-29规则加固之任何两截面中心线
间的距离。 例外情况是，当钢管之径/厚比𝑫𝒐 /t 小于10时，用于确定𝑷𝒂𝟐 的 S 值应为以下钢管材在设计温度下的最小值：
(c) 1.5 times the stress value from Table A-1 or Table A-1M of this Code, or 本规范表 A-1 或表 A-1M 中应力值
的 1.5 倍，或者是
(d) 0.9 times the yield strength tabulated in ASME BPVC, Section II, Part D, Table Y-1 for materials listed therein
(The symbol 𝐷𝑜 in ASME BPVC, Section VIII is equivalent to D in this Code.) ASME BPVC 第 II-D卷表 Y-1 中所列材料之降
服强度的 0.9 倍 (ASME BPVC 第 VIII册中的符号𝐷𝑜 等同于本规范中的 D)。
304.2 Curved and Mitered Segments of Pipe钢管制弧形段和斜接段
304.2.1 Pipe Bends. The minimum required thickness, 𝒕𝒎 , of a bend, after bending, in its finished form, shall be
determined in accordance with eqs. (2) and (3c) 弯管。 应按式 (2) 和 (3c)来确定钢管弯曲后在其成品形状中的最小所需厚度
𝒕𝒎 。
(3c)
where at the intrados (inside bend radius) 在弯曲半径内侧处之I 值由下式给出
(3d)
and at the extrados (outside bend radius) 且在弯曲半径外侧处之I 值由下式给出
(3e)
and at the sidewall on the bend centerline radius, I = 1.0, 另在弯曲中心线侧壁处之I 值取值为1.0
and where此处𝑅1 之定义如下
𝑹𝟏 = bend radius of welding elbow or pipe bend 焊制肘管或弯管的弯曲半径
Figure 304.2.1 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends
Figure 304.2.3 Nomenclature for Miter Bends
弯管之符号图示
斜接弯管之符号图示
Intrados
內拱線
Extrados
外拱線
29
Table 302.3.5 Weld Joint Strength Reduction Factor焊缝强度折减系数, W
≤427
(≤800)
454
(850)
482
(900)
510
(950)
538
(1,000)
Component Temperature组件温度, Ti, °C (°F)
566
593
621
649
677
704
732
760
788
816
(1,050)
(1,100)
(1,150)
(1,200)
(1,250)
(1,300)
(1,350)
(1,400)
(1,450)
(1,500)
1
1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.77
0.73
0.68
0.64
…
…
…
…
…
…
0.91
0.86
0.82
0.77
…
…
…
…
…
…
Steel Group钢材组别
1
1
1
1
1
Carbon Steel碳素钢
1
0.95
0.91
0.86
0.82
CrMo铬钼钢[Notes (1)–(3)]
…
…
1
0.95
CSEF抗蠕变强度增强型铁素体 (N + …
T正火加回火) [Notes (3)–(5)]
…
…
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
CSEF抗蠕变强度增强型铁素体
[Notes (3) and (4)] (Subcritical
PWHT亚临界焊后热处理)
Autogenous welds in austenitic
…
…
…
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
stainless grade 3xx, and N088xx and
N066xx nickel alloys奥氏体不锈钢
等级 3xx 以及 N088xx 和 N066xx
镍合金中的自熔焊缝[Note (6)]
Austenitic stainless grade 3xx and
…
…
…
1
0.95
0.91
0.86
0.82
0.77
0.73
0.68
0.64
0.59
0.55
0.5
N088xx nickel alloys奥氏体不锈钢
等级 3xx 以及N088xx镍合金[Notes
(7) and (8)]
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Other materials其他材料[Note (9)]
GENERAL NOTES:通注
(a) Weld joint strength reduction factors at temperatures above the upper temperature limit listed in Appendix A for the base metal or outside of the applicable range in Table 302.3.5 are the
responsibility of the designer. At temperatures below those where weld joint strength reduction factors are tabulated, a value of 1.0 shall be used for the factor W where required; however, the additional
rules of this Table and Notes do not apply. 温度高于附录 A 中所列母材温度上限或表 302.3.5 中适用范围之外的焊缝强度折减系数由设计者负责。 在温度低于所列焊接接头强度折减系数的温
度时，如有需要，系数 W应取值为 1.0，但本表和注释的附加规则不适用于此情况。
(b) 𝑇𝑐𝑟 = temperature 25°C (50°F) below the temperature identifying the start of time-dependent properties listed under "NOTES TIME-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES" (Txx) in the Notes to ASME
BPVC, Section II, Part D, Tables 1A and 1B for the base metals joined by welding. For materials not listed in Section II, Part D, 𝑇𝑐𝑟 shall be the temperature where the creep rate or stress rupture criteria in
paras. 302.3.2(d)(4), (5), (6), and (7) governs the basic allowable stress value of the metals joined by welding. When the base metals differ, the lower value of 𝑇𝑐𝑟 shall be used for the weld joint. 比用于确
定ASME BPVC 第 II-D卷表 1A 和 1B 中通过焊接所连接之母材特性将随时间而变化的起始温度低25°C (50°F)。 对于未列在第 II-D卷中之材料，T_cr 应为302.3.2(d)(4)、(5)、(6) 和 (7) 中蠕
变速率或应力断裂准则所在的温度。 𝑇𝑐𝑟 应为在302.3.2(d)(4)、(5)、(6) 和 (7) 中由蠕变速率或应力断裂准则所支配的母材用焊接连接时之基本许用应力值所对应的温度。 当焊接接头由不同
母材组成时，则应取较低的𝑇𝑐𝑟 值。
(c) Ti = temperature, °C (°F), of the component for the coincident operating pressure–temperature condition, i, under consideration. 组件在所虑操作压力- 温度组合工况i 时的温度°C (°F)。
(d) CAUTIONARY NOTE: There are many factors that may affect the life of a welded joint at elevated temperature and all of those factors cannot be addressed in a table of weld strength reduction
factors. For example, fabrication issues such as the deviation from a true circular form in pipe (e.g.,"peaking" at longitudinal weld seams) or offset at the weld joint can cause an increase in stress that may
result in reduced service life and control of these deviations is recommended. 警示事项：有许多因素可能会影响焊接接头在高温下的寿命，所有这些因素都无法在焊缝强度降低系数表中逐一提
出。 例如，钢管偏离实圆形状 (例在纵焊缝上形成“凸起”)或焊缝错边等制造问题会导致应力新增，从而可能导致使用寿命缩短并建议控制这些偏差问题 。
(e) The weld joint strength reduction factor, W, may be determined using linear interpolation for intermediate temperature values. 可通过线性内插法来确定中间温度的焊缝接头强度降低系数
值。
NOTES: 批注
(1) The Cr–Mo Steels include: 1∕2Cr–1∕2Mo, 1Cr–1∕2Mo, 11∕4Cr–1∕2Mo–Si, 21∕4Cr–1Mo, 3Cr–1Mo, 5Cr–1∕2Mo, 9Cr–1Mo. Longitudinal and spiral (helical seam) welds shall be
normalized, normalized and tempered, or subjected to proper subcritical postweld heat treatment (PWHT) for the alloy. Required examination is in accordance with paragraph 341.4.4 or 305.2.4. 铬钼钢
包括：1∕2Cr–1∕2Mo, 1Cr–1∕2Mo, 11∕4Cr–1∕2Mo–Si, 21∕4Cr–1Mo, 3Cr–1Mo, 5Cr–1∕2Mo, 9Cr–1Mo。对于要求按341.4.4或305.2.4进行检测之合金， 纵焊缝或螺旋焊缝应经正火、正火+回
火或经适当的亚临界焊后热处理。
(2) Longitudinal and spiral (helical seam) seam fusion welded construction is not permitted for C–1∕2Mo steel above 454°C (850°F). 不允许在高于850°F下使用之C–1∕2Mo钢中存在着用
熔化焊方法所焊制出的纵焊缝或螺旋焊缝。
(3) The required carbon content of the weld filler metal shall be ≥0.05 C wt. %. See paragraph 341.4.4(b) for examination requirements. The basicity index of SAW flux shall be ≥1.0. 焊填金属所需
的碳含量应 ≥ 0.05 C wt.%。 见第 341.4.4(b) 的检测要求。 潜弧焊用焊剂的碱度指标应 ≥ 1.0。
30
(4) The CSEF (Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic) steels include grades 91, 92, 911, 122, and 23. CSEF (抗蠕变强度增强型铁素体)钢包括 91、92、911、122 和 23等等级。
(5) N + T = Normalizing + Tempering PWHT. 正火 + 回火之焊厚热处理。
(6) Autogenous welds without filler metal in austenitic stainless-steel (grade 3xx) and austenitic nickel alloys UNS Nos. N066xx and N088xx. A solution anneal after welding is required for use of
the factors in the Table. See paragraph 341.4.3(b) for examination requirements. 为使用表中的系数，奥氏体不锈钢 (3xx等级)和 UNS号为N066xx和N088xx之奥氏体镍合金中无焊填金属的自熔焊
缝需要在焊接后进行固溶退火。 见第 341.4.3(b) 的检测要求。
(7) Alternatively, the 100,000 hr Stress Rupture Factors listed in ASME BPVC, Section III, Division 1, Subsection NH, Tables I-14.10 A-xx, B-xx, and C-xx may be used as the weld joint strength
reduction factor for the materials and welding consumables specified. 另一种选项是：ASME BPVC 第 III -1 卷 NH 小卷表 I-14.10 A-xx、B-xx 和 C-xx 中所列00,000 小时应力断裂系数可用作所规
定之母材和焊接材料的接头强度降低系数。
(8) Certain heats of the austenitic stainless-steels, particularly for those grades whose creep strength is enhanced by the precipitation of temper-resistant carbides and carbonitrides, can suffer from an
embrittlement condition in the weld heat-affected zone that can lead to premature failure of welded components operating at elevated temperatures. A solution annealing heat treatment of the weld area
mitigates this susceptibility. 对奥氏体不锈钢的一定程度加热温度，特别是那些通过抗回火碳化物和碳氮化物析出而提高抗蠕变强度的钢种，可能会在焊缝热影响区出现脆化情况，从而导致
在高温下运行之焊制组件过早失效。 焊缝区域的固溶退火热处理可减轻这种易感性。
(9) For materials other than carbon steel, CrMo, CSEF, and the austenitic alloys listed in Table 302.3.5, W shall be as follows: For 𝑇𝑖 ≤ 𝑇𝑐𝑟 , W = 1.0. For SI units, for 𝑇𝑐𝑟 < 𝑇𝑖 ≤ 816°C, W = 1 −
0.00164(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑟 ). For U.S. Customary units, for 𝑇𝑐𝑟 < 𝑇𝑖 ≤ 1,500°F, W = 1 − 0.000909(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑟 ). If 𝑇𝑖 exceeds the upper temperature for which an allowable stress value is listed in Appendix A for the
base metal, the value for W is the responsibility of the designer. 对于碳钢、铬钼钢、CSEF 和表 302.3.5 中所列奥氏体合金以外之材料，W 应按如下取值： 当𝑇𝑖 ≤ 𝑇𝑐𝑟 时，W取值为1.0。采用 SI 单
位表示且当𝑇𝑐𝑟 < 𝑇𝑖 ≤ 816°C时，W取值为1 − 0.00164(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑟 )。 采用 SI 单位表示且当𝑇𝑐𝑟 < 𝑇𝑖 ≤ 1,500°F时，W取值为1 − 0.000909(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑟 )。 如果𝑇𝑖 超过附录 A 中所列母材之许用应力值的上
限温度，则 W 的值由设计人员负责给出。
ASME B31.3-2020
31
Table 304.1.1 Values of Coefficient Y for t < D/6 t < D/6 时的系数 Y 值
Material材料
Ferritic steels铁素体钢
Austenitic steels奥氏体钢
Nickel alloys镍合金
UNS Nos. N06617, N08800,
N08810, and N08825
Gray iron灰铸铁
Other ductile metals其他延性金属
Temperature温度, °C (°F)
482 (900) and
677 (1,250) and
Below
510 (950) 538 (1,000) 566 (1,050) 593 (1,100) 621 (1,150) 649 (1,200)
Above
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.0
0.4
…
0.4
…
0.4
…
0.4
…
0.4
…
0.4
…
0.4
…
0.4
Thickness variations from the intrados to the extrados and along the length of the bend shall be gradual. The thickness
requirements apply at the mid-span of the bend, γ/2, at the intrados, extrados, and bend centerline radius. The minimum
thickness at the end tangents shall not be less than the requirements of paragraph 304.1 for straight pipe (see Figure
304.2.1). 从内拱线到外拱线以及沿弯管长度的厚度波動应是渐进的。 方程中的厚度的项是指内拱线、外拱线和弯
管中心线半径在弯头长度中点 (γ/2) 处的厚度。 端布值线段之最小厚度不应小于304.1对直管的要求 (见图
304.2.1)。
304.2.2 Elbows. Manufactured elbows not in accordance with paragraph 303 shall be qualified as required by paragraph
304.7.2 or designed in accordance with paragraph 304.2.1, except as provided in paragraph 328.4.2(b)(6). 肘管。不按303制造之
弯头应符合304.7.2之要求，或按304.2.1来设计之，但328.4.2(b)(6)的规定除外。
304.2.3 Miter Bends. An angular offset of 3 deg or less (angle α in Figure 304.2.3) does not require design
consideration as a miter bend. Acceptable methods for pressure design of multiple and single miter bends are given in (a) and (b)
below. 斜接弯管。 斜角 (图 304.2.3 中的角度 α)不大于 3°之斜接弯管不需作为斜接弯 管来设计。 下文 (a) 和 (b) 中给出
了可接受的多弯和单弯斜接弯管的压力设计方法。
(a) Multiple Miter Bends. The maximum allowable internal pressure shall be the lesser value calculated from eqs.
(4a) and (4b). These equations are not applicable when θ exceeds 22.5 deg. 多弯斜接弯管。 最大容许内部压力应为按式 (4a)
和 (4b)所计算出的较小值，但应注意：式 (4a) 和 (4b)不适用 θ 超过 22.5 度时之斜接弯管。
(4a)
(4b)
(b) Single Miter Bends 单弯斜接弯管
(1) The maximum allowable internal pressure for a single miter bend with angle θ not greater than 22.5 deg
shall be calculated by eq. (4a). 应用式(4a)来计算角度 θ 不大于22.5°之单弯斜接弯管的最大容许内部压力。
(2) The maximum allowable internal pressure for a single miter bend with angle θ greater than 22.5 deg shall
be calculated by eq. (4c) 应通过式(4c)来计算角度 θ 大于22.5°之单弯斜接弯管的最大容许内部压力。
(4c)
(c) The miter pipe wall thickness, T, used in eqs. (4a), (4b), and (4c) shall extend a distance not less than M from the
inside crotch of the end miter welds where式(4a)、(4b) 和 (4c)中所使斜接管壁厚 T， 应从端部斜接焊缝之内分叉处延伸不
小于 M 的距离，且M值按如下取值：
M = the larger of 2.5(𝑟2 T)0.5 or tan θ (𝑅1 − 𝑟2 ) M等于2.5(𝑟2 T)0.5或tan θ (𝑅1 − 𝑟2 )中的较大者
The length of taper at the end of the miter pipe may be included in the distance, M. 距离 M 中可以包括斜接弯管之端
部锥段长度。
(d) The following nomenclature is used in eqs. (4a), (4b), and (4c) for the pressure design of miter bends: 用于斜接
弯管压力设计之式(4a)、(4b) 和 (4c) 中的运算符定义如下 ：
c
= same as defined in paragraph 304.1.1 与304.1.1中之定义的相同。
E
= same as defined in paragraph 304.1.1 与304.1.1中之定义的相同。
𝑃𝑚 = maximum allowable internal pressure for miter bends 斜接弯管的最大容许内部压力
𝑅1 = effective radius of miter bend, defined as the shortest distance from the pipe centerline to the
intersection of the planes of adjacent miter joints斜接弯管的有效半径，其被定义为从管道中心线
到相邻斜接接头平面交点的最短距离
= mean radius of pipe using nominal wall T 使用标称壁 T 的管道平均半径
𝑟2
S
= same as defined in paragraph 304.1.1 与304.1.1中之定义的相同。
T
= miter pipe wall thickness (measured or minimum in accordance with the purchase specification)
斜接弯管壁厚 (取实测值或采购说明书之最小值)
W = same as defined in paragraph 304.1.1 与304.1.1中之定义的相同。
α
= angle of change in direction at miter joint斜接接头处的转向角度
= 2θ
θ
= angle of miter cut斜切角度
For compliance with this Code, the value of 𝑅1 shall be not less than that given by eq. (5) 为符合本规范，𝑅1
32
的值应不小于式(5)的给出值。
(5)
where A has the following empirical values: 式(5)中的A项具有以下经验值：
For U.S. Customary units
For SI units SI 单位
(T - c), mm
13
13 < (T - c) < 22
≥ 22
(T - c), in.
≤ 0.5
0.5 < (T - c) < 0.88
≥ 0.88
A
25
2(T - c)
[2(T - c)/3] + 30
A
1.0
2(T - c)
[2(T - c)/3] + 1.17
304.2.4 Curved and Mitered Segments of Pipe Under External Pressure. The wall thickness of curved and mitered
segments of pipe subjected to external pressure may be determined as specified for straight pipe in paragraph 304.1.3. 外部压力
作用下之钢管制弧形段和斜接段。 承受外部压力之弧形段和斜接段的壁厚可按照第 304.1.3中对直管壁厚之相同方法来
确定之。
304.3 Branch Connections支管连接件
304.3.1 General通则
(a) Except as provided in (b) below, the requirements in paras. 304.3.2 through 304.3.4 are applicable to the
following branch connections: 除下文 (b) 中的规定外，支管连接件还应符合304.3.2 至 304.3.4 中的要求：
(1) fittings (tees, extruded outlets, branch outlet fittings in accordance with MSS SP-97, laterals, crosses) 配
件 (三通、挤制引出口、符合 MSS SP-97 的支管引出口配件、斜三通、四通)
(2) couplings not larger than DN 80 (NPS 3) and unlisted cast or forged branch connection fittings (see
paragraph 300.2) attached to the run pipe by welding通过焊接连接到主管道且尺寸不大于 DN 80 (NPS 3) 之管接头和
非表列铸造或锻造支管连接配件 (见300.2)
(3) welding the branch pipe directly to the run pipe, with or without added reinforcement, as covered in
paragraph 328.5.4 直接焊接到主管道上且具有补强或不具有补强之支管，见328.5.4。
(b) The rules in paras. 304.3.2 through 304.3.4 are minimum requirements, valid only for branch connections in
which (using the nomenclature of Figure 304.3.3) 第304.3.2 到 304.3.4 条款中之规则是支管连接件的最低要求 (符号见图
304.3.3)
(1) the run pipe diameter-to-thickness ratio (𝐷ℎ /𝑇ℎ ) is less than 100 and the branch-to-run diameter ratio (𝐷𝑏 /
𝐷ℎ ) is not greater than 1.0支管与主管之径厚比𝐷ℎ /𝑇ℎ 小于100且直径比(𝐷𝑏 / 𝐷ℎ )不大于1.0
(2) for run pipe with 𝐷ℎ /𝑇ℎ ≥ 100, the branch diameter, 𝐷𝑏 , is less than one-half the run diameter, 𝐷ℎ
对于𝐷ℎ /𝑇ℎ ≥ 100 之管道而沿，支管直径𝐷𝑏 小于主管直径𝐷ℎ 的1/2
(3) angle β is at least 45 deg角度 β 至少为45o
(4) the axis of the branch intersects the axis of the run支管轴与主管轴相交
(c) Where the provisions of (a) and (b) above are not met, pressure design shall be qualified as required by
paragraph 304.7.2. 凡不满足上述(a)、(b)项规定之支管连接件，其压力设计应符合 304.7.2之要求
(d) Other design considerations relating to branch connections are stated in paragraph 304.3.5. 与支管连接件相
关的其他设计考虑见304.3.5。
304.3.2 Strength of Branch Connections. A pipe having a branch connection is weakened by the opening that must be
made in it and, unless the wall thickness of the pipe is sufficiently in excess of that required to sustain the pressure, it is necessary
to provide added reinforcement. The amount of reinforcement required to sustain the pressure shall be determined in accordance
with paragraph 304.3.3 or 304.3.4. There are, however, certain branch connections that have adequate pressure strength or
reinforcement as constructed. It may be assumed without calculation that a branch connection has adequate strength to sustain the
internal and external pressure that will be applied to it if 支管连接件的强度。 具有支管连接件之管道由于必须在其中制作的
开口而变弱，除非管道壁厚足以超过承受压力所需的厚度，否则有必要提供额外的加固。应按304.3.3 或 304.3.4来确定
承受压力所需的加固程度。 但，有些在结构上已具有足够的耐压强度或加固之支管连接 ，只要满足以下条件，无需计
算即可假设支管连接件具有足够的耐压强度来承受将施加在其上的内/外部压力：
(a) the branch connection is made with a listed branch type fitting such as an ASME B16.9 or ASME B16.11 tee,
or MSS SP-97 branch connection fitting. See paragraph 303. 支管连接件是采用表列支管配件类型所制成的，例如 ASME
B16.9 或 ASME B16.11之三通，或 MSS SP-97支管连接件， 见第 303。
(b) the branch connection is made by welding a listed threaded or socket welding coupling or listed half coupling
directly to the run in accordance with paragraph 328.5.4, provided the size of the branch does not exceed DN 50 (NPS 2) nor onefourth the nominal size of the run. The minimum wall thickness of the coupling anywhere in the reinforcement zone (if threads
are in the zone, wall thickness is measured from root of thread to minimum outside diameter) shall be not less than that of the
unthreaded branch pipe. In no case shall a coupling or half coupling have a rating less than Class 3000 in accordance with ASME
B16.11. 支管连接件是通过将表列管接头或承插焊管接头或表列半管接头直接焊接到符合 328.5.4之管道而制成的，前提
是支管尺寸不超过 DN 50 (NPS 2)，也不超过主管标称尺寸的1/4。 管接头在加固区任何地方的最小壁厚 (若该区有螺
纹，则壁厚式从螺纹根部量至最小外径的尺寸)应不小于无螺纹支管的最小壁厚。 根据 ，管接头或半管接头之额定值在
任何情况下都不应低于ASME B16.11 Cl. 3000。
(c) the branch connection utilizes an unlisted branch connection fitting (see paragraph 300.2), provided the fitting
is made from materials listed in Table A-1 or Table A-1M and provided that the branch connection is qualified as required by
paragraph 304.7.2. 采用非表列支管连接配件所制成之支管连接件 (参见 300.2)，前提是该配件是用表 A-1 或表 A-1M 中所
列材料来制成的，并且该支管连接件符合304.7.2的要求。
304.3.3 Reinforcement of Welded Branch Connections. Added reinforcement is required to meet the criteria in (b)
and (c) when it is not inherent in the components of the branch connection. Sample problems illustrating the calculations for
33
branch reinforcement are shown in Appendix H. 焊接支管连接件的加固。 当支管连接件之构成元件中没有满足 (b) 和 (c) 中
之加固准则的加固时，则需要添加加固。 附录 H 中给出了说明支管加固计算的示例。
(a) Nomenclature. The nomenclature below is used in the pressure design of branch connections. It is illustrated in
Figure 304.3.3, which does not indicate details for construction or welding. Some of the terms defined in Appendix J are subject
to further definitions or variations, as follows:符号。 以下符号用于支管连接件的压力设计。 它在图 304.3.3 中给出了进一
步说明，图中未指明构造或焊接的详细信息。 附录 J 中所定义的一些术语在这里作了如下所示的进一步限定或有所变
动：
b
= subscript referring to branch用来表示支管的下标
𝑑1 = effective length removed from pipe at branch. For branch intersections where the branch opening
is a projection of the branch pipe inside diameter(e.g., pipe-to-pipe fabricated branch), 𝑑1 = [–
2(𝑇𝑏 − c)]/sin β与主管配接时所移除的有效长度。 支管开口处之支管交叉点是支管内径的投
影 (例如，管到管的预制支管)，𝑑1 = [– 2(𝑇𝑏 − c)]/sin β
𝑑2 = “half width” of reinforcement zone加固区的“半宽”
= 𝑑1 or (𝑇𝑏 − c) + (𝑇ℎ − c) + 𝑑1 /2, whichever is greater, but in any case not more than 𝐷ℎ d1或(𝑇𝑏 −
c) + (𝑇ℎ − c) + 𝑑1 /2中之较大者，但无论如何不超过(𝑇𝑏 − c) + (𝑇ℎ − c) + 𝑑1 /2
h
= subscript referring to run or header用来表示主管或集管的下标
𝐿4 = height of reinforcement zone outside of run pipe主管外侧加固区的高度
= 2.5(𝑇ℎ − c) or 2.5(𝑇𝑏 − c) + 𝑇𝑟 , whichever is less 𝐿4 取2.5(𝑇ℎ − c)或2.5(𝑇𝑏 − c) + 𝑇𝑟 中之较小者
𝑇𝑏 = branch pipe thickness (measured or minimum in accordance with the purchase specification)
except for branch connection fittings (see paragraph 300.2). For such connections the value of 𝑇𝑏
for use in calculating 𝐿4 , 𝑑2 , and 𝐴3 is the thickness of the reinforcing barrel (minimum per
purchase specification), provided that the barrel thickness is uniform (see Figure K328.5.4) and
extends at least to the 𝐿4 limit (see Figure 304.3.3). 支管厚度 (取实测值或采购规格之最小值)，
但支管连接配件除外 (参见 300.2 )， 对于此类支管连接配件，用于计算𝐿4 , 𝑑2 和𝐴3 的𝑇𝑏 值是
加固圆筒的厚度 (取采购规格之最小值)，前提是圆筒厚度是一致的 (见图 K328.5.4)并且至
少延伸至𝐿4 的边界 (见图 304.3.3)。
𝑇𝑟
= minimum thickness of reinforcing ring or saddle made from pipe (use nominal thickness if made
from plate) 由钢管所制成之加固环或鞍座的最小厚度 (如果由钢板制成实，则采用标称厚度)
= 0 if there is no reinforcing ring or saddle 如果环或鞍座无加固时，𝑇𝑟 = 0
t
= pressure design thickness of pipe, according to the appropriate wall thickness equation or
procedure in paragraph 304.1. For welded pipe, when the branch does not intersect the
longitudinal weld of the run, the basic allowable stress, S, for the pipe may be used in determining
𝑡ℎ for the purpose of reinforcement calculation only. When the branch does intersect the
longitudinal weld of the run, the product SEW (of the stress value, S; the appropriate weld joint
quality factor, 𝐸j , from Table A-1B; and the weld joint strength reduction factor, W; see paragraph
302.3.5) for the run pipe shall be used in the calculation. The product SEW of the branch shall be
used in calculating 𝑡𝑏 . 按适用之壁厚方程或304.1中之程序所去定的管道压力设计厚度 。 当
支管不与焊制主管之纵向焊缝相交时，管道的基本许用应力 S 可用于确定𝑡ℎ ，但仅限用于
加固计算。 当支管确实与焊制主管之纵向焊缝相交时，在计算中应采用该主管的SEW乘积
SEW (应力值 S；取自表 A-1B之相应焊接接头质量系数𝐸j ；焊接接头强度折减系数 W，参
见第 . 302.3.5)。 计算𝑡𝑏 时应取该支管的SEW乘积。
β
= smaller angle between axes of branch and run支管轴和主管轴间的较小夹角
(b) Required Reinforcement Area. The reinforcement area, 𝐴1 , required for a branch connection under internal
pressure is 所需的加固区域。支管连接件在内部压力作用下的所需加强面积𝐴1 为
𝐴1 = 𝑡ℎ 𝑑1 (2 - sin β)
(6)
For a branch connection under external pressure, area 𝐴1 is one-half the area calculated by eq. (6), using as 𝑡ℎ the
thickness required for external pressure. 支管连接件在外部压力作用下的𝐴1 面积是将外部压力作用下所需厚度输入
式(6)中而计算出之面积的1/2。
(c) Available Area. The area available for reinforcement is defined as可用区域。 可用于加固的区域为
𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 ≥ 𝐴1
(6a)
These areas are all within the reinforcement zone and are further defined below. 这些区域都在加固区内，并在如
下给出进一步界定。
(1) Area 𝐴2 is the area resulting from excess thickness in the run pipe wall 面积𝐴2 是由于主管壁多余厚度
而产生的面积
𝐴2 = (2d2 - 𝑑1 )(𝑇ℎ - 𝑡ℎ - c)
(7)
(2) Area 𝐴3 is the area resulting from excess thickness in the branch pipe wall 面积𝐴3 是支管壁多余厚度而
造成的面积
𝐴3 = 2𝐿4 (𝑇𝑏 – 𝑡𝑏 - c)/sin β
(8)
If the allowable stress for the branch pipe wall is less than that for the run pipe, its calculated area must be
reduced in the ratio of allowable stress values of the branch to the run in determining its contributions to area 𝐴3 . 如果支管
壁之许用应力小于主管壁之许用应力，则在确定其对面积𝐴3 的作用时，其计算面积必须按支管与支管之许用应力
值间之比值相应地应地减少。
(3) Area 𝐴4 is the area of other metal provided by welds and properly attached reinforcement. [See (f).] Weld
34
areas shall be based on the minimum dimensions specified in paragraph 328.5.4, except that larger dimensions may be used if
the welder has been specifically instructed to make the welds to those dimensions. 面积𝐴4 是由焊缝和正确连接之加固所提供
的其他金属面积 [见 (f)]。焊缝面积应基于328.5.4中所规定的最小尺寸，但如果焊工被特别指示焊成较大的尺寸，则采
用该较大尺寸。
(d) Reinforcement Zone. The reinforcement zone is a parallelogram whose length extends a distance, 𝑑2 , on each
side of the centerline of the branch pipe and whose width starts at the inside surface of the run pipe (in its corroded condition) and
extends beyond the outside surface of the run pipe a perpendicular distance, 𝐿4 . 加固面积。 加固面积是一个平行四边形，其
长度在支管中心线之每一侧延伸一段𝑑2 距离，其宽度从主管之内表面 (处于腐蚀状态)开始并垂直延伸到主管外表面之外
的𝐿4 距离处。
(e) Multiple Branches. When two or more branch connections are so closely spaced that their reinforcement zones
/
overlap, the distance between centers of the openings should be at least 1 1 2 times their average diameter, and the area of
reinforcement between any two openings shall be not less than 50% of the total that both require. Each opening shall have
adequate reinforcement in accordance with (b) and (c). No part of the metal cross section may apply to more than one opening or
be evaluated more than once in any combined area. (Consult PFI Standard ES7, Minimum Length and Spacing for Branch
Connections, for detailed recommendations on spacing of welded nozzles.) 多个支管。 当两个或两个以上之支管间的管间距
紧密相连以致其加固带重迭时，开孔中心距应至少为平均直径的1-1/2倍，且任意两个开孔间之加固面积应不小于该两孔
所需补强面积之和的 50%。 根据 (b) 和 (c)之规定，每个开口都应有足够的加固。 金属横截面的任何部分不得适用于多
个开口或在任何组合区域中的估算超过一次以上 (有关焊制管嘴间距的详细建议，请参阅 PFI 标准 ES7《支管连接件的
最小长度和间距》)。
(f) Added Reinforcement 外加补强
(1) Reinforcement added in the form of a ring or saddle as part of area 𝐴4 shall be of reasonably constant
width. 以补强圈或鞍座形式外加之补强作为面积𝐴4 的一部分时应具有适当的固定宽度。
(2) Material used for reinforcement may differ from that of the run pipe provided it is compatible with run
and branch pipes with respect to weldability, heat treatment requirements, galvanic corrosion, thermal expansion, etc. 用于补强
之材料可能不同于主管之材料，前提是其可焊性、热处理要求、电化腐蚀、热膨胀等性能要与主管管和支管的性能相
匹配。
(3) If the allowable stress for the reinforcement material is less than that for the run pipe, its calculated area
must be reduced in the ratio of allowable stress values in determining its contribution to area 𝐴4 . 如果补强材料之许用应力小
于主管之许用应力，则在确定其对面积 A4 的作用时，其计算面积必须按许用应力值的比率相应地减少。
(4) No additional credit may be taken for a material having higher allowable stress value than the run pipe. 补
强材料之许用应力高于主管道材料时，不得计入所增加的额外强度。
304.3.4 Reinforcement of Extruded Outlet Headers 挤制引出口集管的加固
(a) The principles of reinforcement stated in paragraph 304.3.3 are essentially applicable to extruded outlet
headers. An extruded outlet header is a length of pipe in which one or more outlets for branch connection have been formed by
extrusion, using a die or dies to control the radii of the extrusion. The extruded outlet projects above the surface of the header a
distance ℎ𝑥 at least equal to the external radius of the outlet 𝑟𝑥 (i.e., ℎ𝑥 ≥ 𝑟𝑥 ). 304.3.3中所述的加固原则基本上适用于挤制引出
口集管。 挤制引出口集管是一段具有通过挤制形成一或多个用于支管连接之引出口的管子，挤制成形时采用一或多个
模具来控制挤压半径。 所挤制出之引出口在集管表面上方所突出的距离ℎ𝑥 至少等于出口 𝑟𝑥 的外半径 (即ℎ𝑥 ≥ 𝑟𝑥 )。
(b) The rules in this paragraph are minimum requirements, valid only within the limits of geometry shown in
Figure 304.3.4, and only where the axis of the outlet intersects and is perpendicular to the axis of the header. Where these
requirements are not met, or where nonintegral material such as a ring, pad, or saddle has been added to the outlet, pressure design
shall be qualified as required by paragraph 304.7.2. 本节中之规则是最低要求，仅在图 304.3.4 所示的几何形状限制内有
效，并且仅在出口轴线与集管轴线相交且垂直的情况下才有效。 如果不满足这些要求，或者在出口处外加了非整体式
材料 (如加固环、加固衬垫或鞍座)，则压力设计应符合304.7.2之要求。
(c) Nomenclature. The nomenclature used herein is illustrated in Figure 304.3.4. Note the use of subscript x
signifying extruded. Refer to paragraph 304.3.3(a) for nomenclature not listed here. 运算符之定义。 此处所用术语如图 304.3.4
所示。 注意下标 x是用来表示 “挤压引出口”。 此处未列出之术语请参阅 304.3.3(a) 。
𝑑𝑥 = the design inside diameter of the extruded outlet, measured at the level of the outside surface of the
header. This dimension is taken after removal of all mechanical and corrosion allowances, and all
thickness tolerances. 挤制引出口的设计内径，其系在集管之外表面的水平面上所测得的。
此尺寸是在扣除所有机加工裕量和腐蚀裕量以及所有厚度公差后而得出的。
𝑑2 = half width of reinforcement zone (equal to 𝑑𝑥 ) 加固区的半宽 (等于𝑑𝑥 )
ℎ𝑥 = height of the extruded outlet. This must be equal to or greater than 𝑟𝑥 [except as shown in illustration
(b) in Figure 304.3.4]. 挤制出之引出口的高度。ℎ𝑥 必须等于或大于𝑟𝑥 [但图 304.3.4 中插图 (b)
所示除外]。
L5 = height of reinforcement zone 加固区之高度
= 0.7√𝐷𝑏 𝑇𝑥
𝑟𝑥 = radius of curvature of external contoured portion of outlet, measured in the plane containing the
axes of the header and branch 引出口外轮廓部分的曲率半径，其系在包含集管和支管轴之平
面上所测定的
Tx = corroded finished thickness of extruded outlet, measured at a height equal to 𝑟𝑥 above the outside
surface of the header扣除腐蚀裕量后的挤压引出口厚度，在集管外表面上方等于𝑟𝑥 的高度处
测量
35
(d) Limitations on Radius 𝑟𝑥 . The external contour radius, 𝑟𝑥 , is subject to the following limitations: 半径𝑟𝑥 的极
限。 外部轮廓半径 rx 受以下限制：
(1) minimum 𝑟𝑥 — the lesser of 0.05Db or 38 mm (1.50 in.) 最小𝑟𝑥 为 0.05Db 或38 mm (1.50 in.)中之较小
者
(2) maximum 𝑟𝑥 shall not exceed最大𝑟𝑥 不应超过：
(-a) for 𝐷𝑏 < DN 200 (NPS 8), 32 mm (1.25 in.) 当𝐷𝑏 < DN 200 (NPS 8)时为32 mm (1.25 in.)
(-b) for 𝐷𝑏 ≥ DN 200, 0.1Db + 13 mm (0.50 in.) 当𝐷𝑏 ≥ DN 200时为0.1𝐷𝑏 + 13 mm (0.50 in.)
(3) for an external contour with multiple radii, the requirements of (1) and (2) above apply, considering the
best-fit radius over a 45-deg arc as the maximum radius当外轮廓是由一个以上半径组成并符合上述 (1) 和 (2) 的要求时，
最大半径为45°圆弧上之最佳拟合半径
(4) machining shall not be employed in order to meet the above requirements不应利用机加工来满足上述要
求
(e) Required Reinforcement Area. The required area of reinforcement is defined by所需加固面积。 所需加固面
积可用下式来表达：
𝐴1 = K𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑥
(9)
where K is determined as follows: 式(9)中之K值按如下确定
(1) For 𝐷𝑏 /𝐷ℎ > 0.60, K = 1.00. 当𝐷𝑏 /𝐷ℎ > 0.60 > 0.60时，K = 1.00。
(2) For 0.60 ≥ 𝐷𝑏 /𝐷ℎ > 0.15, K = 0.6 + 2∕3(𝐷𝑏 /𝐷ℎ ). 当0.60 ≥ 𝐷𝑏 /𝐷ℎ > 0.15时，K = 0.6 + 2∕3(𝐷𝑏 /𝐷ℎ )。
(3) For 𝐷𝑏 /𝐷ℎ ≤ 0.15, K = 0.70. 当𝐷𝑏 /𝐷ℎ ≤ 0.15时，K = 0.70。
(f) Available Area. The area available for reinforcement is defined as可用面积。 可用于加固之面积定义为
𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 ≥ 𝐴1
(9a)
These areas are all within the reinforcement zone and are further defined below. 这些面积都在加固区内，并在如
面进一步定义为：
(5)
Area 𝐴2 is the area resulting from excess thickness in the header wall面积A2 是由于集管壁多余厚度
而产生的面积
𝐴2 = (2d2 - dx)(𝑇ℎ - 𝑇ℎ - c)
(10)
(6)
Area 𝐴3 is the area resulting from excess thickness in the branch pipe wall面积A3 是支管壁多余厚度
而造成的面积
𝐴3 = 2L5(𝑇𝑏 - 𝑇ℎ - c)
(11)
(7)
Area 𝐴4 is the area resulting from excess thickness in the extruded outlet lip面积A4 是由于挤制引出
口唇缘多余厚度而产生的面积
𝐴4 = 2𝑟𝑥 [Tx -𝑇ℎ - c)
(12)
(g) Reinforcement of Multiple Openings. The rules of paragraph 304.3.3(e) shall be followed, except that the
required area and reinforcement area shall be as given in this paragraph. 多个开孔的加固。 应遵循 304.3.3(e)的规则，但所需
面积和加固面积应如本节所述。
(h) Identification. The manufacturer shall establish the design pressure and temperature for each extruded outlet
header and shall mark the header with this information, together with the symbol “B31.3” (indicating the applicable Code
Section) and the manufacturer’s name or trademark. 标志。 制造商应为每个挤制引出口集管建立设计压力和温度，并应在
集管上标记此信息，以及符号“B31.3” (表示所适用之规范册)和制造商名称或商标。
304.3.5 Additional Design Considerations. The requirements of paras. 304.3.1 through 304.3.4 are intended to ensure
satisfactory performance of a branch connection subject only to pressure. The designer shall also consider the following: 其他设
计考虑。 304.3.1 至 304.3.4支要求旨在确保仅受压之支管连接件能获得良好性能。 设计者还应考虑以下因素：
(a) In addition to pressure loadings, external forces and movements are applied to a branch connection by thermal
expansion and contraction, dead and live loads, and movement of piping terminals and supports. Special consideration shall be
given to the design of a branch connection to withstand these forces and movements. 除了压力载荷外，还有由热胀冷缩、静荷
重和活荷重以及管道端部和支架之位移所引起的外力和位移也会施加到支管连接处。 应特别重视支管连接的设计以承
受这些作用力和位移。
(b) Branch connections made by welding the branch pipe directly to the run pipe should be avoided under the
following circumstances: 在下列情况下，宜避免将支管直接焊接到主管上的支管连接：
(1) when branch size approaches run size, particularly if pipe formed by more than 1.5% cold expansion, or
expanded pipe of a material subject to work hardening, is used as the run pipe当支管尺寸接近主管尺寸时，特别是如果用变
形超过 1.5%的冷胀法成形的管子，或者是使用具有冷作硬化倾向之材料所胀制成的管子用作主管时
(2) where repetitive stresses may be imposed on the connection by vibration, pulsating pressure, temperature
cycling, etc. 由于振动、脉动压力、温度循环等而可能对连接施加重复应力的地方。
In such cases, it is recommended that the design be conservative and that consideration be given to the use of
tee fittings or complete encirclement types of reinforcement. 在这种情况下，建议采用较保守的设计，并考
虑采用三通管件或全围绕式加固。
(c) Adequate flexibility shall be provided in a small line that branches from a large run, to accommodate thermal
expansion and other movements of the larger line (see paragraph 319.6). 从大直径主管分支出来的小直径管线应具有足够的
挠性，以顺应管线的热膨胀和其他位移 (见 319.6)。
(d) If ribs, gussets, or clamps are used to stiffen the branch connection, their areas cannot be counted as
contributing to the reinforcement area determined in paragraph 304.3.3(c) or 304.3.4(f). However, ribs or gussets may be used for
pressure-strengthening a branch connection in lieu of reinforcement covered in paras. 304.3.3 and 304.3.4 if the design is
36
qualified as required by paragraph 304.7.2. 如果使用肋板、角撑板或夹板来加固支管连接，则它们的面积不能计入到按
304.3.3(c) 或 304.3.4(f)中所确定的加固面积中。 但若设计符合304.7.2要求，则肋板或角撑板可用来强化支管连接的耐压
能力，以代替 304.3.3 和 304.3.4中所涵盖的加固。
(e) For branch connections that do not meet the requirements of paragraph 304.3.1(b), integral reinforcement,
complete encirclement reinforcement, or other means of reinforcement should be considered. 不符合 304.3.1(b)要求之支管连
接，宜考虑采用整体式加固、全围绕式加固或其他加固方式。
304.3.6 Branch Connections Under External Pressure. Pressure design for a branch connection subjected to external
pressure may be determined in accordance with paragraph 304.3.1, using the reinforcement area requirement stated in paragraph
304.3.3(b). 外部压力作用下之支管连接。 承受外部压力之支管连接的压力设计可按第 304.3.1之支管连接并配套采用
304.3.3(b)中所规定的加固面积要求来进行此一设计。
37
Figure 304.3.3 Branch Connection Nomenclature支管连接中所用到之符号
Limits of reinforcement
加固区之邊界
zone
Reinforcement
areas zone
加固區
Mill tolerance
出廠公差
Nominal thickness
公稱厚度
Branch pipe or
nozzle zone支
Branch pipe or
nozzle支管或
管或管嘴
Thickness, measured or
minimum per purchase
specification厚度，取實測
Reinforcement areas
zone 加固區
管嘴
Multiply this area by (2 sin (3) to get required area
zone將此面積乘以 (2 - sin
值或购买规格之最小值
Limits of reinforcement
zone支管或管嘴
(3) 以得到所需面積區
Nominal
thickness
公稱厚度
Mill tolerance出廠公差
Run pipe
主管
Run pipe主管
Pipe
管道中心
GENERAL NOTE: This Figure illustrates the nomenclature of paragraph 304.3.3. It does not indicate complete welding details or a preferred method of construction. For typical weld details, see Figure 328.5.4D and Figure 328.5.4F.
通注：此图说明了304.3.3的符号 。 它不表示完整的焊接细节或首选的施工方法。 对于典型的焊接细节，请参见图 328.5.4D 和图 328.5.4F。
38
Figure 304.3.4 Extruded Outlet Header Nomenclature挤制引出口集管的符号
This Figure illustrates the nomenclature of paragraph 304.3.4. It does not indicate complete details or a preferred method of construction.
此图说明了 304.3.4的符号。 它不表示完整的细节或首选的构造方法。
Limits of reinforcement
加固区之邊界
zone
Center line of branch
支管中心线
通: 与支管相接 部分的
内孔斜度 (如需要时，见
详图(d))最大为 1:3
NOTE: Taper bore inside
diameter [if required, see
sketch (d)] to match
branch pipe 1 : 3
maximum taper.
Extruded Taper
擠製斜度
Header集管
Corrosion
allowance, c
腐蝕裕量(c)
Extruded outlet
擠製引出口
Limits of reinforcement
加固区之邊界
zone
Mill tolerance出廠公差
Branch pipe or nozzle
支管或管嘴
Extruded outlet
zone擠製引出
Thickness, measured or
minimum per purchase
specification厚度，取實測
口區
值或购买规格之最小值
Header集管
(c) [Note (2)]
Mill tolerance出廠公差
304.4 Closures封头
304.4.1 General通则
(a) Closures not in accordance with paragraph 303 or (b) shall be qualified as required by paragraph 304.7.2. 不
按303 或如下 (b)製造之封头应符合 304.7.2之要求。
(b) For materials and design conditions covered therein, closures may be designed in accordance with rules in
ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, calculated from eq. (13) 封头所用材料和设计条件，可按ASME BPVC 第 VIII-1 卷中
之规则来设计封头，并由式 (13)来计算封头所需最小厚度𝑡𝑚 。
𝑡𝑚 = t + c
(13)
where 式 (13)中之运算符的定义如下所述：
c
= sum of allowances defined in paragraph 304.1.1 第 304.1.1条款中所规定之裕度的总和
t
= pressure design thickness, calculated for the type of closure and direction of loading, shown in
Table 304.4.1, except that the symbols used to determine t shall be as follows: 压力设计厚度，
根据封头类型和受载方向并按表 304.4.1所示BPVC 第VIII-1卷相应UG-xx章节中所给出方
程来计算，但用于确定 t 的运算符应如下所示：
E
= same as defined in paragraph 304.1.1 与304.1.1中之定义相同。
P
= design gage pressure设计表压
S
= S times W, with S and W as defined in paragraph 304.1.1 S乘以W，其中 S 和W见
304.1.1中之定义。
𝑡𝑚 = minimum required thickness, including mechanical, corrosion, and erosion allowance包括机加
工、腐蚀和侵蚀裕量在内的所需最小厚度
304.4.2 Openings in Closures封头中的开孔
(a) The rules in (b) through (g) apply to openings not larger than one-half the inside diameter of the closure as
39
defined in the ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, UG-36. A closure with a larger opening should be designed as a reducer in
accordance with paragraph 304.6 or, if the closure is flat, as a flange in accordance with paragraph 304.5. 以下(b) 至 (g) 中的规
则适用于不大于 ASME BPVC 第 VIII-1卷 UG-36 中所定义之封头内径50%的开孔。 具有较大开孔之封头应设计成符合
304.6的变径段，或者，如为如为平封头，则按第 304.6设计成法兰。
Figure 304.3.4 Extruded Outlet Header Nomenclature (Cont’d) 挤制引出口集管之符号(续)
Branch pipe or nozzle
支管或管嘴
Limits of reinforcement
加固区之邊界
zone
Extruded outlet
擠製引出口
Header集管
Mill tolerance出廠公差
NOTES:批注
(1) Illustration to show method of establishing Tx when the taper encroaches on the crotch radius. 插图显示了当斜度侵入分叉处之半径时建
立Tx 的方法。
(2) Illustration is drawn for condition where K = 1.00. 插图是针对 K = 1.00时之条件绘制的。
(3) Illustration is drawn for condition where K = 1.00 and dx < db. 本插图是针对 K = 1.00 且 dx < db时之条件绘制的。
(b) A closure is weakened by an opening and, unless the thickness of the closure is sufficiently in excess of that
required to sustain pressure, it is necessary to provide added reinforcement. The need for and amount of reinforcement required
shall be determined in accordance with the subparagraphs below except that it shall be considered that the opening has adequate
reinforcement if the outlet connection meets the requirements in paragraph 304.3.2(b) or 304.3.2(c). 封头会因开孔而变弱，除
非封头厚度足以超过承受压力的所需厚度，否则有必要提供额外的加固。 是否需要加固是否需要和所需加固程度应按
以下落落来确认，但如果引出口连接满足304.3.2(b) 或 304.3.2(c)的要求，则应认为开孔具有足够的加固。
Table 304.4.1 ASME BPVC References for Closures ASME BPVC第VIII-卷中有关封头的参考章节
Type of Closure封头类型
Concave to Pressure凹面承压
Convex to Pressure凸面承压
UG-32(d)
UG-33(d)
Ellipsoidal椭圆形
UG-32(e)
UG-33(e)
Torispherical蝶形
UG-32(f)
UG-33(c)
Hemispherical半球形
UG-32(g)
UG-33(f)
Conical (no transition to knuckle) 锥形 (不折边)
UG-32(h)
UG-33(f)
Toriconical带折边的锥形
UG-34
Flat (pressure on either side) 平 (两侧受压)
GENERAL NOTE: Paragraph numbers are from ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1. 通用：段落编号来自 ASME BPVC第 VIII -1 卷。
(d) Reinforcement for an opening in a closure shall be so distributed that reinforcement area on each side of an
opening (considering any plane through the center of the opening normal to the surface of the closure) will equal at least one-half
the required area in that plane. 封头中之开孔加固分布应使开孔之每一侧的加固面积 (指通过开孔中心且垂直于封头表面之
任何平面)至少等于在该 平面内所需面积的一半。
(e) The total cross-sectional area required for reinforcement in any given plane passing through the center of the
opening shall not be less than that defined in ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, UG-37 (b), UG-38, and UG-39. 在穿过开
孔中心之任何给定平面中，所需加固之总横截面积不应小于 ASME BPVC 第 VIII-1卷UG-37 (b)、UG-38 和 UG-39 中所
规定的横截面积 。
(f) The reinforcement area and reinforcement zone shall be calculated in accordance with paragraph 304.3.3 or
304.3.4, considering the subscript h and other references to the run or header pipe as applying to the closure. Where the closure is
curved, the boundaries of the reinforcement zone shall follow the contour of the closure, and dimensions of the reinforcement
zone shall be measured parallel to and perpendicular to the closure surface. 应按第 304.3.3 或 304.3.4条款来计算加固面积和加
固区，仅需将式中原来适用于主管或集管的下标 h 看作适用于封头。 如果封头是曲面的，加固区的边界应遵循封头的
轮廓，加固区的尺寸应在平行于和垂直于封头表面之投影平面上测量。
(g) If two or more openings are to be located in a closure, the rules in paras. 304.3.3 and 304.3.4 for the
reinforcement of multiple openings apply. 如果两个或多个开孔位于一个封头中，则应符合 304.3.3 和 304.3.4 对多个开孔的
加固要求。
(h) The additional design considerations for branch connections discussed in paragraph 304.3.5 apply equally to
40
openings in closures. 第304.3.5 条款中所讨论之支管连接的额外设计考虑因素， 同样适用于封头中的开孔。
304.5 Pressure Design of Flanges and Blanks法兰和盲板的压力设计
304.5.1 Flanges — General 法兰压力设计通则
(a) Flanges not in accordance with paragraph 303 or (b) or shall be qualified as required by paragraph 304.7.2.
不按303或如下(b)制造之法兰应符合304.7.2之要求。
(b) A flange may be designed in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, Mandatory Appendix
2 (Rules for Bolted Flange Connections with Ring Type Gaskets) or ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 2, 4.16 (Design Rules
for Flanged Joints), using the allowable stresses and temperature limits of this Code. Nomenclature shall be as defined in
Appendix 2, except as follows: 法兰可按 ASME BPVC 第 VIII-1卷强制性附录 2 (带环形垫圈之螺栓连接法兰规则)或
ASME BPVC 第 VIII -2卷第 4.16条款 (法兰接头设计规则)并配套本规范之许用应力和應用溫度范圍来进行设计。 符号之
定义应如附录 2 中所述，但以下符号之定义除外：
Figure 304.5.3 Blanks盲板
P
Sa
Sb
Sf
= design gage pressure计表压
= bolt design stress at atmospheric temperature大气温度下的螺栓设计应力
= bolt design stress at design temperature计温度下的螺栓设计应力
= product SEW [of the stress value, S; the appropriate quality factor, E, from Table A-1A or Table
A-1B; and weld joint strength reduction factor in accordance with paragraph 302.3.5(e)] for
flange or pipe material. See paragraph 302.3.2(e). 法兰或管道材料的SEW乘积 [即应力值 S 、
表 A-1A 或表 A-1B 中之相应质量系数 E 和符合302.3.5(e)之焊缝强度折减系W的乘积]，
见 302.3.2(e)。
(c) The rules in (b) above are not applicable to a flanged joint having a gasket that extends outside the bolts
(usually to the outside diameter of the flange). 上述 (b) 中之规则不适用于垫片延伸到螺栓外部 (通常延伸到法兰外径)的那
些法兰接头。
(d) For flanges that make solid contact outside the bolts, ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix Y
should be used. 宜用第 VIII 卷第 1 册附录 Y 的规则来进行设计在螺栓园外侧形成牢固接触之法兰。
(e) See Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix S, for considerations applicable to bolted joint assembly. 有关适用于
螺栓接头装配的注意事项请参见第 VIII-1卷附录 S。
304.5.2 Blind Flanges盲法兰
(a) Blind flanges not in accordance with paragraph 303 or 304.5.2(b) shall be qualified as required by paragraph
304.7.2. 不按303或 304.5.2(b)製造之盲法兰应符合 304.7.2之要求。
(b) A blind flange may be designed in accordance with eq. (14). The minimum thickness, considering the
manufacturer’s minus tolerance, shall be not less than 𝑡𝑚 : 可按式(14)来设计盲法兰。鉴于制造商的负公差，盲法兰的最小厚
度应不小于𝑡𝑚 ：
𝑡𝑚 = t + c
(14)
where c is the sum of allowances defined in paragraph 304.1.1. To calculate t, the rules of ASME BPVC,
Section VIII, Division 1, UG-34 may be used with the following changes to the UG-34 nomenclature: 式(14)中之c是
304.1.1中所规定之各种裕度的总和。 可采用 ASME BPVC第 VIII -1卷UG-34的规则计算 t，但宜注意到对 UG-34
中所用符号之定義有以下更改：
P
= internal or external design gage pressure内/外部设计表压
SE = SEW [product of the basic allowable stress value, S; the appropriate quality factor, E, from
Table A-1A or Table A-1B; and the weld joint strength reduction factor, W, in accordance
with paragraph 302.3.5(e)] for flange material [see paragraph 302.3.2(e)] 法兰材料的SEW乘
积 [即应力值 S 、表 A-1A 或表 A-1B 中之相应质量系数 E 和符合302.3.5(e)之焊缝强度
折减系W的乘积]， [见第 302.3.2(e)]
t
= pressure design thickness, as calculated for the given styles of blind flange, using the
appropriate equations for bolted flat cover plates in UG-34压力设计厚度，可按给定类型之
41
盲法兰并配用 UG-34中用于螺栓连接型封头之适当公式来计算之
304.5.3 Blanks盲板
(a) Blanks not in accordance with paragraph 303 or (b) shall be qualified as required by paragraph 304.7.2. 不按
303 或 如下(b)製造之盲板应符合304.7.2之要求。
(b) The minimum required thickness of a permanent blank (representative configurations shown in Figure
304.5.3) shall be calculated in accordance with eq. (15) 应按式(15) 来计算永久性盲板的所需最小厚度 (代表性构造如图
304.5.3所示)。
(15)
where 式(15)中所用运算符之定义如下所述：
c
= sum of allowances defined in paragraph 304.1.1 第 304.1.1条款中所规定之裕度的总和
d g = inside diameter of gasket for raised or flat face flanges, or the gasket pitch diameter for ring
joint and fully retained gasketed flanges凸面或平面法兰的垫片内径，或环形接头和具有
卡盘式垫片之法兰的垫片中径
E
= same as defined in paragraph 304.1.1 与304.1.1中之定义相同。
P
= design gage pressure 设计表压
S
= same as defined in paragraph 304.1.1 与304.1.1中之定义相同。
W = same as defined in paragraph 304.1.1 与304.1.1中之定义相同。
304.6 Reducers变径段
304.6.1 Concentric Reducers同心变径段
(a) Concentric reducers not in accordance with paragraph 303 or (b) shall be qualified as required by paragraph
304.7.2. 不按303 或如下(b)製造之同心变径段应符合304.7.2之要求。
(b) Concentric reducers made in a conical or reversed curve section, or a combination of such sections, may be
designed in accordance with the rules for conical and toriconical closures stated in paragraph 304.4.1. 在圆锥形或反向曲线截面
或这些截面之组合中所制成的同心同心变径段可根按第 304.4.1来取得使用认可。
304.6.2 Eccentric Reducers. Eccentric reducers not in accordance with paragraph 303 shall be qualified as required by
paragraph 304.7.2. 偏心变径段。 不按303製造之偏心变径段应符合304.7.2之要求。
304.7 Pressure Design of Other Components其他构成元件之压力设计
304.7.1 Listed Components. Other pressure-containing components manufactured in accordance with standards in
Table 326.1 may be utilized in accordance with paragraph 303. 表列元件。按表 326.1中之标准所制造之其他承压可在符合
303之要求下。
304.7.2 Unlisted Components. Pressure design of unlisted components to which the rules elsewhere in paragraph 304
do not apply shall be based on the pressure design criteria of this Code. The designer shall ensure that the pressure design has
been substantiated through one or more of the means stated in (a) through (d). Note that designs are also required to be checked
for adequacy of mechanical strength as described in paragraph 302.5. Documentation showing compliance with this paragraph
shall be available for the owner’s approval. 非表列元件。不适用于 304 规则之非表列元件的压力设计，应根据本规范之压
力设计准则来进行设计。 设计者应确保压力设计已通过 (a) 至 (d) 中所述一种或多种方式来证实其格规性。 请注意，还
需要校核设计是否具有如302.5所述的足够机械强度；表明符合本之规定的文件应经所有者批准。
(a) extensive, successful service experience under comparable conditions with similarly proportioned
components of the same or like material. 用相同或类似材料所制作之相似比例的元件， 在在可比条件下具有广泛成功的使用经
验
(b) experimental stress analysis, such as described in ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 2, Annex 5-F. The
basic allowable stress from Table A-1 or Table A-1M shall be used in place of the allowable stress, S, in Division 2 where
applicable. 按ASME BPVC第 VIII-2 卷附录 5-F 中进行实验应力分析时应采用表 A-1 或表 A-1M 中之基本许用应力来代替
第 VIII-2 卷中的相应许用应力 S。
(c) proof test in accordance with ASME B16.9, MSS SP97, or ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, UG-101.
The basic allowable stress from Table A-1 or Table A-1M shall be used in place of the allowable stresses, S and 𝑆2 , in Division 1
where applicable. 按ASME B16.9、MSS SP97 或 ASME BPVC第 VIII-1 卷UG-101 进行验证测试时应采用表 A-1 或表 A1M 中之基本许用应力来代替第 VIII-1 卷中的相应许用应力 S 和𝑆2 。
(d) detailed stress analysis (e.g., finite element method) with results evaluated as described in ASME BPVC,
Section VIII, Division 2, Part 5. The basic allowable stress from Table A-1 or Table A-1M shall be used in place of the allowable
stress, S, in Division 2 where applicable. Load design factors used in a Division 2 evaluation shall be consistent with the design
bases in paragraph 302.3.2. At design temperatures in the creep range, additional considerations beyond the scope of Division 2
may be necessary. 详细的应力分析 (例如有限元法)，结果按ASME BPVC 第 VIII-2卷第 5子篇中的描述来进行评估。评估
时应采用表 A-1 或表 A-1M 中之基本许用应力来代替第 VIII-2卷中的相应许用应力 S。 第 VIII-2卷评估中所用载荷设计
系数应与302.3.2中的设计基准一致 。 在蠕变值域内之设计温度下，可能需要额外考虑到超出第 VIII-2卷范围的其他条
件。
(e) For any of the above, the designer may interpolate between sizes, wall thicknesses, and pressure classes, and
may determine analogies among related materials. 设计人员可以在尺寸、壁厚和压力等级之间进行插值，且可通過上述任
何一项來确定相关材料之间的相似性。
304.7.3 Metallic Components with Nonmetallic Pressure Parts. Components not covered by standards listed in
Table 326.1, in which both metallic and nonmetallic parts contain the pressure, shall be evaluated by applicable requirements of
paragraph A304.7.2 as well as those of paragraph 304.7.2. 带有非金属承压零部件之金属组件。 表 326.1 中所列标准未涵盖
42
且具有金属和非金属零部件都承受压力之组件应按A304.7.2 以及304.7.2的那些适用要求进行评估。
304.7.4 Expansion Joints膨胀节
(a) Metallic Bellows Expansion Joints. The design of bellows type expansion joints shall be in accordance with
Appendix X. See also Appendix F, paragraph F304.7.4 for further design considerations. 金属波纹管膨胀节。 波纹管式膨胀节
的设计应符合附录 X之要求。进一步的设计考虑请参见附录 F 中的 F304.7.4条款。
(b) Slip Type Expansion Joints 滑动式膨胀节
(1) Pressure-containing elements shall be in accordance with paragraph 318 and other applicable
requirements of this Code. 承压组件应符合318 和本规范的其他适用要求 。
(2) External piping loads shall not impose excessive bending on the joint. 外部管道载荷不应在接头上施
加过度弯曲。
(3) The effective pressure thrust area shall be computed using the outside diameter of the pipe. 应采用管
道外径来计算有效压推力面积。
(c) Other Types of Expansion Joint. The design of other types of expansion joint shall be qualified as required by
paragraph 304.7.2. 其他类型的膨胀节。 其他类型之膨胀节的设计应符合304.7.2之要求。
PART 3 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS
第 3 篇 对流體工況中所用管道构成元件的要求
305 PIPE钢管
Pipe includes components designated as tube or tubing in the material specification, when intended for pressure service. 当用于压
力工况时，钢管包括在材料规范中指定为管子或管料的组件。
305.1 General通则
Listed pipe may be used in Normal Fluid Service except as stated in paras. 305.2.1 and 305.2.2. Unlisted pipe may be used
only as provided in paragraph 302.2.3. 表列钢管材可用于一般流体工况，但305.2.1和 305.2.2中所规定之钢管材除外。
非表列钢管材仅能按302.2.3的规定使用。
305.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
305.2.1 Pipe for Category D Fluid Service. The following carbon steel pipe may be used only for Category D Fluid
Service: 用于 D 类流体服务的钢管材。 以下碳钢管谨能用于 D 类流体工况：
API 5L continuous welded (furnace butt-welded) API 5L 连续对接炉焊管
ASTM A53, Type F 纵向对接炉焊管或纵向对接连续焊管
ASTM A134 made from other than ASTM A285 plate用ASTM A285以外之其他钢板所制成的钢管材
305.2.2 Pipe Requiring Safeguarding. When used for other than Category D Fluid Service, the following carbon steel
pipe shall be safeguarded: 需要安全防护之钢管材。 当用于 D 类流体工况以外之用途时，应对如下碳钢管保进行安全防
护：
ASTM A134 made from ASTM A285 plate 由 ASTM A285 钢板材所焊成的ASTM A134 电熔 (电弧)钢管
材
ASTM A139 《电熔 (电弧)焊钢管》
305.2.3 Pipe for Severe Cyclic Conditions用于剧烈循环条件之管道
(a) Except as limited in (b) through (d), only the following pipe may be used under severe cyclic conditions: 除
(b) 至 (d) 中的限制外，在剧烈循环条件下只能使用以下钢管材：
(1) pipe listed in Table A-1A, where 𝐸c ≥ 0.90,7 or 表 A-1A 中所列𝐸c ≥ 0.90,7之钢管材，或者是
(2) pipe listed in Table A-1B, where 𝐸j ≥ 0.907 表A-1B中所列𝐸j ≥ 0.907之钢管材
7 See paragraph 302.3.3. 见第 302.3.3。
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
For API 5L pipe, only the following materials may be used: 仅能采以下钢种之API 5L钢管材：
Grade A or B, seamless 等级 A或 B之无缝管
Grade A or B, SAW, str. seam, 𝐸j ≥ 0.95 等级 A 或 B且𝐸j ≥ 0.95的潜弧焊直缝管
Grade X42, seamless 等级为X42之无缝管
Grade X46, seamless 等级为X46之无缝管
Grade X52, seamless 等级为X52之无缝管
Grade X56, seamless 等级为X56之无缝管
Grade X60, seamless 等级为 X60之无缝管
For copper pipe, only ASTM B42 may be used. 仅能采ASTM B42铜管
For copper alloy pipe, only ASTM B466 may be used. 仅能采 B466 铜合金管
For aluminum alloy pipe, only ASTM B210 and B241, both in tempers O and H112, may be used. 仅用
ASTM B210 和 B241中以O 和 H112 回火状态供货之材料所制成的铝合金管。
305.2.4 Elevated Temperature Fluid Service. In Elevated Temperature Fluid Service, all longitudinal or spiral
(helical seam) welds in P-No. 4 or P-No. 5 materials shall be examined by 100% radiography or 100% ultrasonic examination.
Acceptance criteria are as stated in paragraph 341.3.2 and in Table 341.3.2, for Normal Fluid Service, unless otherwise specified.
高温流体工况。 在高温流体工况中，P-No. 4 或 P-No. 5 材料中所有纵向或螺旋 (螺旋缝)焊缝 应进行 100% 射线检测或
100% 超声波检测。，除非另有规定，否则验收准同 341.3.2 和表 341.3.2 中所述的一般流体服务之准则。
306 FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS, LAPS, AND BRANCH CONNECTIONS管配件、弯管、斜接弯头、搭接
短管和支管连接件
Fittings, bends, miters, laps, and branch connections may be used in accordance with paras. 306.1 through 306.5. Pipe and other
43
materials used in such components shall be suitable for the manufacturing or fabrication process and the fluid service. 管配件、
弯管、斜接弯头、搭接短管和支管连接件可在符合 306.1 到 306.5条款之规定下使用。 此类组件中所用钢管材和其他材
料应适用于制造或制造加工工艺以及流体工况。
306.1 Pipe Fittings管配件
306.1.1 Listed Fittings. Listed fittings may be used in Normal Fluid Service in accordance with paragraph 303. 表列
管配件。 所列管配件只要符合第 303之规定都可用于一般流体工况。
306.1.2 Unlisted Fittings. Unlisted fittings may be used only in accordance with paragraph 302.2.3. 非表列管配件。
非表列管配件只在符合302.2.3所述条件下使用 。
306.1.3 Specific Fittings特殊管配件
(a) Proprietary welding branch outlet fittings that have been design proof tested successfully as prescribed in
ASME B16.9, MSS SP-97, or ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, UG-101 may be used within their established ratings. 已按
ASME B16.9、MSS SP-97 或 ASME BPVC 第 VIII-1卷UG-101之规定成功通过设计验证测试的专利焊制支管引出口件可
在其既定额定值内使用。
(b) The lap thickness of a proprietary “Type C” lap-joint stub-end buttwelding fitting shall conform to the
requirements of paragraph 306.4.2 for flared laps. 专利的“C 型”搭接短管对焊接头的翻边厚度应符合306.4.2针对扩口搭接短
管的要求。
306.1.4 Fittings for Severe Cyclic Conditions用于剧烈循环条件之管配件
(a) Only the following fittings may be used under severe cyclic conditions: 在剧烈循环条件下只能使用以下管
配件：
(1) forged. 锻造
(2) wrought, seamless or welded. If welded, requires 100% radiograph of welds in accordance with
paragraph 344.5.1 and Table 341.3.2. 锻造无缝管配件或焊制管配件。 如果焊配件是制管时，则其焊缝需要执行符
合344.5.1 和表 341.3.2的100%射线检测。
(3) cast, with factor 𝐸c ≥ 0.90.7 具系数 E_c ≥ 0.90.7之铸件
(4) Fittings conforming to MSS SP-43, MSS SP-119, and proprietary “Type C” lap-joint stub-end welding
fittings shall not be used under severe cyclic conditions. 符合 MSS SP-43、MSS SP-119管配件和专利“C 型”搭接短管
之焊制管配件不应在剧烈循环条件下使用。
306.2 Pipe Bends弯管
306.2.1 General通则
(a) A pipe bend made in accordance with paras. 332.2.1 and 332.2.2, and verified for pressure design in
accordance with paragraph 304.2.1, is suitable for the same service as the pipe from which it is made. 按 332.2.1 和 332.2.2制
作，并根据304.2.1成功通过验证压力设计的弯管 ，适用于其所要安装之管道的相同工况。
(b) A pipe bend made in accordance with paragraph 332.2.2, but not meeting the flattening limits of paragraph
332.2.1, may be qualified for pressure design by paragraph 304.7.2 and shall not exceed the rating of the straight pipe from which
it is made. 根据 332.2.2制作，但不符合332.2.1扁率限度之弯管，可以通过 304.7.2进行压力设计， 且不应超过用于形成该
弯管之直管的额定值。
306.2.2 Corrugated and Other Bends. Bends of other designs (such as creased or corrugated) shall be qualified for
pressure design as required by paragraph 304.7.2. 折皱弯头和其他弯头。 其他形式之弯头 (如折皱弯头或波状弯头)的压力
设计应按 304.7.2之要求来证实其格规性。
306.2.3 Bends for Severe Cyclic Conditions. A pipe bend designed as creased or corrugated shall not be used under
severe cyclic conditions. 用于剧烈循环条件之弯头。 不应在剧烈循环条件下使用设计成折皱或波状的弯管。
306.3 Miter Bends斜接弯头
306.3.1 General. Except as stated in paragraph 306.3.2, a miter bend made in accordance with paragraph 304.2.3 and
welded in accordance with paragraph 311.1 is suitable for use in Normal Fluid Service. 通则。 除非如306.3.2所述 ，根据
304.2.3制作并按311.1焊接之斜接弯头 适用于一般流体工况。
306.3.2 Miter Bends for Category D Fluid Service. A miter bend that makes a change in direction at a single joint
(angle α in Figure 304.2.3) greater than 45 deg, or is welded in accordance with paragraph 311.1, may be used only for Category
D Fluid Service.
306.3.3 Miter Bends for Severe Cyclic Conditions. A miter bend to be used under severe cyclic conditions shall be
made in accordance with paragraph 304.2.3 and welded in accordance with paragraph 311.1, and shall have an angle α (see Figure
304.2.3) ≤ 22.5 deg. 用于剧烈循环条件的斜接弯头。 在剧烈循环条件下使用之斜接弯头应按 304.2.3 并按311.1焊接进行
制作 ，并且应具有≤ 22.5 度之α角 (见图 304.2.3)。
306.4 Laps搭接短管
The following requirements do not apply to fittings conforming to paragraph 306.1, specifically lap-joint stub ends
conforming to ASME B16.9, nor to laps integrally hot-forged on pipe ends, except as noted in paras. 306.4.3 and 306.4.4(a).
以下要求不适用于符合306.15之管配件 ，特别是符合 ASME B16.9搭接法兰中之搭接短管，也不是在管端上整体热锻
而成的搭接短管，但 306.4.3 和 306.4.4(a)注明者除外。
306.4.1 Fabricated Laps. A fabricated lap is suitable for use in Normal Fluid Service, provided that all of the
following requirements are met: 组合式搭接短管。 如果满足以下所有要求，则预制搭接短管适用于一般流体工况：
(a) The outside diameter of the lap shall be within the dimensional tolerances of the corresponding ASME B16.9
lap-joint stub end. 搭接短管之外径应在所相应之 ASME B16.9搭接法兰中之搭接短管的尺寸公差范围内。
(b) The lap thickness shall be at least equal to the nominal wall thickness of the pipe to which it is attached.搭接
短管之厚度应至少等于与其相连之管道的公称壁厚。
44
(c) The lap material shall have an allowable stress at least as great as that of the pipe.搭接短管之材料的许用应
力应至少与其相连之管道一样大。
(d) Welding shall be in accordance with paragraph 311.1 and fabrication shall be in accordance with paragraph
328.5.5. 应按311.1之规定进行焊接且制造加工应符合 328.5.5的要求。
306.4.2 Flared Laps. See paragraph 308.2.5 for requirements of lapped flanges for use with flared laps. A flared lap is
suitable for use in Normal Fluid Service, provided that all of the following requirements are met: 擴口搭接短管。 见第 308.2.5
对与扩口搭接短管一起使用之搭接法兰的要求。 只要满足以下所有要求，则扩口搭接短管可用于一般流体工况：
(a) The pipe used shall be of a specification and grade suitable for forming without cracks, surface buckling, or
other defects. 所用钢管材应采用适合成型的规格和等级，且无裂纹、表面挫曲等缺陷。
(b) The outside diameter of the lap shall be within the dimensional tolerances of the corresponding ASME B16.9
lap-joint stub end.搭接短管之外径应在所相应之 ASME B16.9搭接法兰中之搭接短管的尺寸公差范围内。
(c) The radius of fillet shall not exceed 3 mm (1∕8 in.). 倒角半径不应超过3 mm (1∕8 in.)。
(d) The lap thickness at any point shall be at least 95% of the minimum pipe wall thickness, T, multiplied by the
ratio of the pipe outside diameter to the diameter at which the lap thickness is measured. 任何一点的搭接厚度应至少为最小管
壁厚 T 的 95% 乘以与其相连之管道外径与测量翻边厚度处之直径的比值。
(e) Pressure design shall be qualified as required by paragraph 304.7.2. 压力设计应符合304.7.2之要求。
306.4.3 Forged Laps. A lap integrally hot-forged on a pipe end is suitable for Normal Fluid Service only when the
requirements of paragraph 332 are met. Its dimensions shall conform to those for lap-joint stub ends given in ASME B16.9. 锻造
搭接短管。 只有在满足332之要求时，管端整体热锻成形之搭接短管才可用于一般流体工况。 其尺寸应符合 ASME
B16.9 中对搭接短管所给出的尺寸。
306.4.4 Laps for Severe Cyclic Conditions用于剧烈循环条件之搭接短管
(a) A forged lap-joint stub end in accordance with paragraph 306.1 or a lap integrally hot-forged on a pipe end in
accordance with paragraph 306.4.3 may be used under severe cyclic conditions. 符合306.1之锻造搭接法兰搭接短管或根据
306.4.3在管端整体热锻之搭接短管可在剧烈循环条件下使用。
(b) A fabricated lap to be used under severe cyclic conditions shall conform to the requirements of paragraph
306.4.1, except that welding shall be in accordance with paragraph 311.1. A fabricated lap shall conform to a detail shown in
Figure 328.5.5, illustration (d) or (e). 在剧烈循环条件下使用之预制搭接短管应符合306.4.1的要求，但焊接则应符合
311.1。 制造加工而出之预制搭接短管应符合图 328.5.5 插图 (d) 或 (e) 中所示详图。
(c) A flared lap is not permitted under severe cyclic conditions. 在剧烈循环条件下不允许使用扩口搭接短
管。
306.5 Fabricated Branch Connections組合式支管连接件
The following requirements do not apply to fittings conforming to paragraph 306.1. 以下要求不适用于符合306.1之管配件 。
306.5.1 General. A fabricated branch connection made and verified for pressure design in accordance with paragraph
304.3, and welded in accordance with paragraph 311.1, is suitable for use in Normal Fluid Service. 通则。 根据304.3制造及验
证压力设计且按311.1进行焊接之組合式支管连接件适用于一般流体工况。
306.5.2 Fabricated Branch Connections for Severe Cyclic Conditions. A fabricated branch connection to be used
under severe cyclic conditions shall conform to the requirements of paragraph 306.5.1, except that welding shall be in accordance
with paragraph 311.1, with fabrication limited to a detail equivalent to Figure 328.5.4D, illustration (b) or (d), or to Figure
328.5.4E. 用于剧烈循环条件之組合式支管连接件。 在剧烈循环条件下使用之組合式支管连接件除了焊接应符合 311.1且
制造仅限于相当于图 328.5.4D 插图 (b) 或 (d) 或图 328.5.4E 中所示细节外还应符合306.5.1的要求。
306.6 Thermowells热套管
Thermowells shall comply with ASME PTC 19.3 TW where applicable. 热套管应符合所适用之 ASME PTC 19.3 TW的
要求。
307 VALVES AND SPECIALTY COMPONENTS阀门和特殊组件
The following requirements for valves shall also be met as applicable by other pressure-containing piping components, such as
traps, strainers, and separators. See also Appendix F, paras. F301.4 and F307. 阀门的以下要求也应适用于其他承压管道构成
元件，例如凝汽筒、过滤器和分离器。 另见附录 F中第 F301.4 和 F307条款。
307.1 General通则
307.1.1 Listed Valves. A listed valve is suitable for use in Normal Fluid Service, except as stated in paragraph 307.2.
表列阀门。 表列阀门适用于一班流体工况，但307.2中规定的除外 。
307.1.2 Unlisted Valves. Unlisted valves may be used only in accordance with paragraph 302.2.3. 非表列阀门。 非表
列阀门只能在符合302.2.3之条件下使用。
307.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
307.2.1 Bonnet Bolting. A bolted bonnet valve whose bonnet is secured to the body by less than four bolts, or by a Ubolt, may be used only for Category D Fluid Service. 阀盖螺栓连接件。 用少于四根螺栓或一个 U 型螺栓将阀盖固定到阀体
上之螺栓阀盖阀只能用于 D 类流体工况。
307.2.2 Stem Retention. Valves shall be designed so that the stem seal retaining fasteners (e.g., packing, gland
fasteners) alone do not retain the stem. Specifically, the design shall be such that the stem shall not be capable of removal from
the valve, while the valve is under pressure, by the removal of the stem seal retainer (e.g., gland) alone. 阀杆固位件。 阀门的设
计应能使阀杆具有不会单独固定阀杆之固定紧固件 (例如填料、压盖紧固件)。 具体而言，设计应确保在阀门处于压力下
时，仅通过拆除阀杆固位件 (例如压盖)，阀杆是不能从阀门上拆下的。
308 FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, AND GASKETS法兰、盲板、法兰密封面和垫片
45
308.1 General通则
308.1.1 Listed Components. A listed flange, blank, or gasket is suitable for use in Normal Fluid Service, except as
stated elsewhere in paragraph 308. 表列元件。 表列法兰、盲板或垫片适用于一般流体工况，但308中另有规定的除外。
Table 308.2.1 Permissible Sizes/Rating Classes for Slip-On Flanges Used as Lapped Flanges
用作搭接法兰之滑套法兰的许用尺寸/额定等级
Maximum Flange Size最大法兰尺寸
DN
NPS
150
300
12
300
200
8
GENERAL NOTE: Actual thickness of the slip-on flange at the bolt circle shall be at least equal to the minimum
required flange thickness for lapped flanges in ASME B16.5. 通注：滑套法兰之螺栓圆处的实际厚度应至少等于
ASME B16.5 中搭接法兰所需的最小法兰厚度。
Rating Class额定等级
308.1.2 Unlisted Components. Unlisted flanges, blanks, and gaskets may be used only in accordance with paragraph
302.2.3. 非表列元件。 非表列法兰、盲板和垫片仅能在符合302.2.3之要求下使用。
308.2 Specific Requirements for Flanges法兰的特殊要求
See Appendix F, paras. F308.2 and F312. 见附录 F中 F308.2 和 F312条款。
308.2.1 Slip-On Flanges滑套法兰
(a) A slip-on flange shall be double-welded as shown in Figure 328.5.2B when the service is滑套法兰用于下列
工况时，应为如图 328.5.2B 所示的双面焊。
(1) subject to severe erosion, crevice corrosion, or cyclic loading受到严重侵蚀、缝隙腐蚀或循环载荷
(2) flammable, toxic, or damaging to human tissue易燃、有毒或对人体组织有损害的流体
(3) under severe cyclic conditions在剧烈循环条件下
(4) at temperatures below −101°C (−150°F) 在低于 −101°C (−150°F) 的温度下
(b) The use of slip-on flanges should be avoided where many large temperature cycles are expected, particularly
if the flanges are not insulated. 在预计会有许多大幅度温度循环的情况下，一避免使用滑套法兰，尤其是在法无保温温的
情况下。
(c) Slip-on Flanges as Lapped Flanges. A slip-on flange may be used as a lapped flange only as shown in Table
308.2.1 unless pressure design is qualified in accordance with paragraph 304.5.1. A corner radius or bevel shall conform to one of
the following as applicable: 滑套法兰作为搭接法兰。 如表 308.2.1 所示，除非压力设计符合 304.5.1的规定，否则滑套法
兰只能用作搭接法兰， 转角半径或斜边应符合以下适用条件之一：
(1) For an ASME B16.9 lap joint stub end or a forged lap (see paragraph 306.4.3), the corner radius shall
be as specified in ASME B16.5, Tables 9 and 12, dimension r. ASME B16.9 搭接接头搭接短管或锻造搭接短管 (参见
第 306.4.3 段)之转角半径应符合 ASME B16.5 表 9 和表 12 中对尺寸 r 的规定。
(2) For a fabricated lap, the corner bevel shall be at least half the nominal thickness of the pipe to which the
lap is attached (see Figure 328.5.5). 预制搭接短管之拐角斜削应至少为该搭接短管所连接之管道标称厚度的一半 (见
图 328.5.5)。
(3) For a flared lap see paragraph 308.2.5. 对扩口搭接短管之规定请参见308.2.5条款。
308.2.2 Expanded-Joint Flanges. A flange having an expanded-joint insert is subject to the requirements for expanded
joints in paragraph 313. 膨胀接头法兰。 具有膨胀接头嵌条之法兰应符合313中对膨胀接头的要求。
308.2.3 Socket Welding and Threaded Flanges. A socket welding flange is subject to the requirements for socket
welds in paragraph 311.2.2. A threaded flange is subject to the requirements for threaded joints in paragraph 314. 承插焊法兰和
螺纹法兰。 承插焊法兰应符合311.2.2中对承插焊的要求。而 螺纹法兰则应符合 314中对螺纹接头的要求。
308.2.4 Flanges for Severe Cyclic Conditions. Unless it is safeguarded, a flange to be used under severe cyclic
conditions shall be welding neck conforming to ASME B16.5 or ASME B16.47, or a similarly proportioned flange designed in
accordance with paragraph 304.5.1. 用于剧烈循环条件的法兰。 除非受到保护，否则在剧烈循环条件下使用之法兰具有有
符合 ASME B16.5 或 ASME B16.47 的焊颈，或按照304.5.1所设计的类似比例之法兰。
308.2.5 Flanges for Flared Metallic Laps. For a flange used with a flared metallic lap (paragraph 306.4.2), the
intersection of face and bore shall be beveled or rounded approximately 3 mm ( 1∕8 in.). See also paragraph 308.2.1(c). 用于扩口
搭接短管的法兰。 对于与扩口搭接短管 (第 306.4.2 节)配套使用之法兰，在其法兰面与内孔之交接处应加工成约3 mm (1
∕8 in.)的斜边或圆角半径。 另见 308.2.1(c)条款。
308.3 Flange Facings法兰密封面
The flange facing shall be compatible with the gasket and bolting employed. 法兰密封面应与所用垫片和螺栓兼容。
308.4 Gaskets垫片
Gaskets shall be selected so that the required seating load is compatible with the flange rating and facing, the strength of
the flange, and its bolting. See Appendix F, paragraph F308.4. 所选用之垫片应使所需之密封载荷与法兰额定值和密封
面、法兰强度及其螺栓相适应。 见附录 F中 F308.4条款。
309 BOLTING螺栓连接件
Bolting includes bolts, bolt studs, studs, cap screws, nuts, and washers. See also Appendix F, paragraph F309. 螺栓连接件包括了
螺栓、双头螺柱、螺柱、带头螺钉、螺母和華司。 另见附录 F中 F309条款。
309.1 General通则
309.1.1 Listed Bolting. Listed bolting is suitable for use in Normal Fluid Service, except as stated elsewhere in
paragraph 309. 表列螺栓连接件。 表列螺栓连接件适用于一般流体工况，但 309中另有说明的除外。
309.1.2 Unlisted Bolting. Unlisted bolting may be used only in accordance with paragraph 302.2.3. 非表列螺栓连接
46
件。 非表列螺栓连接件只能在符合302.2.3之条件下使用。
309.1.3 Bolting for Components. Bolting for components conforming to a listed standard shall be in accordance with
that standard if specified therein. 用于构成元件之螺栓连接件。 用于符合所列标准之管道构成元件的螺栓连接件应符合该
标准 (如该标准已作出规定)。
309.1.4 Selection Criteria. Bolting selected shall be adequate to seat the gasket and maintain joint tightness under all
design conditions. 螺栓连接件之选用准则。所 选用之螺栓连接件应足以预紧垫片并在所有设计条件下保持接头的紧密
性。
309.2 Specific Bolting特殊螺栓连接件
309.2.1 Low Yield Strength Bolting. Bolting having not more than 207 MPa (30 ksi) specified minimum yield
strength shall not be used for flanged joints rated ASME B16.5 Class 400 and higher, nor for flanged joints using metallic gaskets,
unless calculations have been made showing adequate strength to maintain joint tightness. 低降服强度螺栓连接件。 最小规定
降服强度不超过 207 MPa (30 ksi) 之螺栓连接件不应用于 ASME B16.5 400磅级及更高磅级之法兰接头，也不应用于使用
金属垫片之法兰接头，除非已进行计算已表明有足够的强度保持接头的紧密度。
309.2.2 Carbon Steel Bolting. Except where limited by other provisions of this Code, carbon steel bolting may be used
with nonmetallic gaskets in flanged joints rated ASME B16.5 Class 300 and lower for bolt metal temperatures at −29°C to 204°C
(−20°F to 400°F), inclusive. If these bolts are galvanized, heavy hexagon nuts, threaded to suit, shall be used. 碳钢螺栓连接件。
除非本规范之其他规定有所限制，否则碳钢螺栓连接件可与非金属垫片一起用于 ASME B16.5 300磅级及以下且金属温
度在 -29°C 至等于 204°C (-20°F 至 400°F)间之法兰接头。 如果这些碳钢螺栓连接件是镀锌的，则应使用适合螺纹的重型
六角螺母。
309.2.3 Bolting for Metallic Flange Combinations. Any bolting that meets the requirements of paragraph 309 may be
used with any combination of flange material and facing. If either flange is to the ASME B16.1, ASME B16.24 manufactured
from an ASTM B61 or an ASTM B62 casting, MSS SP-42, or MSS SP-51 specification, the bolting material shall be no stronger
than low yield strength bolting unless用于各种金属法兰组合的螺栓连接件。 任何符合309之要求的螺栓连接件可与法兰材
料和密封面的任意组合一起使用。 如果任一法兰符合ASME B16.1、ASME B16.24，或按 ASTM B61 或 ASTM B62 铸
件、MSS SP-42 或 MSS SP-51之规格制造时，则螺栓连接件之材料强度不应高于低降屈服强度螺栓连接件，但下列两种
情况下除外：
(a) both flanges have flat faces and a full-face gasket is used, or两法兰均为平面法兰且采用了满缘垫片，或
者
(b) sequence and torque limits for bolt-up are specified, with consideration of sustained loads, displacement
strains, occasional loads (see paras. 302.3.5 and 302.3.6), and strength of the flanges考虑到持续载荷、位移应变、偶发载荷
(见302.3.5 和 302.3.6)和法兰强度，规定了螺栓连接件的拧紧顺序和扭矩限度
309.2.4 Bolting for Severe Cyclic Conditions. Low yield strength bolting (see paragraph 309.2.1) shall not be used for
flanged joints under severe cyclic conditions. 剧烈循环条件下的螺栓连接件。 低降服强度螺栓连接件 (见第 309.2.1 节)不应
用于剧烈循环条件下的法兰接头。
309.3 Tapped Holes螺纹孔
Tapped holes for pressure-retaining bolting in metallic piping components shall be of sufficient depth that the thread
engagement will be at least seven-eighths times the nominal thread diameter. 金属管道构成元件中用于持压力之螺栓连接
件的螺纹孔应有能使螺纹啮合长度至少为标称螺纹直径之7/8的足够深度。
PART 4 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING JOINTS
第 4 篇 对流体工况中所用管道接头的要求
310 GENERAL通则
Piping joints shall be selected considering joint tightness and mechanical strength under expected service and test conditions of
pressure, temperature, and external loading. See paragraph 302.5. 选用管道接头时，应考虑到在压力、温度和外部载荷等预
期使用和测试条件下的接头密封性和机械强度。 见第 302.5。
311 WELDED JOINTS焊接接头
Joints may be made by welding in any material for which it is possible to qualify welding procedures, welders, and welding
operators in conformance with the rules in Chapter V. 由任何材料所组成之接头，只要能够按照第 V 章之规定对焊接规程进
行评定且对焊工和焊接操作人员进行技能检定则采用焊接。
311.1 General通则
Welds shall conform to the following: 焊缝应符合以下要求：
(a) Welding shall be in accordance with paragraph 328. 应按照328来进行焊接
(b) Preheating and heat treatment shall be in accordance with paras. 330 and 331, respectively. 应分别按330 和 331之
规定进行预热和热处理。
(c) Examination shall be in accordance with paragraph 341.4. 应按341.4之规定进行目视检查和所需检测 。
(d) Acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with paragraph 341.3.2. 应采341.3.2之合格准则来作为判定依据。
311.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
311.2.1 Backing Rings and Consumable Inserts衬环和可熔性嵌条
(a) If a backing ring is used where the resulting crevice is detrimental (e.g., subject to corrosion, vibration, or
severe cyclic conditions), it should be removed and the internal joint face ground smooth. When it is impractical to remove the
backing ring in such a case, consideration shall be given to welding without backing rings or to the use of consumable inserts or
removable nonmetallic backing rings. 如果在产生缝隙有害的地方 (例如，受到腐蚀、振动或严重的循环条件)使用衬环，
47
则应将其移除并将内部接合面打磨光滑。 如果在这种情况下移除垫环不切实际，则应考虑在没有衬环的情况下进行焊
接或使用自耗性嵌条或可拆卸的非金属衬环。
(b) Split backing rings shall not be used under severe cyclic conditions. 不应在剧烈循环条件下使用开口式
衬环。
311.2.2 Socket Welds承插焊缝
(a) Socket welded joints (paragraph 328.5.2) should be avoided in any service where crevice corrosion or
severe erosion may occur. 在可能发生缝隙腐蚀或严重侵蚀之任何工况中，宜避免使用承插焊接头 (见 328.5.2 条款)。
(b) Socket welded joints shall conform to the following: 承插焊接头应符合下列要求：
(1) Socket dimensions shall conform to ASME B16.5 for flanges and ASME B16.11 or MSS SP-119 for
other socket-welding components. 法兰的承插尺寸应符合 ASME B16.5 之规定，而其他承插焊组件的承插尺寸则
应符合ASME B16.11 或 MSS SP-119之规定。
(2) Weld dimensions shall not be less than those shown in Figures 328.5.2B and 328.5.2C. 焊缝尺寸不应
小于图 328.5.2B 和 328.5.2C 中的所示尺寸。
(c) Socket welds larger than DN 50 (NPS 2) shall not be used under severe cyclic conditions.
(d) A drain or bypass in a component may be attached by socket welding, provided the socket dimensions
conform to ASME B16.5, paragraph 6.12.3. 管道构成元件中的疏水管或旁通管可通过承插焊连接，前提是承插口尺寸应符
合 ASME B16.5 第 6.12.3条款的规定。
311.2.3 Fillet Welds填角焊缝
(a) Fillet welds in accordance with paragraph 328.5.2 may be used as primary welds to attach socket welding
components and slip-on flanges. 符合 328.5.2 之填角焊缝可用作连接承揷焊组件和滑套法兰的主要焊缝。
(b) Fillet welds may also be used to attach reinforcement and structural attachments, to supplement the strength
or reduce stress concentration of primary welds, and to prevent disassembly of joints. 填角焊缝也可用于连接加固件和结构附
件，以补充强度或减少主焊缝的应力集中，并防止接头拉开。
311.2.4 Seal Welds. Seal welds (paragraph 328.5.3) may be used only to prevent leakage of threaded joints and shall
not be considered as contributing any strength to the joints. 密封焊缝。 密封焊缝 (第 328.5.3 节)只能用于防止螺纹接头泄漏
且不应被视为对接头有任何强度贡献。
312 FLANGED JOINTS法兰接头
See Appendix F, paragraph F312.1. 见附录 F中第 F312.1条款。
312.1 Joints Using Flanges of Different Ratings使用不同额定值之法兰对的接头
Where flanges of different ratings are bolted together, the rating of the joint shall not exceed that of the lower rated
flange. Bolting torque shall be limited so that excessive loads will not be imposed on the lower rated flange in obtaining a
tight joint. 当不同额定值之法兰对用螺栓连接在一起时，该接头的额定值不应超过具有较低额定值的法兰。 应螺栓
扭矩，以便在获得紧密连接时不会对较低额定值之法兰施加过大载荷。
Table 314.2.1 Minimum Schedule of Components with External Threads
带外螺纹之组件的最小厚度
Notch Sensitive Material [Note (1)] Size Range [Note (2)] 规格范围 [注(2)] Minimum Schedule [Note (3)]
Fluid Service流体工况 是否是对缺口敏感之材料 [注 (1)]
最小厚度[注(3)]
DN
NPS
Yes
≤40
80
Normal一般流体工况
≤11∕2
50–150
2–6
40
>150
>6
None无
No
≤150
≤6
40
>150
>6
None无
Category D
All
All
Either均可
None无
D类流体工况
NOTES: 注
(1) Carbon steel is generally considered to be notch sensitive, whereas stainless-steel is generally considered to be not notch sensitive.
碳钢通常被认为对缺口敏感，而不锈钢通常被认为对缺口不敏感。
(2) For sizes over DN 50 (NPS 2), the joint shall be safeguarded (see Appendix G) for a fluid service that is flammable, toxic, or
damaging to human tissue. 尺寸超过 DN 50 (NPS 2) 之接头应对易燃、有毒或对人体组织有害的流体工况提供全防护 (参见附录
G)。
(3) Minimum schedules 40 and 80 are listed in ASME B36.10M, which are identical to schedules 40S and 80S listed in ASME
B36.19M for DN 150 (NPS 6) and smaller. ASME B36.10M 中所列最小厚度 40 和 80 与 ASME B36.19M 中所列用于 DN 150 (NPS
6) 及更小的厚度 40S 和 80S 相同。
312.2 Metal to Nonmetal Flanged Joints金属与非金属的法兰接头
Where a metallic flange is bolted to a nonmetallic flange, both should be flat-faced. A full-faced gasket is preferred. If a
gasket extending only to the inner edge of the bolts is used, bolting torque shall be limited so that the nonmetallic flange is
not overloaded. 如果金属法兰用螺栓固定到非金属法兰上时，两者都应该是平面法兰，且首选垫片是满缘垫片。 如
果使用仅延伸到螺栓内边缘的垫片时，则应限制螺栓扭矩，以免非金属法兰过载。
312.3 Flanged Joint Assembly法兰接头之装配
See paragraph 335.2.5. 见第 335.2.5条款。
313 EXPANDED JOINTS脹接接頭
(a) Expanded joints shall not be used under severe cyclic conditions. For other services, adequate means shall be provided to
prevent separation of the joint. If the fluid is toxic or damaging to human tissue, safeguarding is required. 不在距咧循环条件下
使用膨胀接头。 对于其他工况，应采取适当措施以防止接头分离。 如果液体有毒或对人体组织有害，则需要采取防护
措施。
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(b) Consideration shall be given to the tightness of expanded joints when subjected to vibration, differential expansion or
contraction due to temperature cycling, or external mechanical loads. 当受到振动、由于温度循环或外部机械载荷而引起的不
同膨胀或收缩时，应考虑膨胀接头的紧密性。
314 THREADED JOINTS螺纹接头
314.1 General通则
Threaded joints are suitable for Normal Fluid Service except as stated elsewhere in paragraph 314. They may be used
under severe cyclic conditions only as provided in paras. 314.2.1(c) and 314.2.2. 除非本节 (314)其他地方另有规定，否则
螺纹接头适用于一般流体工况。只有其符合 314.2.1(c)和 314.2.2 的规定则可用于剧烈循环条件。
(a) Threaded joints should be avoided in any service where crevice corrosion, severe erosion, or cyclic loading may
occur. 在可能发生缝隙腐蚀、严重侵蚀或循环载荷的任何工况中，都宜避免使用螺纹接头。
(b) When threaded joints are intended to be seal welded, thread sealing compound shall not be used. 当螺纹接头打算
密封焊接时，则不应涂螺纹密封剂。
(c) Layout of piping employing threaded joints should, insofar as possible, minimize stress on joints, giving special
consideration to stresses due to thermal expansion and operation of valves (particularly a valve at a free end). Provision should be
made to counteract forces that would tend to unscrew the joints. 使用螺纹接头的管道布置宜尽可能减少接头上的应力，特别
考虑由于热膨胀和阀门 (特别是自由端的阀门)操作产生的应力。宜采取预防措施以抵消那些可能会拧开螺纹接头的作用
力。
(d) Except for specially designed joints employing lens rings or similar gaskets, threaded flanges in which the pipe
ends project through to serve as the gasket surface may be used only for Category D Fluid Service. 除非管端突出作为垫片表面
之螺纹法兰能配套使用透镜环或类似垫片之特殊设计的接头外，否则其仅能用于 D 类流体工况。
314.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
314.2.1 Taper-Threaded Joints. For joints in which the threads of both mating components conform to ASME
B1.20.1 锥管螺纹接头。 两个配合组件之螺纹应符合 ASME B1.20.1对螺纹接头的要求
(a) the minimum thickness of components with external threads shall be the greater of 𝑡𝑚 in accordance with
paragraph 304.1.1 and the schedule shown in Table 314.2.1 带外螺纹接头之组件的最小厚度要求的应为符合304.1.1所述管规
号厚度和表314.2.1所示厚度𝑡𝑚 中的较大者
(b) threaded components shall be checked for adequacy of mechanical strength as described in paragraph 302.5
应按 302.5来校核螺纹组件是否有足够的机械强度。
(c) threaded components of a specialty nature that are not subject to external moment loading, such as
thermowells, may be used under severe cyclic conditions不受外部力矩载荷影响之专用螺纹部件 (例如热电偶套管)可在剧烈
循环条件下使用
A coupling having straight threads may be used only for Category D Fluid Service, and only with taper-threaded
mating components. 具有直螺纹之管接头只能用于 D 类流体工况，并且只能与锥管螺纹配合组件一起使用。
314.2.2 Straight-Threaded Joints. Threaded joints in which the tightness of the joint is provided by a seating surface
other than the threads (e.g., a union comprising male and female ends joined with a threaded union nut, or other constructions
shown typically in Figure 335.3.3) may be used. If such joints are used under severe cyclic conditions and are subject to external
moment loadings, safeguarding is required. 直螺纹接头。 可采用由螺纹以外之座面提供接头紧密度的螺纹接头 (例如，由
用螺纹接合螺母连接之公母端所组成的由任，或图 335.3.3 中所示的其他典型结构) . 如果此类接头在剧烈循环条件下使
用并承受外部力矩载荷，则需要采取防护措施。
315 TUBING JOINTS油管接箍
315.1 General通则
In selecting and applying flared, flareless, and compression type tubing fittings, the designer shall consider the possible
adverse effects on the joints of such factors as assembly and disassembly, cyclic loading, vibration, shock, and thermal
expansion and contraction. 设计者在选用扩口式、无扩口式和压合式油管配件时，应考虑装拆、循环载荷、振动、冲
击、热胀冷缩等因素对接头可能产生的不利影响。
315.2 Joints Conforming to Listed Standards符合表列标准之接头
Joints using flared, flareless, or compression type tubing fittings covered by listed standards may be used in Normal Fluid
Service provided that使用表列标准所涵盖之扩口式、无扩口式或压合式油管配件的接头可用于一般流体工况，前提是
符合下列要求
(a) the fittings and joints are compatible with the tubing with which they are to be used (considering maximum and
minimum wall thickness) and are used within the pressure–temperature limitations of the fitting and the joint油管配件和油管接
头与它们所要连接之管道兼容 (考虑最大和最小壁厚)并且在油管配件和油管接头的压力-温度限制范围内使用
(b) the joints are safeguarded when used under severe cyclic conditions在剧烈循环条件下使用时，油管接头要有安
全防护
315.3 Joints Not Conforming to Listed Standards不符合表列标准之接头
Joints using flared, flareless, or compression type tubing fittings not listed in Table 326.1 may be used in accordance with
paragraph 315.2 provided that the design is qualified in accordance with paragraph 304.7.2. 表 326.1 中未列出的扩口式、
无扩口式或压合式油管配件的接头可在符合 315.2之要求下使用。 前提是设计符合304.7.2的规定 。
316 CAULKED JOINTS 捻缝接头
Caulked joints such as bell type joints shall be limited to Category D Fluid Service and to a temperature not over 93°C (200°F).
They shall be used within the pressure– temperature limitations of the joint and pipe. Provisions shall be made to prevent
disengagement of joints, to prevent buckling of the piping, and to sustain lateral reactions produced by branch connections or
other causes. 捻縫接頭 (如钟形接头)应限于温度不得超过 93°C (200°F)的 D 类流体工况。 它们应在接头和管道之压力-温
49
度限制值域内使用。 应采取措施以防止接头脱开，防止管道弯曲，并承受由支管连接件或其他原因而产生的侧向反作
用力。
317 SOLDERED AND BRAZED JOINTS软焊焊和硬焊焊接头
317.1 Soldered Joints软焊焊接头
Soldered joints shall be made in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 333 and may be used only in Category D fluid
service. Fillet joints made with solder metal are not permitted. The low melting point of solder shall be considered where possible
exposure to fire or elevated temperature is involved. 软焊焊接头应按333 的规定进行焊焊。 并且只能用于 D 类流体工况。
不允许使用软焊料所焊成的填角接头。 在可能遭遇到火或高温的情况下，应考虑软焊料的低熔点。
317.2 Brazed and Braze Welded Joints硬钎焊接头和焊焊接头
(a) Brazed and braze welded joints made in accordance with the provisions in paragraph 333 are suitable for Normal
Fluid Service. They shall be safeguarded in fluid services that are flammable, toxic, or damaging to human tissue. They shall not
be used under severe cyclic conditions. The melting point of brazing alloys shall be considered where possible exposure to fire is
involved. 根据333之规定所制成的硬钎焊接头和焊焊接头适用于一般流体工况。 它们应在易燃、有毒或对人体组织有害
之流体工况中得到防护设施。 它们不应在剧烈循环条件下使用。 在可能遭遇到火的情况下，应考虑到焊焊合金的熔
点。
(b) Fillet joints made with brazing filler metal are not permitted. 不允许使用焊焊填充金属所焊成的填角接头。
318 SPECIAL JOINTS特殊接头
Special joints are those not covered elsewhere in Chapter II, Part 4, such as bell type and packed gland type joints. 特殊接头是指
那些在第 II 章第 4 篇其他地方没有提及的接头，例如钟形接头和填料函式接头。
318.1 General通则
318.1.1 Listed Joints. Joints using listed components are suitable for Normal Fluid Service. 表列接头。表列元件接
头可在一般流体工况下使用。
318.1.2 Unlisted Joints. For joints that utilize unlisted components, pressure design shall be qualified as required by
paragraph 304.7.2. 非表列接头。非表列元件之压力设计应符合304.7.2之要求。
318.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
318.2.1 Joint Integrity. Separation of the joint shall be prevented by a means that has sufficient strength to withstand
anticipated conditions of service. 接头整体性。 应采用具有足够强度以承受预期使用工况的方法来防止接头松脱。
318.2.2 Joint Interlocks. Either mechanical or welded interlocks shall be provided to prevent separation of any joint
used for a fluid service that is flammable, toxic, or damaging to human tissues, of any joint to be used under severe cyclic
conditions, and of any joint exposed to temperatures in the creep range. 接头连锁装置。 当接头用于易燃、有毒或对人体组织
有害之流体工况、在剧烈循环条件以及暴露在蠕变值域下之温度时，则应对此类接头提供机械式和焊接连锁装置以防止
接头脱开。
318.2.3 Bell and Gland Type Joints. Bell-type and gland-type joints used under severe cyclic conditions shall be
safeguarded. 钟形和压核式接头。 在剧烈循环条件下使用之钟形和压核式接头应加以防护。
PART 5 FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT第 5 篇 挠性和支承件
319 PIPING FLEXIBILITY管道的挠性
319.1 Requirements要求
319.1.1 Basic Requirements. Piping systems shall have sufficient flexibility to prevent thermal expansion or
contraction or movements of piping supports and terminals from causing基本要求。 管道系统应具有足够的挠性，以防止因
管道支架和管端的热膨胀或收缩或移动而引起的下列情况：
(a) failure of piping or supports from overstress or fatigue管道或支承件因过应力或疲劳而失效
(b) leakage at joints接头渗漏
(c) detrimental stresses or distortion in piping and valves or in connected equipment (e.g., pumps and turbines),
resulting from excessive thrusts and moments in the piping由于管道中之过大推力和力矩而在管道和阀门或连接设备 (例如泵
和涡轮机)中引起的有害应力或变形
319.1.2 Specific Requirements. In paragraph 319, concepts, data, and methods are given for determining the
requirements for flexibility in a piping system and for assuring that the system meets all of these requirements. In brief, these
requirements are that具体要求。 第 3条款中给出了用于确定管道系统之挠性要求并确保系统满足所有这些要求的概念、
数据和方法。 简而言之，这些要求是：
(a) the computed stress range at any point due to displacements in the system shall not exceed the allowable stress
range established in paragraph 302.3.5管道系统中之任一点由于位移而计算出的的应力值域不应超过 302.3.5条款中所规定
的许用应力值域。
(b) reaction forces computed in paragraph 319.5 shall not be detrimental to supports or connected equipment 按
319.5条款中所计算出之反作用力不应损及或连接设备
(c) computed movement of the piping shall be within any prescribed limits, and properly accounted for in the
flexibility calculations 所计算出之管道移动应在任何规定的限度内，并挠性计算中给予适当考虑
If it is determined that a piping system does not have adequate inherent flexibility, means for increasing flexibility
shall be provided in accordance with paragraph 319.7. 如果确定管道系统不具有足够的固有挠性时，则应按 319.7提
供增加挠性的方法。
319.2 Concepts概念
Concepts characteristic of piping flexibility analysis are covered in the following paragraphs. Special consideration is
50
given to displacements (strains) in the piping system, and to resultant axial, bending, and torsional displacement stress ranges.
管道挠性分析的概念特征在以下段落中介绍。 特探考考了管道系统中的位移 (应变)，以及由此产生的轴向弯曲和轴
向扭转位移应力范围。
319.2.1 Displacement Strains位移应变
(a) Thermal Displacements. A piping system will undergo dimensional changes with any change in temperature. If
it is constrained from free expansion or contraction by connected equipment and restraints such as guides and anchors, it will be
displaced from its unrestrained position. 热位移。 管道系统会随着温度的任何变化而发生尺寸变化。 如果它被连接之设备
和约束装置 (如导向器和锚)的自由膨胀或收缩受到限制，它朝朝其不受约束的位置移位。
(b) Restraint Flexibility. If restraints are not considered rigid, their flexibility may be considered in determining
displacement stress range and reactions. 受约束的挠性。 如果装置不被认为是刚性的，则在确定位移应力值域和反粽用力
时可考虑它们的挠性。
(c) Externally Imposed Displacements. Externally caused movement of restraints will impose displacements on the
piping in addition to those related to thermal effects. Movements may result from tidal changes (dock piping), wind sway (e.g.,
piping supported from a tall slender tower), or temperature changes in connected equipment. 外部所施加之位移。 除了与热效
应相关之位移外，由外部所引起的约束位移还会对管道施加位移。 位移可能由潮位变化 (码头管道)、风而引起的微晃动
(例如由高而细的塔所支撑的管道)或连接设备的温度变化而引起的。
Movement due to earth settlement, since it is a single cycle effect, will not significantly influence fatigue life. A displacement
stress range greater than that permitted by paragraph 302.3.5(d) may be allowable if due consideration is given to avoidance of
excessive localized strain and end reactions. 由土方沉降而引起的位移是单循环效应，不会显著影响疲劳寿命。 如果适当考
虑了如何避免过度局部应变和端部反作用力的因应措施，则 允许位移应力值域大于302.3.5(d)的许用范围。
(d) Total Displacement Strains. Thermal displacements, reaction displacements, and externally imposed
displacements all have equivalent effects on the piping system, and shall be considered together in determining the total
displacement strains (proportional deformation) in various parts of the piping system. 总位移应变。 热位移、反作用力位移和
外加位移对管道系统的影响是等效的，因而在确定管道系统各零部件之总位移应变 (比例变形)时应一并列入考虑范围。
319.2.2 Displacement Stresses位移应力
(a) Elastic Behavior. Stresses may be considered proportional to the total displacement strains in a piping system
in which the strains are well-distributed and not excessive at any point (a balanced system). Layout of systems should aim for
such a condition, which is assumed in flexibility analysis methods provided in this Code. 弹性行为。 应力可以被认为与管道系
统中的总位移应变成正比，在平衡系统中，应变分布均匀且在任何点都不过大。 系统布置宜以这种状态为目标，即在
本规范所提供的挠性分析方法中是假设状态。
(b) Overstrained Behavior. Stresses cannot be considered proportional to displacement strains throughout a piping
system in which an excessive amount of strain may occur in localized portions of the system (an unbalanced system). Operation
of an unbalanced system in the creep range may aggravate the deleterious effects due to creep strain accumulation in the most
susceptible regions of the system. Unbalance may result from one or more of the following: 过应变行为。 不能将应力视为与整
个管道系统中之位移应变成正比，在不平衡该管道系统中的局部区域可能会出现过应变。 在蠕质域域内运行不平衡系
统可能会加剧因系统最敏感区域的蠕变应变累积而产生的有害影响。不平衡可能由以下一种或多种原因引起：
(1) highly stressed small size pipe runs in series with large or relatively stiff pipe runs. 高应力的小直径管道
与大直径管道或刚性大之管道串联。
(2) a local reduction in size or wall thickness, or local use of material having reduced yield strength (for
example, girth welds of substantially lower strength than the base metal). 直径或壁厚的局部减少，或局部使用了较低降服强
度材料 (例如，环焊缝的强度远低于母材)。
(3) a line configuration in a system of uniform size in which the expansion or contraction must be absorbed
largely in a short offset from the major portion of the run. 在规格均匀之系统中的某一段管线配置，其大部分之膨胀或收缩
必须在距离主管之主要区域的短偏移量中被吸收。
(4) variation of piping material or temperature in a line. When differences in the elastic modulus within a
piping system will significantly affect the stress distribution, the resulting displacement stresses shall be computed based on the
actual elastic moduli at the respective operating temperatures for each segment in the system and then multiplied by the ratio of
the elastic modulus at ambient temperature to the modulus used in the analysis for each segment. 管线中管道材料或温度的波
動。 当管道系统中之弹性模量的差异将显著影响应力分布时，应根据系统中各管段在各自工作温度下之实际弹性模量
来计算所导致之位移应力，然后再乘以各管段在环境温度下之弹性模量与每管段分析中所用弹性模量的比值。
Unbalance should be avoided or minimized by design and layout of piping systems, particularly those using
materials of low ductility. Many of the effects of unbalance can be mitigated by selective use of cold spring. If
unbalance cannot be avoided, the designer shall use appropriate analytical methods in accordance with paragraph 319.4
to assure adequate flexibility as defined in paragraph 319.1. 应通过管道系统的设计和布置来避免或尽量减少不平
衡，特别是那些使用低延展性材料的管道系统。 选择性利用冷紧可以减轻许多不平衡的影响。 如果无法避免
不平衡，设计者应按319.4 使用合宜的分析方法， 以确保管道系统具有319.4 中所述的足够可桡性。
319.2.3 Displacement Stress Range位移应力值域
(a) In contrast with stresses from sustained loads, such as internal pressure or weight, displacement stresses may
be permitted to attain sufficient magnitude to cause local yielding in various portions of a piping system. When the system is
initially operated at the condition of greatest displacement (highest or lowest temperature, or greatest imposed movement) from its
installed condition, any yielding or creep brings about a reduction or relaxation of stress. When the system is later returned to its
original condition (or a condition of opposite displacement), a reversal and redistribution of stresses occurs that is referred to as
self-springing. It is similar to cold springing in its effects. 与来自持续载荷 (例如内部压力或重量)之应力相反，位移应力可能
被允许达到足够大的值以在管道系统的各个区域引起局部降服。 当系统一开始就在其安装状态下的最大位移 (最高或最
51
低温度，或最大外加位移)条件下运行时，任何降服或蠕变都会导致应力降低或弛豫。 当系统稍后恢复到其原始状态 (或
相反位移的状态)时，即会发生应力逆转和应力重分布，这种现象被称为自紧，其效果类似于冷紧。
(b) While stresses resulting from displacement strains diminish with time due to yielding or creep, the algebraic
difference between strains in the extreme displacement condition and the original (as-installed) condition (or any anticipated
condition with a greater differential effect) remains substantially constant during any one cycle of operation. This difference in
strains produces a corresponding stress differential, the displacement stress range, that is used as the criterion in the design of
piping for flexibility. In evaluating systems where supports may be active in some conditions and not others (e.g., pipes lifting off
supports), this difference in strains may be influenced by the changing distribution of sustained load. In such cases, the
displacement strain range is based on the algebraic difference between the calculated positions of the pipe that define the range. In
addition to the displacement strain, each calculated position shall include the sustained loads present in the condition under
evaluation. See paragraph 302.3.5(d) for the allowable stress range, 𝑆𝐴 , and paragraph 319.4.4(a) for the computed displacement
stress range, 𝑆𝐸 . 虽然降服和蠕变能使由位移应变所引起之应力随时间而减小，但在极端位移条件与安装后之原始条件
(或具有更大差异效应的任何预期状态)间之应变代数差在操作循环中实际上是不变的。 这种应变差异会产生相应的应力
差，即位移应力范围，它被用作管道设计中的柔度准则。 在评估支承件在某些条件下可能处于能动状态而不是其他条
件下 (例如，管道从支架上抬起)的系统时，这种应变差异可能会受到持续载荷的差异分布所影响。 在这种情况下，位移
应变值域是基于界定该范围之管道计算位置间的代数差。 除位移应变外，每个计算位置还应包括存在于评估条件下的
持续载荷。 见第 302.3.5(d) 的许用应力值域𝑆𝐴 和319.4.4(a) 的计算位移应力值域𝑆𝐸 。
319.2.4 Cold Spring. Cold spring is the intentional deformation of piping during assembly to produce a desired initial
displacement and reaction. Cold spring is beneficial in that it serves to balance the magnitude of the reaction under initial and
extreme displacement conditions. When cold spring is properly applied there is less likelihood of overstrain during initial
operation; hence, it is recommended especially for piping materials of limited ductility. There is also less deviation from
asinstalled dimensions during initial operation, so that hangers will not be displaced as far from their original settings. 冷紧。 冷
紧是在装配过程中故意使管道变形以产生所需初始位移和反作用力。 冷紧的好处在于它可以平衡初始和极端位移条件
下的反作用力。 如果正确应用冷紧，则在初始操作期间产生过应变的可能性较小； 因此，特别推荐用于延展性有限之
管道材料。如果正确应用冷紧，则在初始操作期间与安装尺寸的偏差也较小，因此吊架不会从原设置处移得太远。
Inasmuch as the service life of a piping system is affected more by the range of stress variation than by the
magnitude of stress at a given time, no credit for cold spring is permitted in stress range calculations. However, in
calculating the thrusts and moments where actual reactions as well as their range of variations are significant, credit is
given for cold spring. 由于管道系统之使用寿命受应力变化范围的影响大于受给定时间内之应力大小的影响，因此
在应力值域计算中不允许计入冷紧。 然而，在计算实际反作用力及其变化范围显著的推力和力矩时，则应将冷
紧列入考虑范围。
319.3 Properties for Flexibility Analysis挠性分析中所用物理性能
The following paragraphs deal with properties of piping materials and their application in piping flexibility stress analysis. 以下
段落提到了管道材料的物理性能及其在管道挠性应力分析中的应用。
319.3.1 Thermal Expansion Data热膨胀数据
(a) Values for Stress Range. Values of thermal displacements to be used in determining total displacement strains
for computing the stress range shall be determined from Appendix C as the algebraic difference between the value at maximum
metal temperature and that at the minimum metal temperature for the thermal cycle under analysis. 应力值域。 用于确定计算应
力值域之总位移应变的热位移值应为根据附录 C 进行热循环分析时所用最高金属温度值和最低金属温度值间的代数差。
(b) Values for Reactions. Values of thermal displacements to be used in determining total displacement strains for
computation of reactions on supports and connected equipment shall be determined as the algebraic difference between the value
at maximum (or minimum) temperature for the thermal cycle under analysis and the value at the temperature expected during
installation. 反作用力的数值。 用于计算因总位移应变而作用在支架和连接设备上之反作用力的热位移数值应根据所要分
析之热循环的最高 (或最低)温度值与安装期间所预期之温度值间的代数差 。
319.3.2 Modulus of Elasticity. The reference modulus of elasticity at 21°C (70°F), 𝑬𝒂 , and the modulus of elasticity at
maximum or minimum temperature, 𝑬𝒎 , shall be taken as the values shown in Appendix C for the temperatures determined in
paragraph 319.3.1(a) or 319.3.1(b). For materials not included in Appendix C, reference shall be made to authoritative source
data, such as publications of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 弹性模量。 21°C (70°F) 下之基准弹性模量𝑬𝒂
和最高或最低温度下之弹性模量𝑬𝒎 应取附录 C 中针对319.3.1(a) 或 319.3.1(b)中所确定的温度值。 对于附录 C 中未包含
之材料，应参考权威来源数据，例如美国国家标准与技术研究院的出版物。
319.3.3 Poisson’s Ratio. Poisson’s ratio may be taken as 0.3 at all temperatures for all metals. More accurate and
authoritative data may be used if available. 泊松比。 对于所有金属在所有温度下之泊松比都可取值为 0.3。 如果有的话，
可采用更准确和权威的数据。
319.3.4 Allowable Stresses许用应力
(a) The allowable displacement stress range, 𝑆𝐴 , and permissible additive stresses shall be as specified in
paragraph 302.3.5(d) for systems primarily stressed in bending and/or torsion. 对于具有一次弯曲/或扭转应力之管道系统而
言，应按 302.3.5(d)来确定其许用位移应力范围 𝑆𝐴 和许用附加应力。
(b) The stress intensification factors in ASME B31J have been developed from fatigue tests of representative
piping components and assemblies manufactured from ductile ferrous materials using the test procedures in ASME B31J and
numerical methods. The allowable displacement stress range is based on tests of carbon and austenitic stainless-steels. Caution
should be exercised when using eqs. (1a) and (1b) (paragraph 302.3.5) for allowable displacement stress range for some
nonferrous materials (e.g., certain copper and aluminum alloys) for other than low cycle applications. ASME B31J 中的应力增强
系数是通过ASME B31J 中所述测试程序和数值方法对由具有延展性之铁基金属材料制成代表性管道構成元件和和装配
件进行疲劳测试而得出的。而许用位移应力值域基于碳钢和奥氏体不锈钢的测试。 使用302.3.5 中所给定之方程 (1a) 和
52
(1b)来计算某些非铁基金属材料 (例如，某些铜和铝合金)在非低循环应用下之许用位移应力范围时宜谨慎。
319.3.5 Dimensions. Nominal thicknesses and outside diameters of pipe and fittings shall be used in flexibility
calculations. 尺寸。挠性计算中宜采用 管道和组件的公称厚度和外径。
319.3.6 Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors. The flexibility factors, k, and stress intensification factors, i, shall
not be less than unity. In the absence of more directly applicable data, the flexibility factor, k, and stress intensification factor, i,
shown in ASME B31J shall be used for flexibility calculations described in paragraph 319.4. Flexibility factors and stress
intensification factors for branch connections are defined for in-plane, out-plane, and torsion moments on both the run and branch
legs. Branch leg calculations shall use the appropriate branch factor (i.e., 𝒌𝒊𝒃 , 𝒌𝒐𝒃 , 𝒌𝒕𝒃 , 𝒊𝒊𝒃 𝒊𝒐𝒃 , and 𝒊𝒕𝒃 ), and run leg calculations
shall use the appropriate run factor (i.e., 𝒌𝒊𝒓 , 𝒌𝒐𝒓 , 𝒌𝒕𝒓 , 𝒊𝒊𝒓 𝒊𝒐𝒓 , and 𝒊𝒕𝒓 ). 挠性和应力增强系数。 挠性系数 k 和应力增强系数 i 不
应小于 1。 在没有更直接之适用数据的情况下，ASME B31J 中所示挠性系数 k 和应力增强系数 i 应用于319.4中所述的
计算 。 支管连接件的挠性系数和应力增强系数是针对主管与支管分叉口的面内扭矩和面外扭矩来规定的。 支管分叉口
计算应使用相应支管系数 (即𝒌𝒊𝒃 , 𝒌𝒐𝒃 , 𝒌𝒕𝒃 , 𝒊𝒊𝒃 𝒊𝒐𝒃 和𝒊𝒕𝒃 )，相应分叉口计算应使用相应相应系数 (即𝒌𝒊𝒓 , 𝒌𝒐𝒓 , 𝒌𝒕𝒓 , 𝒊𝒊𝒓 𝒊𝒐𝒓 和
𝒊𝒕𝒓 )。
Flexibility factors and stress intensification factors may be developed in accordance with ASME B31J, Nonmandatory
Appendices B and A, respectively. 可分别根据 ASME B31J之非强制性附录 B 和 A 来开发挠性系数和应力增强系
数。
For piping components or attachments (such as valves, strainers, anchor rings, or bands) not covered in ASME B31J,
suitable stress intensification factors may be assumed by comparison of their significant geometry with that of the
components shown. The validity of any assumptions is the responsibility of the designer. If two or more of the geometries
shown in ASME B31J are combined, their combined k and i might be significantly different from the values shown.
Examples include trunnions on elbows and branch connection fittings welded to anything other than straight pipe. 对于
ASME B31J 中未提及之管道构成元件或附件 (例如阀门、过滤器、锚环或带箍)，可以通过将它们的重要几何形状
与所示组件的几何形状进行比较来假设合适的应力增强系数，但 任何假设的有效性是设计者的责任。 如果
ASME B31J 中显示了两个或多个几何形状组合在一起，则它们的组合 k 和 i 可能与所示值明显不同。 示例包括弯
头上的耳轴和焊接到直管以外之任何东西上的支管连接配件。
319.4 Flexibility Analysis挠性分析
319.4.1 Formal Analysis Not Required. No formal analysis of adequate flexibility is required for a piping system that
不需要正式分析。 下列管道系统不要求进行足够的正式挠性分析：
(a) duplicates, or replaces without significant change, a system operating with a successful service record复制或
替换具有成功运行记录之系统，且对该系统不进行重大更改
(b) can readily be judged adequate by comparison with previously analyzed systems与之前已分析过之系统相
比，可以很容易地判断其具有足够的挠性
(c) is of uniform size, has no more than two points of fixation, no intermediate restraints, and falls within the
limitations of empirical eq. (16)8 尺寸均匀，固定点不超过两点，无中间约束，且落在经验方程 (16)之限制值域内的系
统。
8
WARNING: No general proof can be offered that this equation will yield accurate or consistently conservative results. It is not applicable to
systems used under severe cyclic conditions. It should be used with caution in configurations such as unequal leg U-bends or near-straight
“sawtooth” runs, or for large thin-wall pipe (i ≥ 5), or where extraneous displacements (not in the direction connecting anchor points) constitute a
large part of the total displacement. There is no assurance that terminal reactions will be acceptably low, even if a piping system falls within the
limitations of eq. (16). 警告：无法提供一般性证据证明方程 (16)能产生准确或一贯保守的结果。 它不适用于在剧烈循环条件下使用的系
统。 在不等边 U 型弯头或或近似直线排列之“锯齿状”支管、大直径薄壁管道 (i ≥ 5) 或构成大部分总位移之外部位移 (不在连接锚点的
方向)等配置中应谨慎使用方程 (16)。 即使管道系统落在方程 (16)的限制范围内，也无法保证端部反作用力会低到可以接受的程度。
(16)
where 方程 (16)中所用运算符之定义如下所述：
D
= outside diameter of pipe, mm (in.) 拟分析管道之外径
𝐸𝑎 = reference modulus of elasticity at 21°C (70°F), MPa (ksi) 21°C (70°F) 时的准弹性模量，单位：
MPa (ksi)
𝐾1 = 208 000 𝑆𝐴 /𝐸𝑎 , (mm/m)2
= 30 𝑆𝐴 /𝐸𝑎 , (in./ft)2
L
= developed length of piping between anchors, m (ft) L = 锚固点间之管道的展开长度，单位：m
(ft)
𝑆𝐴 = allowable displacement stress range in accordance with eq. (1a), MPa (ksi) 符合方程 (1a)的容许
位移应力范围，单位：MPa (ksi)
U
= anchor distance, straight line between anchors, m (ft) 锚距，锚固点间的最短直线距离，单
位：m (ft)
y
= resultant of total displacement strains, mm (in.), to be absorbed by the piping system由管道系统
所吸收之总位移应变的总和，单位：mm (in.)
319.4.2 Formal Analysis Requirements正式分析之要求
(a) Any piping system that does not meet the criteria in paragraph 319.4.1 shall be analyzed by a simplified,
approximate, or comprehensive method of analysis, as appropriate. 任何不符合319.4.1准则之管道系统应酌情通过简化、近似
或综合分析方法来进行分析。
(b) A simplified or approximate method may be applied only if used within the range of configurations for which
its adequacy has been demonstrated. 仅当在已论证其所适用性之配置范围内使用时，才可应用简化或近似方法。
(c) Acceptable comprehensive methods of analysis include analytical and chart methods that provide an
53
evaluation of the forces, moments, and stresses caused by displacement strains (see paragraph 319.2.1). 可接受的综合分析方法
包括分析法和图解法，这些方法提供了因位移应变引起之作用力、力矩和应力的评估 (参见第 319.2.1 段)。
(d) Comprehensive analysis shall take into account stress intensification factors for any component other than
straight pipe. Credit may be taken for the extra flexibility of such a component. 对于直管以外之管道构成元件，在综合分析
时，应将其应力增强系数考虑进来，因为这种组件的额外挠性可起有利作用。
319.4.3 Basic Assumptions and Requirements. Standard assumptions specified in paragraph 319.3 shall be followed
in all cases. In calculating the flexibility of a piping system between anchor points, the system shall be treated as a whole. The
significance of all parts of the line and of all restraints introduced for the purpose of reducing moments and forces on equipment
or small branch lines, and also the restraint introduced by support friction, shall be recognized. Consider all displacements, as
outlined in paragraph 319.2.1, over the temperature range defined by paragraph 319.3.1. 基本假设和要求。 在所有情况下都应
遵循第 319.3条款中所规定的标准假设 。 在计算锚点间之管道系统的挠性时，系该统应视为一个整体来处理。 应该认
识到管线的所有零部件和为减少设备或小直径支管在线之力矩和作用力而设置的所有约束，以及支撑摩擦所引入之约束
的重要性。应探讨319.2.1中所列且超过319.3.1所规定之温度范围的所有位移 。
319.4.4 Flexibility Stresses柔性应力
(a)
The axial, bending, and torsional displacement stress ranges shall be computed using the reference modulus
of elasticity at 21°C (70°F), 𝐸𝑎 , except as provided in paragraph 319.2.2(b)(4), and then combined in accordance with eq. (17) to
determine the computed displacement stress range, SE, which shall not exceed the allowable displacement stress range, 𝑆𝐴 , in
paragraph 302.3.5(d). See also eq. (1d) and Appendix S, Example 3 for the greatest computed displacement stress range. 轴向、
弯曲和扭转位移应力范围应使用 21°C (70°F) 下之基准弹性模量 E_a 来计算，但 319.2.2(b)(4)中规定的除外，然后用式
(17) 将这两种应力合并， 以用于确定所计算出之位移应力范围 SE是否超过 302.3.5(d)中的许用位移应力范围 S_A，而该
所计算出之位移应力范围是不应超过 302.3.5(d)中的许用位移应力范围 S_A。 另见式 (1d) 和附录 S中例 3中的最大计算
位移应力范围。
(17)
where 式(17)中所用运算符之定义如下所述：
𝐴𝑝 = cross-sectional area of pipe; see paragraph 319.3.5 管道的横截面积； 见第 319.3.5条款
𝐹𝑎
= axial force range between any two conditions being evaluated被评估之任意两个条件间的
轴向力值域
= axial stress intensification factor. In the absence of more-applicable data, 𝑖𝑎 = 1.0 for
elbows, pipe bends, and miter bends (single, closely spaced, and widely spaced), and 𝑖𝑎 = 𝑖𝑜
for other components; see also paragraph 319.3.6. 轴向应力增强系数。 在没有更适用之数
据的情况下，弯头、弯管和斜接弯头 (单个、密间距和宽间距)之ia取值为1.0，其他组
件之ia则取值为等于io； 另见319.3.6。
𝑖𝑖
= torsional stress intensification factor; see paragraph 319.3.6. 扭转应力增强系数； 见第
319.3.6条款。
𝑀𝑡 = torsional moment range between any two conditions being evaluated被评估之任意两个条
件间的扭矩值域
𝑆𝑎 = axial stress range due to displacement strains位移应变引起的轴向应力值域
𝑆𝑏 = bending stress range due to displacement strains位移应变引起的弯曲应力值域
𝑆𝑡
= torsional stress range due to displacement strains
= 𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑡 /2Z
Z
= section modulus of pipe; see paragraph 319.3.5
(b)
The bending stress range, Sb, to be used in eq. (17) for elbows, miter bends, and branch connections (Legs
1, 2, and 3) shall be calculated in accordance with eq. (18), with moments as shown in Figures 319.4.4A and 319.4.4B 应按式
(18)来计算式 (17)中弯头、斜接弯头和支管连接件 (支线 1、2 和 3)之弯曲应力范围 Sb。力矩如图 319.4.4A 和 319.4.4B
所示
𝑖𝑎
(18)
where 式 (18)中所用运算符之定义如下所述：
𝑖𝑖
= in-plane stress intensification factor; see paragraph 319.3.6
面内应力增强系数； 见第 319.3.6条款
𝑖𝑜
= out-plane stress intensification factor; see paragraph 319.3.6
面外应力增强系数； 见第 319.3.6条款
𝑀𝑖 = in-plane bending moment range between any two conditions being evaluated
被评估之任意两个条件间的面内弯矩范围
𝑀𝑜 = out-plane bending moment range between any two conditions being evaluated
被评估之任意两个条件间的面外弯矩范围
Figure 319.4.4A Moments in Bends
Figure 319.4.4B Moments in Branch Connections
作用在弯头中之力矩
作用在支管连接件中的力矩
54
319.5 Reactions反作用力
Reaction forces and moments used to design restraints and supports for a piping system, and to evaluate the effects of
piping displacement on connected equipment, shall be based on the maximum load from operating conditions, including
weight, pressure, and other sustained loads; thermal displacement; and, where applicable, occasional loads. The reactions
shall be calculated using the modulus of elasticity at the temperature of the condition, 𝐸𝑚 (𝐸𝑎 may be used instead of 𝐸𝑚
when it provides a more conservative result). The temperature of the condition may differ in different locations within the
piping system. Where cold spring is used in the piping system, experience has shown that it cannot be fully assured.
Therefore, the reactions shall be computed both with the assumption that only two-thirds of the design cold spring is present,
and with four-thirds of the design cold spring present. 用于设计管道系统之约束件和支承件以及用于评估管道位移对连
接设备有影响之反作用力和力矩，应基于操作条件下的最大载荷，包括重量、压力和其他持续载荷、 热位移 以及
在适用情况下的偶发载荷，定应采用该条件之温度下的弹性模量 E_m 来计算反作用 (为提供更保守的结果时，可用
E_a 来代替 E_m)。 管道系统内不同位置处在该条件下之温度可能有所不同。 管道系统中使用冷紧的地方，经验表
明它不能完全保证有效， 因此，在设计冷紧中应假设只有三分之二的设计，并用所设计的3/4冷紧来计算反作用
力。
If it is necessary to determine the reactions at ambient temperature, the designer shall consider loads at that condition,
including the design cold spring and self springing of piping. Self springing may occur if the operating stress in the piping
system exceeds the yield strength of the material or if the piping operates at temperatures in the creep range of the material.
如果需要确定环境温度下的作用力，设计者应考虑该上述条件下的载荷，包括设计冷紧和管道的自紧。 如果管道
系统中的工作应力超过材料的降服强度，或者如果管道在材料蠕变范围内之温度下运行时，则可能会发生自紧。
319.5.1 Maximum Reactions for Simple Systems. For a two-anchor piping system without intermediate restraints,
the maximum instantaneous values of reaction forces and moments may be estimated from eqs. (21) and (22). 简单系统的最大反
作用力。 无中间约束件且在双锚定点间之管道系统的反作用力和力矩的最大瞬时值可按方程(21) 和 (22)来估计之 。
(a) For Extreme Displacement Conditions, 𝑅𝑚 . The temperature for this computation is the maximum or
minimum metal temperature defined in paragraph 319.3.1(b), whichever produces the larger reaction. 极限位移条件下之𝑅𝑚 。
此计算中的温度以319.3.1(b)中所规定之最高或最低金属温度并产生较大反作用力者为准。
(21)
where 式(21) 中所用运算符之定义如下所述：
C
= cold-spring factor varying from zero for no cold spring to 1.0 for 100% cold spring. (The factor
two-thirds is based on experience showing that specified cold spring cannot be fully assured,
even with elaborate precautions.) 冷紧系数，从无冷紧的零到 100% 冷紧的 1.0。 (此系数的
三分之二是基于经验，因为实践表明即使采用了最好的因应措施也无法完全保证能获得所
要的冷紧效果)。
𝐸𝑎 = reference modulus of elasticity at 21°C (70°F) 21°C (70°F) 时的基准弹性模量
𝐸𝑚 = modulus of elasticity at maximum or minimum metal temperature 最高或最低金属温度下的弹
性模量
R = range of reaction forces or moments (derived from flexibility analysis) corresponding to the full
displacement stress range and based on 𝐸𝑎 对应于全位移应力范围并基于𝐸𝑎 之反作用力或力矩范
围 (从柔性分析中推导出)
𝑅𝑚 = estimated instantaneous maximum reaction force or moment at maximum or minimum metal
temperature在最高或最低金属温度下所估算的最大瞬态反作用力或力矩
(b) For Original Condition, 𝑅𝑎 . The temperature for this computation is the expected temperature at which the
piping is to be assembled. 初始状态下的𝑅𝑎 。此计算中的温度是管道装配时的预期温度。
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𝑅𝑎
= CR or 𝐶1 R, whichever is greater, where nomenclature is as in paragraph 319.5.1(a) and
𝑅𝑎 等于 CR 或𝐶1 R中之较大者，符号之定义见如319.5.1(a)条款。 且
(22)
= estimated self-spring or relaxation factor; use zero if value of 𝐶1 is negative所估计之自紧或弛
豫系数； 如果𝐶1 的值为负时，则𝑅𝑎 取值为零
𝑅𝑎 = estimated instantaneous reaction force or moment at installation temperature安装温度下所估计
出的瞬时反作用力或力矩
𝑆𝐸 = computed displacement stress range (see paragraph 319.4.4) 所计算出的位移应力范围 (参见
319.4.4 )
𝑆ℎ = see definition in paragraph 302.3.5(d) 𝑆ℎ 之定义见 302.3.5(d)。
319.5.2 Maximum Reactions for Complex Systems. For multianchor piping systems and for two-anchor systems
with intermediate restraints, eqs. (21) and (22) are not applicable. Each case must be studied to estimate location, nature, and
extent of local overstrain, and its effect on stress distribution and reactions. 复杂系统的最大反作用力。 方程 (21) 和 (22) 不适
用于多锚点之管道系统和具有中间约束件之双锚点之系统。 必须研究每个案例，以估计产生局部过应变的位置、性质
和程度，及其对应力分布和反作用力的影响效应。
319.6 319.6 Calculation of Movements
Calculations of displacements and rotations at specific locations may be required where clearance problems are involved.
In cases where small-size branch pipes attached to stiffer run pipes are to be calculated separately, the linear and angular
movements of the junction point must be calculated or estimated for proper analysis of the branch. 当涉及间隙问题时，可能
需要计算具体位置的位移和旋转。 如果要单独计算连接到刚性较高之主管在线的小管径支管，则必须计算或估计连
接点的线性位移和角位移，以便对此类支管进行正确分析。
319.7 319.7 Means of Increasing Flexibility提高挠性的方法
The layout of piping often provides inherent flexibility through changes in direction, so that displacements produce chiefly
bending and torsional strains within prescribed limits. The amount of axial tension or compression strain (which produces
large reactions) usually is small. 管道布置通常通过改变方向提供固有的挠性，因位移主要是产生规定限度内的弯曲和
扭转应变。 轴向拉伸或压应变 (产生大反作用力)的量通常很小。
Where the piping lacks built-in changes of direction, or where it is unbalanced [see paragraph 319.2.2(b)], large reactions
or detrimental overstrain may be encountered. The designer should consider adding flexibility by one or more of the following
means: bends, loops, or offsets; swivel joints; corrugated pipe; expansion joints of the bellows or slip-joint type; or other
devices permitting angular, rotational, or axial movement. Suitable anchors, ties, or other devices shall be provided as
necessary to resist end forces produced by fluid pressure, frictional resistance to movement, and other causes. When
expansion joints or other similar devices are provided, the stiffness of the joint or device should be considered in any
flexibility analysis of the piping. 管道缺少内置方向变化的地方，或者不平衡的地方[见第 1319.2.2(b)条款]，可能会遇
到相对较大的反作用力或有害的过应变。 设计人员应考虑通过以下一或多种方式来提高挠性：弯头、管环或偏置、
旋转接头、波纹管； 波纹管膨胀节或滑动连接式膨胀节； 或其他允许角位移、旋转位移或轴向位移的装置。应根据
需要提供合适的锚固件、抗拉材或其他装置，以抵抗由流体压力、流动摩擦阻力和其他原因产生的端面压力。 当提
供膨胀节或其他类似装置时，在管道的任何挠性分析中都应考虑到接头或装置的刚度。
320 ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINED LOADS持续载荷的分析
320.1 Basic Assumptions and Requirements基本假设和要求
Sustained conditions may be evaluated by detailed analysis, approximate methods, or simplified means such as span
tables. When detailed analysis is performed, the stress due to sustained loads, 𝑆𝐿 , shall be computed and combined as
described in this paragraph and shall not exceed the allowable described in paragraph 302.3.5(c). See Appendix S, Example 2
for guidance on loading conditions and support scenarios that result in the greatest 𝑆𝐿 for each operating condition being
considered. The loads due to weight should be based on the nominal thickness of all system components unless otherwise
justified in a more rigorous analysis. Section moduli used to compute the stresses in this paragraph shall be based on nominal
pipe dimensions less allowances, i.e., the sum of mechanical (thread or groove depth), internal and external corrosion, and
erosion allowances. Areas used to compute the stresses in this paragraph assume nominal pipe dimensions less allowances
affecting the inside diameter of the pipe, i.e., the sum of mechanical and internal corrosion and erosion allowances. It is the
responsibility of the designer to determine sustained stress indices, 𝐼𝑎 , 𝐼𝑖 , 𝐼𝑜 , and 𝐼𝑡 , when a piping component is not explicitly
addressed in ASME B31J, e.g., base-ells, reducing elbows, crosses, close proximity fittings, etc., as well as elbows, pipe
bends, or miters other than 90 deg or supported by a trunnion. Sustained stress indices shall not be lower than 1.00. 可以通过
详细分析、近似方法或诸于跨度表等之简化方法来评估持续条件。 进行详细分析时，持续载荷引起的应力 S_L 应按
本段所述进行计算和组合，并且不超过302.3.5(c)所述的许用值。 请参阅附录 S之示例 2，以了解有关在拟遇之每咿
操作条件下产生最大𝑆𝐿 之载荷条件的论证方案指南。由重量引起的载荷应基于所有系统组件的标称厚度，除非在更
严谨之分析中另有证明。 本段中用于计算应力之截面模量应是基于公称管道尺寸减去机械加工裕量 (螺纹或凹槽深
度)、内部和外部腐蚀裕量以及侵蚀裕量之总和后的截面模量。 本段中用于计算应力的面积应基于公称管道尺寸减去
机械加工裕量、内部腐蚀裕量和侵蚀裕量之总和后的内径。 当管道构成构成元件ASME B31J 中未被明确提及时，设
计人员有责任确定诸如管支座、异径弯头、四通、紧邻管配件、弯头、弯管、非 90 度斜接弯头或由耳轴支所撑之斜
接弯头的持续应力指数𝐼𝑎 , 𝐼𝑖 , 𝐼𝑜 和𝐼𝑡 ，且持续应力指数不应低于1.00。
320.2 Stress Due to Sustained Loads由持续负载引起的应力
The equation for the stress due to sustained loads, such as pressure and weight, 𝑆𝐿 , is provided in eq. (23a). Equations for
the stress due to sustained bending moments, Sb, are presented in eq. (23b). 按方程(23a)来计算由持续载荷𝑆𝐿 (例如压力和
56
重量)引起之应力 。另可用方程(23a)来计算由持续弯矩 Sb 所引起的应力。
(23a)
(23b)
where 式(23a和b) 中所用运算符之定义如下所述：
𝐼𝑖
= sustained in-plane moment index. In the absence of more-applicable data,9 𝐼𝑖 is taken as the greater of 0.75𝑖𝑖
or 1.00. 持续面内力矩指数。 在没有更适用之数据的情况下，𝐼𝑖 取值为 0.75𝑖𝑖 或 1.00 中的较大者。
𝐼𝑜
= sustained out-plane moment index. In the absence of more-applicable data,9 𝐼𝑜 is taken as the greater of
0.75𝑖𝑜 or 1.00. 持续面外力矩指数。 在没有更多适用数据的情况下，𝐼𝑜 取值为0.75𝑖𝑜 或 1.00 中的较大者
𝑀𝑖 = in-plane moment due to sustained loads, e.g., pressure and weight 由持续载荷 (例如压力和重量)引起的面
内力矩
𝑀𝑜 = out-plane moment due to sustained loads, e.g., pressure and weight由持续载荷 (例如压力和重量)引起的面
外力矩
Z
= sustained section modulus. Z in eqs. (23b) and (23c), is described in paragraph 319.4.4 but is computed in
this paragraph using nominal pipe dimensions less allowances; see paragraph 320.1. 持续截面模量。319.4.4
所给出之方程(23b) 和 (23c)中的Z。 但在本段中是取公称管道尺寸减去裕量之尺寸来进行计算的；
见第 320.1条款。
The equation for the stress due to sustained torsional moment, , is 按如下方程来计算由持续扭矩𝑆𝑡 引起之应力的方
程为
(23c)
where 式(23c) 中所用运算符之定义如下所述：
𝐼𝑡
= sustained torsional moment index. In the absence of more-applicable data,9 It is taken as 1.00. 持续扭矩指
数。 在没有更适用之数据的情况下，𝐼𝑡 取值为 1.00。
𝑀𝑡 = torsional moment due to sustained loads, e.g., pressure and weight由持续载荷 (例如压力和重量)引起的扭
矩
The equation for the stress due to sustained longitudinal force, 𝑆𝑎 , is按如下方程来计算由持续扭矩 St 引起之应力
(23d)
where式(23d) 中所用运算符之定义如下所述：
𝐴𝑝 = cross-sectional area of the pipe, considering nominal pipe dimensions less allowances; see paragraph 320.1
基于公称尺寸减去裕量后的钢管横截面积； 见第 320.1
𝐹𝑎
= longitudinal force due to sustained loads, e.g., pressure and weight由持续载荷 (例如压力和重量)引起的纵
向力
𝐼𝑎
= sustained longitudinal force index. In the absence of more-applicable data,9 𝐼𝑎 is taken as 1.00. 持续纵向力
指数。 在没有更适用的数据的情况下，𝐼𝑎 取值为 1.00。
9 The sustained stress or moment factor determined from ASME B31J, Table 1-1, General Note (d) may be considered as more
applicable data. 根据 ASME B31J表 1-1中通用注释 (d)所确定的持续应力或力矩系数可被视为更适用的数据。
The sustained longitudinal force, Fa, includes the sustained force due to pressure, which is 𝑃𝑗 j𝐴𝑓 unless the piping system
includes an expansion joint that is not designed to carry this force itself, where 𝑃𝑗 is the internal operating pressure for the
condition being considered, 𝐴𝑓 = πd2/4, and d is the pipe inside diameter considering pipe wall thickness less applicable
allowances; see paragraph 320.1. For piping systems that contain expansion joints, it is the responsibility of the designer to
determine the sustained longitudinal force due to pressure in the piping system. 持续纵向力 Fa 包括由压力引起的持续力，
即𝑃𝑗 j𝐴𝑓 ，除非管道系统包括本身并非设计用于承受该作用力的膨胀节，其中𝑃𝑗 是所拟用条件的内部工作压力，𝐴𝑓 =
πd2/4，其中d项为拟用管壁厚度减去适用裕量后的管内径， 见 320.1。 对于包含膨胀节之管道系统，设计人员有责任
确定由于管道系统中之压力而引起的持续纵向力。
321 PIPING SUPPORT管架
321.1 General通则
The design of support structures (not covered by this Code) and of supporting elements (see definitions of piping and
pipe supporting elements in paragraph 300.2) shall be based on all concurrently acting loads transmitted into such supports.
These loads, defined in paragraph 301, include weight effects, loads introduced by service pressures and temperatures,
vibration, wind, earthquake, shock, and displacement strain (see paragraph 319.2.2). 支撑结构 (本规范未涵盖)和支承件 (参
300.2中管道和支承件的定义)的设计应基于所有同时传递到此类支承上的作用载荷。 这些载荷之定义见301中，包括
重量效应、工作压力和温度所引起之载荷、振动、风载荷、地震载荷、冲击和位移应变 (见 319.2.2)。
For piping containing gas or vapor, weight calculations need not include the weight of liquid if the designer has taken
specific precautions against entrance of liquid into the piping, and if the piping is not to be subjected to hydrostatic testing at
initial construction or subsequent inspections. 对于含有气体或蒸汽之管道，如果设计者采取了特殊的预防措施以防止液
体进入管道，并且如果管道在初始建造或后续检查时不进行水压试验，则重量计算不需要包括液体的重量。
321.1.1 Objectives. The layout and design of piping and its supporting elements shall be directed toward preventing the
following: 目标。 管道及其支撑组件的布置和设计应足以防止出现以下情况：
(a) piping stresses in excess of those permitted in this Code超过本规范的管道许用应力
57
(b) leakage at joints接头渗漏
(c) excessive thrusts and moments on connected equipment (such as pumps and turbines) 施加在连接设备 (例如泵
和涡轮机)上的推力和力矩过大
(d) excessive stresses in the supporting (or restraining) elements在支承件 (或约束件)中产生过应力
(e) resonance with imposed or fluid-induced vibrations与外加振动或流体振动所引起的共振
(f) excessive interference with thermal expansion and contraction in piping which is otherwise adequately flexible过
度干扰管道中的热膨胀和收缩，否则具有足够挠性之管道
(g) unintentional disengagement of piping from its supports管道从其支架上发生意外脱离
(h) excessive piping sag in piping requiring drainage slope需要泄水坡度之管道中出现过度下垂
(i) excessive distortion or sag of piping (e.g., thermoplastics) subject to creep under conditions of repeated thermal
cycling诸如热塑性塑料管道在反复热循环条件下发生蠕变的过度变形或下垂
(j) excessive heat flow, exposing supporting elements to temperature extremes outside their design limits过多的热
流将支承件暴露在超出其设计极限的极端温度下
321.1.2 Analysis. In general, the location and design of pipe supporting elements may be based on simple calculations
and engineering judgment. However, when a more refined analysis is required and a piping analysis, which may include support
stiffness, is made, the stresses, moments, and reactions determined thereby shall be used in the design of supporting elements. 分
析。 在一般情况下，可按简化计算和工程判断来对管道支承件之位置进行布置和设计。 然而，当需要更精细的分析并
进行可能包括支承刚度的管道分析时，应在支承件的设计中使用由此所确定的应力、力矩和反作用力。
321.1.3 Stresses for Pipe Supporting Elements. Allowable stresses for materials used for pipe supporting elements,
except springs, shall be in accordance with paragraph 302.3.1. Longitudinal weld joint factors, 𝐸j , however, need not be applied to
the allowable stresses for welded piping components that are to be used for pipe supporting elements. 作用在管道支承件中的应
力。 管道支承件 (弹簧除外)之材料的许用应力应符合302.3.1的规定。 然而，用作管道支承件之焊接管道构成元件的许
用应力不需要再乘上向焊接接头系数𝐸j 。
321.1.4 Materials材料
(a) Permanent supports and restraints shall be of material suitable for the service conditions. If steel is cold-formed
to a centerline radius less than twice its thickness, it shall be annealed or normalized after forming. 永久性支承件和约束件应采
用适用于工况共条件的材料。 如果钢材冷成型至中心线半径小于其厚度的两倍，则应在成型后进行退火或正火。
(b) Gray, ductile, and malleable iron may be used for rollers, roller bases, anchor bases, and other supporting
elements subject chiefly to compressive loading. Gray iron is not recommended if the piping may be subject to impact-type
loading resulting from pulsation or vibration. Ductile and malleable iron may be used for pipe and beam clamps, hanger flanges,
clips, brackets, and swivel rings. 灰口铸铁、球墨铸铁和可锻铸铁可用作滚柱、滚柱底座、锚座和其他主要承受压载荷的
支承件。 如果管道可能承受由脉动或振动引起的冲击型载荷时，则不推荐使用灰铸铁。 球墨铸铁和可锻铸铁可用作管
夹、梁夹、吊架法兰、压板、托架和旋转环。
(c) Steel of an unknown specification may be used for pipe supporting elements that are not welded directly to
pressure-containing piping components. (Compatible intermediate materials of known specification may be welded directly to
such components.) Basic allowable stress in tension or compression shall not exceed 82 MPa (12 ksi) and the support temperature
shall be within the range of −29°C to 343°C (−20°F to 650°F). For stress values in shear and bearing, see paragraph 302.3.1(b). 牌
号之钢材可用作未直接焊接到承压管道构成元件的管道支承件，已知牌号的兼容中间产品则可直接焊接到此类组件上。受拉或
受压时的基本许用应力不应超过 82 MPa (12 ksi)，支承件之温度应在 -29°C 至 343°C 范围内 (−20°F 至 650°F)。 有关剪切和承
重的应力值，请参见302.3.1(b)。
(d) Wood or other materials may be used for pipe supporting elements, provided the supporting element is properly
designed, considering temperature, strength, and durability. 木材或其他材料也可用作管道支承件，前提是支承件经过适当设
计，并考虑到温度、强度和耐用性。
(e) Attachments welded or bonded to the piping shall be of a material compatible with the piping and service. For
other requirements, see paragraph 321.3.2. 焊接或粘合到管道上的附件应采用与管道和工况兼容的材料。 其他要求见
321.3.2。
321.1.5 Threads. Screw threads shall conform to ASME B1.1 unless other threads are required for adjustment under
heavy loads. Turnbuckles and adjusting nuts shall have the full length of internal threads engaged. Any threaded adjustment shall
be provided with a locknut, unless locked by other means. 螺纹。 螺纹应符合 ASME B1.1，除非在重载荷下需要其他螺纹进
行调整。 松紧螺套和调节螺母应与内螺纹的全长啮合。 除非通过其他方式锁定，否则任何螺纹调节装置都应配备防松
螺母。
321.2 Fixtures固定件
321.2.1 Anchors and Guides锚固件和导向件
(a) A supporting element used as an anchor shall be designed to maintain an essentially fixed position. 用作锚固件
之支承件实质上应设计成固定位置。
(b) To protect terminal equipment or other (weaker) portions of the system, restraints (such as anchors and guides)
shall be provided where necessary to control movement or to direct expansion into those portions of the system that are designed
to absorb them. The design, arrangement, and location of restraints shall ensure that expansion joint movements occur in the
directions for which the joint is designed. In addition to the other thermal forces and moments, the effects of friction in other
supports of the system shall be considered in the design of such anchors and guides. 为保护终端设备或系统的其他较弱部分，
应在必要时提供约束件 (例如锚固件和导向件)以控制位移或将膨胀引导到系统中设计为吸收它们的那些部分。 约束件的
设计、布置和位置应确保膨胀节的位移发生在接头设计的方向上。 除了其他热作用力和力矩外，在设计此类锚固件和
导向件时，还应考虑系统其他支承件中的摩擦影响。
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(c) Piping layout, anchors, restraints, guides, and supports for all types of expansion joints shall be designed in
accordance with paragraph X301.2 of Appendix X. 用于各种型式之膨胀节的管道布局、锚固件、约束件、导向件和支承件
均应按附录 X中的 X301.2条款来进行设计 。
321.2.2 Inextensible Supports Other Than Anchors and Guides10 不可伸展之支承件 (但锚固件和导向件除外)
(a) Supporting elements shall be designed to permit the free movement of piping caused by thermal expansion and
contraction. 支承件的设计应允许管道因热胀冷缩而自由移动。
(b) Hangers include pipe and beam clamps, clips, brackets, rods, straps, chains, and other devices. They shall be
proportioned for all required loads. Safe loads for threaded parts shall be based on the root area of the threads. 吊架包括了管
夹、梁夹、压板、托架、 吊杆、管卡箍、吊链和其他装置。 它们应与所需承受之所有载荷相称。 螺纹零部件的安全载
荷应基于螺纹的根部面积。
(c) Sliding Supports. Sliding supports (or shoes) and brackets shall be designed to resist the forces due to friction in
addition to the loads imposed by bearing. The dimensions of the support shall provide for the expected movement of the
supported piping. 滑动支承件。 滑动支承件 (或滑靴)和托架的设计应能承受除支座所施加之载荷外的摩擦力。 支承件的
尺寸应足以提供支承管道的预期位移。
321.2.3 Resilient Supports10 弹性支座
10 Various types of inextensible (solid) and resilient supports are illustrated in MSS SP-58. MSS SP-58 中给出了各种类型之不可延伸 (刚
性)支承件和弹性支座的示例。
(a) Spring supports shall be designed to exert a supporting force, at the point of attachment to the pipe, equal to the
load as determined by weight balance calculations. They shall be provided with means to prevent misalignment, buckling, or
eccentric loading of the springs, and to prevent unintentional disengagement of the load. 弹簧支架应设计成可在其与管道连接
点施加等于在重量平衡计算中所确定之载荷的支承力。 它们应配备防止弹簧未对准、弯曲或偏心加载并防止载荷意外
脱离的措施。
(b) Constant-support spring hangers provide a substantially uniform supporting force throughout the range of travel.
The use of this type of spring hanger is advantageous at locations subject to appreciable movement with thermal changes. Hangers
of this type should be selected so that their travel range exceeds expected movements. 恒力支承弹簧吊架在整个行程范围内提
供一致的支承力。在因热变化而发生明显位移之位置处使用这种类型之弹簧吊架是有利的。在选用这种类型之吊架时，
宜选用弹簧行程范围超过预期移动距离的类型。
(c) Means shall be provided to prevent overstressing spring hangers due to excessive deflections. It is recommended
that all spring hangers be provided with position indicators. 应采取措施以防止因过度变形而使弹簧吊架承受过应力。 建议
所有弹簧吊架都配备有位置指示器。
321.2.4 Counterweight Supports. Counterweights shall be provided with stops to limit travel. Weights shall be
positively secured. Chains, cables, hangers, rocker arms, or other devices used to attach the counterweight load to the piping shall
be subject to the requirements of paragraph 321.2.2. 平衡锤支承件。 平衡应设有限位装置以限制行程。 平衡锤应切实拴
牢。 用于将平衡锤连接到管道的链条、钢索、吊钩、摇臂或其他装置应符合 321.2.2的要求。
321.2.5 Hydraulic Supports. An arrangement utilizing a hydraulic cylinder may be used to give a constant supporting
force. Safety devices and stops shall be provided to support the load in case of hydraulic failure. 液压支承件。 利用液压缸的布
置可用于提供恒定的支承力。 应提供安全装置和止动装置，以在液压失效时来支承载荷。
321.3 Structural Attachments结构附件
External and internal attachments to piping shall be designed so that they will not cause undue flattening of the pipe, excessive
localized bending stresses, or harmful thermal gradients in the pipe wall. It is important that attachments be designed to minimize
stress concentration, particularly in cyclic services. 管道的外/内部附件应设计成不会导致管道过度扁平、过大之局部弯曲应
力或管壁中的有害热梯度。 附件的设计应尽量减少应力集中，尤其是在循环工况中更为重要。
321.3.1 Nonintegral Attachments. Nonintegral attachments, in which the reaction between the piping and the
attachment is by contact, include clamps, slings, cradles, Ubolts, saddles, straps, and clevises. If the weight of a vertical pipe is
supported by a clamp, it is recommended to prevent slippage that the clamp be located below a flange, fitting, or support lugs
welded to the pipe. 非整体式附件。 非整体式附件与管道间是接触来产生反作用力，此类附件包括了管夹、吊索、托架、
U 形螺栓、鞍座、管卡箍和 U 形夹。 如果垂直管道的重量由管夹所支承时，建议将管夹放置在法兰、管件或焊接到管
道的支承凸耳下方以防止滑动。
321.3.2 Integral Attachments. Integral attachments include plugs, ears, shoes, plates, trunnions, stanchions, structural
shapes, and angle clips, cast on or welded to the piping. The material for integral attachments attached by welding shall be of
good weldable quality. [See paragraph 321.1.4(e) for material requirements.] Preheating, welding, and heat treatment
requirements shall be in accordance with Chapter V. Consideration shall be given to the localized stresses induced in the piping
component by welding the integral attachment, as well as differential thermal displacement strains between the attachment and the
component to which it is attached. Welds shall be proportioned so that the shear stresses meet the requirements of paragraph
302.3.1(b). If the allowed stress values differ between the piping component and the attachment material, the lower of the two
values shall be used. Where postweld heat treatment of the piping is required by paragraph 331, welds for structural attachments
made directly to pressure-containing materials shall be postweld heat treated. Welds for structural attachments not made directly
to pressure-containing materials do not require postweld heat treatment. 整体式附件。 整体式附件包括了铸造或焊接到管道
上的管帽、吊耳、管支座、平板、耳轴、支柱、结构型钢和角钢夹板。 焊接整体附件的材料应具有良好的焊接质量 [见
第 321.1.4(e) 条款的材料要求] 。预热、焊接和热处理要求应符合第 V 章。应考虑到通过焊接将整体附件连接到管道构
成元件时所引起的局部应力，以及附件与组件间的热位移应变差异 。 焊缝应与满足302.3.1(b)之要求的剪应力相称。 如
果管道构成元件和附件材料间之许用应力值不同时，则应采用两个值中的较小值。 331要求对管道进行焊后热处理的地
方 ，用于直接将结构附件焊接到承压材料上之焊缝应进行焊后热处理。 非直接将结构附件焊接到承压材料上之焊缝不
要求焊后热处理。
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(a) Integral reinforcement, complete encirclement reinforcement, or intermediate pads of suitable alloy and design
may be used to reduce contamination or undesirable heat effects in alloy piping. 设计合适的整体式合金加固件、整圈式合金
加固件或居间管垫可用于减少合金管道受污染或不良的热影响。
(b) Intermediate pads, integral reinforcement, complete encirclement reinforcement, or other means of reinforcement
may be used to distribute stresses. 可采用居间管垫、整体式加固件、整圈式加固件其他加固方式来分散应力。
The design of pipe-supporting elements and the local effects on the piping component are the responsibility of the
designer. Nonmandatory guidance on the design of supports and attachments may be found as referenced in ASME BPVC,
Section VIII, Division 1, Nonmandatory Appendix G, G-9. The designer is cautioned that not all the listed standards and
bulletins in G-9 are well suited for use on branch-diameter-to-run-diameter and run-diameter-to-run-thickness ratios
typical for pipe support component analyses (e.g., Appendix A of WRC Bulletin 537 11 lists the limitations to WRC
Bulletin 537). 管道支承件的设计和对管道构成元件的局部影响是设计师的责任。 可在 ASME BPVC第 VIII -1卷非
强制性附录 G第G-9条款中找到有关支承件和附件设计的非强制性指南。 设计者需要注意的是，并非 G-9 中所列
出的所有标准和公报都非常适合用于管道支承件分析的典型分管直径与主管直径以及主管的径/厚比 (例如 WRC
公报53711 的附录 A 列出了对 WRC公报537 的限制)。
11 WRC (Welding Research Council) 537-2010, “Precision Equations and Enhanced Diagrams for Local Stresses in Spherical and
Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings for Implementation of WRC Bulletin 107.” WRC (焊接研究委员会)537-2010，“ WRC 公
报 107实施过程中球壳和筒形壳体因外部载荷而引起之局部应力的精确方程和增强型图表”。
321.4 Structural Connections结构连接件
The load from piping and pipe supporting elements (including restraints and braces) shall be suitably transmitted to a
pressure vessel, building, platform, support structure, foundation, or to other piping capable of bearing the load without
deleterious effects. See Appendix F, paragraph F321.4. 来自管道和管道支承件 (包括约束和支撑)的载荷应适当地传递到
压力容器、建筑物、平台、支撑结构、基础或能够承受载荷而不会产生有害影响的其他管道。 见附录 F中第 F321.4
条款。
PART 6 SYSTEMS第 6 篇 系统
322 SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS专用管道系统
322.3 Instrument Piping仪表管路
322.3.1 Definition. Instrument piping within the scope of this Code includes all piping and piping components used to
connect instruments to other piping or equipment, and control piping used to connect air or hydraulically operated control
apparatus. It does not include instruments, or permanently sealed fluid-filled tubing systems furnished with instruments as
temperature or pressure responsive devices. 定义。 本规范适用范围内的仪表管路包括用于仪表连接到其他管道或设备上的
所有管路和管路构成元件，以及用于连接气压或液压控制器的控制管路。 它不包括仪器或与仪表安装在一起以作为温
度或压力响应装置中充满流体且永久密封的管路系统。
322.3.2 Requirements. Instrument piping shall meet the applicable requirements of the Code and the following:
要求。 仪表管路应满足本规范的适用要求和以下要求：
(a) The design pressure and temperature for instrument piping shall be determined in accordance with paragraph
301. If more severe conditions are experienced during blowdown of the piping, they may be treated as occasional variations in
accordance with paragraph 302.2.4. 应按301之规则来确定仪表管路的设计压力和温度。如果在管道排放期间出现更严重的
情况，则可根据302.2.4将其视为偶发波動来处理。
(b) Consideration shall be given to the mechanical strength (including fatigue) of small instrument connections to
piping or apparatus (see paragraph 304.3.5). 应考虑到小型仪器连接到管道或设备的机械强度 (包括疲劳) (见 304.3.5)。
(c) Instrument piping containing fluids that are normally static and subject to freezing shall be protected by heat
tracing or other heating methods, and insulation. 含有通常为静态且易结冰之流体的仪表管路应采用伴热管或其他加热方法
和保温来进行保护。
(d) If it will be necessary to blow down (or bleed) instrument piping containing toxic or flammable fluids,
consideration shall be given to safe disposal. 如果需要冲放 (或泄放)含有毒或易燃液体之仪表管路时，应考虑到安全处置问
题。
322.6 Pressure-Relieving Systems泄压系统
Pressure-relieving systems within the scope of this Code shall conform to the following requirements. See also Appendix
F, paragraph F322.6. 本规范适用范围内之泄压系统应符合下列要求。 另见附录 F中F322.6条款。
322.6.1 Stop Valves in Pressure Relief Piping. If one or more stop valves are installed between the piping being
protected and its protective device or devices, or between the protective device or devices and the point of discharge, they shall
meet the requirements of (a) and either (b) or (c), below. 泄压管道中之截止阀。 如果一或多个截止阀安装在被保护之管道与
其所保护之装置间，一个或多个保护装置与泄放点之间时，则它们应满足如下 (a)和 (b)或 (c)的要求 。
(a) A full-area stop valve may be installed on the inlet side of a pressure-relieving device. A full area stop valve may
be placed on the discharge side of a pressure relieving device when its discharge is connected to a common header with other
discharge lines from other pressure-relieving devices. Stop valves of less than full area may be used on both the inlet side and
discharge side of pressure-relieving devices as outlined herein if the stop valves are of such type and size that the increase in
pressure drop will not reduce the relieving capacity below that required, nor adversely affect the proper operation of the pressurerelieving device. 非截流型截止阀可安装在泄压装置的入口侧。 当泄压装置的排放口与来自其他泄压装置之其他排放管路
连接到一个公共集管上时，则非截流型截止阀可设置在泄压装置的排放侧。 如果截止阀的类型和尺寸使得压降的增加
不会将排放量降低到所需水平以下，也不会对压力释放装置的正常运行产生不利影响，则可在此处所概述之泄压装置入
口侧和排放侧设置小于非截流型的截止阀。
(b) Stop valves to be used in pressure relief piping shall be so constructed or positively controlled that the closing of
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the maximum number of block valves possible at one time will not reduce the pressure-relieving capacity provided by the
unaffected relieving devices below the required relieving capacity. 泄压管道中所用截止阀的构造或正流量控制应确保在一次
关闭尽可能多的截止阀时，不会使未受影响之泄压装置所提供的压力泄放量降低到所需泄放容量以下。
(c) As an alternative to (b) above, stop valves shall be so constructed and arranged that they can be locked or sealed
in either the open or closed position. See Appendix F, paragraph F322.6. 作为上述 (b) 的替代方案，截止阀的构造和布置应使
其能够在打开或关闭位置都能被锁定或铅封。 见附录 F中 F322.6。
322.6.2 Pressure Relief Discharge Piping. Discharge lines from pressure-relieving safety devices shall be designed
to facilitate drainage. When discharging directly to the atmosphere, discharge shall not impinge on other piping or equipment and
shall be directed away from platforms and other areas used by personnel. Reactions on the piping system due to actuation of
safety relief devices shall be considered, and adequate strength shall be provided to withstand these reactions. 泄压排放管道。泄
压安全装置的排放管道应设计成便于排放。 直接向大气排放时，排放不得冲击到其他管道或设备，并应远离供人使用
的平台和其他区域。 应顾及到由于安全泄压装置之动作而管道系统上引起的反作用力，并应提供足够的强度来承受这
些反作用力。
322.6.3 Pressure-Relieving Devices泄压装置
(a) Pressure-relieving devices required by paragraph 301.2.2(a) shall be in accordance with ASME BPVC,
Section VIII, Division 1, UG-125(c), UG-126, UG127, and UG-132 through UG-136, excluding UG-135(e) and UG-136(c).
The terms design pressure12 and piping system shall be substituted for maximum allowable working pressure and vessel,
respectively, in these paragraphs. The required relieving capacity of any pressure-relieving device shall include consideration
of all piping systems that it protects. 第301.2.2(a)条款所要求的泄压装置应符合 ASME BPVC 第 VIII-1卷 UG-125(c)、
UG-126、UG127 和 UG-132 至 UG-13的要求，但不包括 UG-135(e) 和 UG-136(c)。 在这些段落中之术语最大允许工
作压力和容器应分别为设计压力和管道系统所代替。 任何泄压装置所需的排放量应包括被其所保护的所有管道系统
的考虑。
(b) Relief set pressure13 shall be in accordance with Section VIII, Division 1, with the exceptions stated in
alternatives (1) and (2), below. 泄压设定压力应符合第 VIII-1卷的规定，但以下备选方案 (1) 和 (2) 中所规定的例外情况
除外。
(1) with the owner’s approval, the set pressure may exceed the limits in Section VIII, Division 1, provided
that the limit on maximum relieving pressure stated in (c) below will not be exceeded. 经所有者批准，设定压力可超过第
VIII-1卷中的限值，前提是不应超过如下 (c) 中所规定的最大释放压力限值。
(2) For a liquid thermal expansion relief device that protects only a blocked-in portion of a piping system, the
set pressure shall not exceed the lesser of the system test pressure or 120% of design pressure. 对于仅保护管道系统中之某一
封闭段的液体超温泄压装置，整定压力不应超过该系统试验压力或设计压力之 120% 中的较小者。
(c) The maximum relieving pressure14 shall be in accordance with Section VIII, Division 1, with the exception
that the allowances in paragraph 302.2.4(f) are permitted, provided that all other requirements of paragraph 302.2.4 are also
met. 最大释放压力应符合第 VIII-1卷的规定，但302.2.4(f)中的允许值除外，前提是302.2.4的所有其他要求也要被满
足。
12 The design pressure for pressure relief is the maximum design pressure permitted, considering all components in the piping system. 基于管
道系统中之所有组件，泄压设计压力是所允许的最大设计压力。
Set pressure is the pressure at which the device begins to relieve, e.g., lift pressure of a spring-actuated relief valve, bursting pressure of a
rupture disk, or breaking pressure of a breaking pin device. 设定压力是装置开始释放时的压力，例如弹簧驱动安全阀的提升压力、破
裂盘的爆破压力或断裂销装置的破裂压力。
14 Maximum relieving pressure is the maximum system pressure during a pressure-relieving event. 最大泄压压力是泄压事件期间的最大系
统压力。
13
Chapter III Materials第三篇 材料
323 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS總體要求
Chapter III states limitations and required qualifications for materials based on their inherent properties. Their use in piping is also
subject to requirements and limitations in other parts of this Code [see paragraph 300(d)]. See also paragraph 321.1.4 for support
materials, and Appendix F, paragraph F323, for precautionary considerations. 第三篇根据材料的固有特性规定了材料的使用
限制和所需的条件。 它们在管道中的使用也受本规范其他部分的要求和限制的约束[见300(d)]。支承件材料另见
321.1.4 ，预防性注意事项件附录 F中第F323条款。
323.1 Materials and Specifications材料和其技术条件
323.1.1 Listed Materials. Any material used in pressure-containing piping components shall conform to a listed
specification except as provided in paragraph 323.1.2. 表列材料。 承压管道部件中所用任何材料均应符合所列出相应规范，
但323.1.2中规定的除外 。
323.1.2 Unlisted Materials. Unlisted materials may be used provided they conform to a published specification covering
chemistry, physical and mechanical properties, method and process of manufacture, heat treatment, and quality control, and
otherwise meet the requirements of this Code. See also ASME BPVC, Section II, Part D, Appendix 5. Allowable stresses shall be
determined in accordance with the applicable allowable stress basis of this Code or a more conservative basis. 非表列材料。 可
以使用非表列材料，前提是它们符合已发布的相应规范，包括化学成分、物理特性和机械特性、制造方法和工艺、热处
理和质量控制，并且在其他方面满足本规范的要求。 另见 ASME BPVC第II-D卷附录5。许用应力应根据本规范的适用
许用应力原则或更保守的原来确定之。
323.1.3 Unknown Materials. Materials of unknown specification shall not be used for pressure-containing piping
components. 未知牌号之材料。 牌号不明之材料不应用作承压管道构成元件的材料。
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323.1.4 Reclaimed Materials. Reclaimed pipe and other piping components may be used, provided they are properly
identified as conforming to a listed or published specification (paragraph 323.1.1 or 323.1.2) and otherwise meet the requirements
of this Code. Sufficient cleaning and inspection shall be made to determine minimum wall thickness and freedom from
imperfections that would be unacceptable in the intended service. 再生材料。 可以使用再生管道和其他管道構成元件，前提
是它们被适当地标识为符合表列或已发布规范 (见第 323.1.1 或 323.1.2 条款)并且在其他方面满足本规范的要求。 应进行
充分的清洁和检验以确定最小壁厚和不存在着在预期工况中不可接受的缺陷。
323.2 Temperature Limitations温度边界
The designer shall verify that materials that meet other requirements of the Code are suitable for service throughout the operating
temperature range. 设计者应校核满足本规范其他要求之材料是否适合在整个工作温度值域内使用。
323.2.1 Upper Temperature Limits, Listed Materials. A listed material may be used at a temperature above the
maximum for which a stress value or rating is shown, only if表列材料之温度上限。 表列材料可以在高于所示应力值或额定
值的最高温度下使用，前提是满足下列要求
(a) there is no prohibition in Appendix A or elsewhere in the Code附录 A 或本规范中其他規定没有禁止
(b) the designer verifies the serviceability of the material in accordance with paragraph 323.2.4 设计者根据
323.2.4所述来校核材料的适用性。
323.2.2 Lower Temperature Limits, Listed Materials. Listed materials shall be tested as described in Table 323.2.2
except as exempted by (d) through (j). See Appendix F, paragraph F323.2.2. 表列材料的下限温度。 表列材料应按表 323.2.2
中所述进行测试，但被 (d) 至 (j) 栏所豁免地除外。 见附录 F中第 F323.2.2条款。
(a) The allowable stress or component rating at any temperature colder than the minimum shown in Table A-1,
Table A-1M, or Figure 323.2.2A shall not exceed the stress value or rating at the minimum temperature in Table A-1, Table
A-1M, or the component standard. 在比表 A-1、表 A-1M 或图 323.2.2A 所示最低温度低还低的任何温度下，许用应力
或组件之额定值不应超过表 A-1、表 A 中的最低温度下的应力值或额定值 -1M，或组件适用标准中所出的规定值。
(b) The stress ratio is used in Figure 323.2.2B to determine the allowable reduction in the impact test exemption
temperature. The stress ratio is defined as the maximum of the following: 用图 323.2.2B 中之应力比来确定冲击试验豁免温
度的允许降低量。 应力比定义为以下各项中的最大值：
(1) circumferential pressure stress for the condition under consideration (based on minimum pipe wall
thickness less allowances) divided by the basic allowable stress at the condition under consideration. 所考虑之条件下的周
向压应力 (基于最小管壁厚度减去裕量)除以所考虑之条件下的基本许用应力。
(2) for piping components with pressure ratings, the pressure for the condition under consideration divided by
the pressure rating at the condition under consideration. 具有压力额定值之管道构成元件的应力比，其定义为在所考虑
之条件下的压力除以所考虑之条件下的压力额定值。
(3) combined stress due to pressure, dead loads, live loads, and displacement strain for the condition under
consideration divided by the basic allowable stress at the condition under consideration. In calculating this combined stress,
the forces and moments in the piping system for these combined sustained loads and displacement strains shall be calculated
using nominal dimensions, and the stresses shall be calculated using eqs. (23a) through (23d) with all of the stress indices
taken as 1.0 (Ia = Ii Io = It = 1.0) and using section properties based on the nominal dimensions less corrosion, erosion, and
mechanical allowances. Also see Appendix F, paragraph F323.2.2. 所考虑之条件下由压力、静载荷、活载荷和位移应变
所引起之组合应力除以所考虑之条件下的基本许用应力。 在计算该组合应力时，管道系统中之这些组合持续载荷和
位移应变的作用力和力矩应使用标称尺寸来进行计算，应用式(23a) 到 (23d)来计算应力。 所有应力指数均取值为
1.0 (Ia = Ii Io = It = 1.0)，并采用基于标称尺寸减去腐蚀、侵蚀和机械加工裕量后的截面属性。 另见附录 F中 F323.2.2
条款。
(c) Minimum impact test exemption temperature reduction may be used only when all of the following apply: 仅
当满足以下所有条件时，才能使用最低冲击试验豁免温度降低：
(1) The piping is not in Elevated Temperature Fluid Service. 管道不在高温流体工况中。
(2) Local stresses caused by shock loading, thermal bowing, and differential expansion between dissimilar metals
(e.g., austenitic welded to ferritic) are less than 10% of the basic allowable stresses at the condition under consideration. 由冲
击载荷、热弯曲和不同金属 (例如，奥氏体焊接到铁素体)间之膨胀差异所引起的局部应力小于所考虑条件下之基本
许用应力的 10%。
(3) The piping is safeguarded from maintenance loads, e.g., using a valve wheel wrench on a small-bore valve.
保护管道以免受维护载荷的影响，例如，在小口径阀门上使用阀轮扳手。
(d) Impact testing of the base metal is not required if the design minimum temperature is warmer than or equal to
the temperature listed in the Min. Temp. column of Table A-1, or Table A-1M, except as provided in Table 323.2.2, Box A4(a) for austenitic stainless-steel base material. In some cases, welds will require either impact testing or testing as described in
Table 323.2.2, Box B-6 even when the base metal is not required to be tested. See (f) for steels or Table 323.2.2, Box A-6 (b)
for other materials. 如果最低设计温度高于或等于表 A-1 或表 A-1M之最低温度栏中所列温度时，则不需要对母材进行
冲击试验，但表 323.2.2中 A-4(a)栏针对奥氏体不锈钢母材所提供的除外。 在某些情况下，焊缝将需要进行冲击测试
或表 323.2.2中 B-6 栏的所述测试，即使母材不需要进行测试也是如此。 参见如下 (f)或表 323.2.2中 A-6 (b)栏了解对
钢材或其他材料之温度边界和冲击试验的要求。
62
Table 323.2.2 Requirements for Low Temperature Toughness Tests for Metals金属低温韧性试验要求
These Toughness Test Requirements Are in Addition to Tests Required by the Material Specification这些韧性测试要求是对材料规范所要求之测试以外的附加要求
Column B B栏；Design Minimum Temperature Colder Than Minimum
Column A A栏；Design Minimum Temperature at or Warmer Than Minimum Temperature in
Temperature in Table A-1, Table A-1M, or Figure 323.2.2A or as
Table A-1, Table A-1M, or Figure 323.2.2A or as Described in Paragraph 323.2.2(h) 最低设计温度等 Described in Paragraph 323.2.2(h) 最低设计温度低于表 A-1、表 A-1M
Type of Material材料类型
于或高于表 A-1、表 A-1M 或图 323.2.2A 中的最低温度，或如323.2.2(h) 所述
或图 323.2.2A 中的最低温度或如如323.2.2(h) 所述
Listed
1 Gray iron灰铸铁
A-1 No additional requirements无附加要求
B-1 No additional requirements无附加要求
Materials 2 Malleable and ductile iron; A-2 No additional requirements无附加要求
B-2 Materials designated in Box 2 shall not be used. 不应使用栏 2 中所指定
表列材料
carbon steel in accordance
的材料
with Note (1) 可锻铸铁和
球墨铸铁； 符合注释 (1)
的碳钢
(a) Base Metal母材
(b) Weld Metal焊缝金属 [Note (2)]
3 Other carbon steels; low and A-3 (a) No additional requirements无附加要求 A-3 (b) The weld metal of the welding procedure
B-3 Each heat, test unit, or lot of base material as identified in the applicable
intermediate alloy steels;
qualification test coupon shall be impact tested at or
base metal specification shall be impact tested except when Note (3) or
and ferritic, martensitic,
below the design minimum temperature when that
Note (4) is satisfied. When materials are subjected to heat treatment during
and duplex stainless-steels
temperature is less than −18°C (0°F), except when
fabrication, including hot bending or forming and postweld heat treatment
Note (3) or Note (4) is satisfied; impact testing of the
such as that required by Table 331.1.1, impact testing shall be performed on
除A2栏所述碳钢外之其
weld metal is not required when the classification of
material that has been subjected to heat treatment simulating the anticipated
他碳钢； 低合金钢和中
the welding consumables according to the filler metal
heat treatment, including, for postweld heat treatment, at least 80% of the
合金钢； 和铁素体、马
specification requires impact testing at or below the
time at temperature. Each welding procedure specification shall be qualified
氏体和双相不锈钢
design minimum temperature. 当温度低于 −18°C
in accordance with Table 323.3.1. 除非满足注(3) 或注(4)，否则应对相应
(0°F) 时，焊接工艺评定用试件的焊缝金属应在最
母材规范中所述的每一炉次、测试组件或母材批次进行冲击测试。 当
低设计温度或比设计最低设计温度还低之温度下
材料在制造过程中经受如表 331.1.1 所要求的热处理，包括热弯曲或成
进行冲击试验，但满足注(3) 或 注(4)者除外； 当
型和焊后热处理，则应对已模拟预期热处理之材料进行冲击试验，焊
根据焊填金属规范对焊材接的分类要求在最低设
后热处理支持温时间应至少围事及所需时间的 80% 。 每个焊接工艺规
计温度或比设计最低设计温度还低之温度下进行
程评定说明书应按表 323.3.1 进行评定。
冲击试验时，则不需要对焊缝金属进行冲击试
验。
A-4 (b) Weld metal deposits shall be impact tested in
B-4 Base metal and weld metal deposits shall be impact tested in accordance
4 Austenitic stainless-steels奥 A-4 (a) If
accordance with paragraph 323.3 if design minimum
(1) carbon content by analysis > 0.1% or 通过分
with paragraph 323.3. See Notes (2), (5), and (6). 母材和焊缝金属熔敷层
氏体不锈钢
temperature <−29°C (−20°F) except as provided in
析所得含碳量 > 0.1%之奥氏体不锈钢；或
应按323.3进行冲击试验。 见注 (2)、(5) 和 (6)。
paragraph 323.2.2 and in Notes (5) and (6) 如果熔敷
者是
金属之最低设计温度 <−29°C (−20°F)时应按323.3
(2) material is not in solution heat treated
condition, then impact test in accordance with 进行冲击试验，但注 (5) 和 (6) 中规定的除外
paragraph 323.3 for design minimum
temperature <−29°C (−20°F) except as
provided in Notes (5) and (6) 未处于固溶化
热处理状态之奥氏体不锈钢，当其当最低
设计温度˂−29°C ( −20°F) 时，则按 323.3
进行冲击试验，但注 (5) 和 (6) 中规定的除
外
5 Austenitic ductile iron,
B-5 Base metal shall be impact tested in accordance with para 323.3. Do not
A-5 (a) No additional requirements无附加要求 A-5 (b) Welding is not permitted. 不允许焊接
ASTM A571ASTM A571
use <−196°C (−320°F). Welding is not permitted. 母材应根据第 323.3 节
奥氏体球墨铸铁
进行冲击试验。 不能在比−196°C(−320°F)还低之温度下使用此类母
材。不允许焊接。
6 Aluminum, copper, nickel, A-6 (a) No additional requirements无附加要求 A-6 (b) No additional requirements unless filler metal B-6 Designer shall be assured by suitable tests [see Note (7)] that base metal,
and their alloys; unalloyed
composition is outside the range for base metal
weld deposits, and HAZ are suitable at the design minimum temperature设
titanium铝、铜、镍它们
composition; then test in accordance with item B-6无
计者应通过适当的测试[见注释 (7)] 来确保母材、焊缝和 HAZ 在最低
63
Table 323.2.2 Requirements for Low Temperature Toughness Tests for Metals金属低温韧性试验要求
These Toughness Test Requirements Are in Addition to Tests Required by the Material Specification这些韧性测试要求是对材料规范所要求之测试以外的附加要求
Column B B栏；Design Minimum Temperature Colder Than Minimum
Column A A栏；Design Minimum Temperature at or Warmer Than Minimum Temperature in
Temperature in Table A-1, Table A-1M, or Figure 323.2.2A or as
Table A-1, Table A-1M, or Figure 323.2.2A or as Described in Paragraph 323.2.2(h) 最低设计温度等 Described in Paragraph 323.2.2(h) 最低设计温度低于表 A-1、表 A-1M
Type of Material材料类型
于或高于表 A-1、表 A-1M 或图 323.2.2A 中的最低温度，或如323.2.2(h) 所述
或图 323.2.2A 中的最低温度或如如323.2.2(h) 所述
的的合金； 非合金钛
附加要求，但当焊填金属成分超出母材成分范围
设计温度下是合适的
时，则应按B-6栏进行测试
Unlisted 7 An unlisted material shall conform to a published specification. Where composition, heat treatment, and product form are comparable to those of a listed material, requirements for the corresponding listed material
Materials shall be met. Other unlisted materials shall be qualified as required in the applicable section of column B. 非表列材料应符合已发布的规范。 当成分、热处理和产品形式与表列材料具有可比性时，则应满足相应
非表列材 表列材料的要求。 其他非表列材料应符合 B 栏相应条款的要求。
料
NOTES: 注释
(1) Carbon steels conforming to the following are subject to the limitations in Box B-2: plates in accordance with ASTM A36, A283, and A570; pipe in accordance with ASTM A134 when made from these plates; structural
shapes in accordance with ASTM A992; and pipe in accordance with ASTM A53 Type F and API 5L Gr. A25 butt weld. 符合以下牌号之碳钢受栏 B-2 的限制：由符合 ASTM A36、A283 和 A570 之板材制成符合 ASTM
A134 的钢管材； 符合 ASTM A992 的结构型钢； 符合 ASTM A53 F 型钢管和符合 API 5L Gr. A25 的对焊钢管。
(2) Impact tests that meet the requirements of Table 323.3.1, which are performed as part of the weld procedure qualification, will satisfy all requirements of paragraph 323.2.2, and need not be repeated for production
welds. 满足表 323.3.1 所要求之冲击试验 (作为焊接工艺评定的一部分进行)可满足 323.2.2的所有要求，且生产焊缝无需重复进冲击试验。
(3) See paras. 323.2.2(g) through (i). 见 323.2.2(g) 至 323.2.2(i)。
(4) Impact tests are not required when the maximum obtainable Charpy specimen has a width along the notch of less than 2.5 mm (0.098 in.). Under these conditions, and where the stress ratio defined in paragraph
323.2.2(b) is greater than 0.3, the design minimum temperature shall not be colder than the lower of −48°C (−55°F) or the minimum temperature for the material in Table A-1 or Table A-1M. See also paragraph 323.2.2(g). 当可获
得的最大夏比试样沿缺口的宽度小于2.5 mm (0.098 in.)时，不需要进行冲击试验。 在这些条件下，以及 323.2.2(b) 中所定义之应力比大于 0.3时，最低设计温度不应低于 −48°C (−55°F) 或表 A-1 或表 A-1M 中材料
的最低温度 . 另见323.2.2(g)。
(5) Impact tests are not required when the maximum obtainable Charpy specimen has a width along the notch of less than 2.5 mm (0.098 in.). 当可获得的最大夏比试样沿缺口的宽度小于2.5 mm (0.098 in.)时，不需要
进行冲击试验。
(6) For austenitic stainless-steels, impact testing is not required if the design minimum temperature is warmer than or equal to −104°C (−155°F), and the stress ratio as defined in paragraph 323.2.2(b) is 0.3 or less. See also
paragraph 323.2.2(g). 如果奥氏体不锈钢之设计最低温度高于或等于 −104°C (−155°F)，且323.2.2(b) 中所定义之应力比 ≤ 0.3时，则不需要进行冲击试验。另见第 323.2.2(g)。
(7) Tests may include tensile elongation, sharp-notch tensile strength (to be compared with unnotched tensile strength), or other tests, conducted at or colder than design minimum temperature. See also paragraph 323.3.4.
测试可包括在最低设计温度或比最低设计温度还低之温度下进行的拉伸延伸率、夏比缺口拉伸强度 (与无缺口拉伸强度对比)或其他测试。 另见323.3.4。
64
(e) For carbon steels with a letter designation in the Min. Temp. column of Table A-1 or Table A-1M, the
minimum temperature is defined by the applicable curve and Notes in Figure 323.2.2A. If a design minimum temperature–
thickness combination is on or above the curve, impact testing exemption requirements described in (d) apply. 对于在表 A-1
或表 A-1M之最低温度栏中带有字母代号之碳钢，其最低温度按图 323.2.2A 中之适用曲线和注释来确定。 如果最低
设计温度-厚度组合落在在曲线上或曲线上方，则可按 (d) 中所述免除冲击测试。
(f) For steel materials, impact testing of welds, including those made in manufacturing (e.g., for seam welded pipe
and welded tees), is required if either base material is required to be impact tested or if the design minimum temperature is
colder than −18°C (0°F), except for manufacturing welds in austenitic stainless-steel base materials having a carbon content
not exceeding 0.10% and supplied in the solution heat treated condition or as provided in Table 323.2.2, Boxes A-3(b) and A4(b). For impact testing of production welds, see Table 323.2.2, Note (2). 对于钢材而言，如果需要对母材或当对最低设计
温度低于 −18°C (0°F)之钢材中的焊缝进行冲击试验进行冲击试验，包括生产过程中的焊缝 (例如，缝焊管和焊接三
通) ，除了碳含量不超过 0.10% 且在固溶化热处理状态下供货或由如表 323.2.2 栏A-3(b)和栏A-4(b) 中所述奥氏体不锈
钢母材中之焊缝 。 对生产焊缝的冲击测试，请参见表 323.2.2中注 (2)。
(g) For steels, impact testing is not required for material (including welds) if the stress ratio as defined in (b) is 0.3
or less, the design minimum temperature is warmer than or equal to −104°C (−155°F), and when (c) applies. 对于钢材而言，
如果 (b) 中所定义之应力比 ≤ 0.3且最低设计温度 ≥ −104°C (−155°F)并且当(c)适用时，则材料 (包括焊缝)不需要进行
冲击试验。
(h) For carbon, low alloy, and intermediate alloy steel materials (including welds) that have not been qualified by
impact testing, the minimum temperature from Table A-1, Table A-1M, or Figure 323.2.2A may be reduced to a temperature
no colder than −48°C (−55°F) by the temperature reduction provided in Figure 323.2.2B when (c) applies. For carbon, low
alloy, and intermediate alloy steel welds that require impact testing in accordance with Table 323.2.2, Box A-3(b), the
temperature reduction from Figure 323.2.2B shall be applied to −29°C (−20°F). 对于未成功通过冲击试验之碳钢、低合金
钢和中合金钢材料 (包括焊缝)且(c) 适用时，表 A-1、表 A-1M 或图 323.2.2A 中的最低温度可通过图 323.2.2B 中提供
的温降值降低至不低于−48℃(−55°F)的温度。 对于需要按表 323.2.2栏 A-3(b) 进行冲击试验的碳钢、低合金钢和中间
合金钢焊缝，图 323.2.2B 中的的允许温降值应为−29°C (−20°F)。
(i) For carbon, low alloy, and intermediate alloy steel materials (including welds) that have been qualified by
impact testing, the permitted design minimum temperature may be reduced to a temperature no colder than −104°C (−155°F)
by the temperature reduction from Figure 323.2.2B when (c) applies. 对于成功通过冲击试验之碳钢、低合金钢和中间合金
钢材料 (包括焊缝)而言，当 (c) 适用时，则其最低许用设计温度可以通过图 323.2.2B 中的的允许温降值将温度降低到
不低于 −104°C (−155°F) 的温度 。
(j) Impact testing is not required for the following combinations of weld metals and design minimum
temperatures: 以下焊缝金属和最低设计温度的组合不需要进行冲击试验：
(1) for austenitic stainless-steel base materials having a carbon content not exceeding 0.10%, welded without
filler metal, at design minimum temperatures of −104°C (−155°F) and warmer碳含量不超过 0.10%且在≥ −104°C (−155°F)之
的最低设计温度下以不添加焊填金属进行焊接之奥氏体不锈钢母材
(2) for austenitic weld metal奥氏体焊缝金属在以下组合下不需要进行冲击试验：
(-a) having a carbon content not exceeding 0.10%, and produced with filler metals conforming to AWS
A5.4, A5.9, A5.11, A5.14, or A5.22 1 at design minimum temperatures of −104°C (−155°F) and warmer, or在≥ −104°C
(−155°F) 之设计最低温度下使用符合 AWS A5.4、A5.9、A5.11、A5.14 或 A5.221 之焊填沉积出碳含量不超过
0.10%的奥氏体焊缝金属，或者是
1 Titles of referenced AWS standards are as follows: 所引用之AWS标准标题如下：
AWS A5.4/A5.4M, Specification for Stainless-steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
AWS A5.9/A5.9M, Welding Consumables—Wire Electrodes, Strip Electrodes, Wires, and Rods for Arc Welding of
Stainless and Heat Resisting Steels—Classification
A5.11/A5.11M, Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
A5.14/A5.14M, Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Bare Welding Electrodes and Rods
A5.22/A5.22M, Specification for Stainless-steel Flux Cored and Metal Cored Welding Electrodes and Rods
(-b) having a carbon content exceeding 0.10%, and produced with filler metals conforming to AWS A5.4,
A5.9, A5.11, A5.14, or A5.221 at design minimum temperatures of −48°C (−55°F) and warmer 在≥ −48°C ( −55°F) 之
最低设计温度下用符合 AWS A5.4、A5.9、A5.11、A5.14 或 A5.221之焊填沉积出碳含量超过 0.10%的奥氏体焊
缝金属
323.2.3 Temperature Limits, Unlisted Materials. An unlisted material, acceptable under paragraph 323.1.2, shall be
qualified for service at all temperatures within a stated range, from design minimum temperature to design maximum temperature,
in accordance with paragraph 323.2.4. 非表列材料的温度界限范围。 被323.1.2所接受的非表列材料 ，应可在符合323.2.4对
可用性验证之要求的情况下，在最低设计温度到最高设计温度之所有规定温度范围下使用。
323.2.4 Verification of Serviceability可靠性的鑑定
(a) When an unlisted material is to be used, or when a listed material is to be used above the highest temperature
for which stress values appear in Appendix A, the designer is responsible for demonstrating the validity of the allowable
stresses and other limits used in design and of the approach taken in using the material, including the derivation of stress data
and the establishment of temperature limits. 如果要使用非表列材料，或者当要在高于附录 A 中所出现之应力值的最高
温度下使用表列材料时，则设计者有责任以实验或实例来证实其在设计中所用许用应力和其他限值的有效性，以及
材料之选用方法的正确性，包括应力数据的推导和應用溫度范圍的建立。
65
Figure 323.2.2A Minimum Temperatures Without Impact Testing for Carbon Steel Materials
无冲击试验要求之碳钢材料的最低温度
(See Table A-1 or Table A-1M for Designated Curve for a Listed Material; see Table 323.2.2A for Tabular Values)
表列材料的指定曲线请参见表 A-1 或表 A-1M；表格值请参见表 323.2.2A
最低设计温度，單位：°F
Design Minimum Temperature, °F
最低设计温度，單位：°C
Design Minimum Temperature, °C
̅ , in. [Note (1)]
Nominal Thickness公称厚度, 𝑻
̅ , mm [Note (1)]
Nominal Thickness公称厚度, 𝑻
NOTES: 注
(1)
For blind flanges and blanks made from materials with a letter designation in the Min. Temp. column of Table A-1 or Table A-1M, 𝑇̅ shall
be 1∕4 of the total thickness, where the total thickness is the thickness of the blind flange or blank including the thickness of the facing(s), if
applicable. 对于盲法兰和由在表 A-1 或表 A-1M之最低温度栏中带有字代号之材料所制成的盲版，𝑇̅应为总厚度的 1/4，而该总厚度是指盲法
兰或盲板的厚度，包括如果有时的承压面厚度。
(2) Any carbon steel material may be used to a minimum temperature of −29°C (−20°F) for Category D Fluid Service. 任何碳钢材料都可以
在最低 −29°C (−20°F)的D 类流体工况下使用。
(3) X Grades of API 5L, and ASTM A381 materials, may be used in accordance with Curve B if normalized or quenched and tempered.
API 5L Gr. X和 ASTM A381 材料只要经正火或调质处理即可根据曲线 B 使用。
(4) The following materials may be used in accordance with Curve D if normalized: 下列材料只要经正火处理即可根据曲线 D 使用：
(a)
(b)
(c)
ASTM A516 plate, all grades ASTMA516 钢板的所有等级
ASTM A671 pipe made from A516 plate, all grades 由 A516钢板制成 ASTM A671的所有钢管等级
ASTM A672 pipe made from A516 plate, all grades 由 A516钢板制成 ASTM A672的所有钢管等级
(5) A welding procedure for the manufacture of pipe or components shall include impact testing of welds and HAZ for any design minimum
temperature below −29°C (−20°F), except as provided in Table 323.2.2, A-3(b). 用于制造钢管或构成元件的焊接规程应包括针对任何低于 −29°C
(−20°F) 之最低设计温度之焊缝和 HAZ 所进行的冲击测试结果，但表 323.2.2 栏A-3(b) 中规定的除外。
Impact testing in accordance with paragraph 323.3 is required for any design minimum temperature below −48°C (−55°F), except as permitted by
Note (3) in Table 323.2.2. 任何低于−48°C(−55°F)之最低设计温度都需按323.3进行冲击试验，按表 323.2.2 中的注释 (3) 允许的情况除外。
66
Table 323.2.2A Tabular Values for Minimum Temperatures Without Impact Testing for Carbon Steel Materials
(See Figure 323.2.2A for Curves) 未经冲击试验之碳钢材料的最低温度表格值 (参见图 323.2.2A 的曲线)
Lowest Exemption Temperature最低豁免温度
Nominal Thickness公称厚
̅ [Note (1)]
度, 𝑻
Curve A 曲线 A [Note (2)] Curve B 曲线 B [Note (3)] Curve C 曲线 C [Note (3)]
Curve D 曲线 D
mm
in.
°C
°F
°C
°F
°C
°F
°C
°F
6.4
0.25
−9.4
15
−28.9
−20
−48.3
−55
−48.3
−55
7.9
0.3125
−9.4
15
−28.9
−20
−48.3
−55
−48.3
−55
9.5
0.375
−9.4
15
−28.9
−20
−48.3
−55
−48.3
−55
10.0
0.394
−9.4
15
−28.9
−20
−48.3
−55
−48.3
−55
11.1
0.4375
−6.7
20
−28.9
−20
−41.7
−43
−48.3
−55
12.7
0.5
−1.1
30
−28.9
−20
−37.8
−36
−48.3
−55
14.3
0.5625
2.8
37
−21.7
−7
−35.0
−31
−45.6
−50
15.9
0.625
6.1
43
−16.7
2
−32.2
−26
−43.9
−47
17.5
0.6875
8.9
48
−12.8
9
−29.4
−21
−41.7
−43
19.1
0.75
11.7
53
−9.4
15
−27.2
−17
−40.0
−40
20.6
0.8125
14.4
58
−6.7
20
−25.0
−13
−38.3
−37
22.2
0.875
16.7
62
−3.9
25
−23.3
−10
−36.7
−34
23.8
0.9375
18.3
65
−1.7
29
−21.7
−7
−35.6
−32
25.4
1.0
20.0
68
0.6
33
−19.4
−3
−34.4
−30
27.0
1.0625
22.2
72
2.2
36
−18.3
−1
−33.3
−28
28.6
1.125
23.9
75
3.9
39
−16.7
2
−32.2
−26
30.2
1.1875
25.0
77
5.6
42
−15.6
4
−30.6
−23
31.8
1.25
26.7
80
6.7
44
−14.4
6
−29.4
−21
33.3
1.3125
27.8
82
7.8
46
−13.3
8
−28.3
−19
34.9
1.375
28.9
84
8.9
48
−12.2
10
−27.8
−18
36.5
1.4375
30.0
86
9.4
49
−11.1
12
−26.7
−16
38.1
1.5
31.1
88
10.6
51
−10.0
14
−25.6
−14
39.7
1.5625
32.2
90
11.7
53
−8.9
16
−25.0
−13
41.3
1.625
33.3
92
12.8
55
−8.3
17
−23.9
−11
42.9
1.6875
33.9
93
13.9
57
−7.2
19
−23.3
−10
44.5
1.75
34.4
94
14.4
58
−6.7
20
−22.2
−8
46.0
1.8125
35.6
96
15.0
59
−5.6
22
−21.7
−7
47.6
1.875
36.1
97
16.1
61
−5.0
23
−21.1
−6
49.2
1.9375
36.7
98
16.7
62
−4.4
24
−20.6
−5
50.8
2.0
37.2
99
17.2
63
−3.3
26
−20.0
−4
52.4
2.0625
37.8
100
17.8
64
−2.8
27
−19.4
−3
54.0
2.125
38.3
101
18.3
65
−2.2
28
−18.9
−2
55.6
2.1875
38.9
102
18.9
66
−1.7
29
−18.3
−1
57.2
2.25
38.9
102
19.4
67
−1.1
30
−17.8
0
58.7
2.3125
39.4
103
20.0
68
−0.6
31
−17.2
1
60.3
2.375
40.0
104
20.6
69
0.0
32
−16.7
2
61.9
2.4375
40.6
105
21.1
70
0.6
33
−16.1
3
63.5
2.5
40.6
105
21.7
71
1.1
34
−15.6
4
65.1
2.5625
41.1
106
21.7
71
1.7
35
−15.0
5
66.7
2.625
41.7
107
22.8
73
2.2
36
−14.4
6
68.3
2.6875
41.7
107
22.8
73
2.8
37
−13.9
7
69.9
2.75
42.2
108
23.3
74
3.3
38
−13.3
8
71.4
2.8125
42.2
108
23.9
75
3.9
39
−13.3
8
73.0
2.875
42.8
109
24.4
76
4.4
40
−12.8
9
74.6
2.9375
42.8
109
25.0
77
4.4
40
−12.2
10
76.2
3.0
43.3
110
25.0
77
5.0
41
−11.7
11
NOTES: 注
(1) For blind flanges and blanks made from materials with a letter designation in the Min. Temp. column of Table A-1 or Table A-1M, 𝑇̅
shall be 1∕4 of the total thickness, where the total thickness is the thickness of the blind flange or blank including the thickness of the facing(s), if
applicable. 对于盲法兰和由在表 A-1 或表 A-1M之最低温度栏中带有字代号之材料所制成的盲版，𝑇̅应为总厚度的 1/4，而该总厚度是指
盲法兰或盲板的厚度，包括如果有时的承压面厚度。
(2) X Grades of API 5L, and ASTM A381 materials, may be used in accordance with Curve B if normalized or quenched and tempered.
API 5L Gr. X和 ASTM A381 材料只要经正火或调质处理即可根据曲线 B 使用。
(3) The following materials may be used in accordance with Curve D if normalized: 下列材料只要经正火处理即可根据曲线 D 使用：
(a)
(b)
(c)
ASTM A516 plate, all grades ASTMA516 钢板的所有等级
ASTM A671 pipe made from A516 plate, all grades 由 A516钢板制成 ASTM A671的所有钢管等级
ASTM A672 pipe made from A516 plate, all grades由 A516钢板制成 ASTM A672的所有钢管等级
67
Stress Ratio應力比
Figure 323.2.2B Reduction in Lowest Exemption Temperature for Steels Without Impact Testing (See Table
323.2.2B for Tabular Values) 图 323.2.2B 未进行冲击试验之钢材在最低豁免温度中的可降温度 (表格值见表
323.2.2B)
Temperature Reduction可降低之温度值, °C (°F)
GENERAL NOTE: See paragraph 323.2.2(b) to determine stress ratio. 通注：见按323.2.2(b)而确定的应力比。
68
Table 323.2.2B Tabular Values for Reduction in Lowest Exemption Temperature for Steels Without Impact Testing
(See Figure 323.2.2B for Curve and Applicable Notes) 表 323.2.2B 未进行冲击试验之钢材在最低豁免温度中的可降温
度表格值 (参见图 323.2.2B 中曲线和适用说明)
Reduction in Exemption Temperature
豁免内的可降温度
Stress Ratio应力比
°C
°F
1.00
0
0
0.99
1
1
0.98
1
2
0.97
2
3
0.96
2
4
0.95
3
5
0.94
3
6
0.93
4
7
0.92
4
8
0.91
5
9
0.90
6
10
0.89
6
11
0.88
7
12
0.87
7
13
0.86
8
14
0.85
8
15
0.84
9
16
0.83
9
17
0.82
10
18
0.81
11
19
0.80
11
20
0.79
12
21
0.78
12
22
0.77
13
23
0.76
13
24
0.75
14
25
0.74
14
26
0.73
15
27
0.72
16
28
0.71
16
29
0.70
17
30
0.69
17
31
0.68
18
32
0.67
18
33
0.66
18
33
0.65
19
34
Reduction in Exemption Temperature
豁免内的可降温度
Stress Ratio应力比
°C
°F
0.64
20
36
0.63
21
37
0.62
21
38
0.61
22
40
0.60
23
41
0.59
23
42
0.58
24
44
0.57
26
46
0.56
26
47
0.55
27
49
0.54
28
51
0.53
29
53
0.52
31
56
0.51
33
59
0.50
34
61
0.49
36
65
0.48
38
68
0.47
40
72
0.46
42
76
0.45
44
80
0.44
47
85
0.43
50
90
0.42
53
96
0.41
56
101
0.40
60
108
0.39
64
115
0.38
68
122
0.37
72
130
0.36
77
138
0.35
82
147
0.34
87
156
0.33
92
166
0.32
98
177
0.31
104
188
0.30
111
200
0.30
120
217
(b) Data for the development of design limits shall be obtained from a sound scientific program carried out in
accordance with recognized technology for both the material and the intended service conditions. Factors to be considered
include用于设计极限开发之数据应根据材料和预期使用条件的公认技术进行可靠科学计算程序中来获得。在应用科
学计算程序时所需考虑的因素包括如下：
(1) applicability and reliability of the data, especially for extremes of the temperature range数据的适用性和
可靠性，特别是温度范围的极值
(2) resistance of the material to deleterious effects of the fluid service and of the environment throughout the
temperature range材料在整个温度值域内对由流体工况和环境产生之有害影响的耐受力
(3) determination of allowable stresses in accordance with paragraph 302.3 按 302.3所确定之许用应力。
323.3 Impact Testing Methods and Acceptance Criteria冲击测试方法和合格准则
323.3.1 General. When impact testing is required by Table 323.2.2, provisions elsewhere in this Code, or the
engineering design, it shall be done in accordance with Table 323.3.1 using the testing methods and acceptance criteria described
in paras. 323.3.2 through 323.3.5. 通则。 当表 323.2.2、本规范其他条款或工程设计要求进行冲击试验时，应按表 323.3.1
的要求来进行冲击试验，其试验方法和验收准如 323.3.2 至 323.3.5 所述。
323.3.2 Procedure. Impact testing of each product
ASTM Spec. No.
form of material for any specification (including welds in the
Product Form产品形式
ASTM规范号
components) shall be done using procedures and apparatus in
A333
Pipe钢管
A334
accordance with ASTM A370. For material forms that are
Tube管子
A420
Fittings管配件
represented by the ASTM specifications listed below, impact tests
A350
Forgings锻造件
shall be conducted in conformance with those requirements as
A352
Castings铸件
well. When conflicts exist between the specific requirements of
A320
Bolting螺栓连接件
this Code and the requirements of those specifications, the
A20
Plate板材
requirements of this Code shall take precedence. 工序。 应按
GENERAL NOTE: Titles of referenced standards not listed in the
ASTM A370所规定之程序和设备对任何规格 (包括组件中之
Specifications Index for Appendix A are A20 General Requirements
焊缝)之每种产品形式的材料进行冲击测试。 对于下列
for Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels and A370 Test Methods and
Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products.通注：附录 A之 ASTM 规范所代表的材料形式，冲击试验也应按照这些要求
规范索引中未列出之参考标准的标题是 A20《压力容器用钢板通
进行。 当本规范的具体要求与那些ASTM 规范之要求间存在
用技术条件》和 A370《钢材机械性能的试验方法和定义》。
着冲突时，应以本规范的要求为准。
323.3.3 Test Specimens. Each set of impact test specimens shall consist of three specimen bars. All impact tests shall
be made using standard 10 mm (0.394 in.) square cross section Charpy V-notch specimen bars, except when the material shape or
69
thickness does not permit. Charpy impact tests may be performed on specimens of full material thickness, which may be
machined to remove surface irregularities. Alternatively, such material may be reduced in thickness to produce the largest
possible Charpy subsize specimen. See Table 323.3.4. 试样。 每组冲击试样应由三个试样棒所组成。 所有冲击试验均应使
用10 mm (0.394 in.)的标准方形横截面夏比 V 型缺口试样棒进行，除非材料形状或厚度不允许。 夏比冲击试验可在材料
之全厚度试样上进行，这些试样可通过机械加工来去除表面不规则性。 或者，可以减少此类材料的厚度以制备出最大
可能的小尺寸夏比试样。 见表 323.3.4。
Table 323.3.1 Impact Testing Requirements for Metals金属的冲击试验要求
Column B B 栏
Materials Not Tested by the Manufacturer or
Column A A 栏
Those Tested But Heat Treated During or
Materials Tested by the Manufacturer [Note (1)] or
Those in Table 323.2.2 Requiring Impact Tests Only After Fabrication非制造商测试的材料所进行
on Welds由制造商所进行的材料测试 [注 (1)] 或表 的材料测试或那些经过测试但在制造加工过
Test Characteristics试验特性
323.2.2 中要求仅对焊缝进行冲击试验的那些材料
程中或之后经过热处理的那些材料
Tests on
Number of tests试验次 A-1 The greater of the number required by以下两标准中 B-1 The number required by the applicable
specification listed in paragraph 323.3.2 [Note
Materials对材料 数
所需次数较大者为准
(2)] 在323.3.2中所列相应规范的规定次数，
的试验
(a) the material specification or材料规范的规定次
见注(2)
数，或者
(b) the applicable specification listed in paragraph
323.3.2 [Note (2)] 在323.3.2中所列相应规范的
规定次数，见注(2)
2 As required by the applicable specification listed in paragraph 323.3.2. 按323.3.2中所列相应规范的要
求
Location and
orientation of
specimens试样的取
样位置和其取向
Tests by试验者
A-3 The manufacturer制造商
B-3 The fabricator or erector制造加工商或安装
商
4 The supplementary essential variables of ASME BPVC, Section IX, shall apply to the welding procedure
Tests on Welds Qualification
in Fabrication
requirements评定要
qualification. ASME BPVC 第 IX 册的辅助必要变量应为焊接工艺评定的必要变量。
or Assembly制
求
造加工或装配中 Extent of testing [Note A-5 Impact tests shall be performed on the weld metal
B-5 If simulated heat treatment is required by
Table 323.2.2, item B-3, and materials were
的焊缝测试
(3)] 测试范围[注(3)] and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the procedure
qualification test coupon at or below the design
supplied without impact test data based on test
minimum temperature and shall meet the acceptance
pieces that were subjected to such heat
criteria applicable to the base metal in accordance with treatment, the fabricator or erector shall
paragraph 323.3. 应在最低设计温度或低于最低设计 conduct impact tests on material that has been
温度的条件下对焊缝金属和工艺评定用试件之热影 given such heat treatment. 如果表 323.2.2 的
B-3要求进行模拟热处理，并且所提供之材
响区 (HAZ) 进行冲击试验，并应符合 323.3中相应
料没有基于经过这种热处理之试件的冲击试
母材的合格准则。
验数据，则制造商或安装商应对使材料经过
此类热处理并进行冲击试验 。
Location and
6
orientation of
(a) Weld metal: across the weld, with notch in the weld metal; notch axis shall be normal to material
specimens试样的取 surface, with one face of specimen ≤1.5 mm (1∕16 in.) from the material surface. 焊缝金属：焊缝金属试
样位置和其取向
样应具有横切焊缝轴线且垂直于材料表面之缺口，且试样的一个面距材料表面≤1.5 mm (1∕16
in.)。
(b) HAZ: across the weld and long enough to locate notch in the HAZ after etching; notch axis shall be
approximately normal to material surface and shall include as much as possible of the HAZ in the fracture.
热影响区：横切焊缝轴线且长度足以在蚀刻后在热影响区定位缺口； 缺口轴应大致垂直于材料表
面，并应尽可能多地包括断裂中的热影响区。
Tests by试验者
7 The fabricator or erector制造加工商或安装商
NOTES: 注：
(1) A certified report of impact tests performed (after being appropriately heat treated as required by Table 323.2.2, item B-3) by the manufacturer
shall be obtained as evidence that the material (including any welds used in its manufacture) meets the requirements of this Code and that当冲击试验
由材料制造厂完成时 (根据表 323.2.2中B-3 栏的要求进行过适当热处理后的冲击试验试验)，应从制造厂处取得合格的冲击试验报告，以作
为材料 (包括其制造中使用的任何焊缝)满足本规范要求及和下述条件的证据
(a) the tests were conducted on specimens representative of the material delivered to and used by the fabricator or erector, or测试是在代表交付给制
造商或安装商并由其所用材之试样样上进行的，或者
(b) the tests were conducted on specimens removed from test pieces of the material which received heat treatment separately in the same manner as
the material (including heat treatment by the manufacturer) so as to be representative of the finished piping测试是在从材料试中所制备出之试样上进行的，
这些试件以与材料相同的方式分别经受热处理 (包括制造商的热处理)，以代表成品管道
(2) If welding is used in manufacture, fabrication, or erection, tests of the HAZ will suffice for the tests of the base material. 如果在制造、制造
加工或安装中使用焊接，则对 HAZ 的试验已足以代表母材的试验。
(3) The test piece shall be large enough to permit preparing three specimens from the weld metal and three from the HAZ (if required) in
accordance with paragraph 323.3. If this is not possible, preparation of additional test pieces is required. 试件应足够大，以允许按323.3所述从焊
缝金属HAZ (如果需要时)中各制备出三个试样 。 如果这是不可能实现，则需要制备额外的试件。
323.3.4 Test Temperatures. For all Charpy impact tests, the test temperature criteria in (a) or (b) shall be observed.
The test specimens, as well as the handling tongs, shall be cooled for a sufficient length of time to reach the test temperature. 试验
温度。 所有夏比冲击试验都应遵守如下(a) 或 (b) 中的试验温度准则。 试样以及装卸钳应冷却足够长的时间以达到试验
温度。
(a) For Materials of Thickness Equal to or Greater Than 10 mm (0.394 in.). Where the largest attainable Charpy
V-notch specimen has a width along the notch of at least 8 mm (0.315 in.), the Charpy test using such a specimen shall be
conducted at a temperature not higher than the design minimum temperature. Where the largest possible test specimen has a width
70
along the notch less than 8 mm, the test shall be conducted at a temperature lower than the design minimum temperature by the
amount shown in Table 323.3.4 for that specimen width. 厚度 ≥110 mm (0.394 in.)的材料。 如果可获得的最大夏比 V 型缺口
试样沿缺口的宽度至少为8 mm (0.315 in.)，则使用此类试样之夏比试验应在最低设计温度加上该试样宽度在表 323.3.4
中之所示相应量之温度下进行。
(b) For Materials with Thickness Less Than 10 mm (0.394 in.). Where the largest attainable Charpy V-notch
specimen has a width along the notch of at least 80% of the material thickness, the Charpy test of such a specimen shall be
conducted at a temperature not higher than the design minimum temperature. Where the largest possible test specimen has a width
along the notch of less than 80% of the material thickness, the test shall be conducted at a temperature lower than the design
minimum temperature by an amount equal to the difference (referring to Table 323.3.4) between the temperature reduction
corresponding to the actual material thickness and the temperature reduction corresponding to the Charpy specimen width actually
tested. 厚度小于 110 mm (0.394 in.)的材料。 如果可获得的最大夏比 V 型缺口试样沿缺口的宽度至少为材料厚度的
80%，则此类试样的夏比试验应在不高于设计最低温度的温度下进行。 如果最大可能的试样沿缺口的宽度小于材料厚度
的 80%，则试验应在最低设计温度减去实际材料厚度在表 323.3.4 中之所示相应温度折减值后的温度下进行。
Table 323.3.4 Charpy Impact Test Temperature Reduction夏比冲击试验的温度订正
Actual Material Thickness [See Paragraph 323.3.4(b)] or Charpy Impact
Specimen Width Along the Notch [Note (1)] 材料的实际厚度[见 323.3.4 (b)] Temperature Reduction Below Design Minimum
或夏比冲击试样沿缺口的宽度[注(2)]
Temperature相对于最低设计温度的容许温降值
mm
in.
°C
°F
10 (full size standard bar)
0.394
0
0
10 mm的全尺寸标准试样杆
9
0.354
0
0
8
0.315
0
0
0.295
2.8
5
7.5 (3∕ 4 size bar)
7
0.276
4.4
8
0.262
5.6
10
6.67 (2∕ 3 size bar)
6
0.236
8.3
15
0.197
11.1
20
5 (1∕2 size bar)
4
0.157
16.7
30
0.131
19.4
35
3.33 (1∕ 3 size bar)
3
0.118
22.2
40
0.098
27.8
50
2.5 (1∕ 4 size bar)
GENERAL NOTE: These temperature reduction criteria do not apply when Table 323.3.5 specifies lateral expansion for minimum
required values. 通注：表中所列这些容许温降准不适用当表 323.3.5 规定了最小所需侧膨胀量数值时。
NOTE: (1) Straight-line interpolation for intermediate values is permitted. 注：(1) 中间值允许使用线性内插值。
323.3.5 Acceptance Criteria合格准则
(a) Minimum Energy Requirements. Except for bolting materials, the applicable minimum energy requirement
for carbon and low alloy steels with specified minimum tensile strengths less than 656 MPa (95 ksi) shall be those shown in Table
323.3.5. 最低冲击能要求。 除螺栓材料外，最小规定抗拉强度小于 656 MPa (95 ksi) 之碳钢和低合金钢的最低冲击能要
求应如表 323.3.5 所示。
(b) Lateral Expansion Requirements. Other carbon and low alloy steels having specified minimum tensile
strengths equal to or greater than 656 MPa (95 ksi), all bolting materials, and all high alloy steels (P-Nos. 6, 7, 8, 10H, and 10I)
shall have a lateral expansion opposite the notch of not less than 0.38 mm (0.015 in.) for all specimen sizes. The lateral expansion
is the increase in width of the broken impact specimen over that of the unbroken specimen measured on the compression side,
parallel to the line constituting the bottom of the V-notch (see ASTM A370). 侧膨胀量要求。 最小规定抗拉强度 ≥ 656 MPa
(95 ksi) 的其他碳钢和低合金钢、所有螺栓材料和所有高合金钢 (P-No. 6、7、8、10H 和 10I)之冲击试样尺寸在缺口两侧
所测定的侧膨胀量应不小于0.38mm (0.015in. )。 侧膨胀量是在平行于构成 V 型缺口跟部线的受压侧测量已断裂冲击试
样相对于未断裂试样宽度的增加值 (参见 ASTM A370)。
(c) Weld Impact Test Requirements. Where two base metals having different required impact test acceptance
criteria are joined by welding, the impact test acceptance criteria shall conform to the requirements of the base material having a
specified minimum tensile strength most closely matching the specified minimum tensile strength of the weld metal. 焊缝之冲击
试验要求。 当要求冲击试验合格准则不同的两种母材通过焊接连接在一起时，冲击试验合格准则应符合与焊缝金属之
最小规定抗拉强度最接近之母材的最小规定抗拉强度要求。
(d) Retests 复试
(1) For Absorbed Energy Criteria. When the average value of the three specimens equals or exceeds the
minimum value permitted for a single specimen and the value for more than one specimen is below the required average
value, or when the value for one specimen is below the minimum value permitted for a single specimen, a retest of three
additional specimens shall be made. The value for each of these retest specimens shall equal or exceed the required average
value. 吸收能准则。 当三个试样的平均值等于或超过单个试样所允许的最小值并且多个试样的值低于所要求的平均
值时，或者当一个试样的值低于单个试样所允许的最小值时，则应重新测试三个额外的试样。 这些复试试样中的
每一个的值都应等于或超过所要求的平均值。
(2) For Lateral Expansion Criterion. If the value of lateral expansion for one specimen in a group of three
is below 0.38 mm (0.015 in.) but not below 0.25 mm (0.01 in.), and if the average value for three specimens equals or
exceeds 0.38 mm (0.015 in.), a retest of three additional specimens may be made, each of which must equal or exceed the
specified minimum value of 0.38 mm (0.015 in.). In the case of heat-treated materials, if the required values are not obtained
in the retest or if the values in the initial test are below the minimum allowed for retest, the material may be reheat treated
and retested. After reheat treatment, a set of three specimens shall be made. For acceptance, the lateral expansion of each of
the specimens must equal or exceed the specified minimum value of 0.38 mm (0.015 in.). 侧膨胀量准则。 如果一组三个
试样中之一个试样的侧膨胀量低于 0.38 mm (0.015 in.)但不低于 0.25 毫米 (0.01 英寸)，并且三个样本的平均值等于
71
或超过0.25 mm (0.01 in.)，则可以重新测试三个额外的试样，这些复试试样中之每一个的每侧膨胀量都必须等于或
超过所规定的最小值 [0.38 mm (0.015 in.)]。 对于经过热处理之材料，如果在复试中没有获得所要求的值，或者如
果初始试验中的值低于复试所允许的最小值，则材料可再重新热处理再进行复试。 再热处理后，应制作一组三个
试样。 为了验收，每个试样的侧膨胀量都必须等于或超过所规定的最小值 [0.38 mm (0.015 in.)]。
(3) For Erratic Test Results. When an erratic result is caused by a defective specimen or there is
uncertainty in the test procedure, a retest will be allowed. 不规律的测试结果。 当不规律的结果是由有缺陷之试样而引
起时或测试程序存在不确定性时，则允许重新测试。
Table 323.3.5 Minimum Required Charpy V-Notch Impact Values 所需的最小夏比 V 型缺口冲击值
Specified Minimum Tensile Strength
Number of Specimens
最小规定抗拉强度
试样的数量[Note (1)]
(a) Carbon and Low Alloy Steels碳钢和低
合金钢
448 MPa (65 ksi) and less
Average for 3 specimens Minimum
for 1 specimen3 个试样的平均
值，1 个试样的最小值
Over 448 to 517 MPa (75 ksi)
Average for 3 specimens
Minimum for 1 specimen3
个试样的平均值，1 个试
样的最小值
Over 517 but not incl. 656 MPa (95
Average for 3 specimens
ksi)
Minimum for 1 specimen3
个试样的平均值，1 个试
样的最小值
656 MPa and over [Note (3)]
Minimum for 3 specimens最少 3
个试样
Minimum for 3 specimens最少 3
个试样
Energy吸收能[Note (2)]
Fully Deoxidized Steels Other Than Fully Deoxidized
全脱氧钢
Steels 除了全脱氧钢
Joules
ft-lbf
Joules
ft-lbf
18
14
13
10
14
10
10
7
20
16
15
12
18
14
13
10
27
20
20
15
…
…
…
…
Lateral Expansion侧膨胀量
0.38 mm (0.015 in.)
0.38 mm (0.015 in.)
(b) Steels in P-Nos. 6, 7, 8, 10H, and 10I
P-No. 6、7、8、10H 和 10I中的钢
材。
NOTES: 注
(1) See paragraph 323.3.5(d) for permissible retests. 见323.3.5(d) 所允许的重新测试
(2) Energy values in this Table are for standard size specimens. For subsize specimens, these values shall be multiplied by the ratio of the
actual specimen width to that of a full-size specimen, 10 mm (0.394 in.). 本表中的吸收数值适用于标准尺寸试样。 对于小尺寸试样，这
些值应乘以实际试样宽度与全尺寸试样 [10 mm (0.394 in.)]宽度的比值。
(3) For bolting of this strength level in nominal sizes M 52 (2 in.) and under, the impact requirements of ASTM A320 may be applied.
For bolting over M 52, requirements of this Table shall apply. 此强度等级内且公称尺标称尺寸 ≤ M 52(2 in.)之螺栓材料应福A320 的冲击
要求。 M 52 上之螺栓连接件则应符合本表的要求。
323.4 Fluid Service Requirements for Materials 对流体工况中所用材料的要求
323.4.1 General. Requirements in paragraph 323.4 apply to pressure-containing parts. They do not apply to materials
used for supports, gaskets, packing, or bolting. See also Appendix F, paragraph F323.4. 第 323.4条款中的要求适用于承压零部
件，但它们不适用于用于不适用于支承件、垫片、密封填料或螺栓连接件的材料。另见附录 F 中的 F323.4条款。
323.4.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
(a) Ductile Iron. Ductile iron shall not be used for pressure containing parts at temperatures below −29°C
(−20°F) (except austenitic ductile iron) or above 343°C (650°F). Austenitic ductile iron conforming to ASTM A571 may be
used at temperatures below −29°C (−20°F) down to the temperature of the impact test conducted in accordance with that
specification but not below −196°C (−320°F). 球墨铸铁。 球墨铸铁不应用作在低于 −29°C (−20°F)之温度下 (奥氏体球
墨铸铁除外)或高于 343°C (650°F) 之温度下的承压零部件。 符合 ASTM A571 的奥氏体球墨铸铁可在低于 −29°C
(−20°F) 直至按该技术条件要进行冲击试验的温度，但不低于 −196°C (−320°F)之温度下使用，低至按该规范进行的
冲击试验温度。 .
Valves having bodies and bonnets or covers made of materials conforming to ASTM A395 and meeting the
requirements of ASME B16.42 and additional requirements of ASME B16.34 Standard Class, API 594, API 599, or
API 609 may be used within the pressure–temperature ratings given in ASME B16.42. 材料符合 ASTM A395 并满足
ASME B16.42 的要求和 ASME B16.34 标准等级、API 594、API 599 或 API 609 之附加要求的阀体和阀盖或阀
盖，可在 ASME B16.42 中所给出之温度-额定下压力内使用。
Welding shall not be performed in the fabrication or repair of ductile iron components nor in assembly of such
components in a piping system. 球墨铸铁零部件的制造加工或返修中以及在管道系统中装配此类组件时均不应
进行焊接。
(b) Other Cast Irons. The following shall not be used under severe cyclic conditions. If safeguarding is provided
against excessive heat and thermal shock and mechanical shock and abuse, they may be used in other services subject to the
following requirements: 其他铸铁。 在剧烈循环条件下不应使用以下铸铁。 如果提供了防止过热和热冲击以及机械冲
击和滥用的保护措施，则它们可用于满足以下要求的其他工况：
(1) Gray iron shall not be used above ground within process unit limits in hydrocarbon or other flammable
fluid service at temperatures above 149°C (300°F) nor at gage pressures above 1 035 kPa (150 psi). In other locations the pressure
limit shall be 2 760 kPa (400 psi). 在温度高于 149°C (300°F) 或表压高于 1035 kPa (150 psi) 的碳氢化合物或其他易燃流体
工况中，灰铸铁不应在加工装置边界内的地面以上使用。 在其他位置的压力应为 2 760 kPa (400 psi)。
(2) Malleable iron shall not be used in any fluid service at temperatures below −29°C (−20°F) or above
72
343°C (650°F) and shall not be used in flammable fluid service at temperatures above 149°C (300°F) nor at gage pressures above
2 760 kPa (400 psi). 可锻铸铁不应用于温度低于 −29°C (−20°F) 或高于 343°C (650°F) 的任何流体工况，也不应用于温度
高于 149°C (300°F) 或表压超过 2760 kPa (400 psi)的易燃流体工况 。
(3) High silicon iron (14.5% Si) shall not be used in flammable fluid service. The manufacturer should be
consulted for pressure–temperature ratings and for precautionary measures when using this material. 高硅铸铁 (14.5% Si) 不应
用于易燃流体。 使用此材料时，应咨询制造商以了解压力-温度额定值和预防措施。
(c) Other Materials 其他材料
(1) If welding or thermal cutting is performed on aluminum castings, the stress values in Appendix A and
component ratings listed in Table 326.1 are not applicable. It is the designer’s responsibility to establish such stresses and ratings
consistent with the requirements of this Code. 附录 A 中的应力值和表 326.1 中所组件额定值不适用进行焊接或热切割之铝
铸件。 设计者有责任建立符合本规范要求的压力和额定值。
(2) Lead and tin and their alloys shall not be used in flammable fluid services. 铅和锡及它们的合金不应
用于易燃流体工况。
323.4.3 Cladding and Lining Materials. Materials with metallic cladding or metallic lining may be used in
accordance with the following provisions: 复层和衬里材料。 可按下列规定使用具有金属复层层或金属衬里的材料：
(a) If piping components are made from integrally clad plate conforming to如果管道构成元件由符合以下
ASTM标准要求之整体式复合板所制成
(1) ASTM A263, Corrosion-Resisting Chromium Steel Clad Plate, Sheet, and Strip ASTM A263《耐腐蚀
的包层钢厚板、薄板及带材规格》
(2) ASTM A264, Stainless Chromium-Nickel Steel Clad Plate, Sheet, and Strip ASTM A264《不锈铬镍钢
复合板的标准规格》
(3) ASTM A265, Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloy Clad Plate, Sheet, and Strip ASTM A265《镍和镍基合金
复合钢板》
Then pressure design in accordance with rules in paragraph 304 may be based upon the total thickness of
base metal and cladding after any allowance for corrosion has been deducted, provided that both the base metal
and the cladding metal are acceptable for Code use under paragraph 323.1, and provided that the clad plate has
been shear tested and meets all shear test requirements of the applicable ASTM specification. The allowable
stress for each material (base and cladding) shall be taken from Appendix A, or determined in accordance with
the rules in paragraph 302.3, provided, however, that the allowable stress used for the cladding portion of the
design thickness shall never be greater than the allowable stress used for the base portion. 然后按照304之规则
所进行之压力设计可基于扣除任何腐蚀裕量后的母材和复层的总厚度，前提是母材和复层金属均符合
323.1中所述要求且复合板已按能满足相应 ASTM 规范之所有剪切测试要求经过剪切测试。 每种材料 (复
层和复层)的许用应力应从附录 A 中获取，或根据302.3中的规则来确定之 ，但用于设计厚度的复层部分
的许用应力不应大于用于复层部分的许用应力。
(b) For all other metallic clad or lined piping components, the base metal shall be an acceptable Code material as
defined in paragraph 323.1 and the thickness used in pressure design in accordance with paragraph 304 shall not include the
thickness of the cladding or lining. The allowable stress used shall be that for the base metal at the design temperature. For such
components, the cladding or lining may be any material that, in the judgment of the user, is suitable for the intended service and
for the method of manufacture and assembly of the piping component. 用于所有其他金属复合或衬里管道构成元件之母材应
是323.1中定义为可接受的规范材料， 且压力设计中不包括复合层厚度或衬里在内的所用厚度应符合304。 所用许用应
力应为母材在设计温度下的许用应力。 根据用户的判断，此类组件之复合层或衬里可以是任何适用用于预期工况以及
管道构成元件之制造和装配方法的合适材料。
(c) Except for components designed in accordance with provisions of (a) , fluid service requirements for
materials stated in this Code shall not restrict their use as cladding or lining in pipe or other components. Fluid service
requirements for the outer material (including those for components and joints) shall govern, except that temperature limitations
of both inner and outer materials, and of any bond between them, shall be considered. 除了按 (a) 之规定进行设计之组件外，本
规范中对流体工况中所用材料的要求不应限制它们用作管道或其他组件的复层或衬里，这也应适用于流体工况中所用外
部材料 (包括组件和接头)的要求，但应考虑内/外部材料以及它们之任何结合下的温度限制因素。
(d) Fabrication by welding of clad or lined piping components and the inspection and testing of such
components shall be done in accordance with applicable provisions of ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, UCL-30 through
UCL-52, or the provisions of Chapters V and VI of this Code, whichever are more stringent. 当复合或衬里管道构成元件是使
用焊接所制造加工而成时，则此此类组件的检验和检测应按ASME BPVC 第 VIII-1 卷 UCL-30 至 UCL-52 的适用规定或
本规范第V章和第VI章中较严格者的为准。
323.5 Deterioration of Materials in Service使用中的材料劣化
Selection of material to resist deterioration in service is not within the scope of this Code. See paragraph 300(c)(6).
Recommendations based on experience are presented for guidance in Appendix F, paragraph F323. 抗在役劣化的材料选择
不在本规范的适用范围内， 见第 300(c)(6)。 根据经验所提出之建议性导则见附录 F 第 F323条款。
325 MATERIALS — MISCELLANEOUS杂项材料
325.1 Joining and Auxiliary Materials连接材料和辅助材料
When selecting materials such as adhesives, cements, solvents, solders, brazing materials, packing, and O-rings for
making or sealing joints, the designer shall consider their suitability for the fluid service. (Consideration should also be
given to the possible effects of the joining or auxiliary materials on the fluid handled.) 在选择粘合剂、胶泥、溶剂、焊
料、焊焊材料、密封填料料和 O 形环等材料来制作或密封接头时，设计者应考虑它们对流体工况的适用性 (还宜
73
考虑连接材料或辅助材料对所处理流体的可能影响)。
Chapter IV Standards for Piping Components
第IV章 管道构成元件的标准
326 DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS OF COMPONENTS各种组件的尺寸和额定值
326.1 Dimensional Requirements尺寸要求
326.1.1 Listed Piping Components. Dimensional standards1 for piping components are listed in Table 326.1.
Dimensional requirements contained in specifications listed in Appendix A shall also be considered requirements of this Code. 表
列管道构成元件。 表 326.1 中列出了管构成元件的尺寸标准 。 附录 A 所列规范中包含的尺寸要求也应视为本规范的要
求。
1 It is not practical to refer to a specific edition of each standard throughout the Code text. Instead, the approved edition references, along with the
names and addresses of sponsoring organizations, are shown in Appendix E. 在整个规范文本中所引用之每一标准的特定版本是不切实际
的。取而代之的是，已核准版本的引用以及赞助组织的名称和地址示于附录 E 中。
326.1.2 Unlisted Piping Components. Piping components not listed in Table 326.1 or Appendix A shall meet the
pressure design requirements described in paragraph 302.2.3 and the mechanical strength requirements described in paragraph
302.5. 非表列管道构成元件。 未在表 326.1 或附录 A 中所列管道构成元件应分别满足302.2.3和 302.5中中所述压力设计
要求及机械强度要求。
326.1.3 Threads. The dimensions of piping connection threads not otherwise covered by a governing component
standard or specification shall conform to the requirements of applicable standards listed in Table 326.1 or Appendix A. 螺纹。
管控组件标准或北规范未涵盖之管道连接螺纹的尺寸应符合表 326.1 或附录 A 中所列相应标准的要求。
326.2 Ratings of Components元件之额定值
326.2.1 Listed Components. The pressure–temperature ratings of components listed in Table 326.1 are accepted for
pressure design in accordance with paragraph 303. 表列元件。 表 326.1 中所列出之组件的压力-温度额定值可用于按第303
进行的压力设计。
326.2.2 Unlisted Components. The pressure– temperature ratings of unlisted piping components shall conform to the
applicable provisions of paragraph 304. 非表列元件。 非表列管道构成元件的压力-温度额定值应符合 304的适用规定。
326.3 Reference Documents参考文件
The documents listed in Table 326.1 contain references to codes, standards, and specifications not listed in Table 326.1
Such unlisted codes, standards, and specifications shall be used only in the context of the listed documents in which they
appear. 表 326.1 中所列文件包含了对表 326.1 中未列出的法规、标准和规范的引用，此类未列出之代码、标准和规
范只能在仅在出现所列文件的内容中使用。
The design, materials, fabrication, assembly, examination, inspection, and testing requirements of this Code are not
applicable to components manufactured in accordance with the documents listed in Table 326.1, unless specifically stated in
this Code or the listed document. 本规范的设计、材料、制造加工、装配、检查、检验和试验等要求不适用于按照表
326.1 所列文件制造的组件，除非本规范或所列文件有特别说明。
Table 326.1 Component Standards组件之制造标准
Standard or Specification标准或规范之名称
Bolting
Square, Hex, Heavy Hex, and Askew Head Bolts and Hex, Heavy Hex, Hex Flange, Lobed Head, and Lag Screws (Inch
Series)
Nuts for General Applications: Machine Screw Nuts, Hex, Square, Hex Flange, and Coupling Nuts (Inch Series)
Continuous Thread Stud, Double-End Stud, and Flange Bolting Stud (Stud Bolt) (Inch Series)
Metallic Fittings, Valves, and Flanges
Gray Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings: Classes 25, 125, and 250
Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings: Classes 150 and 300
Gray Iron Threaded Fittings: Classes 125 and 250
Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings: NPS 1/2 Through NPS 24 Metric/Inch Standard
Factory-Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings
Face-to-Face and End-To-End Dimensions of Valves
Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings, and Locknuts with Pipe Threads
Cast Copper Alloy Threaded Fittings: Classes 125 and 250 [Note (1)]
Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings
Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Pressure Fittings
Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges, Flanged Fittings, and Valves: Classes 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500
Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes
Valves — Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
Orifice Flanges
Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions: Classes 150, 250, and 300
Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings: Classes 150 and 300
Large Diameter Steel Flanges: NPS 26 Through NPS 60 Metric/Inch Standard
Line Blanks
Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Braze-Joint Pressure Fittings
Bioprocessing Equipment [Note (2)]
Specification for Pipeline and Piping Valves [Note (3)]
Flanged Steel Pressure-relief Valves
Check Valves: Flanged, Lug, Wafer, and Butt-welding
Metal Plug Valves — Flanged, Threaded, and Welding Ends
74
Designation规范号
ASME B18.2.1
ASME B18.2.2 ASME
B18.31.2
ASME B16.1 ASME
B16.3 ASME B16.4
ASME B16.5
ASME B16.9
ASME B16.10 ASME
B16.11 ASME B16.14
ASME B16.15 ASME
B16.18 ASME B16.22
ASME B16.24 ASME
B16.26
ASME B16.34
ASME B16.36 ASME
B16.39 ASME B16.42
ASME B16.47 ASME
B16.48 ASME B16.50
ASME BPE
API 6D API 526
API 594
API 599
Steel Gate Valves — Flanged and Butt-welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets
API 600
Gate, Globe, and Check Valves for Sizes DN 100 (NPS 4) and Smaller for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
API 602
Corrosion-resistant, Bolted Bonnet Gate Valves — Flanged and Butt-welding Ends
API 603
Metal Ball Valves — Flanged, Threaded, and Welding Ends
API 608
Butterfly Valves: Double-flanged, Lugand Wafer-type
API 609
Performance of Gasketed Mechanical Couplings for Use in Piping Applications
ASTM F1476 ASTM
Performance of Fittings for Use with Gasketed Mechanical Couplings Used in Piping Applications
F1548
Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings
AWWA C110 AWWA
Flanged Ductile-Iron Pipe with Ductile-Iron or Gray-Iron Threaded Flanges
C115 AWWA C207
Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Service, Sizes 4 in. Through 144 in. (100 mm Through 3,600 mm)
AWWA C208 AWWA
Dimensions for Fabricated Steel Water Pipe Fittings
C500
Metal-Seated Gate Valves for Water Supply Service
Standard Finishes for Contact Faces of Pipe Flanges and Connecting-End Flanges of Valves and Fittings
MSS SP-6
Spot Facing for Bronze, Iron, and Steel Flanges
MSS SP-9 MSS SP-25
Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges, and Unions
Corrosion-Resistant Gate, Globe, Angle, and Check Valves with Flanged and Butt Weld Ends (Classes 150, 300, & 600)
MSS SP-42
Wrought and Fabricated Butt-Welding Fittings for Low Pressure, Corrosion Resistant Applications [Note (4)]
MSS SP-43
Steel Pipeline Flanges
MSS SP-44 MSS SP-45
Bypass and Drain Connections
MSS SP-51 MSS SP-65
Class 150LW Corrosion Resistant Flanges and Cast Flanged Fittings
MSS SP-70 MSS SP-71
High Pressure Chemical Industry Flanges and Threaded Stubs for Use with Lens Gaskets
MSS SP-72 MSS SP-75
Gray Iron Gate Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends
MSS SP-78
Gray Iron Swing Check Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends
Ball Valves with Flanged or Butt-Welding Ends for General Service
High-Strength, Wrought, Butt-Welding Fittings
Gray Iron Plug Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends
Socket Welding Reducer Inserts
MSS SP-79
Bronze Gate, Globe, Angle, and Check Valves
MSS SP-80 MSS SP-81
Stainless-Steel or Stainless-Steel-Lined, Bonnetless, Knife Gate Valves with Flanged Ends
Class 3000 and 6000 Pipe Unions, Socket Welding and Threaded (Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, Stainless-steels, and Nickel
MSS SP-83
Alloys)
Gray Iron Globe and Angle Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends
MSS SP-85
Diaphragm Valves
MSS SP-88
Swage(d) Nipples and Bull Plugs
MSS SP-95
Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings — Socket Welding, Threaded, and Buttwelding Ends
MSS SP-97
Instrument Valves for Code Applications
MSS SP-105
Cast Copper Alloy Flanges and Flanged Fittings: Class 125, 150, and 300
MSS SP-106
Factory-Made Wrought Belled End Pipe Fittings for Socket-Welding [Note (5)]
MSS SP-119
Refrigeration Tube Fittings — General Specifications
SAE J513
Hydraulic Tube Fittings
SAE J514
Hydraulic Flanged Tube, Pipe, and Hose Connections, 4-Screw Flange Connection Part 1: 3.5 MPa to 35 MPa (Code 61)
SAE J518-1
Hydraulic Flanged Tube, Pipe, and Hose Connections, 4-Screw Flange Connection Part 2: 42 MPa (Code 62)
SAE J518-2
Metallic Pipe and Tubes [Note (6)]
Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
ASME B36.10M
Stainless-steel Pipe
ASME B36.19M
Flanged Ductile-Iron Pipe with Ductile-Iron or Gray-Iron Threaded Flanges
..
AWWA C115
Thickness Design of Ductile-Iron Pipe
AWWA C150
Ductile-Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast
AWWA C151
Steel Water Pipe, 6 in. (150 mm) and Larger
AWWA C200
Miscellaneous
Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)
ASME B1.1
Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)
ASME B1.20.1
Dryseal Pipe Threads (Inch)
ASME B1.20.3
Hose Coupling Screw Threads (Inch)
ASME B1.20.7
Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
ASME B16.20
Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
ASME B16.21
Buttwelding Ends
ASME B16.25
Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay)
ASME B46.1
Thermowells [Note (7)]
ASME PTC 19.3 TW
Specification for Threading, Gauging, and Thread Inspection of Casing, Tubing, and Line Pipe Threads
API 5B
Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile-Iron Pressure Pipe and Fittings
AWWA C111
Grooved and Shouldered Joints [Note (8)]
AWWA C606
Flexible Metal Hose [Notes (9) and (10)]
BS 6501, Part 1
Pipe Hangers and Supports — Materials, Design, Manufacture, Selection, Application, and Installation
MSS SP-58
Standard for Fire Hose Connections
NFPA 1963
GENERAL NOTES:通注
(a) It is not practical to refer to a specific edition of each standard throughout the Code text. Instead, the approved edition references, along with the
names and addresses of the sponsoring organizations, are shown in Appendix E. 在整个规范文本中引用每标准的特定版本是不切实际的，因而只将已
批准2k7版本号连同赞助组织的名称和地址示于附录 E 中。
(b) Many of the listed standards allow the use of unlisted materials; see paragraph 323.1.2. 许多表列标准允许使用非表列材料； 见第 323.1.2。
NOTES: 注
(1) This standard allows straight pipe threads in sizes ≤ DN 15 (NPS 1∕2); see last paragraph of paragraph 314.2.1. 本标准允许使用尺寸不大于
DN15(NPS 1/2)的； 见314.2.1的最后一段。
(2) Part DT of ASME BPE covers dimensions and tolerances for stainless-steel automatic welding and hygienic clamp tube fittings and process
components. ASME BPE 的 DT篇包括了不锈钢自动焊接和卫生级卡管卡架和流程组件的尺寸和公差。
(3) API 6D allows design and calculations for pressure-containing elements to be in accordance with various internationally recognized design
codes or standards. Only API 6D valves with design and calculations for pressure-containing elements in accordance with ASME B16.34 are considered a
“listed component” for the purpose of this Code. 虽然API 6D 允许承压组件的设计和计算只要符合各种国际公认的设计规范或标准即可，但就本规范
而言，但只有按照 ASME B16.34对承压之要求进行设计和计算进行设计和计算之API 6D阀门才被视为“表列元件”。
(4) Cautionary Note: See MSS SP-43 for special provisions concerning ratings. (In accordance with MSS SP-43, the pressure ratings for Class CR
75
fittings are 30% of those calculated for straight seamless pipe of minimum wall thickness.) 注意事项：有关额定值的特殊规定请参见 MSS SP-43 (根据
MSS SP-43所述，CR 级管件之压力额定值是直无缝管最小壁厚计算值的 30%)
(5) MSS SP-119 includes three classes of fittings: MP, MARINE, and CR. Only the MP class fittings are considered a “Listed Component” for the
purpose of this Code. Cautionary Note: See MSS SP-119 (Section 5) for special provisions concerning ratings. (In accordance with MSS SP119, the pressure
ratings for MP class fittings are 87.5% of those calculated for straight seamless pipe of minimum wall thickness.) 虽然MSS SP-119 包括了三类配件：
MP、MARINE 和 CR。 就本规范而言，只有 MP 级配件才被视为“表列元件”。 注意事项：有关额定值的特殊规定请参见 MSS SP-119 (第 5 节)
(根据 MSS SP119所述，MP 级管件的压力额定值是直无缝管最小壁厚计算值的 87.5%)。
(6) See also Appendix A. 另见附录 A。
(7) ASME PTC 19.3 TW allows mechanical design of thermowells to be in accordance with various design codes. Only PTC 19.3 TW thermowells
with design and calculations for pressure-containing elements in accordance with ASME B31.3 are considered a “listed component” for the purpose of this
Code. 虽然ASME PTC 19.3 TW 允许热套管的机械设计符合各种设计规范中之其中一种即可，但只有按 ASME B31.3对承压之要求进行设计和计
算 设计和计算之 热电偶套管才被视为本规范中的“表列元件”。
(8) For use with this Code, the rated pressure of components covered by this standard shall be based on no greater than one-third the hydrostatic
test failure pressure (the pressure at fracture or leakage), rather than one-half the hydrostatic test failure pressure specified in AWWA C606. 就本规范而
啽，本标准所涉组件的额定压力应基于不大于水压试验失效压力 (断裂或泄漏时的压力)时的1/3，而不是AWWA C606 中所规定之水压试验失效
压力的1/2。
(9) Welding and brazing to be in accordance with paras. 328 and 333, respectively, in lieu of the referenced specifications in this standard. 按328
和 333所进的焊接和焊焊分别见代替本标准的参考规范。
(10) This standard contains recommended materials of construction for certain chemical services; the responsibility for the ultimate selection of
material is the responsibility of the Owner and is, therefore, not within the scope of this Code. 本标准包含某些化学设施的推荐结构材料； 材料的最终选
择责任是所有者的责任，因此不在本规范的适用范围内。
Chapter V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection
第V章 制造加工、装配和安装
327 GENERAL通则
Metallic piping materials and components are prepared for assembly and erection by one or more of the fabrication processes
covered in paras. 328, 330, 331, 332, and333. When any of these processes is used in assembly or erection, requirements are the
same as for fabrication. 用于装配和安装之金属管道材料和组件可通过 328、330、331、332 和 333条款中所涵盖之一或多
种制造加工方法进行制备。 当这些方法中的任何一个用于装配或安装时，要求与制造加工相同。
328 WELDING AND BRAZING焊接和焊焊
Welding and brazing shall conform to the requirements of this Chapter and the applicable requirements of paragraph 311.2. 焊接
和焊焊应符合本章之要求和第 311.2条款的适用要求。
328.1 Responsibility
Each employer is responsible for每位雇主都对以下所述事项责任
(a) the welding and brazing performed by personnel of its organization由其组织之人员所进行的焊接和焊焊
(b) conducting the qualification tests required to qualify the welding or brazing procedure specifications used by
personnel in its organization, except as provided in paras. 328.2.1 and 328.2.2 进行必要的工艺规程评定测试，以证明其组织
中之人员是遵循已评定合格之焊接或釬焊工艺规程说书，但 328.2.1 和 328.2.2 的规定除外
(c) conducting the qualification tests required to qualify the welders, brazers, and operators, except as provided in
paragraph 328.2.3 对焊工、焊焊工和操作人员进行所需的技能检定，但328.2.3所规定的情况除外。
328.2 Welding and Brazing Qualification焊接和焊焊工艺规程评定测试
Welding and brazing procedure specifications (WPSs and BPSs) to be followed in production welding shall be prepared and
qualified, and welders, brazers, and operators shall be qualified as required by ASME BPVC, Section IX except as modified by
paragraph 333 for brazing of Category D Fluid Service piping and by the following subparagraphs. 生产焊接中应遵循的焊接和
焊焊工艺规程说书 (WPSs 和 BPSs)应编写好并进行评定，焊工、焊焊工和操作员应按ASME BPVC 第 IX册的相应要求
进行技能检定，但333对D 类流体工况之管道焊焊的修改及以下328.2.1~4各小段所述情况除外。
328.2.1 Standard Welding Procedure Specifications. Standard welding procedure specifications published by the
American Welding Society and listed in ASME BPVC, Section IX, Appendix E are permitted for Code construction within the
limitations established by ASME BPVC, Section IX, Article V. 标准焊接工艺规程说书。 由美国焊接协会发布并在 ASME
BPVC 第 IX册附录 E 中列出的标准焊接工艺规程说书允许在 ASME BPVC 第 IX册第 V章所规定的限制范围内用于规范
建造 (诸如第VIII册，B31.1和B31.3等)。
328.2.2 Procedure Qualification by Others. In order to avoid duplication of effort and subject to the approval of the
owner, WPSs and BPSs qualified by a technically competent group or agency may be used provided the following are met: 由其
他组织所进行的工艺规程评定。 为避免重复劳动并经所有者批准，可应用经技术主管团体或机构认可的 WPS 和 BPS，
前提是满足以下条件：
(a) The procedures meet the requirements of ASME BPVC, Section IX and any additional qualification
requirements of this Code. 这些工艺规程说书满足 ASME BPVC 第 IX册的要求以及本规范的任何附加评定要求。
(b) The employer has qualified at least one welder, brazer, or operator following each WPS or BPS. 雇主已按每
份 WPS 或 BPS 对至少一名焊工、焊焊工或操作员进行了技能检定。
(c) The employer’s business name shall be shown on each WPS and BPS, and on each qualification record. In
addition, qualification records shall be signed and dated by the employer, thereby accepting responsibility for the qualifications
performed by others. 雇主的公司名称应显示在每份 WPS 和 BPS 以及每份工艺评定记录上。 此外，工艺评定记录应由雇
主签字并注明日期，以表明其对由其他组织所完成之规程评定承担后续所应负之责任。
76
328.2.3 Performance Qualification by Others. In order to avoid duplication of effort and subject to the approval of
the owner, an employer may accept the performance qualification of a welder, brazer, or operator made by a previous employer.
This acceptance is limited to performance qualifications that were made on pipe or tube test coupons. The new employer shall
have the WPS or BPS that was followed during qualification or an equivalent WPS or BPS that is within the limits of the essential
variables set forth in ASME BPVC, Section IX. An employer accepting such qualification tests shall obtain a copy of the
performance qualification test record from the previous employer. The record shall show the name of the employer by whom the
welder, brazer, or operator was qualified and the date of that qualification. Evidence shall also be provided that the welder, brazer,
or operator has maintained qualification in accordance with QW-322 and QB-322 of ASME BPVC, Section IX, except that this
evidence may be provided by an employer responsible for the individual’s welding or brazing performance even if not the original
qualifying employer. The new employer’s business name shall be shown on the qualification record, and it shall be signed and
dated by the employer, thereby accepting responsibility for the qualifications performed by others. 其他组织所进行的技能检
定。 为避免重复劳动并经业主批准，雇主可以接受前任雇主对焊工、焊焊工或操作员的技能检定资格。 这种接受仅限
于对管道或管子测试用试样所进行的技能检定。 新雇主应拥有技能检定间所要遵循的 WPS 或 BPS，或在 ASME BPVC
第 IX册中规定的必要变量限度内的等效 WPS 或 BPS。 接受技能检定的用人单位应当向原用人单位获得技能检定试验记
录的复本。 记录应显示对焊工、钎焊工或操作员进行检定的雇主名称以及检定日期。 还应提供证据表明焊工、钎焊工
或操作员已按ASME BPVC 第 IX册QW-322 和 QB-322 所述的有效资格维持记录，除非该证据可由负责个人焊接或钎焊
的雇主提供，即使不是原来的认可雇主。 新雇主的企业名称应显示在检定记录上，并由雇主签名并注明日期，以表明
其对由其他组织所完成之技能鉴定承担后续所应负之责任。
328.2.4 Qualification Records. The employer shall maintain copies of the procedure and performance qualification
records specified by ASME BPVC, Section IX that shall be available to the Inspector at the location where welding is being done.
资格记录。 雇主应保留 ASME BPVC 第 IX册所规定的规程评定记录和技能检定记录的副本，以便在进行焊接之所在处
可供检师查阅。
328.3 Welding Materials焊接材料
328.3.1 Electrodes and Filler Metal. Welding electrodes and filler metal, including consumable inserts, shall
conform to the requirements of ASME BPVC, Section II, Part C. An electrode or filler metal not conforming to the above may be
used provided the WPS and the welders who will follow the WPS have been qualified as required by ASME BPVC, Section IX.
Unless otherwise specified by the Designer, welding electrodes and filler metals used shall produce weld metal that complies with
the following: 焊条 (丝)和焊填金属。 焊条 (丝)和焊填金属，包括消耗性嵌条，应符合 ASME BPVC 第 II-C 卷的相应要
求。只要 WPS和遵循该WPS之焊工已按ASME BPVC 第 IX册之要求获得认可资格，则可使用不符合上述要求的焊条
(丝)或焊填金属。 除非设计师另有规定，否则所用焊条 (丝)和焊填金属应产生符合以下要求的焊缝金属：
(a) The nominal tensile strength of the weld metal shall equal or exceed the minimum specified tensile strength
of the base metals being joined, or the weaker of the two if base metals of two different strengths are being joined. 焊缝金属之标
称抗拉强度应 ≥ 被连接母材的最小规定抗拉强度，或者如果两种不同强度之母材被连接时，则应 ≥ 两者中较弱的一个。
(b) The nominal chemical analysis of the weld metal shall be similar to the nominal chemical analysis of the
major alloying elements of the base metal (e.g., 2 1∕4% Cr, 1% Mo steels should be joined using 2 1∕4% Cr, 1% Mo filler
metals). 焊缝金属的标称化学分析应与母材主要合金元素的标称化学成份相似 (如21∕4% Cr, 1%Mo钢宜采用21∕4% Cr,
1%的焊填金属)。
(c) If base metals of different chemical analysis are being joined, the nominal chemical analysis of the weld
metal shall be similar to either base metal or an intermediate composition, except as specified below for austenitic steels joined to
ferritic steels. 当连接不同化学成份之母材时，焊缝金属的标称化学成份应类似于被连接母材中的任一个或两者之成分的
中间值，但如下对奥氏体钢与铁素体钢连接的规定除外。
(d) When austenitic steels are joined to ferritic steels, the weld metal shall have a predominantly austenitic
microstructure. 当奥氏体钢与铁素体钢连接时，焊缝金属主要应为奥氏体微观结构。
(e) For nonferrous metals, the weld metal shall be that recommended by the manufacturer of the nonferrous base
metal or by industry associations for that metal. 非铁基金属焊条金属应为非铁基金属制造商或该金属行业协会所推荐的金
属。
328.3.2 Weld Backing Material. When backing rings are used, they shall conform to the following: 焊接背衬材
料。 使用背衬环时，应符合下列规定：
(a) Ferrous Metal Backing Rings. These shall be of weldable quality. Sulfur content shall not exceed 0.05%.铁基
金属背衬环。 此类背衬环应具有可焊质量，且含硫量不应超过0.05%。
(b) If two abutting surfaces are to be welded to a third member used as a backing ring and one or two of the three
members are ferritic and the other member or members are austenitic, the satisfactory use of such materials shall be demonstrated
by welding procedure qualified as required by paragraph 328.2. 如果两个邻接面要焊接到用作背衬环的第三个构件上，并且
三个构件中的一或两个是铁素体构件，而另一个是奥氏体构件，则应已成功通过第 328.2条款所要求之焊接工艺说明书
来证明对此类材料的使用能获得良好结果 。
Backing rings may be of the continuous machined or split-band type. Some commonly used types are shown in
Figure 328.3.2. 背衬环可以是机加工的连续间隔环或开口式带环。 一些常用的类型如图 328.3.2 所示。
(c) Nonferrous and Nonmetallic Backing Rings. Backing rings of nonferrous or nonmetallic material may be
used, provided the designer approves their use and the welding procedure using them is qualified as required by paragraph 328.2.
非铁基金属和非金属垫环。 可以使用非铁基金属或非金属材料的垫环，前提是设计者批准使用它们，并且使用适它们
且们且符合328.2所要求的的焊接程序。
328.3.3 Consumable Inserts. Consumable inserts may be used, provided they are of the same nominal composition
as the filler metal, will not cause detrimental alloying of the weld metal, and the welding procedure using them is qualified as
required by paragraph 328.2. Some commonly used types are shown in Figure 328.3.2. 消耗性崁条。 可以使用消耗性嵌件，
77
只要它们与焊填金属具有相同的标称成分，不会导致焊缝金属的有害合金化，并且使用它们的焊接程序符合328.2的要
求。 一些常用的类型如图 328.3.2 所示。
328.4 Preparation for Welding焊接制备
328.4.1 Cleaning. Internal and external surfaces to be thermally cut or welded shall be clean and free from paint, oil,
rust, scale, and other material that would be detrimental to either the weld or the base metal when heat is applied. 清理。 热切割
或焊接的内表/外表面应清洁，无油漆、油污、铁锈、氧化皮和其他在加热时对焊缝或母材有害的材料。
Figure 328.3.2 Typical Backing Rings and Consumable Inserts典型的衬环和可熔性嵌条
(c) Nonmetallinc Removable
Backing Ringc (Refractory)
耐火型非金屬可拆卸式背襯環
(a) Butt Joint With Bored Pipe Ends and Solid or Split
Backing Ring [Note (1)] 帶镗孔管端和整体或開口型墊
(d) Square Ring or Round Wire
Type方形襯環或圓線型襯
片的對接接頭 [注 (1)]
環
(e) Flat Rectangular Ring
矩形平環
Typical Consumable
Inserts典型的消耗性崁條
(bl Butt Joint With Taper-Bored Ends and Solid Backing
Ring [Note (1)] 帶錐孔端部和整體背襯環對接接頭 [注 (1)]
(f) Formed Ring Type
環狀型襯環
(g) Y-Type Y 形襯環
NOTE: (1) Refer to ASME B16.25 for detailed dimensional information on welding ends.
注：(1) 有关焊接端部的详细尺寸信息，请参阅 ASME B16.25。
328.4.2 End Preparation端部制备
(a) General 通则
(1) End preparation is acceptable only if the surface is reasonably smooth and true, and slag from oxygen or
arc cutting is cleaned from thermally cut surfaces. Discoloration remaining on a thermally cut surface is not considered
detrimental oxidation. 只有当表面相当光滑并为真实金属面，并且从热切割表面清除氧气或电弧切割所产生的熔渣
时，端部制备才可被接受。 留在热切割表面上的变色不被认为是有害的氧化。
(2) End preparation for groove welds specified in ASME B16.25, or any other that meets the WPS, is
acceptable. [For convenience, the basic bevel angles of ASME B16.25 and some additional J-bevel angles are shown in
Figure 328.4.2, illustrations (a) and (b).] ASME B16.25 或任何其他符合 WPS所规定之坡口焊缝的端部制备是可接受的
[为方便起见，ASME B16.25 的基本波口度角和另外的几种的 J 口度角显示在图 328.4.2 的插图 (a) 和 (b) 中]。
(b) Circumferential Welds 环焊缝
(1) If component ends are trimmed as shown in Figure 328.3.2, illustration (a) or (b) to fit backing rings or
consumable inserts, or as shown in Figure 328.4.3, illustration (a) or (b) to correct internal misalignment, such trimming
shall not reduce the finished wall thickness below the required minimum wall thickness, 𝑡𝑚 . 如果组件端部如图 328.3.2中
插图 (a) 或 (b) 所示进行修整以安装背垫环或消耗性崁条，或如图 328.4.3中插图 (a) 或 (b) 所示以纠正内部未对准
时 , 这种修整不应将成品壁厚减少到低于所要求的最小壁厚。
(2) Component ends may be bored to allow for a completely recessed backing ring, provided the remaining
net thickness of the finished ends is not less than 𝑡𝑚 . 如果加工后的端头剩余净厚度不小于 t_m，则该组件端部可镗
孔，以便垫环完全放入凹槽。
(3) It is permissible to size pipe ends of the same nominal size to improve alignment if wall thickness
requirements are maintained. 如果能保有壁厚要求，则允许对具有相同公称尺寸的管端进行尺寸进行加工以改进对
准。
(4) Where necessary, weld metal may be deposited inside or outside of the component to permit alignment
or provide for machining to ensure satisfactory seating of rings or inserts. 必要时，焊条金属可以沉积在组件的内部或外
部，以允许对准或提供机加工以确保环或崁条的良好就位。
(5) When a girth or miter groove weld joins components of unequal wall thickness and one is more than 1 1
∕2 times the thickness of the other, end preparation and geometry shall be in accordance with acceptable designs for
unequal wall thickness in ASME B16.25. 当采用环焊缝或斜接坡口焊缝来连接壁厚不等之组件并且一个组件的厚度大
于另一个组件之厚度的1.5倍时，端部制备和几何形状应符合 ASME B16.25 中不等壁厚的可接受设计。
(6) Butt-weld fittings manufactured in accordance with ASME B16.9 may be trimmed to produce an angular
joint offset in their connections to pipe or to other butt-weld fittings without being subject to design qualifications in
accordance with paragraph 304.7.2, provided the total angular offset produced between the two jointed parts does not
78
exceed 3 deg. 根据 ASME B16.9所制造的对焊管件可能会被修整以在其与管道或其他对焊管件的连接中产生角度偏
移的角接头，而无需按304.7.2进行设计验证，前提是两连接然件之间产生的总角度偏移不超过 3o。
Figure 328.4.2 Typical Butt Weld End Preparation典型的对焊端部制备
(a) Wall Thickness 6 mm to 22 mm. [3/i6 i.n. to 7/s in.]
壁厚6 mm to 22 mm [3/i6 i.n. to 7/s in.]
b) Wall Thickness Over 22 mm (7/8 in.)
壁厚超过 22 mm (7/8 in.)
328.4.3 Alignment对准
(a) Circumferential Welds 环焊缝
(1) Inside surfaces of components at ends to be joined in girth or miter groove welds shall be aligned within
the dimensional limits in the WPS and the engineering design. 以环焊缝或斜斜焊缝连接之组件中的端部内表面应在
WPS 和工程设计的尺寸限制范围内对准。
(2) If the external surfaces of the components are not aligned, the weld shall be tapered between them. 如果
元外表面不对对准，则它们之间的焊缝形成过渡斜面。
(b) Longitudinal Welds. Alignment of longitudinal groove welds (not made in accordance with a standard listed
in Table A-1, Table A-1M, or Table 326.1) shall conform to the requirements of paragraph 328.4.3(a). 纵向焊缝。 纵向坡口焊
缝的对中 (不是按照表 A-1、表 A-1M 或表 326.1 中所列标准进行的)应符合 328.4.3(a)的要求。
(c) Branch Connection Welds 支管连接焊缝
(1) Branch connections that abut the outside surface of the run pipe shall be contoured for groove welds that
meet the WPS requirements [see Figure 328.4.4, illustrations (a) and (b)]. 邻接主管道外表面之支管
连接件的轮廓应符合 WPS所要求的坡口焊缝 [见图 328.4.4，插图 (a) 和 (b)]。
(2) Branch connections that are inserted through a run opening shall be inserted at least as far as the inside
surface of the run pipe at all points [see Figure 328.4.4, illustration (c)] and shall otherwise conform to paragraph
328.4.3(c)(1). 通过主管开孔插入之支管的连接应在所有点处至少插入该主管内表面 [见图 328.4.4，插图 (c)]，否则
应符合的规定。
(3) Run openings for branch connections shall not deviate from the required contour more than the
dimension m in Figure 328.4.4. In no case shall deviations of the shape of the opening cause the root spacing tolerance
limits in the WPS to be exceeded. Weld metal may be added and refinished if necessary for compliance.分支连接件的主管
开孔偏离所要求之轮廓不应超过图 328.4.4 中的尺寸 m。 在任何情况下，开孔形状的偏差都不应导致超过 WPS 中
的根间距公差限值。 如有必要，可添加焊缝金属并进行修整以符合要求。
Figure 328.4.3 Trimming and Permitted Misalignment修整加工和所允许的错边量
Permitted
misalignment. See
WPS.
Permitted misalignment.
See WPS. 允許的錯位。 請
30 deg max.
最多 30o
參閱 WPS。
(a) Thicker Pipe Taper-Bored to Align
Round
corner圓角
30 deg
max.
(b) Thicker Pipe Bored for Alignment
(d) Spacing. The root opening of the joint shall be within the tolerance limits in the WPS. 间隙。 接头的根部间
隙口应在 WPS 的公差范围内。
328.5 Welding Requirements焊接要求
328.5.1 General通则
(a) Welds, including addition of weld metal for alignment [paras. 328.4.2(b)(4) and 328.4.3(c)(3)], shall be made
in accordance with a qualified procedure and by qualified welders or welding operators. 焊缝，包括用于对准之焊缝金属[见
328.4.2(b)(4) 和 328.4.3(c)(3)]，应由已认可合格规程并由成功通过技能检定之焊工或焊接操作员来进行。
(b) Each qualified welder and welding operator shall be assigned an identification symbol. Unless otherwise
specified in the engineering design, each pressure-containing weld or adjacent area shall be marked with the identification symbol
of the welder or welding operator. In lieu of marking the weld, appropriate records shall be filed. 每位合格焊工和焊接操作员都
应指一个识别代号。 除工程设计中另有规定外，每一承压焊缝或其相邻区域均应标明焊工或焊接操作员的识别代号。
不在焊缝上 (附近)打识别代号时，则应有相应的记录存盘。
(c) Tack welds at the root of the joint shall be made with filler metal equivalent to that used in the root pass. Tack
welds shall be made by a qualified welder or welding operator. Tack welds shall be fused with the root pass weld, except that
those that have cracked shall be removed. Bridge tacks (above the weld) shall be removed. 接头根部的点焊应使用与根部焊道
相同的焊填金属。 点焊应由成功通过技能检定之焊工或焊接操作工来进行。 定位焊应与根部焊缝熔化成一体，有裂纹
之定位焊应应磨除。应去除根部上方的桥钉。
(d) Peening is prohibited on the root pass and final pass of a weld. 焊缝打底层和焊缝最终层禁止喷丸。
79
(e) No welding shall be done if there is impingement on the weld area of rain, snow, sleet, or excessive wind, or
if the weld area is frosted or wet. 雨、雪、雨夹雪、大风等侵袭位焊接部位，或焊接部位结霜、潮湿时，不应施焊。
(f) Welding End Valves. The welding sequence and procedure and any heat treatment for a welding end valve
shall be such as to preserve the seat tightness of the valve. 端阀的焊接。 焊接端阀的焊接顺序和工艺以及任何热处理应能保
持阀门的密封性。
328.5.2 Fillet and Socket Welds. 填角焊缝和承插焊缝
(a) Fillet and socket welds may vary from convex to concave. The size of these welds shall be determined as
shown in Figure 328.5.2A. 填角焊缝和承插焊缝的外观轮廓可以从凸面变化到凹面。应按图 328.5.2A中 所示来确定 这些
焊缝的尺寸。
(b) Minimum attachment weld dimensions for double-welded slip-on flanges, socket welding flanges, and other
socket welding components shall be as shown in Figures 328.5.2B and 328.5.2C. 双面焊之滑套法兰、承插焊法兰和其他承插
焊组件的最小连接焊缝尺寸应如图 328.5.2B 和 328.5.2C 所示。
(c) If slip-on flanges are single welded, the weld shall be at the hub, i.e., the 𝑋min by 𝑋min weld illustrated in
Figure 328.5.2B. 如果滑套法兰是单面焊时，则焊缝应位于焊颈处，即图 328.5.2B 中所示的 𝑋min x 𝑋min 焊缝。
328.5.3 Seal Welds. Seal welding shall be done by a qualified welder. Seal welds shall cover all exposed threads.
密封焊缝。 应由已检定合格之焊工来进行密封焊接。 密封焊缝应覆盖所有外露螺纹。
328.5.4 Welded Branch Connections焊接型支管连接件
(a) Figures 328.5.4A through 328.5.4F show acceptable details of branch connections with and without added
reinforcement, in which the branch pipe is connected directly to the run pipe. The illustrations are typical and are not intended to
exclude acceptable types of construction not shown. 图 328.5.4A 到 328.5.4F 显示了带和不带加固之支管连接件直接连接到
主管道的可接受详图。 这些插图是典型图例，其并不旨在排除未显示但可接受的结构类型。
(b) Figure 328.5.4D shows basic types of weld attachments used in the fabrication of branch connections. The
location and minimum size of attachment welds shall conform to the requirements herein. Welds shall be calculated in accordance
with paragraph 304.3.3 but shall be not less than the sizes shown in Figure 328.5.4D. Figure 328.5.4F shows the basic types of
attachment welds used with integrally reinforced branch connection fittings. The location and the minimum size of the attachment
welds shall conform to the requirements of (i) below. 图 328.5.4D 显示了用于制造加工支管连接件的几种焊接附件类型。 连
接焊缝的位置和最小尺寸应符合此处的要求。 应按304.3.3来计算焊缝尺寸， 但不应小于图 328.5.4D 中所示尺寸。 图
328.5.4F 显示了与整体式加固支管连接件一起使用的基本连接焊缝类型，且体式加固支管连接件之连接焊缝的位置和最
小尺寸应符合如下 (i) 的要求。
(c) The nomenclature and symbols used herein, in Figure 328.5.4D, and in Figure 328.5.4F are本节以及图
328.5.4D 和图 328.5.4F 中所用命名原則和符号之定义如下所述：
𝑇̅𝑏 = nominal thickness of branch支管的公称厚度
𝑇̅ℎ = nominal thickness of header集管的标称厚度
𝑇̅𝑚 = nominal thickness of the branch weld for integrally reinforced branch connection fittings整体
式加固支管连接件之支管焊缝的标称厚度
(1) as specified by the manufacturer of the branch connection fitting按支管连接件制造商
的规定
(2) the full depth of the resultant weld groove, after fit-up, if no manufacturer’s weld
thickness is specified如果没有指定制造商的焊缝厚度，则为装配后所得焊缝坡口的
全深
(3) as documented and specified in the engineering design in accordance with paragraph
300(c)(3), or工程设计中记录应遵守合300(c)(3)之要求，或者是
(4) calculated and documented in accordance with the requirements of paragraph 304.7.2按
304.7.2的要求来进行计算和记录。
̅
=
𝑇𝑟 nominal thickness of reinforcing pad or saddle加固衬垫或鞍座的标称厚度
𝑡𝑐 = lesser of 0.7 𝑇̅𝑏 or 6 mm (1∕4 in.) 取0.7 𝑇̅𝑏 或6 mm (1∕4 in.) 中的较小者
𝑡min = lesser of 𝑇̅𝑏 or 𝑇̅𝑟 取0.7 𝑇̅𝑏 或𝑇̅𝑟 中的较小者
Figure 328.4.4 Preparation for Branch Connections支管连接件的制备
Legend: 插图说明
g = root gap per welding specification符合焊接规范的根部间隙
̅𝑏 取0.7 𝑇̅𝑏 或0.5 𝑇̅𝑏 中的较小者
m = the lesser of 3.2 mm (1⁄8 in.) or 0.5 𝑇
80
Figure 328.5.2A Fillet and Socket Weld Sizes填角焊缝和承插焊缝的尺寸
Surface of perpendicular member
Surface of perpendicular member
Convex fillet weld
Size of
weld
horizontal member
Size of
weld
Concave fillet
weld
Concave fillet weld
Convex fillet weld
horizontal member
Theoretical throat
Theoretical throat
Equal Leg Fillet Weld [Note (1)
Unequal Leg Fillet Weld [Note (2)]
NOTES:注
(1) The size of an equal leg fillet weld is the leg length of the largest inscribed isosceles right triangle (theoretical throat = 0.707 × size). 脚长
填角焊缝填角焊缝的尺寸为最大内接等腰直角三角形的焊脚长度 (理论焊喉=0.707×脚角)。
(2) The size of unequal leg fillet weld is the leg lengths of the largest right triangle that can be inscribed within the weld cross section [e.g., 13
mm × 19 mm (1∕2 in. × 3∕4 in.)]. 不等脚长之焊缝的尺寸尺寸为焊缝截面内可内接枝最大直角三角形的边长[如13mm×19mm 1∕2 in. × 3∕4
in.]。
Figure 328.5.2B Minimum Attachment Weld Dimensions for Double-Welded Slip-On and Socket Welding Flanges双面
焊滑套法兰和承插焊法兰的最小连接焊缝尺寸
1.5 mm (1/i6 in.)
approx, gap before
welding
̅T or 6 mm (1/4 in.)
The lesser of 𝑻
(a) Front and Back welds前焊缝和背焊缝
(b) Face and Back Welds面焊缝和背焊缝
Legend: 插图说明
𝑥min = the lesser of 1.4 𝑇̅ or the thickness of the hub 1.4𝑇̅或焊颈厚度中的较小者
(c) Socket Welding Flange承插焊法兰
Figure 328.5.2C Minimum Attachment Weld Dimensions for Socket Welding Components
Other Than Flanges承插焊组件 (法兰除外)的最小连接焊缝尺寸
𝑇̅ = nominal pipe wall thickness
鋼管標稱壁厚
Cx (min.) = 1.09 T or the thickness of the
socket wall, whichever is smaller 1.09 T或承
插口處之壁厚兩者中之较小者
Approximately 1.5 mm (1/16 in.)
gap before welding焊接前間隙
約 1.5 mm (1/16 in.)
Socket wall thickness承插口處之壁厚
81
Figures 328.5.4A, B, C Typical Welded Branch Connections A, B, C型的焊接支管连接件
Vent hole
通氣孔
(a) Without Added Reinforcemen无外加补强
(b) With Added Reinforcement有外加补强
(c) Angular Branch Without Added
Reinforcement无外加补强的斜接支管
Figure 328.5.4D Acceptable Details for Branch Attachment Welds支管连接焊缝可接受的细节
GENERAL NOTE: These illustrations show minimum acceptable welds. Welds may be larger than those shown here. 注：图中
所示为最小容许焊缝尺寸，焊缝可大于图中所示尺寸。
Figure 328.5.4E Acceptable Details for Branch Attachments Suitable for 100% Radiography
适用于 100% 射线检测之支管附件的可接受细节
(a) Contour Outlet Fitting沿轮廓外接的出口管件
(b) Extruded Header Outlet挤制集管引出口
(d) Figure 328.5.4F shows additional integrally reinforced branch connections typical of MSS SP-97 fittings that
abut the outside of the run attached by a full penetration groove weld. The welds shall be finished with cover fillets having a
throat dimension not less than 𝑡𝑐 . The cover fillet weld shall fill and smoothly transition to the attachment weld and run pipe or
fitting. 图 328.5.4F显示了额外的整体式加固支管连接见，典型的 MSS SP-97 管件连接在由全熔透坡口焊所连接的管路外
侧。 焊缝应以喉部尺寸不小于𝑡𝑐 之填角焊缝作为饰面焊缝。 覆面填角焊缝应能平滑过渡到连接焊缝和主管或管件的方
式填充。
328.5.5 Fabricated Laps. Figure 328.5.5 shows typical fabricated laps. Fabrication shall be in accordance with the
applicable requirements of paragraph 328.5.4. 組合式搭接短管。 图 328.5.5 显示了典型的組合式搭接短管，其 制造加工应
符合328.5.4的适用要求 。
328.5.6 Welding for Severe Cyclic Conditions. A welding procedure shall be employed that provides a smooth,
regular, fully penetrated inner surface. 剧烈循环条件下的焊接。 应采用一种能使内表面光滑、规整、完全焊透的焊接工
艺。
328.6 Weld Repair焊补
A weld defect to be repaired shall be removed to sound metal. Repair welds shall be made using a welding procedure
qualified in accordance with paragraph 328.2, recognizing that the cavity to be repaired may differ in contour and
dimensions from the original joint. Repair welds shall be made by welders or welding operators qualified in accordance with
paragraph 328.2. Preheating and heat treatment shall be as required for the original welding. See also paragraph 341.3.3. 待
修复的焊缝缺陷应去除至质量健全的金属。 补焊应采用符合328.已认可认可焊接规承来进行，认识到要修复的溶穴
82
在轮廓和尺寸上可能与原始接头不同。 反修焊缝应由符合之焊工或焊接操作员来进行。 预热和热处理按对原焊缝
的要求进行。 另见 341.3.3。
328.7 Attachment Welds连接焊缝
Figure 328.5.4F Acceptable Details for Integrally Reinforced Branch Connections整体式加固支管连接件的可接受细节
Manufacturer’s weld line (if
applicable) 製造商的熔接線 (
Manufacturer’s weld line (if
applicable) 製造商的熔接線 (
如果由製造商施焊時)
Manufacturer’s weld line (if
如果由製造商施焊時)
applicable) 製造商的熔接線 (
如果由製造商施焊時)
(b) Longitudinal 纵向
(a) Transverse横向
(c) Transverse横向
Manufacturer’s weld line (if
applicable) 製造商的熔接線 (
Crotch
分叉處
如果由製造商施焊時)
Crotch分叉處
Heel焊腳
Manufacturer’s weld line (if
applicable) 製造商的熔接線 (
如果由製造商施焊時)
Heel焊腳
(d) Longitudinal 纵向
Manufacturer’s weld line (if
applicable) 製造商的熔接線 (
如果由製造商施焊時)
(g) Longitudinal纵向
(f) Transverse横向
GENERAL NOTE: Welds shall be in accordance with paragraph 328.5.4(i). 通注：焊接应符合 328.5.4(i)。
NOTES: 注
(1) Cover fillet weld shall provide a smooth transition to the run pipe with an equal leg fillet at the longitudinal section to an equal leg fillet,
unequal (oblique) leg fillet, or groove butt joint at the transverse section (depending on branch connection size). 盖面填角焊缝应平滑过渡到在纵向
截面处具有等具有等腿长填角焊缝之主管或平滑过渡到在横截面上具有等边角角、不腿长 (腿长斜)角角或填角焊或坡口对接接头 (取决于支
管连接尺寸)之主管。
(2) Heat treatment requirements shall be in accordance with paragraph 331.1.3(a). 热处理要求应符合 331.1.3(a)。
(3) Cover fillet weld shall provide a smooth transition to the run pipe with an equal leg fillet at the crotch in the longitudinal section to an equal
leg fillet, unequal (oblique) leg fillet, or groove butt joint at the transverse section (depending on branch connection size) to nothing at the heel of the
branch connection fitting in the longitudinal section. 覆面填角焊缝应平滑过渡到在纵向截面分叉处具有等腿长填角焊缝之主管，或平滑过渡到
在横向截面处具有等腿角填角焊缝、不等腿长 (斜)填角焊或坡口对接接头 (取决于支管连接 尺寸)之主管，覆面填角焊缝不需要过渡倒在在
分叉处之纵截面上的分支管连接管件。
Structural attachments may be made by complete penetration, partial penetration, or fillet welds. 结构附件可通过全渗
透、办渗透或填角焊来连接至组件上。
Low energy capacitor discharge welding may be used for welding temporary attachments (e.g., thermocouples) and
permanent nonstructural attachments without preheat above 10°C (50°F) or subsequent postweld heat treatment on P-No. 1
through P-No. 5B and P-No. 15E materials, provided低能量电容放电焊接可用于焊接临时附件 (例如，热电偶)和永久
性非结构附件，预热无需超过 10°C (50°F)或随后对 P-No. 1到 P-No. 5B 和 PP-No.15E材料进行焊后热处理 ，前提
是：
(a) a Welding Procedure Specification is prepared, describing the low energy capacitor discharge equipment, the
combination of materials to be joined, and the technique of application; qualification of the welding procedure is not required
编制焊接工艺规程说明书，以描述低能量电容器放电设备、待连接材料的组合以及应用技术； 焊接工艺规程说明书不
需要经评定试验
83
(b) the energy output of the welding process is limited to 125 W-sec 焊接过程的能量输出限制在 125 W-sec
(c) for P-No. 5A, P-No. 5B, and P-No. 15E materials, the maximum carbon content of the material is 0.15%
P-No. 5A，P-No.5B 和 P-No. 15E材料的最大含碳量为0.15%
(d) after thermocouples are removed, the areas shall be visually examined for evidence of defects to be repaired
拆除热电偶后，应对这些区域进行目视检查，以查看是否存在着需要修复的缺陷
Figure 328.5.5 Typical Fabricated Laps 典型的組合式搭接短管
GENERAL NOTE: Laps shall be machined (front and back) or trued after welding. Plate flanges in accordance with paragraph 304.5 or lap joint
flanges in accordance with ASME B16.5 may be used. Welds may be machined to radius, as in illustration (e), if necessary to match ASME
B16.5 lap joint flanges. 通注：搭接短管应在焊接后机加工 (正面和背面)或修整。可以使用符合304.5 板折边法兰，或符合 ASME
B16.5搭接法兰。 如有必要，可通过机加工将焊缝加工成具有如图 (e) 所示的圆角，以匹配 ASME B16.5 搭接法兰。
330 PREHEATING预热
330.1 General通则
The preheat requirements herein apply to all types of welding, including tack welds, repair welds, and seal welds on
threaded joints. 此处的预热要求适用于所有类型的焊接，包括定返修焊缝修焊缝和螺纹接头上的密封焊。
The preheating rules in ASME B31P may be used as an alternate. ASME B31P 中的预热规则可用作被选方案。
330.1.1 Requirements. Unless specified otherwise in the engineering design, the minimum preheat temperatures for
materials of various P-Numbers are given in Table 330.1.1. The thickness intended in Table 330.1.1 is that of the nominal
thickness of the thicker component [as defined in paragraph 331.1.3(c)]. Higher minimum preheat temperatures may be required
by the WPS or by the engineering design. 求。 除非工程设计中另有规定，表330.1.1给出了各种P-No.材料的最低预热温
度。 表 330.1.1 中所预期的厚度是较厚组件的标称厚度 [如 331.1.3(c)中所定义]。 WPS 或工程设计可能需要更高的最低
预热温度。
330.1.2 Unlisted Materials. Preheat requirements for an unlisted material shall be specified in the WPS. 非表列材
料。 非表列材料的预热要求应在 WPS 中指定。
330.1.3 Preheat Temperature Verification预热温度校验
(a) Preheat temperature shall be checked by use of temperature indicating crayons, thermocouple pyrometers, or
other suitable means to ensure that the temperature specified in the WPS is obtained prior to and maintained during welding. 应使
用温度指示蜡笔、热电偶高温计或其他合适方法来检测预热温度，以确保在焊接前获得并在焊接期间保持 WPS 中的规
定温度。
(b) Thermocouples may be temporarily attached directly to pressure-containing parts using the low energy
capacitor discharge method of welding in accordance with paragraph 328.7. 热电偶可按328.7使用低能量电容放电焊接方法临
时直接连接到承压部件上 。
330.1.4 Preheat Zone. The preheat zone shall be at or above the specified minimum temperature in all directions from
the point of welding for a distance of the larger of 75 mm (3 in.) or 1.5 times the greater nominal thickness. 预热区。 预定区定
义为在所有方向上距焊接点 75 mm (3 in.)或较大标称厚度1.5 倍之两者的较大距离内都应达到或高于最低规定温度。
The base metal temperature for tack welds shall be at or above the specified minimum temperature for a distance not
less than 25 mm (1 in.) in all directions from the point of welding. 定位焊的母材温度应等于或高的最低规定温度，
在所有方向上距焊接点距离不小于25 mm (1 in.)。
330.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
330.2.1 Different P-No. Materials. When welding two different P-No. materials, the preheat temperature shall be the
higher temperature for the material being welded as shown in Table 330.1.1. 不同 P-No. 的材料。 当焊接两个不同 P-No. 材料
时，预热温度应为被焊接材料分别在表 330.1.1 所示温度的较高者。
330.2.2 Interruption of Welding. After welding commences, the minimum preheat temperature shall be maintained
until any required PWHT is performed on P-Nos. 3, 4, 5A, 5B, 6, and 15E, except when all of the following conditions are
satisfied: 焊接中断。 焊接开始后，应始终保持最低预热温度，直到对 P-No. 3、4、5A、5B、6 和 15E 焊缝进行任何所
要求的 PWHT时，除非满足以下所有条件：
(a) A minimum of at least 10 mm (3∕8 in.) thickness of weld is deposited or 25% of the welding groove is filled,
whichever is less (the weld shall be sufficiently supported to prevent overstressing the weld if the weldment is to be moved or
otherwise loaded). Caution is advised that the surface condition prior to cooling should be smooth and free of sharp
discontinuities. 至少已沉积10 mm (3∕8 in.)厚度之焊缝或已填充坡口焊缝的 25%，以较小者为准 (如果要移动焊件或以其
他方式加载，则焊缝应以沉积到足够厚度以防止焊缝过应力 )。 建议注意冷却前的表面状况应该是光滑的并且没有明显
的不连续性。
(b) For P-Nos. 3, 4, and 5A materials, the weld is allowed to cool slowly to room temperature. P-No. 3、4、5A
84
材料中之焊缝允许缓慢冷却至室温。
(c) For P-Nos. 5B, 6, and 15E materials, the weld is subjected to an adequate intermediate heat treatment with a
controlled rate of cooling. The preheat temperature may be reduced to 95°C (200°F) (minimum) for the purpose of root
examination without performing an intermediate heat treatment. Intermediate heat treatment for P-No. 5B or P-No. 15E materials
may be omitted when using low-hydrogen electrodes and filler metals classified by the filler metal specification with an optional
supplemental diffusible-hydrogen designator of H4 or lower and suitably controlled by maintenance procedures to avoid
contamination by hydrogen-producing sources. The surface of the base metal prepared for welding shall be free of contaminants.
P-No. 5B、6 和 15E材料中之要经过适当的中间热处理，并控制冷却速度。 出于根部检查的目的，无需进行中间热处
理，预热温度可降至 95°C (200°F) (最低)。当P-No. 5B或P-No. 15E材料中之焊缝是用低氢焊条和低氢焊填金属锁沉积而
成时可略去中间热处理，这些焊填金属按填充金属规范分类，可选的附加扩散氢代号为 H4 或更低，并通过维护程序适
当控制以避免被产氢源污染。 代焊接母材的表面应无污染物。
Table 330.1.1 Preheat Temperatures预热温度
Base Metal P-No.
[Note (1)] 母材的 PNo. [注(一)]
1
Base Metal Group
母材组别
Carbon steel碳素钢
Greater Material
Required Minimum Temperature
Thickness较大的材料厚度 Additional Limits [Note (2)] 其
所要求的最低温度
他限制 [注 (2)]
mm
in.
°C
°F
≤25
≤1
10
50
None无
>25
>1
%C ≤ 0.30 [Note (3)]
10
50
>25
>1
%C > 0.30 [Note (3)]
95
200
≤13
SMTS ≤ 450 MPa (65 ksi)
10
50
≤1∕2
>13
SMTS ≤ 450 MPa (65 ksi)
95
200
>1∕2
All
All
SMTS > 450 MPa (65 ksi)
95
200
All
All
120
250
None无
3
Alloy steel, Cr ≤ 1∕2%
Cr ≤ 1∕2%之合金钢
4
5A
Alloy steel, 1∕2% < Cr ≤
2%
1
∕2% < Cr ≤ 2%之合金
钢
All
Alloy steel合金钢
5B
Alloy steel合金钢
6
Martensitic stainless-steel
马氏体不锈钢
Nickel alloy steel镍合金钢 All
Nickel alloy steel镍合金钢 All
27Cr steel
All
9Cr–1Mo–V CSEF steel
All
All other materials所有其他 …
材料
9A
9B
10I
15E
…
All
All
All
>13
All
150
300
All
All
All
>1∕2
All
SMTS最小规定抗拉强度≤ 414
MPa (60 ksi)
SMTS > 414 MPa (60 ksi)
SMTS ≤ 414 MPa (60 ksi)
SMTS > 414 MPa (60 ksi)
%Cr > 6.0 [Note (3)]
None
200
150
200
200
200 [Note (4)]
400
300
400
400
400 [Note (4)]
All
All
All
All
…
None
None
None
None
None
120
150
150 [Note (5)]
200
10
250
300
300 [Note (5)]
400
50
All
NOTES:注
(1) P-Nos. and Group Nos. from ASME BPVC, Section IX, QW/QB-422. P-No.和G-No取自 ASME BPVC第 IX册QW/QB-422。
(2) SMTS = Specified Minimum Tensile Strength. 最小规定抗拉强度。
(3) Composition may be based on ladle or product analysis or in accordance with specification limits. 成分可基于桶样分析或产品分析或符合
规范限度。
(4) Maximum interpass temperature 315°C (600°F). 最高道间温度为 315°C (600°F)。
(5) Maintain interpass temperature between 150°C and 230°C (300°F and 450°F). 将道间温度保持在 150°C 和 230°C (300°F 和 450°F)之
间。
(d) After cooling and before welding is resumed, visual examination of the weld shall be performed to assure that
no cracks have formed. 冷却后和恢复焊接前，应对焊缝进行目视检查以确保没有形成裂纹。
(e) Required preheat shall be applied before welding is resumed. 恢复焊接前应进行所必要的预热。
331 HEAT TREATMENT热处理
331.1 General通则
331.1.1 Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements焊后热处理要求
(a) PWHT shall be in accordance with the material groupings (P-Nos. and Group Nos.) and ranges in Table
331.1.1 except as provided in Table 331.1.2 and Table 331.1.3. The PWHT rules in ASME B31P may be used as an alternate. See
Appendix F, paragraph F331.1. The P-Numbers and Group Numbers are defined in ASME BPVC, Section IX, Table QW/QB422. (Note that the P-Nos. are also listed in Appendix A.) 表 331.1.2 和表 331.1.3 中规定的除外，PWHT 应符合表 331.1.1 中
的材料分组 (P-No.和G-No.)和持温值域。 ASME B31P 中的 PWHT 规则可用作另一种选择； 见附录 F中 F331.1条款。
材料的相应P-No.和G-No.见ASME BPVC第 IX册表 QW/QB-422 (请注意，P-No.也列本规范范附录 A 中)。
(b) The PWHT to be used after production welding shall be specified in the WPS and shall be used in qualifying
the welding procedure. 生产焊接后所要经受之 PWHT 应在 WPS中指定，并应对该WPS进行评定。
(c) The engineering design shall specify the examination and/or other production quality control (not less than
the requirements of this Code) to ensure that the final welds are of adequate quality. 工程设计应规定检测和/或其他产品质量控
制 (不低本规范的要求)以确保最终焊缝具有的质量。
331.1.2 Other Heat Treatments其他热处理
(d) Heat treatment for bending and forming shall be in accordance with paragraph 332.4. 弯曲和成型的热处理
应符合 332.4的规定。
(e) See Table 302.3.5 for special heat treatment requirements for longitudinal or spiral (helical seam) welds in
85
Elevated Temperature Fluid Service. 请参阅表 302.3.5以了解高温流体应用中纵向焊缝或螺旋 (螺旋缝)焊缝的特殊热处理要
求。
331.1.3 Definition of Thicknesses Governing PWHT 管控PWHT持温时间的厚度定义
(a) The term control thickness as used in Table 331.1.1 and Table 331.1.3 is the lesser of表 331.1.1 和表 331.1.3
中所用术语 "控制厚度" 是以下较小者
(1) the thickness of the weld 焊缝厚度
(2) the thickness of the materials being joined at the weld or the thickness of the pressure-containing
material if the weld is attaching a nonpressure-containing material to a pressure-containing material. 如果用焊缝将非承压
材料连接到承压材料上时，则为在焊缝处连接处被连接材料的厚度或承压材料的厚度。
(b) Thickness of the weld, which is a factor in determining the control thickness, is defined as follows: 作为决定
管控厚度因素之焊缝厚度的定义如下所述：
(1) groove welds (girth and longitudinal) — the thicker of the two abutting ends after weld preparation,
including I.D. machining 坡口焊缝 (环焊缝和纵向焊缝)— 待焊接之两个邻接端的较厚者，包括内孔加工
(2) fillet welds — the throat thickness of the weld 填角焊缝 — 该焊缝的喉厚
(3) partial penetration welds — the depth of the weld groove 半渗透焊缝 — 焊接坡口的深度
(4) material repair welds — the depth of the cavity to be repaired 材料返修焊缝 — 待返修溶穴的深度
(5) branch welds — the dimension existing in the plane intersecting the longitudinal axes, calculated as
indicated for each detail using the thickness through the weld for the details shown in Figure 328.5.4D and Figure 328.5.4F.
This thickness shall be computed using the following formulas: 支管焊缝 — 存在于与纵轴相交之平面中的尺寸，对于
图 328.5.4D 和图 328.5.4F 中所示细节，使用整个焊缝的厚度按每个细节的指示进行计算。 应利用以下方程来计
算图 328.5.4D 和图 328.5.4F 中所示插图的管控厚度：
(-a) for Figure 328.5.4D use图 328.5.4D中所示插图的管控厚度计算如所下所述：
illustration (a) = 𝑇̅𝑏 + 𝑡𝑐 插图 (a)的管控厚度 = 𝑇̅𝑏 + 𝑡𝑐
illustration (b) = 𝑇̅ℎ + 𝑡𝑐 插图 (b)的管控厚度 = 𝑇̅ℎ + 𝑡𝑐
illustration (c) = greater of 𝑇̅𝑏 + 𝑡𝑐 or 𝑇̅𝑟 + 𝑡𝑐
插图 (c)的管控厚度取值为𝑇̅𝑏 + 𝑡𝑐 或𝑇̅𝑟 + 𝑡𝑐 中的较大者
illustration (d) = 𝑇̅ℎ + 𝑇̅𝑟 + 𝑡𝑐 插图 (d)的管控厚度 = 𝑇̅ℎ + 𝑇̅𝑟 + 𝑡𝑐
illustration (e) = 𝑇̅𝑏 + 𝑡𝑐 插图 (e)的管控厚度 = 𝑇̅𝑏 + 𝑡𝑐
(-b) for Figure 328.5.4F use 𝑇̅𝑚 + 𝑡𝑐 for all illustrations 图 328.5.4F中所有插图的管控厚度均取值为
𝑇̅𝑚 + 𝑡𝑐
(c) The term nominal material thickness as used in Table 331.1.3 is the thicker of the materials being joined at
the weld. 表 331.1.3 中所用术语 "标称材料厚度"是指在焊缝处连接出之各材料中较厚者。
331.1.4 Heating and Cooling. The heating method shall provide the required metal temperature, metal temperature
uniformity, and temperature control, and may include an enclosed furnace, local flame heating, electric resistance, electric
induction, or exothermic chemical reaction. Above 315°C (600°F), the rate of heating and cooling shall not exceed 335°C/h
(600°F/hr) divided by one-half the maximum material thickness in inches at the weld, but in no case shall the rate exceed 335°C/h
(600°F/hr). See Table 331.1.1 for cooling rate requirements for P-Nos. 7, 10I, 11A, and 62 materials. 加热和冷却。 加热方法应
能提供所需的金属温度、均温性和温度控制，并可包括封闭炉、局部火焰加热、电阻、电感应或放热化学反应。 高于
315°C (600°F)，加热和冷却速率不应超过 335°C/h (600°F/hr) 除以焊缝处以英寸为单位之最大材料厚度的1/2，但在任何
情况下加热和冷却速率都不应超过 335°C/h (600°F/hr)。 请参阅表 331.1.1 以了解 P-No. 7、10I、11A 和 62 材料的冷却速
率要求 。
331.1.6 Temperature Verification. Heat treatment temperature shall be checked by thermocouple pyrometers or other
suitable methods to ensure that the WPS requirements are met. See paragraph 328.7 for attachment of thermocouples by the low
energy capacitor discharge method of welding. 温度核验。 应通过热电偶高温计或其他合适方法来检查热处理温度，以确
保满足 WPS的要求。 见第 328.7 用于通过低能量电容器放电焊接法来连接热电偶。
(a) If used, the heat treatment furnace shall be calibrated such that the PWHT can be controlled within the
required temperature range. 如果采用热处理炉来进行焊后热处理时，应校准热处理炉，以使 PWHT过程可以控制在所要
求的温度范围内。
(b) Any required PWHT shall be as required by the qualified WPS. 任何所需的焊后热处理应符合已被认可之
WPS 的要求。
(c) For welds that require PWHT in accordance with Table 331.1.1, the temperature of the material during
PWHT shall be within the range specified. However, if specified by the designer, the range may be extended as permitted by
Table 331.1.2, provided the lower transformation temperature of the material is not exceeded. 按照表 331.1中之翁翁要求进行
焊后热处理的焊缝，PWHT期间材料的温度应在规定的温度值域内。 但设计者可指定表 331.1.2中所允许之最高温度值
域，前提是不超过材料的较低相变温度。
对于所有铁碳合金而言，较低的相变温度都是1333oF，且它们在铁碳相图中，较低的相变温度由A1 线表
示，并标记铁素体、渗碳体、珠光体或它们的某种组合在加热时开始转变为奥氏体的点。在冷却过程中，
较低的转变温度表示奥氏体或奥氏体与铁素体或渗碳体的混合物完全转变为铁素体、渗碳体或珠光体的温
度。
331.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
Where warranted by experience or knowledge of service conditions, alternative methods of heat treatment or exceptions to
the basic heat treatment provisions of paragraph 331.1 may be adopted as provided in paras. 331.2.1 and 331.2.2. 如果根据
使用条件的经验或知识能保证是可用时，则可按第331.2.1 和 331.2.2的规定来作为 331.1的热处理替代方法或热处理
86
基本规定的特例。
Table 331.1.1 Postweld Heat Treatment焊后热处理
Minimum Holding Time at Temperature for Control
Thickness [Note (2)] 管制厚度温度下的最短持温时间
[注 (2)]
P-No. and Group No. (ASME BPVC,
Holding Temperature Range, °C (°F) [Note
Up to 50 mm (2 in.)
Over 50 mm (2 in.)
Section IX, QW/QB-420)取自ASME
≤50 mm (2 in.)
(1)] 持温值域，单位°C (°F) [见注(1)]
大于50 mm (2 in.)
BPVC第IX册QW/QB-420的P-No.和 G-No.
P-No. 1, Group Nos. 1–3
595 to 650 (1,100 to 1,200)
1 h/25 mm (1 hr/in.); 15
2 hr plus 15 min for each
min min. 1 h/25 mm (1
additional 25 mm (in.) over 50
hr/in.)； 但至少15 分钟 mm (2 in.) 超过50 mm (2 in.)
后每增加25 mm (in.)需 2 小
时加 15 分钟
P-No. 3, Group Nos. 1 and 2
595 to 650 (1,100 to 1,200)
P-No. 4, Group Nos. 1 and 2
650 to 705 (1,200 to 1,300)
P-No. 5A, Group No. 1
675 to 760 (1,250 to 1,400)
P-No. 5B, Group No. 1
675 to 760 (1,250 to 1,400)
P-No. 6, Group Nos. 1–3
760 to 800 (1,400 to 1,475)
P-No. 7, Group Nos. 1 and 2 [Note (3)]
730 to 775 (1,350 to 1,425)
P-No. 8, Group Nos. 1–4
PWHT not required unless required by WPS
除非 WPS有要求，否则不需要 PWHT
P-No. 9A, Group No. 1
595 to 650 (1,100 to 1,200)
P-No. 9B, Group No. 1
595 to 650 (1,100 to 1,200)
P-No. 10H, Group No. 1
PWHT not required unless required by WPS. If
done, see Note (4). 除非 WPS有要求，否则
不需要 PWHT，如有要求时请参见注(4)
P-No. 10I, Group No. 1 [Note (3)]
P-No. 11A
P-No. 15E, Group No. 1
730 to 815 (1,350 to 1,500)
550 to 585 (1,025 to 1,085) [Note (5)]
705 to 775 (1,300 to 1,425) [Notes (6) and (7)]
1 h/25 mm (1 hr/in.); 30
1 h/25 mm (1 hr/in.) up to 125
min min. 1 h/25 mm (1
mm (5 in.) plus 15 min for
each additional 25 mm (in.)
hr/in.)； 但至少30分钟
over 125 mm (5 in.) 厚度
≤125 mm (5 in.)时为1 h/25
mm (1 hr/in.)，超过125
mm (5 in.)后每增加25 mm
(in.)另加 15 分钟
P-No. 62
540 to 595 (1,000 to 1,100)
…
See Note (8) 见注(8)
In accordance with WPS In accordance with WPS
All other materials所有其他材料
PWHT as required by WPS WPS所要求的
按照WPS
按照WPS
PWHT
GENERAL NOTE: The exemptions for mandatory PWHT are defined in Table 331.1.3. 通注：表 331.1.3 中规定了强制性 PWHT 的豁免。
NOTES: 注
(1) The holding temperature range is further defined in paragraph 331.1.6(c) and Table 331.1.2. 持温值域在331.1.6(c) 和表 331.1.2中给出了进
一步的规定 。
(2) The control thickness is defined in paragraph 331.1.3. 管控制厚度之定义见331.1.3条款。
(3) Cooling rate shall not be greater than 55°C (100°F) per hour in the range above 650°C (1,200°F), after which the cooling rate shall be
sufficiently rapid to prevent embrittlement. 在高于 650°C (1,200°F) 的温度值域内，每小时的冷却速率不应超过 55°C (100°F)，此后冷却速率应
足够快以防止脆化。
(4) If PWHT is performed after welding, it shall be within the following temperature ranges for the specific alloy, followed by rapid cooling: 如果
焊后进行 PWHT，则应在特定合金的以下温度值域内持温，然后快速冷却：
Alloys S31803 and S32205 — 1 020°C to 1 100°C (1,870°F to 2,010°F) UNS号为S31803 和 S32205之双相不锈钢的持温值域在
1020°C 至 1100°C (1,870°F 至 2,010°F)间
Alloy S32550 — 1040°C to 1 120°C (1,900°F to 2,050°F) UNS号为S32550之超级双相不锈钢的持温值域在1040°C ~1120°C
(1,900°F ~ 2,050°F)间
Alloy S32750 — 1025°C to 1 125°C (1,880°F to 2,060°F) UNS号为S32750之高耐蚀超级双相不锈钢的持温值域在1025°C ~
1125°C (1,880°F ~ 2,060°F)间
All others — 980°C to 1040°C (1,800°F to 1,900°F) 所有其他双相不锈钢的持温值域在的持温值域在1025°C ~ 1125°C (1,880°F ~
2,060°F)间
(5) Cooling rate shall be >165°C (300°F)/h to 315°C (600°F)/h. 冷却速率应 >165°C (300°F)/h但≤ 315°C (600°F)/h。
(6) The minimum PWHT holding temperature may be 675°C (1,250°F) for nominal material thicknesses [see paragraph 331.1.3(c)] ≤13 mm (1∕2
in.).
对于标称厚度≤13 mm (1∕2 in.)之材料而言，焊后热处理的最低持温值域可为 675°C (1,250°F) [参见331.1.3(c)] 。
(7) The Ni + Mn content of the filler metal shall not exceed 1.2% unless specified by the designer, in which case the maximum temperature to be
reached during PWHT shall be the lower transformation temperature of the filler metal, as determined by analysis and calculation or by test, but not
exceeding 800°C (1,470°F). If the 800°C (1,470°F) limit was not exceeded but the lower transformation temperature of the filler metal was exceeded or
if the composition of the filler metal is unknown, the weld must be removed and replaced. It shall then be rewelded with compliant filler metal and
subjected to a compliant PWHT. If the 800°C (1,470°F) limit was exceeded, the weld and the entire area affected by the PWHT will be removed and, if
reused, shall be renormalized and tempered prior to reinstallation. The lower transformation temperature is the steady-state temperature at which the
austenite phase transformation occurs. 焊缝金属的 Ni+Mn 含量不应超过 1.2%，除非设计者另有规定，在这种另有规定情况下，PWHT 过程中
所要达到的最高温度应为焊缝金属通过分析、计算或测试所确定的较低相变温度，但不超过 800°C (1,470°F)。 如果未超过 800°C (1,470°F)
极限但超过了焊缝金属的较低相变温度，或者如果焊缝金属的成分未知，则必须铲除该焊缝，然后应按对焊缝金属的规定对其进行重新焊
接，并进行符合规定的焊后热处理。 如果超过 800°C (1,470°F) 极限，焊缝和受 PWHT 影响的整个区域都要切除，如果要重新使用，则应在
重新装配之前重新进行正火加回火。 较低的相变温度是发生奥氏体相变的稳态温度。
(8) Heat treat within 14 days after welding. Hold time shall be increased by 1.2 h for each 25 mm (1 in.) over 25 mm (1 in.) thickness. Cool to
425°C (800°F) at a rate ≤280°C (500°F)/h. 焊后 14 天内进行热处理。 厚度超过25 mm (1 in.)后每增加25 mm (1 in.)，持温时间应另加 1.2 小时。
达到持温时间后以 ≤280°C (500°F)/h 的速度冷却道 425°C (800°F)。
87
Table 331.1.2 Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy
Steels, P-Nos. 1 and 3碳钢和低合金钢 (P-Nos. 1 和 3)的可选热处理要求
Decrease in Specified Minimum Temperature, °C (°F) Minimum Holding Time at Decreased Temperature, 已
在最低规定温度下的温降值
降低之温度下的最短持温时间 h [Note (1)]
30 (50)
2
55 (100)
4
85 (150) [Note (2)]
10
110 (200) [Note (2)]
20
NOTES: 注
(1) Times shown apply to thicknesses ≤25 mm (1 in.). Add 15 min/25 mm (15 min/in.) of thickness for control
thicknesses >25 mm (1 in.) (see paragraph 331.1.3). 所示时间适用于厚度 ≤25 mm (1 in.)的材料。当管控厚度 >25 mm
(1 in.)时，厚度每增加25 mm (1in.) 另加 15 分钟 (参见 331.1.3)。
(2) A decrease >55°C (100°F) below the minimum specified temperature is allowable only for P-No. 1, Group Nos.
1 and 2 materials. 仅属于P-No. 1 G-No. 1和2之材料才允许比最低规定温度降低 >55°C (100°F)。
331.2.1 Alternative Heat Treatment. Normalizing, or normalizing and tempering, or annealing may be applied in lieu
of the required heat treatment after welding, bending, or forming, provided that the mechanical properties of any affected weld
and base metal meet specification requirements after such treatment and that the substitution is approved by the designer. 可选热
处理。 正火、正火加回火或退火可代替焊接、弯曲或成型后的所需热处理，前提是任何受影响的焊缝和母材的机械性
能在此类处理后符合规范要求，并且这种可选热处理方法要得到设计师的认可。
331.2.2 Exceptions to Basic Requirements. As indicated in paragraph 331, the basic practices therein may require
modification to suit service conditions in some cases. In such cases, the designer may specify more-stringent requirements in the
engineering design, including heat treatment and hardness limitations for lesser thickness, or may specify less stringent heat
treatment and hardness requirements, including none. 基本要求的例外情况。 如 331所示，其中的基本做法在某些情况下可
能需要修改以适应工况条件。 在这种情况下，设计者可能会在工程设计中指定更严谨的要求，包括对较小厚度的热处
理和硬度极限，或者可能会指定不那么严格的热处理和硬度要求，包括没有指定特例。
When provisions less stringent than those in paragraph 331 are specified, the designer must demonstrate to the owner’s
satisfaction the adequacy of those provisions by comparable service experience, considering service temperature and its effects,
frequency and intensity of thermal cycling, flexibility stress levels, probability of brittle failure, and other pertinent factors. In
addition, appropriate tests shall be conducted, including WPS qualification tests. 当规定不比 331中的规定更为严谨时，设且当
设计者必须通过可比较的工况经验证明这些规定的充分性时，设计者要考虑到运行温度及其影响、热循环的频率和强
度、挠性应力等级、发生脆性失效的概率和其他相关因素。 此外，还应进行适当的测试，包括 WPS的评定试验。
331.2.3 Dissimilar Materials异种材料
(d) Heat treatment of welded joints between dissimilar ferritic metals or between ferritic metals using dissimilar
ferritic filler metal shall be at the higher of the temperature ranges in Table 331.1.1 for the materials in the joint. This may require
the use of transition joint designs between dissimilar materials material transition joint designs. 异种铁素体金属间的热处理或
铁素体金属间之焊接接头用异种铁素体焊填金属沉积时，它们的热处理温度应是已表 331.1.1针对相应接头材料 中具有
有较高温度值域之该材料为准。 这可能需要使用异种材料过渡接头设计。
(e) Heat treatment of welded joints including both ferritic and austenitic components and filler metals shall be as
required for the ferritic material or materials unless otherwise specified in the engineering design. 除非工程设计中另有规定，
否则包括铁素体组件和奥氏体组件以及焊缝金属在内之接头的热处理应按照铁素体材料的要求进行。
331.2.4 Delayed Heat Treatment. If a weldment is allowed to cool prior to heat treatment, the rate of cooling shall be
controlled or other means shall be used to prevent detrimental effects in the piping. 延迟热处理。 如果允许焊件在热处理之前
冷却，则应控制冷却速率或应使用其他方法来防止对管道产生不利影响。
331.2.5 Partial Heat Treatment. When an entire piping assembly to be heat treated cannot be fitted into the furnace, it
is permissible to heat treat in more than one heat, provided there is at least 300 mm (1 ft) overlap between successive heats, and
that parts of the assembly outside the furnace are protected from harmful temperature gradients. This method may not be used for
austenitizing heat treatments for ferritic materials. 局部热处理。 当待热处理的整个管道构成元件无法装入加热炉时，允许
在多个炉次中进行热处理，前提是在两家热处理批次之连接处应有至少有 300 mm (1 ft)的重迭，同时需对炉外的管段部
分进行 保温防护以免受有害温度梯度的影响。 此方法不应用于铁素体材料的奥氏体化热处理。
331.2.6 Local Heat Treatment (Selective Heat Treatment). Welds may be locally postweld heat treated by heating a
circumferential band around the entire component with the weld located in the center of the band. The width of the band heated to
the specified temperature range shall be at least three times the wall thickness at the weld of the thickest part being joined. For
nozzle and attachment welds, the width of the band heated to the specified temperature range shall extend beyond the nozzle weld
or attachment weld on each side at least two times the run pipe thickness, and shall extend completely around the run pipe.
Guidance for the placement of thermocouples on circumferential butt welds is provided in AWS D10.10, Sections 5, 6, and 8.
Special consideration shall be given to the placement of thermocouples when heating welds adjacent to large heat sinks such as
valves or fittings, or when joining parts of different thicknesses. No part of the materials subjected to the heat source shall exceed
the lower transformation temperature of the material except as permitted by paragraph 331.2.1. Particular care must be exercised
when the applicable PWHT temperature is close to the material’s lower transformation temperature, such as for P-No. 15E
materials or when materials of different P-Nos. are being joined. This method may not be used for austenitizing heat treatments.
选择性热处理。 焊缝可以通过围绕整个组件的加热带进行选择性焊后热处理，焊缝位于加热带的中心。 加热到规定温
度范围的加热带宽度应至少为被连接最厚零部件焊缝处之壁厚的三倍。 将管嘴和连接件焊缝加热到规定温度值域之加
热带的宽度应在管管焊缝或连接件焊缝每侧的延伸距离至少是与其连接之主管道厚度的两倍，且加热带应完全绕着主管
延伸。 AWS D10.10 第 5、6 和 8 节提供了在周向对接焊缝上如何设置热电偶的指南。在加热靠近大型散热器 (如阀门或
配件)的焊缝时，应特别考虑连接不同厚度之零部件时的热电偶设置。 经受热源之材料的任何部位均不应超过材料的较
88
User=LUIS ALBERTO LOPEZ
NO FOR
RESALE
低相变温度，但为331.2.1所允许者 除外。 当所适用的 PWHT 温度接近材料的较低相变温度时，必须特别小心，例如 PNo. 15E材料或不同P-No.材料连接在一起时。 此方法不可用于奥氏体化热处理。
332 BENDING AND FORMING弯曲和成型
332.1 General通则
Pipe may be bent and components may be formed by any hot or cold method that is suitable for the material, the fluid
service, and the severity of the bending or forming process. 1 The finished surface shall be free of cracks and substantially free
from buckling. Thickness after bending or forming shall be not less than that required by the design. 根据材料、流体工况以
及弯曲或成型过程的刚度，钢管材可通过任何热或冷方法成型为组件。成品表面应无裂纹且基本上无折皱，且弯曲
或成型后的厚度应不小于设计要求。
1 For pipe bending, PFI Standard ES-24, Pipe Bending Methods, Tolerances, Process and Material Requirements, may be used as a guide.
Table 331.1.3 Exemptions to Mandatory Postweld Heat Treatment强制性焊后热处理的豁免
P-No. and Group No. (ASME
BPVC, Section IX, QW/QB420) [Note (1)] 取自ASME BPVC
Additional Limitations Required for Exemption
From PWHT [Notes (3)–(5)] 免除 PWHT 所需的
Type of Weld焊缝类型
附加限制 [注 (3)–(5)]
A preheat of 95°C (200°F) is applied prior to welding
All所有
All所有
on any nominal material thickness >25 mm (1 in.)
在焊接任何标称材料厚度 >25 毫米 (1 英寸)之
前应预热到 95°C (200°F)
Multiple layer welds are used when the nominal
material thickness >5 mm (3∕16 in.) [Note (6)] 当
标称材料厚度 >5 mm (3∕16 in.)时，使用多层
焊缝 [注 (6)]
A preheat of 95°C (200°F) is applied prior to welding
≤16 mm (5∕8 in.)
All所有
on any nominal material thickness >13 mm (1∕2
in.) 在焊接任何标称材料厚度 >13 mm (1∕2 in.)
之前应预热到 95°C (200°F)
A specified carbon content of the base materials
≤0.25% 母材的规定含碳量≤ 0.25%
Multiple layer welds are used when the nominal
material thickness >5 mm (3∕16 in.) [Note (6)] 当
标称材料厚度 >5 mm (3∕16 in.)时，使用多层
焊缝 [注 (6)]
≤16 mm (5∕8 in.)
Groove坡口焊缝
Mandatory preheat has been applied已进行强制性预
热
Specified carbon content of the base materials
≤0.15%母材的规定碳含量≤0.15%
Multiple layer welds are used when the nominal
material thickness >5 mm (3∕16 in.) [Note (6)] 当
标称材料厚度 >5 mm (3∕16 in.)时，使用多层
焊缝 [注 (6)]
≤16 mm (5∕8 in.) except the Socket and fillet welds
Mandatory preheat has been applied已进行强制性预
承插焊缝和填角焊缝
thickness of a socket weld
热
fitting or flange need not be
Throat thickness of the fillet weld or the socket weld
considered
≤13 mm (1∕2 in.) 填角焊缝或承插焊缝的喉厚 ≤
13 mm (1∕2 in.)
Specified carbon content of the pipe material ≤0.15%
管材的规定碳含量≤0.15%
Nominal material thickness of the pipe ≤16 mm (5∕8
in.)钢管的标称材料厚度≤16 mm (5∕8 in.)
Multiple layer welds are used when the nominal
material thickness >5 mm (3∕16 in.) [Note (6)] 当
标称材料厚度 >5 mm (3∕16 in.)时，使用多层
焊缝 [注 (6)]
Seal welds and non-load≤16 mm (5∕8 in.)
Mandatory preheat has been applied已进行强制性预
carrying attachments [Note
热
(7)] 密封焊缝和非载重连接 Multiple layer welds are used when the nominal
焊缝[注(7)]
material thickness >5 mm (3∕16 in.) [Note (6)] 当
标称材料厚度 >5 mm (3∕16 in.)时，使用多层
焊缝 [注 (6)]
≤16 mm (5∕8 in.)
Groove坡口焊缝
Mandatory preheat has been applied已进行强制性预
热
Specified carbon content of the base materials
≤0.15% 母材的规定碳含量≤0.15%
Multiple layer welds are used when the nominal
material thickness >5 mm (3∕16 in.) [Note (6)] 当
标称材料厚度 >5 mm (3∕16 in.)时，使用多层
焊缝 [注 (6)]
≤16 mm (5∕8 in.) except the Socket and fillet welds
Mandatory preheat has been applied已进行强制性预
承插焊缝和填角焊缝
thickness of a socket weld
热
fitting or flange need not be
Throat thickness of the fillet weld or the socket weld
considered ≤16 mm (5∕8
第IX册QW/QB-420的P-No.和 G- Control Thickness管控厚度,
No. [注 (1)]
mm (in.) [Note (2)]
P-No. 1, all Group Nos.
P-No. 3, Group Nos. 1 and 2
P-No. 4, Group No. 1
P-No. 5A, Group No. 1
89
Table 331.1.3 Exemptions to Mandatory Postweld Heat Treatment强制性焊后热处理的豁免
P-No. and Group No. (ASME
BPVC, Section IX, QW/QB420) [Note (1)] 取自ASME BPVC
Additional Limitations Required for Exemption
From PWHT [Notes (3)–(5)] 免除 PWHT 所需的
Type of Weld焊缝类型
附加限制 [注 (3)–(5)]
in.)，但无需考虑承插焊管
≤13 mm (1∕2 in.) 填角焊缝或承插焊缝的喉厚 ≤
件或法兰的厚度
13 mm (1∕2 in.)
Specified carbon content of the pipe material ≤0.15%
母材的规定碳含量≤0.15%
Nominal thickness of the pipe ≤5 mm (3∕16 in.)钢管
材的标称厚度≤5 mm (3∕16 in.)
Multiple layer welds are used when the nominal
material thickness >5 mm (3∕16 in.) [Note (6)] 当
标称材料厚度 >5 mm (3∕16 in.)时，使用多层
焊缝 [注 (6)]
Seal welds and non-load≤16 mm (5∕8 in.)
Mandatory preheat has been applied已进行强制性预
carrying attachments [Note
热
(7)] 密封焊缝和非承重连接 Multiple layer welds are used when the nominal
焊缝[注(7)]
material thickness >5 mm (3∕16 in.) [Note (6)] 当
标称材料厚度 >5 mm (3∕16 in.)时，使用多层
焊缝 [注 (6)]
…
…
No exemptions from PWHT 不能豁免于PWHT
Specified carbon content of the base materials
All所有
All所有
≤0.08%母材的规定碳含量≤0.08%
Nominal material thickness ≤10 mm (3∕8 in.)标称材
料厚度≤10 mm (3∕8 in.)
Weld filler metal is A-No. 8, A-No. 9, or F-No. 43
composition [Note (8)] 焊缝填充金属成分为 ANo. 8、ANo. 9，或 F-No. 43 [注(8)]
Specified carbon content of the base materials
All所有
All所有
≤0.08%母材的规定碳含量≤0.08%
Nominal material thickness ≤10 mm (3∕8 in.) 标称
材料厚度≤10 mm (3∕8 in.)
Weld filler metal is A-No. 8, A-No. 9, or F-No. 43
composition [Note (8)] 焊缝填充金属成分为 ANo. 8、ANo. 9，或 F-No. 43 [注(8)]
…
…
No exemptions from PWHT不能豁免于PWHT
All所有
All所有
PWHT neither required nor prohibited既不要求也不
禁止PWHT
Specified carbon content of the pipe material ≤0.15%
All所有
All所有
管材的规定碳含量≤0.08%
Nominal material thickness ≤13 mm (1∕2 in.) 标称
材料厚度≤10 mm (3∕8 in.)
Mandatory preheat has been applied已进行强制性预
热
All所有
All所有
Nominal material thickness ≤16 mm (5∕8 in.) and
the WPS has been qualified using a material of
equal or greater thickness than used in the
production weld标称材料厚度≤16 mm (5∕8 in.)并
且指定使用厚度等于或大于生产焊缝中所用材
料之WPS 已成功通过评定
All所有
All所有
PWHT neither required nor prohibited 既不要求也
不禁止PWHT
PWHT neither required nor prohibited for nominal
All所有
All所有
material thickness ≤13 mm (1∕2 in.)当材料标称厚
度≤13 mm (1∕2 in.)时，既不要求也不禁止
PWHT
≤50 mm (2 in.)
All
…
…
…
No exemptions from PWHT不能豁免于PWHT
…
…
No exemptions from PWHT不能豁免于PWHT
第IX册QW/QB-420的P-No.和 G- Control Thickness管控厚度,
No. [注 (1)]
mm (in.) [Note (2)]
P-No. 5B, Group No. 1
P-No. 6, Group Nos. 1–3
P-No. 7, Group No. 1
P-No. 7, Group No. 2
P-No. 8, all Group Nos.
P-No. 9A, Group No. 1
P-No. 9B, Group No. 1
P-No. 10H, Group No. 1
P-No. 10I, Group No. 1
P-No. 11A
P-No. 15E
P-No. 62
NOTES: 注
(1) If differences with the P-No. listed in Appendix A are found, the P-No. listed in ASME BPVC, Section IX, Table QW/QB-422 applies. 如果
附录A中出现与于此所列不同的P-No.，只要它也列于 ASME BPVC第 IX 册表 QW/QB-422中时，则可采用属于该P-No.之材料。
(2) The control thickness is defined in paragraph 331.1.3. 管控厚度之定义见331.1.3条款。
(3) The nominal material thickness is defined in paragraph 331.1.3(c). 标称材料厚度之定义见331.1.3(c)条款。
(4) No exemptions are permitted for PWHTs required by the designer or the WPS. 设计师或 WPS所要求的 PWHT 不允许被免除。
(5) Additional exemptions for welds made in accordance with paragraph 328.7 may be taken for the materials addressed. 按328.7 焊成之焊缝的
额外豁免可用于所述材料。
(6) Single-layer or single-pass welds may be exempted from PWHT, provided the WPS has been qualified using single-pass welds with ±10%
heat input and that all other conditions for exemption are met. 单层或单道焊缝可免除焊后热处理，前提是 WPS 已使用单道焊缝以 ±10% 的热
输入进行评定，并且满足所有其他豁免条件。
(7) Non-load-carrying attachments are defined as items where no pressure loads or significant mechanical loads are transmitted through the
attachment to the pipe or pressure-containing material. 非承重连接焊缝定义为没有压力载荷或显著机械载荷通过附件传递到管道或承压设备的
90
Table 331.1.3 Exemptions to Mandatory Postweld Heat Treatment强制性焊后热处理的豁免
P-No. and Group No. (ASME
BPVC, Section IX, QW/QB420) [Note (1)] 取自ASME BPVC
Additional Limitations Required for Exemption
From PWHT [Notes (3)–(5)] 免除 PWHT 所需的
附加限制 [注 (3)–(5)]
第IX册QW/QB-420的P-No.和 G- Control Thickness管控厚度,
No. [注 (1)]
mm (in.) [Note (2)]
Type of Weld焊缝类型
焊缝。
(8) The A-Nos. and the F-Nos. are found in ASME BPVC, Section IX, Tables QW-442 and QW-432, respectively. A-No.和 F-No. 请分别见
ASME BPVC第 IX册表 QW-442 和表 QW-432。
332.2 Bending弯曲
332.2.1 Bend Flattening. Flattening of a bend, the difference between maximum and minimum diameters at any cross
section, shall not exceed 8% of nominal outside diameter for internal pressure and 3% for external pressure. Removal of metal
shall not be used to achieve these requirements. 弯曲扁率。 弯头的扁率，即任何横截面上最大和最小直径间的差异百分
比，用于承受内部压力之弯头不应超过标称外径的 8%，用于承受外部压力时则不应超过标称外径的 3%。 不应通过削
除金属来达到这些要求。
332.2.2 Bending Temperature弯曲温度
(a) Cold bending of ferritic materials shall be done at a temperature below the transformation range. 铁素体材料
的冷弯应在低于相变范围之温度下进行。
(b) Hot bending shall be done at a temperature above the transformation range and in any case within a
temperature range consistent with the material and the intended service. 热弯曲应在高于相变范围之温度下进行，并且在任何
情况下都应在与材料和预期工况一致的温度范围内进行。
332.2.3 Corrugated and Other Bends. Dimensions and configuration shall conform to the design qualified in
accordance with paragraph 306.2.2. 折皱弯管和其他弯头。 尺寸和配置应符合根据306.2.2验证过的设计。
332.3 Forming成型
The temperature range for forming shall be consistent with material, intended service, and specified heat treatment. 成型
温度范围应与材料、预期工况和所规定的热处理相一致。
332.4 Required Heat Treatment所需热处理
Heat treatment shall be performed in accordance with paragraph 331.1.1 when required by paragraph 332.4.1 or 332.4.2.
The process and temperature control methods described in ASME B31P are recommended. 当 332.4.1 或 332.4.2有要求
时，则应按331.1.1所述来进行热处理。 推荐使用 ASME B31P 中所述工艺和温度控制方法。
332.4.1 Hot Bending and Forming. After hot bending and forming, heat treatment is required for P-Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, and
10A materials in all thicknesses. Durations and temperatures shall be in accordance with paragraph 331. 热弯和热成型。 热弯和
热成型，所有厚度的P-No.3、4、5、6 和 10A 材料都需要进行热处理。 持温时间和持温温度应符合331的要求。
332.4.2 Cold Bending and Forming. After cold bending and forming, heat treatment is required (for all thicknesses,
and with temperature and duration as given in Table 331.1.1) when any of the following conditions exist: 冷弯和冷成型。 冷弯
和冷成型后，当存在着下列任一情况时，则需对所有厚度进行热处理 (相应的持温时间和持温温度如表331.1.1所示)：
(a) for P-Nos. 1 through 6 materials, where the maximum calculated fiber elongation after bending or forming
exceeds 50% of specified basic minimum elongation (in the direction of severest forming) for the applicable specification, grade,
and thickness. This requirement may be waived if it can be demonstrated that the selection of pipe and the choice of bending or
forming process provide assurance that, in the finished condition, the most severely strained material retains at least 10%
elongation. P-No. 1 到 6 之材料在弯曲或成型后的最大计算纤维伸长率超过适用规范、等级和厚度所规定之最小基本伸长
率 (在最差的成型方向)的 50%。 如果可证明钢管材的选用和弯曲或成型工艺的选用能保证在成品状态下，应变最大之
材料至少仍保有10%的延伸率，则可免除此要求。
(b) for any material requiring impact testing, where the maximum calculated fiber elongation after bending or
forming will exceed 5%. 对于需要进行冲击试验的任何材料，于弯曲或成型后所计算出之最大纤维伸长率超过 5%者。
(c) when specified in the engineering design. 当在工程设计中有指定时。
333 BRAZING AND SOLDERING硬焊焊和软焊焊
333.1 Qualification 评 (检)定
333.1.1 Brazing Qualification. The qualification of brazing procedures, brazers, and brazing operators shall be in
accordance with paragraph 328.2. For Category D Fluid Service at design temperature not over 93°C (200°F), such qualification
is not required unless specified in the engineering design. 硬焊焊的评 (检)定。 焊焊规程、焊焊工和焊焊操作员的评 (检)定
应符合的规定。 对于设计温度不超过 93°C (200°F)之 D 类流体工况，除非在工程设计中另有规定，否则不需要此类评
(检)定。
333.1.2 Soldering Qualification. The qualification of solderers shall be in accordance with the requirements of ASTM
B828, Standard Practice for Making Capillary Joints by Soldering of Copper and Copper Alloy Tube and Fittings. 软焊焊的技能
检定。 软焊焊工的技能检定应符合 ASTM B828《铜和铜合金管和配件的焊接毛细管接头的标准做法》的要求。
333.2 Brazing and Soldering Materials硬焊焊料和软焊焊料
333.2.1 Brazing Filler Metal and Flux. Brazing filler metal and flux shall comply with AWS A5.8, Specification for
Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding, and AWS A5.31, Specification for Fluxes for Brazing and Braze Welding,
respectively, or other filler metals and fluxes that have been qualified in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section IX. 硬焊焊的焊
填金属和焊剂。硬焊焊用焊填金属和焊剂应分别符合 AWS A5.8《硬焊焊和软焊焊用焊填金属规范》以及 AWS A5.31
《硬焊焊和软焊焊用焊剂规范》或符合ASME BPVC第 IX册的已认可其他焊填金属和焊剂的要求。
333.2.2 Soldering Filler Metal and Flux. Soldering filler metal and flux shall comply with ASTM B32, Standard
Specification for Solder Metal, and ASTM B813, Standard Specification for Liquid and Paste Fluxes for Soldering of Copper and
91
Copper Alloy Tube, respectively. 软焊焊用焊填金属和焊剂。 软焊焊所采用之焊填金属和焊剂应分别符合 ASTM B32《软
焊料标准规范》和 ASTM B813《铜和铜合金管焊接用液状和膏状焊剂标准规范》的要求。
333.3 Preparation and Cleaning制备和清理
333.3.1 Surface Preparation. The surfaces to be brazed or soldered shall be clean and free from grease, oxides, paint,
scale, and dirt of any kind. A suitable chemical or mechanical cleaning method shall be used if necessary to provide a clean
wettable surface. 表面处理。 待硬焊焊或软焊焊之表面应清洁，无油脂、氧化物、油漆、氧化皮和任何种类的污垢。 如
有必要，应使用合适的化学或机械清洁方法来提供干净的可润湿表面。
333.3.2 Joint Clearance. The clearance between surfaces to be joined by soldering or brazing shall be no larger than
necessary to allow complete capillary distribution of the filler metal. 接头间隙。 通过硬焊焊或软焊焊连接之表面间的间隙不
应大于允许焊填金属完全通过毛细管作用进行均匀分布的所需间隙。
333.3.3 Flux Removal. Residual flux shall be removed. 焊剂的去除。 应去除残留的焊剂。
335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION装配和安装
335.1 Alignment对准
(a) Piping Distortions. Any distortion of piping to bring it into alignment for joint assembly that introduces a
detrimental strain in equipment or piping components is prohibited. 管道扭曲。 禁止为使接头装配对准而对设备或管道构成
元件造成有害应变的任何管道扭曲。
(b) Cold Spring. Before assembling any joints to be cold sprung, guides, supports, and anchors shall be examined for
errors that might interfere with desired movement or lead to undesired movement. The gap or overlap of piping prior to assembly
shall be checked against the drawing and corrected if necessary. Heating shall not be used to help in closing the gap because it
defeats the purpose of cold springing. 冷紧。 在组装任何需要冷紧的接头之前，应检查导向件、支承件和锚固件是否是否
有误，以免干扰所需移动或导致非期望位移。 装配前应按图纸来检查管道的间隙或搭接量，必要时进行修正。 不应使
用加热来帮助缩小间隙，因为它会破坏冷紧的目的。
(c) Flanged Joints. Unless otherwise specified in the engineering design, flanged joints shall be aligned as described in
(1) or (2), and (3). 法兰接头。 除非在工程设计中另有规定，否则法兰接头应按如下 (1) 或 (2) 和 (3)所述进行对准。
(1) Before bolting, mating gasket contact surfaces shall be aligned to each other within 1 mm in 200 mm ( 1∕16
in./ft), measured across any diameter. 在拧紧螺栓之前，配合垫片接触面之同心度应在200 mm (1∕16 in./ft)范围内彼此在1
mm范围内。
(2) The flanged joint shall be capable of being bolted such that the gasket contacts surfaces bear uniformly on the
gasket. 法兰接头应能够通过拧紧螺栓，以使垫片接触面一致地压在垫片上。
(3) Flange bolt holes shall be aligned within 3 mm (1∕8 in.) maximum offset. 法兰螺栓孔应在3 mm (1∕8 in.)
最大偏移范围内对准。
335.2 Flanged Joints法兰接头
335.2.1 Preparation for Assembly. Any damage to the gasket seating surface that would prevent gasket seating shall
be repaired, or the flange shall be replaced. 装配前的前置作业。 任何会阻止垫片正确就位的垫片座面损坏都应修复，或更
换法兰。
335.2.2 Bolting Torque螺栓扭矩
(a) In assembling flanged joints, the gasket shall be uniformly compressed to the proper design loading. 在装配法
兰接头时，垫片应均匀压至所适用之设计载荷。
(b) Special care shall be used in assembling flanged joints in which the flanges have widely differing mechanical
properties. Tightening to a predetermined torque is recommended. 由于各类法兰接头的机械性能差异很大，因而组装法兰接
头时应特别小心，所以通常的作法是建议拧紧至预定扭矩。
335.2.3 Bolt Length. Bolts shall extend through their nuts such that there is complete thread engagement for the full
depth of the nut. 螺栓长度。 螺栓应延伸穿过它们的螺母，以便在螺母的整个深度上有完整的螺纹啮合。
335.2.4 Gaskets. No more than one gasket shall be used between contact faces in assembling a flanged joint.
垫片。 在组装法兰接头时，接触面之间紧应使用一个垫片。
335.2.5 Flanged Joint Assembly. Assembly requirements for bolted flanged joints and flanged joint assembler
qualifications shall be considered in the engineering design. For guidance, see ASME PCC-1, Guidelines for Pressure Boundary
Bolted Flange Joint Assembly, and ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, Nonmandatory Appendix S. 法兰接头的装配。 工
程设计应考虑到螺固法兰接头的装配要求和法兰接头装配工的技能。 有关指南，请参阅 ASME PCC-1《压力边界螺栓
法兰接头装的配指南》和 ASME BPVC第 VIII-1卷非强制性附录 S。
335.3 Threaded Joints螺纹接头
335.3.1 Thread Compound or Lubricant. Any compound or lubricant used on threads shall be suitable for the
service temperatures and shall not react unfavorably with either the service fluid or the piping material. 螺纹油或润滑剂。 螺纹
上所用任何螺纹油或润滑剂都应适用于工况温度，并且不应与使用流体或管道材料发生不良反应。
335.3.2 Joints for Seal Welding. A threaded joint to be seal welded shall be made up without thread compound. A
joint containing thread compound that leaks during leak testing may be seal welded in accordance with paragraph 328.5.3,
provided all compound is removed from exposed threads. 密封焊接头。 密封焊的螺纹接头不应带有螺纹油， 包含在泄漏测
试期间会泄漏螺纹油脂接头可按328.5.3段进行密封焊接，前提是从外露螺纹上去除所有螺纹油。
335.3.3 Straight Threaded Joints. Typical joints using straight threads, with sealing at a surface other than the
threads, are shown in Figure 335.3.3, illustrations (a), (b), and (c). Care shall be taken to avoid distorting the seat when
incorporating such joints into piping assemblies by welding, brazing, or bonding. 直螺纹接头。 图 335.3.3 中之插图 (a)、(b)
和 (c) 显示了使用面密封而不是用螺纹密封之直螺纹的典型接头。 当通过焊接、焊焊或粘接将此类接头结合到管道构成
92
元件中时，应注意避免密封底座产生变形。
335.4 Tubing Joints油管接箍
335.4.1 Flared Tubing Joints. The sealing surface of the flare shall be examined for imperfections before assembly
and any flare having imperfections shall be rejected. 扩口型油管接箍。 装配扩口管接头之前应检查扩口的密封面是否存在
着缺陷，任何有缺陷的表都应拒收。
335.4.2 Flareless and Compression Tubing Joints. Where the manufacturer’s instructions call for a specified number
of turns of the nut, these shall be counted from the point at which the nut becomes finger tight. 非扩口和压合式油管接箍。 如
果制造商的说明要求将螺母拧到某一规定的圈数时，则应从用手拧紧螺母的那一点开始计算。
335.5 Caulked Joints捻缝接头
Caulked joints shall be installed and assembled in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, as modified by the
engineering design. Care shall be taken to ensure adequate engagement of joint members. 捻缝接头应按照制造商的说明
进行安装和装配，并根据工程设计进行修改。 应注意确保接头部件的充分结合。
335.6 Expanded Joints and Special Joints胀接接头和特殊接头
335.6.1 General. Expanded joints and special joints (as defined in paragraph 318) shall be installed and assembled in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, as modified by the engineering design. Care shall be taken to ensure adequate
engagement of joint members. 通则。 胀接接头和特殊接头 (定义见第 318 段)应按照经工程设计修改后之制造商说明书进
行安装和装配，并应注意确保接头部件的充分结合。
335.6.2 Packed Joints. Where a packed joint is used to absorb thermal expansion, proper clearance shall be provided
at the bottom of the socket to permit this movement. 填料接头。 如果填料接头用于吸收热膨胀，则应在承窝底部提供适当
的间隙以供热膨胀位移。
335.9 Cleaning of Piping管道的清洁法
This Code does not prescribe mandatory procedures for flushing and cleaning. However, for potential hazards that may result
from performing such procedures refer to Appendix F, paragraph F335.9 for precautionary considerations. 本规范并未规定强制
性的冲洗和清洁程序。 但是，对于执行此类程序时可能导致的潜在危险预防性考虑，请参阅附录中 F335.9条款。
335.10 Identification of Piping管道代号
See Appendix F, paragraph F335.10. 见附录 F中 F335.10条款。
Figure 335.3.3 Typical Threaded Joints Using Straight Threads使用直螺纹的典型螺纹接头
Gasket墊片
GENERAL NOTE: Threads are ASME B1.1 straight threads. 通注：螺纹为 ASME B1.1的直螺纹。
Chapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing
第VI章 检验、检测和试验
340 INSPECTION检验
340.1 General通则
This Code distinguishes between examination (see paragraph 341) and inspection. Inspection applies to functions
performed for the owner by the owner’s Inspector or the Inspector’s delegates. References in this Code to the “Inspector”
are to the owner’s Inspector or the Inspector’s delegates. 本规范区分了检查 (见第 341 段)和检验。 检验适用于业主之检
验师或其检验代表为业主所履行的职责。 本规范中所提及的“Inspector”是指业主的检验师或代表业主执行其职能的
检验师。
340.2 Responsibility for Inspection
It is the owner’s responsibility, exercised through the owner’s Inspector, to verify that all required examinations and
testing have been completed and to inspect the piping to the extent necessary to be satisfied that it conforms to all applicable
examination requirements of the Code and of the engineering design. 业主有责任通过业主检验师行使职责，以核实是否
已完成所要求的所有检查和测试，并在必要的范围内检验管道，以确保管道符合本规范和工程设计的所有适用检查
要求 。
340.3 Rights of the Owner’s Inspector业主检验师的权利
The owner’s Inspector and the Inspector’s delegates shall have access to any place where work concerned with the
93
piping installation is being performed. This includes manufacture, fabrication, heat treatment, assembly, erection,
examination, and testing of the piping. They shall have the right to audit any examination, to inspect the piping using any
examination method specified by the engineering design, and to review all certifications and records necessary to satisfy the
owner’s responsibility stated in paragraph 340.2. 业主检验师和检验代表应有权进入与管道安装相关的任何工作场所。
这包括管道的制造、二次加工、热处理、装配、安装、检查和测试。 他们有权审核任何检查，使用工程设计所指
定的任何检查方法检查管道，并审核所有必要的证明和记录，以满足在340.2中对业主所规定的职责 。
340.4 Qualifications of the Owner’s Inspector
(a) The owner’s Inspector shall be designated by the owner and shall be the owner, an employee of the owner, an
employee of an engineering or scientific organization, or the employee of a recognized insurance or inspection company acting as
the owner’s agent. The owner’s Inspector shall not represent nor be an employee of the piping manufacturer, fabricator, or erector
unless the owner is also the manufacturer, fabricator, or erector. 业主检验师应由业主指定，并且应是业主、业主的雇员、工
程或科学组织的雇员，或作为业主代理人的认可保险或检验公司的雇员。 业主检验师不应作为管道制造商、制造商或
安装商的代表或雇员，除非业主主本身就是制造商、制造商或安装商。
(b) The owner’s Inspector shall meet one of the following requirements: 业主检验师应符合下列要求之一：
(1) have at least 10 yr of experience in the design, fabrication, or examination of industrial pressure piping. Each
20% of satisfactorily completed work toward an accredited engineering degree shall be considered equivalent to 1 yr of
experience, up to 5 yr total. 在工业压力管道的设计、制造加工或检测方面拥有至少 10 年的经验。 为获得认可的工程学位
之个人，而由其圆满完成之工作的每 20%可折算为的一年的实际经验，总共最多折算五年。
(2) have a professional engineering registration or nationally recognized equivalent with at least 5 yr of experience
in the design, fabrication, or examination of industrial pressure piping. 具有专业注册工程师资格或国家所认可的同等学历，
并且在工业压力管道的设计、制造加工或检测方面至少有 5 年的经验。
(3) be a certified welding inspector or a senior certified welding inspector as defined in AWS QC1, Specification
for AWS Certification of Welding Inspectors, or nationally recognized equivalent with at least 5 yr of experience in the design,
fabrication, or examination of industrial pressure piping. 为AWS QC1、AWS 焊接检验员认证规范中所定义的持证焊接检验
员或高级持证焊接检验员，或至少具有 5 年国家所认可的工业压力管道设计、制造加工或检测的同等人员。
(4) be an authorized piping inspector as defined in API 570, Piping Inspection Code: In-service Inspection, Rating,
Repair, and Alteration of Piping Systems, with at least 5 yr of experience in the design, fabrication, or examination of industrial
pressure piping. 为API 570 《管道检查规范：管道系统的在役检验、评级、维修和变更》中所定义的授权管道检验师，
且在工业压力管道的设计、制造加工或检测方面至少有 5 年的经验。
(c) In delegating performance of inspection, the owner’s Inspector is responsible for determining that a person to whom
an inspection function is delegated is qualified to perform that function. 在委托执行检验时，业主检验师负责确定被委派检验
职能之个人是否有执行该职能的资格。
341 EXAMINATION检测
341.1 General通则
Examination applies to quality control functions performed by the manufacturer (for components only), fabricator, or
erector. Reference in this Code to an examiner is to a person who performs quality control examinations. 检测适用于制造商
(仅针对组件)、二次加工商或安装商所执行的质量管控职能。 本规范中所提及的“检测人员”是指执行质量管控的检
测人员。
341.2 Responsibility for Examination检测的职责
Inspection does not relieve the manufacturer, the fabricator, or the erector of the responsibility for检测并不能免除制造
商、制造商或安装者的以下职责：
(a) providing materials, components, and workmanship in accordance with the requirements of this Code and of the
engineering design [see paragraph 300(b)(3)] 根据本规范和工程设计的要求提供材料、组件和加工技艺[见 300(b)(3)]
(b) performing all required examinations进行所有必需的检测
(c) preparing suitable records of examinations and tests for the Inspector’s use为检验师准备合适的检测和试验记录
以供使用
341.3 Examination Requirements检测要求
341.3.1 General. Prior to initial operation, each piping installation, including components and workmanship, shall be
examined in accordance with the applicable requirements of paragraph 341. The type and extent of any additional examination
required by the engineering design, and the acceptance criteria to be applied, shall be specified. Joints not included in
examinations required by paragraph 341.4 or by the engineering design are accepted if they pass the leak test required by
paragraph 345. 通则。 在初始运行之前，每个管道的安装，包括组件和加工技艺，都应根据341的适用要求进行检测。
工程设计所要求的任何附加检测的类型和范围，以及所要遵循的合格准则都应提出相应规定。 接头不包括在341.4 或工
程设计所要求的检测中，因为其只要通过345所要求的泄漏测试即可被接受。
(a) For P-Nos. 3, 4, 5A, 5B, 5C, and 15E materials, examinations shall be performed after completion of heat
treatment. However, examinations need not be repeated on welds or portions of welds that are subjected to additional heat
treatments and have not been repaired by welding. 由于属于P-No 3、4、5A、5B、5C 和 15E之材料，应在热处理完成后
进行检测；但，不需要对未通过焊接返修且经受额外热处理之焊缝或焊缝的一部分进行复检测，因为以之缺陷未被
消除。
(b) For a welded branch connection, the examination of, and any necessary repairs to, the pressure-containing
weld shall be completed before any reinforcing pad or saddle is added. 焊接型支管连接件应在添加任何补强衬垫或鞍座之
前完成承压焊缝的检测和任何必要的返修。
341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria. Acceptance criteria shall be as stated in the engineering design and shall at least meet the
94
applicable requirements stated below. 合格准则。 合格准则应如工程设计中所述，并且至少应满足下述适用要求。
(a) Welds. See Figure 341.3.2 for typical weld imperfections. 焊缝。 有关典型的焊接缺陷，请参见图
341.3.2。
(1) For radiography and visual, see Table 341.3.2. 射线检测和目视检查，请参见表 341.3.2。
(2) For magnetic particle, see paragraph 344.3.2. 磁粉检测，请参见 344.3.2。
(3) For liquid penetrant, see paragraph 344.4.2. 液体渗透检测，请参见344.4.2。
(4) For ultrasonic, see paragraph 344.6.2. 超声波检测，请参见 344.6.2。
(b) Castings. Acceptance criteria for castings are specified in paragraph 302.3.3. 铸件。 铸件的合格准则见
302.3.3。
341.3.3 Defective Components and Workmanship. Defects (imperfections of a type or magnitude not acceptable by
the criteria specified in paragraph 341.3.2) shall be repaired, or the defective item or work shall be replaced. Discontinuities
detected outside the area required to be examined during weld joint examinations should be evaluated and resolved in a manner
acceptable to the owner and designer. 有缺陷之组件和所作出的成品。 缺陷 (341.3.2中所规定了不可接受缺陷类型或其数量
级的的准则)应予以修复，或应更换有缺陷的品项或制件。 在焊接接头检测期间在需要检测之区域以外被检测到的不连
续性应以所有者和设计者的可接受方式进行评估和处理。
Examination shall be as follows: 应按如下所述进行检测：
(a) When the defective item or work is repaired, the repaired portion of the item or work shall be examined. The
examination shall use the same methods and acceptance criteria employed for the original examination. See also paragraph
341.3.1(a). 在对有缺陷的品项或制件进行返修时，应对返修后的零件或制件进行检操。 检测实应使用与原始检测相
同的方法和合格准则。 另见341.3.1(a)。
(b) When the defective item or work is replaced, the new item or work used to replace the defective item or work
shall be examined. The examination shall use any method and applicable acceptance criteria that meet the requirements for the
original examination. See also paragraph 341.3.1(a). 当要更换有缺陷的品项或制件时，应对用于更换有缺陷之品项或制
件的新品项或制件进行检测。 检测应使用满足原始检测要求的任何方法和所适用的验收标则。 另见第 341.3.1(a)。
341.3.4 Progressive Sampling for Examination. When required spot or random examination reveals a defect, then渐
进取样检测。 当所所要求之抽验或随机检测发现缺陷时，则应按如下所述进行渐进取样检测
(a) two additional samples of the same kind (if welded or bonded joints, by the same welder, bonder, or operator)
from the original designated lot shall be given the same type of examination取自原始指定批次且相同类型的两个额外样件
(如果焊接接头或粘合接头，则取自由相同焊工，粘合工或操作所完成之接头)应进行相同类型的检测
(b) if the items examined as required by (a) above are acceptable, the defective item shall be repaired or replaced
and reexamined as specified in paragraph 341.3.3, and all items represented by these two additional samples shall be accepted,
but如果按上述 (a)之要求进行检测的附加样件是可接受时，则应按341.3.3的规定修理或更换先前已被检出有缺陷的品
项并重新检测，且由这两个附加样件所代表的所有品项均应视为是可接受的
(c) if any of the items examined as required by (a) above reveals a defect, two further samples of the same kind
shall be examined for each defective item found by that sampling如果按上述 (a) 之要求进行检测的任何附加样件发现有
缺陷，则应对该抽样所发现的每个具有缺陷的品项再检测两个相同种类的样件
(d) if all the items examined as required by (c) above are acceptable, the defective item(s) shall be repaired or
replaced and reexamined as specified in paragraph 341.3.3, and all items represented by the additional sampling shall be
accepted, but 如果按上述 (c) 之要求进行检测之所有品项均可接受，则应按341.3.3的规定修理或更换先前已被检出有
缺陷的品项并重新检测，且由附加样件所代表的所有品项均应视为是可接受的
(e) if any of the items examined as required by (c) above reveals a defect, all items represented by the
progressive sampling shall be either如果按上述(c)之要求进行检测之任何品项被发现有缺陷，则由渐进抽样所代表的所
有品项应按如下所述进行处置
(1) repaired or replaced and reexamined as required, or按要求返修或更换并重新检测，或
(2) fully examined and repaired or replaced as necessary, and reexamined as necessary to meet the
requirements of this Code 必要时进行全面检测和返修或更换，及所必要的复测以满足本规范的要求
(f) If any of the defective items are repaired or replaced, reexamined, and a defect is again detected in the
repaired or replaced item, continued progressive sampling in accordance with (a), (c), and (e) is not required based on the new
defects found. The defective item(s) shall be repaired or replaced and reexamined until acceptance as specified in paragraph
341.3.3. Spot or random examination (whichever is applicable) is then performed on the remaining unexamined joints. 如果任
何有缺陷的品项被返修或更换、复测，并且在返修或更换的品项中再次检测到缺陷，则不需要根据 (a)、(c) 和 (e) 的
连续渐进抽样来发现新缺陷，而是应对返修或更换有缺陷的品项进行复测，直到符合 341.3.3所规定之合格准则。 然
后对其余未被检测之接头进行抽测或随机检测 (以适用者为准)。
341.4 Extent of Required Examination所需检测程度
341.4.1 Examination — Normal Fluid Service. Piping in Normal Fluid Service shall be examined to the extent
specified herein or to any greater extent specified in the engineering design. Acceptance criteria are as stated in paragraph 341.3.2
and in Table 341.3.2, for Normal Fluid Service unless otherwise specified. 一般流体工况的检测。在一般流体工况下运行之管
道应在此处所指定的范围内或在工程设计中所指定的任何更大范围内进行检测。在一般流体工况之 合格准则如341.3.2
条款和表 341.3.2所述，除非另有说明。
(a) Visual Examination. At least the following shall be examined in accordance with paragraph 344.2: 目视检
查。 至少应根据344.2条款检查以下内容 ：
(1) sufficient materials and components, selected at random, to satisfy the examiner that they conform to
specifications and are free from defects. 随机选择足够数量之材料和组件，以使检测人员确信它们都符合技术条件要
95
求且无缺陷。
(2) at least 5% of fabrication, as defined in paragraph 300.2. 至少 5% 的制品，而有关制品之定义见300.2
条款。
(3) 100% of all completed welds, except those in components made in accordance with a listed standard.
See paragraph 341.5.1(a) for examination of longitudinal welds required to have a joint factor, 𝐸j , of 0.90. 所有已完成焊缝
的 100%，根据表列标准制造之组件除外。 见第 341.5.1(a)中对具有接头系数𝐸j 为 0.90 之纵向焊缝的检测要求。
(4) random examination of the assembly of threaded, bolted, and other joints to satisfy the examiner that
they conform to the applicable requirements of paragraph 335. When pneumatic testing is to be performed, all threaded,
bolted, and other mechanical joints shall be examined. 随机检测螺纹、螺栓和其他接头之装配件，以使检测人员确信
它们符合335之相应要求；进行气压测试时，应检测所有螺纹、螺栓和其他机械接头处是否有泄漏。
Figure 341.3.2 Typical Weld Imperfections典型的焊缝缺陷
Lack of fusion between weld bean and base
metal 焊道和母材未熔合
(a) Side Wall Lack of Fusing 侧壁未熔合
Incomplete filling at root on one side only 一
侧根部未焊透
(b) Lack of Between Adjacent Passes
Fusing 相邻焊道间未黏合
Incomplete Penetration due to Internal
Misalignment 由于内侧对位不正而引起的未
焊透
Incomplete Penetration of Weld Groove 根部未焊透
Root bean fused to both inside surface but center of root slightly
below inside surface of pipe (not incomplete penetration) 根部焊道
与两侧表面熔合良好，但中心 轻微内凹 (不是未焊透)
(d) Incomplete Penetration of Weld Groove 焊接坡口未焊透
(e) Concave Root Surface (Suck-Up) 根面凹陷 (缺肉)
Internal undercut 内咬边
(f) Undercut 咬边
(g) Excess External Reinforcement 外部余高过高
(5) random examination during erection of piping, including checking of alignment, supports, and cold
spring. 管道安装过程中的随机检查，包括对准、支承件和冷紧的检查。
(6) examination of erected piping for evidence of defects that would require repair or replacement, and for
other evident deviations from the intent of the design. 检查已安装好之管道是否存在着需要反修或更换的缺陷证据，以
及是否存在着其他明显偏离设计意图的情况。
(b) Other Examination 其他检测
(1) Not less than 5% of circumferential butt and miter groove welds shall be examined fully by random
radiography in accordance with paragraph 344.5 or by random ultrasonic examination in accordance with paragraph 344.6.
The welds to be examined in each designated lot shall include the work product of each welder or welding operator whose
welds are part of the lot. The work of welders depositing only tack welds need not be represented as part of the lot. Welds
shall also be selected to maximize coverage of intersections with longitudinal joints. When a circumferential weld with an
intersecting longitudinal weld(s) is examined, at least the adjacent 38 mm (1 1∕2 in.) of each intersecting weld shall be
examined. In process examination in accordance with paragraph 344.7 may be substituted for all or part of the radiographic
or ultrasonic examination on a weld-for-weld basis if specified in the engineering design or specifically authorized by the
Inspector. 应对圆周对接焊缝和斜接波口焊缝之长度的至少5%按 344.5条款对其进行射线检测或按344.6条款进行随
机超声波检测。 每一指定批量中所要检测的焊缝组批应包括焊工或焊机操作工在该指定批量所焊制的产品在内。
仅沉积定位焊缝之焊工的工件不需要作为该批量的一部分。 还应选择焊缝以最大限度地覆盖与纵向接头的交叉
点。 当检测带有与纵向焊缝交叉之环向焊缝时，至少应对每一焊缝距交叉点的38 mm (11∕2 in.)长度进行检测。
如果在工程设计中指定或检验师特别授权案344.7进行的加工过过检测， 则可在“逐条焊缝检测”的基础上全部或部
分代替射线透照检测或超声检测。
(2) Not less than 5% of all brazed joints shall be examined by in process examination in accordance with
paragraph 344.7, the joints to be examined being selected to ensure that the work of each brazer making the production
joints is included. 至少从所要检测之所有焊焊接头抽样出的5%应按 344.7条款制程检测，而所选定之待检接应足以
确保包括制作生产接头之每位焊焊工的产品。
(c) Certifications and Records. The examiner shall be assured, by examination of certifications, records, and
other evidence, that the materials and components are of the specified grades and that they have received required heat
treatment, examination, and testing. The examiner shall provide the Inspector with a certification that all the quality control
requirements of the Code and of the engineering design have been carried out. 证明和记录。 检测人员应通过审查证书、
记录和其他证据来确保材料和组件符合所规定的等级，并且表示其已经接受所要求的热处理、检测和试验。 检测人
员应向检验师提供证明，以证明规范和工程设计的所有质量管控要求均已被贯彻。
96
Table 341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria for Welds — Visual and Radiographic Examination焊缝目视检查和射线检测的合格准则
Criteria (A to M) for Types of Welds and for Service Conditions [Note (1)] 焊缝类型和工况条件 (A 至 M)组合下的准则 [注 (1)]
Normal and Category M Fluid Service
Examination
一般和 M 类流体工况
Severe Cyclic Conditions剧烈循环条件
Category D Fluid Service D 类流体工况
Methods检测方法
Longitudinal
Girth, Miter Groove, and
Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Girth, Miter Groove, and
Groove Weld Fillet Weld
Branch Connection W
Groove Weld Fillet Weld
Girth and
Groove Weld Fillet Weld
Branch Connection Welds [Note (3)] 纵向 [Note (4)] 填 周向、斜接波口和支管连 [Note (3)] 纵向 [Note (4)] 填 Miter Groove [Note (3)] 纵向 [Note (4)] 填
Branch
[Note (2)] 周向、斜接波口 坡口焊缝 [注 角焊缝[注 接焊缝 [注 (2)]elds [Note 坡口焊缝 [注 角焊缝[注 Welds周向和 坡口焊缝 [注 角焊缝[注 Connection Weld
Visual Radiography
和支管连接焊缝 [注 (2)]
斜接波口焊缝
Weld Imperfection焊缝缺陷
目视
射线
(3)]
(4)]
(2)]
(3)]
(4)]
(3)]
(4)]
[Note (2)]
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Crack裂缝
✓
✓
A
A
A
A
A
A
C
A
N/A
A
Lack of fusion 未熔合
✓
✓
B
A
N/A
A
A
N/A
C
A
N/A
B
✓
✓
Incomplete penetration未焊透
E
E
N/A
D
D
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
…
Rounded Indications圆形指示
✓
G
G
N/A
F
F
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
…
Linear indications 线性指示
✓
H
A
H
A
A
A
I
A
H
H
✓
Undercutting咬边
✓
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Surface porosity or exposed slag
…
✓
inclusion [Note (5)] 表面气孔或外
露夹渣[注(5)]
N/A
N/A
N/A
J
J
J
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
…
Surface finish表面光洁度
✓
K
K
N/A
K
K
N/A
K
K
N/A
K
Concave surface, concave root, or
✓
✓
burn-through凹面、根面凹陷或熔
穿
L
L
L
L
L
L
M
M
M
M
Weld reinforcement or internal
…
✓
protrusion焊余高高或根部凸度
GENERAL NOTES: 通注
(a) Weld imperfections are evaluated by one or more of the types of examination methods given, as specified in paras. 341.4.1, 341.4.2, 341.4.3, and M341.4, or by the engineering design. 可通过如第 341.4.1、341.4.2、341.4.3
和 M341.4或由工程设计中所述一种或多种给定检测方法来评估焊缝缺陷。
(b) “N/A” indicates the Code does not establish acceptance criteria or does not require evaluation of this kind of imperfection for this type of weld. “N/A”表示规范没有建立验收准则或不要求对此类焊缝的此类缺陷进行评
估。
(c) Check (✓) indicates examination method generally used for evaluating this kind of weld imperfection. 打勾 (✓)表示一般用于评估此类焊缝缺陷的检测方法。
(d) Ellipsis (…) indicates examination method not generally used for evaluating this kind of weld imperfection. 省略号 (…)表示通常不用于评估此类焊缝缺陷的检测方法。
NOTES:注
(1) Criteria given are for required examination. More-stringent criteria may be specified in the engineering design. See also paras. 341.5 and 341.5.3. 支管连接焊缝包括支管和预制搭接短管内的承压焊缝。
(2) Branch connection weld includes pressure containing welds in branches and fabricated laps.
(3) Longitudinal groove weld includes straight and spiral (helical) seam. Criteria are not intended to apply to welds made in accordance with a standard listed in Table A-1, Table A-1M, or Table 326.1. Alternative Leak Test
requires examination of these welds; see paragraph 345.9. 纵向坡口焊缝包括直缝和螺旋 (螺旋)缝。 准则不适用于按表 A-1、表 A-1M 或表 326.1 中所列标准焊制的焊缝。 这些焊缝需要进行345.9条款的备选泄漏测试检
测。
(4) Fillet weld includes socket and seal welds, and attachment welds for slip-on flanges, branch reinforcement, and supports. 填角焊缝包括承插焊缝和密封焊缝，以及滑套法兰、支管加固件和支承件的连接焊缝。
(5) These imperfections are evaluated only for welds ≤5 mm (3∕16 in.) in nominal thickness. 仅针对标称厚度 ≤ 5 mm (3∕16 in.)之焊缝中的表面气孔或外露夹渣进行评估。
97
Criterion Value Notes for Table 341.3.2 对表 341.3.2 中准则值的注释
Criterion准则
Measure含义
Acceptable Value Limits [Note (1)] 可接受值的范围 [注 (1)]
Zero (no evident imperfection) 零 (无明显缺陷)
≤38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length or 25% of total weld length, whichever is less在
任何150 mm (6 in.)焊缝长度内的可接受未焊透累计长度为≤38 mm (1.5 in.)或总焊缝长度
的 25%，取较小者
≤38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length or 25% of total weld length, whichever is less在
任何150 mm (6 in.)焊缝长度内的可接受未熔合和未焊透支累计长度≤38 mm (1.5 in.)或总
焊缝长度的 25%，取较小者
See ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 4 [Note (2)] 圆形指示之大小和分布的可接
受准则见 ASME BPVC第 VIII -1 卷附录 4 [注 (2)]
For 𝑇̅𝑤 ≤ 6 mm (1∕4 in.), limit is same as D [Note (2)] 当𝑇̅𝑤 ≤ 6 mm (1∕4 in.)时，可接受限值与
D 相同 [注 (2)]
For 𝑇̅𝑤 > 6 mm (1∕4 in.), limit is 1.5 × D [Note (2)] 当 𝑇̅𝑤 > 6 mm (1∕4 in.)时，可接受限值为
1.5 × D [注 (2)]
Symbol符号
A
Extent of imperfection缺陷程度
B
Cumulative length of incomplete penetration未焊透累计长度
C
Cumulative length of lack of fusion and incomplete penetration未熔合和未焊透的累计长度
D
Size and distribution of rounded indications圆形指示的大小和分布
E
Size and distribution of rounded indications圆形指示的大小和分布
F
Linear indications线性指示
Individual length单个线性指示的长度
Individual width 单个线性指示的宽度
Cumulative length累计长度
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
≤ 𝑇̅𝑤 /3
≤ 2.5 mm (3∕32 in.) and ≤ 𝑇̅𝑤 /3
≤ 𝑇̅𝑤 in any 12 𝑇̅𝑤 weld length [Note (2)] 在任何 12 𝑇̅𝑤 焊缝长度内的可接受线性指示累计长度为
≤ 𝑇̅𝑤 [注(2)]
Linear indications线性指示
Individual length单个线性指示的长度
Individual width单个线性指示的宽度
Cumulative length累计长度
≤ 2𝑇̅𝑤
≤ 3 mm (1∕8 in.) and ≤ 𝑇̅𝑤 /2
≤ 4𝑇̅𝑤 in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length [Note (2)] 在任何150 mm (6 in.)焊缝长度的可接受线性
指示累计长度为≤ 4𝑇̅𝑤 [注 (2)]
Depth of undercut咬边深度
≤ 1 mm (1∕32 in.) and ≤ 𝑇̅𝑤 /4
≤ 38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length or 25% of total weld length, whichever is less
Cumulative length of internal and external undercut内外咬边累计长度
在任何150 mm (6 in.)焊缝长度内的可接受内外咬边累计长度≤38 mm (1.5 in.)或总焊缝长
度的 25%，取较小者
Depth of undercut咬边深度
≤ 1.5 mm (1∕16 in.) and ≤ 𝑇̅𝑤 /4 or 1 mm (1∕32 in.)
≤ 38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length or 25% of total weld length, whichever is less
Cumulative length of internal and external undercut内外咬边累计长度
在任何150 mm (6 in.)焊缝长度内的可接受内外咬边累计长度≤38 mm (1.5 in.)或总焊缝长
度的 25%，取较小者
Surface roughness表面粗糙度
≤ 12.5 μm (500 μin.) 𝑅𝑎 in accordance with ASME B46.1根据ASME B46.15 之规定，表面粗糙
度 (算术平均高度𝑅𝑎 )的可接受限值为≤ 12.5 μm (500 μin.)
Depth of surface concavity, root concavity, or burn-through表面凹陷、根面凹陷或熔穿的深度
Total joint thickness, including weld reinforcement, ≥ 𝑇̅𝑤 [Notes (3) and (4)] 将焊缝余高包括在内
的接头总厚度，≥ 𝑇̅𝑤 [注 (3) 和 (4)]
Height of reinforcement or internal protrusion [Note (5)] in any plane through the weld shall be within
Height, mm (in.)
For 𝑇̅𝑤 , mm (in.)
limits of the applicable height value in the tabulation at right, except as provided in Note (6). Weld
≤6 (1∕4)
≤1.5 (1∕16)
metal shall merge smoothly into the component surfaces. 焊缝任何平面中的余高或内突起的高度
1
1
>6 ( ∕4), ≤13 ( ∕2)
≤3 (1∕8)
[注 (5)] 应在在右表中相应高度限值内，但注 (6) 中规定的除外。 焊缝金属应平滑过渡到组件
>13 (1∕2), ≤25 (1)
≤4 (5∕32)
表面。
>25 (1)
≤5 (3∕16)
Height of reinforcement or internal protrusion [Note (5)] as described in L. Note (6) does not apply. L代
Limit is twice the value applicable for L above限值是上述 L代号中之相应值的两倍
号中所述余高或内部突起的高度 [注 (5)，注 (6) 不适用。
NOTES: 注
(2) Where two limiting values are separated by “and,” the lesser of the values determines acceptance. Where two sets of values are separated by “or,” the larger value is acceptable. 𝑇̅𝑤 is the nominal wall thickness
98
Criterion Value Notes for Table 341.3.2 对表 341.3.2 中准则值的注释
Criterion准则
Symbol符号
Measure含义
Acceptable Value Limits [Note (1)] 可接受值的范围 [注 (1)]
of the thinner of two components joined by a butt weld. 当两个极限值用“和”分隔时，接受值取较小值。 在两组值之间用“或”分隔的情况下，接受值取较大值是可接受的。𝑇̅𝑤 是用对接焊缝所连接之两组件中
较薄组件的标称壁厚。
(3) Porosity and inclusions such as slag or tungsten are defined as rounded indications where the maximum length is three times the width or less. These indications may be circular, elliptical, or irregular in shape;
may have tails; and may vary in density. Indications where the length is greater than three times the width are defined as linear indications and may also be slag, porosity, or tungsten. 气孔和夹渣 (如熔渣或钨)被定义为
圆形指示，其最大长度为宽度的三倍或更小。 这些指示可能是圆形、椭圆形或不规则形状，还可能有尾巴； 并且黑度可能会有所不同。 长度大于宽度三倍的迹像被定义为线性指示，也可能是夹渣、气
孔或夹钨。
(4) For circumferential groove welded joints in pipe, tube, and headers made entirely without the addition of filler metal, external concavity shall not exceed the lesser of 1 mm (1∕32 in.) or 10% of the joint nominal
thickness. The contour of the concavity shall blend smoothly with the base metal. The total joint thickness, including any reinforcement, shall not be less than the minimum wall thickness, 𝑡𝑚 . 对于完全不添加焊填金属
之钢管、管子和集管中的周向坡口焊接接头，外凹度不应超过1 mm (1∕32 in.)或接头标称厚度的 10%，取两者中较小者。 凹陷的轮廓应平滑过渡到母材。 将焊缝余高包括在内的接头总厚度不应小于最
小壁厚𝑡𝑚 。
(5) For radiography, acceptability may be determined by comparing the density of the image through the affected area to the density through the adjacent base metal (𝑇̅𝑤 ). If digital radiography is used, brightness
comparison may be utilized. A density or brightness darker than the adjacent base metal is cause for rejection. 射线检测可以通过比较受影响区域之图像密度与相邻母材之黑度 (𝑇̅𝑤 ) 来确定可接受性。 如果使用数
字射线检测，则可以使用亮度比较。 黑度或亮度比相邻母材暗则表示可成为判废的原因。
(6) For groove welds, height is the lesser of the measurements made from the surfaces of the adjacent components; both reinforcement and internal protrusion are permitted in a weld. For fillet welds, height is
measured from the theoretical throat, Figure 328.5.2A; internal protrusion does not apply. 对于坡口焊缝而言，高度是相邻组件表面测量值中的较小者； 焊缝中允许有余高和内部突度。 对于填角焊缝而言，高
度是从理论喉部开始测量的，见图 328.5.2A； 内部突度不适用于填角焊缝。
(7) For welds in aluminum alloy only, internal protrusion shall not exceed the following values: 铝合金中之焊缝的内部突度不应超过以下值：
(a) 1.5 mm (1∕16 in.) for thickness ≤2 mm (5∕64 in.) 当厚度 >2 mm但 ≤6 mm (1∕4 in.)时为2.5 mm (3∕32 in.)
(b) 2.5 mm (3∕32 in.) for thickness >2 mm and ≤6 mm (1∕4 in.) 当厚度 ≤2 mm (5∕64 in.)时为1.5 mm (1∕16 in.)
For external reinforcement and for greater thicknesses, see the tabulation for symbol L. 外部余高和更大的厚度，请参见符号 L 的右侧表格。
99
341.4.2 Examination — Category D Fluid Service. Piping and piping elements for Category D Fluid Service as
designated in the engineering design shall be visually examined in accordance with paragraph 344.2 to the extent necessary to
satisfy the examiner that components, materials, and workmanship conform to the requirements of this Code and the engineering
design. Acceptance criteria are as stated in paragraph 341.3.2 and in Table 341.3.2, for Category D fluid service, unless otherwise
specified.
检测 — D 类流体工况。 工程设计中指定用于 D 类流体工况之管道和管道構成元件应根据344.2之规定在必要的程度上进
行目视检查。 以使件测人员确信组件、材料和工艺技术均符合本规范和工程设计。 合格准则见第 341.3.2 和表 341.3.2
中D 类流体工况栏所给出之准则，除非另有规定。
341.4.3 Examination — Severe Cyclic Conditions. Piping to be used under severe cyclic conditions shall be
examined to the extent specified herein or to any greater extent specified in the engineering design. Acceptance criteria are as
stated in paragraph 341.3.2 and in Table 341.3.2, for severe cyclic conditions, unless otherwise specified. 检测 — 剧烈循环条
件。 剧烈循环条件下使用之管道应按照此处所规定的检测程度或工程设计中所规定的任何更大检测程度进行检测。 合
格准则见第 341.3.2 和表 341.3.2 中剧烈循环条件栏所给出之准则，除非另有规定。
(a) Visual Examination. The requirements of paragraph 341.4.1(a) apply with the following exceptions: 目视检
查。 341.4.1(a) 的要求可作为目视检查程度之基准，但有以下例外：
(1) All fabrication shall be examined. 所有成形加工都應進行目視檢查。
(2) All threaded, bolted, and other joints shall be examined. 应检查所有螺纹、螺栓和其他接头。
(3) All piping erection shall be examined to verify dimensions and alignment. Supports, guides, and points
of cold spring shall be checked to ensure that movement of the piping under all conditions of startup, operation, and shutdown
will be accommodated without undue binding or unanticipated constraint. 应检查所有管道安装以核验尺寸和对准度。 应检查
支承件、导向件和冷紧点，以确保管道在启动、运行和停车的所有条件下的移动都能够适应，而不会受到不当约束或意
外约束。
(b) Other Examination. All circumferential butt and miter groove welds and all fabricated branch connection
welds comparable to those shown in Figure 328.5.4E shall be examined by 100% radiography in accordance with paragraph
344.5, or (if specified in the engineering design) by 100% ultrasonic examination in accordance with paragraph 344.6. Socket
welds and branch connection welds that are not radiographed shall be examined by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant
methods in accordance with paragraph 344.3 or 344.4. 其他检测。 与图 328.5.4E 中所示相似的那些所有周向对接和斜接
波口焊缝以及所有预制支管连接件中之焊缝应按344.5进行100%的射线照相术检测，或 (如果在工程设计中指定)按
344.6进行 100%的 超声波检测。 未进行射线检测的承插焊缝和支管连接焊缝应根据第 344.3 或 344.4之规定进行磁粉
或液渗透检测。
(c) In process examination in accordance with paragraph 344.7, supplemented by appropriate nondestructive
examination, may be substituted for the examination required in (b) above on a weld-for-weld basis if specified in the
engineering design or specifically authorized by the Inspector. 如果工程设计中有规定或检验师特别授权，可以在"逐条焊
缝检测"的基础上根据 344.7进行的制程检查再辅以适当的无损检测来代替上述 (b) 中所要求的检测。
(d) Certification and Records. The requirements of paragraph 341.4.1(c) apply. 证明和记录。证明书和记应符
合341.4.1(c)的要求。
341.4.4 Examination — Elevated Temperature Fluid Service. Piping in Elevated Temperature Fluid Service shall
be examined to the extent specified herein or to any greater extent specified in the engineering design. Acceptance criteria are as
stated in paragraph 341.3.2 and in Table 341.3.2, for Normal Fluid Service, unless the requirements for severe cyclic conditions
apply or otherwise specified. 检测 — 高温流体工况。 高温流体工况中之管道应在此处所指定的检测程度内或在工程设计
中所指定的任何更大检测程度内进行检测。 合格准则见341.3.2 条款和表 341.3.2 中一般流体工况栏所给出之准则，对于
正常流体服务，除非高温流体工况亦属于剧烈循环条件的范畴或另有规定。
(a) Visual Examination. The requirements of paragraph 341.4.1(a) apply with the following exceptions: 目视检
查。 341.4.1(a) 的要求可作为目视检查程度之基准，但有以下例外：
(1) All fabrication shall be examined. 所有成形加工都應進行檢查。
(2) All threaded, bolted, and other joints shall be examined. 应检查所有螺纹接头、螺栓接头和其他接
头。
(3) All piping erection shall be examined to verify dimensions and alignment. Supports, guides, and points
of cold spring shall be checked to ensure that movement of the piping under all conditions of startup, operation, and
shutdown will be accommodated without undue binding or unanticipated constraint. 应检查所有管道安装以核验尺寸和对
准度。 应检查支承件、导向件和冷紧点，以确保管道在启动、运行和停车的所有条件下的移动都能够适应，而不
会受到不当约束或意外约束。
(b) Additional Examination. The examination requirements of paragraph 341.4.1(b) apply with the following
exceptions: 附加检测。 341.4.1(b) 的检测要求可作为附加检测程度之基准，但有以下例外情况：
(1) Fabrication for longitudinal and spiral (helical seam) welds in P-No. 4 and P-No. 5 materials, except
those in components made in accordance with a listed specification, shall be examined by 100% radiography in accordance
with paragraph 344.5, or by 100% ultrasonic examination in accordance with paragraph 344.6. 用P-No. 4 和 P-No. 5 材料
及纵向焊缝和螺旋 (螺旋缝)焊缝所焊成的成形加工品，应按 344.5进行 100%的射线检测或按 344.6进行 100%的超
声波检测，但按照表列规范所制造之组件中的那些纵向焊缝和螺旋 (螺旋缝)焊缝除外。
(2) Socket welds and branch connection welds in PNo. 4 and P-No. 5 materials that are not radiographed or
ultrasonically examined shall be examined by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant methods in accordance with paragraph
344.3 or 344.4. 未经射线检测或超声检测之P-No. 4 和 P-No. 5 材料中的焊缝和支管连接件焊缝应按344.3 或 344.4通
过磁粉或液渗透方法进行检测 。
(c) Additional Examination Required for Autogenous Welds, Without Filler Metal, in Austenitic Stainless-steel
100
and Austenitic High Nickel Alloys. Autogenously welded pipe shall receive nondestructive examination in accordance with the
material specification. Autogenously welded expansion joint bellows shall be examined in accordance with paragraph
X302.2.2(c). 奥氏体不锈钢和奥氏体高镍合金中无焊填金属之自生焊缝的所需额外检检测。 自熔焊管应按照材料规范
进行无损检测。 自熔焊接膨胀节波纹管应按X302.2.2(c)进行检查 。
(d) Certification and Records. The requirements of paragraph 341.4.1(c) apply. 证明和记录。 证明书和记应符
合341.4.1(c)的要求。
341.5 Supplementary Examination补充检测
Any of the methods of examination described in paragraph 344 may be specified by the engineering design to
supplement the examination required by paragraph 341.4. The extent of supplementary examination to be performed and
any acceptance criteria that differ from those in paragraph 341.3.2 shall be specified in the engineering design. 第344 条款
中所述任何检测方法。 可由工程设计指定，以补充341.4所要求的检测。 进行的补充检测的程度和任何不同于
341.3.2 中之合格准则，应在工程设计中给出规定。
341.5.1 Spot Radiography局部射线检测
(a) Longitudinal Welds. Spot radiography for longitudinal groove welds required to have a weld joint factor 𝐸𝑗 of
0.90 requires examination by radiography in accordance with paragraph 344.5 of at least 300 mm (1 ft) in each 30 m (100 ft)
of weld for each welder or welding operator. Acceptance criteria are those stated in Table 341.3.2 for radiography under
Normal Fluid Service. 纵向焊缝。 对具有焊接接头系数𝐸𝑗 为 0.90 之纵向坡口焊缝的局部射线检测须按344.5条款的要
求对由每位焊工或焊机操作员所焊出之每30 M (100 ft)的焊缝中至少检测其中的300 mm (1 ft)。合格准则准见表
341.3.2 中针对一般流体工况所规定的射线检测则准。
(b) Circumferential Butt Welds and Other Welds. It is recommended that the extent of examination be not less
than one shot on one in each 20 welds for each welder or welding operator. Unless otherwise specified, acceptance criteria are
as stated in Table 341.3.2 for radiography under Normal Fluid Service for the type of joint examined. 周向对接焊缝和其他
焊缝。 建议对每位焊工或焊机操作人员的检测程度为每 20 条焊缝中至少一条焊缝。 除非另有规定，合格准则如表
341.3.2 中针对用于在正常流体一般流体工况下之接头类型所规定的射线检测则准。
(c) Progressive Sampling for Examination. The provisions of paragraph 341.3.4 are applicable. 渐进抽样检测。
341.3.4的规定可作为渐进抽样检测程度之基准。
(d) Welds to Be Examined. The locations of welds and the points at which they are to be examined by spot
radiography shall be selected or approved by the Inspector. 所要检测之焊缝。 检验师应选择或批准焊缝位置和局部射线
检测点。
341.5.2 Hardness Tests. Hardness tests are not required to verify proper heat treatment except as otherwise specified in
the engineering design. 硬度试验。 除非工程设计中另有规定，否则不需要硬度试验来验证热处理是否正确性。
341.5.3 Examinations to Resolve Uncertainty. Any method may be used to resolve doubtful indications. Acceptance
criteria shall be those for the required examination. 解决不确定性的检测。 可以使用任何方法来解决可疑指示。 合格准则应
为所需检测的准则。
342 EXAMINATION PERSONNEL检测人员
342.4 Personnel Qualification and Certification检测人员的资格和证书
Personnel performing nondestructive examination to the requirements of this Code shall be qualified and certified for the method
to be utilized following a procedure as described in ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 1, T-120(e) or (f). 按本规范之要求执行无
损检测之人员应具备按 ASME BPVC 第 V 册第 1 章 T-120(e) 或 (f) 中所述程序取得其所要应用之检测方法的认可资格和
证书。
342.5 Specific Requirement具体要求
For in process examination, the examinations shall be performed by personnel other than those performing the
production work. 应由从事生产工作之人员以外的人员来进行制程检测。
343 EXAMINATION PROCEDURES檢測規程
Any examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure that conforms to one of the methods specified in
paragraph 344, including special methods (see paragraph 344.1.2). Procedures shall be written as required in ASME BPVC,
Section V, Article 1, T-150. The employer shall make the examination procedures employed available to the Inspector. 任何检测
都应按符合344规定的方法之一的书面规程进行，包括特殊方法 (见第 344.1.2 段)。 该书面规程应按ASME BPVC 第 V册
第 1 章 T-150 的要求编写。 雇主应向检验师提供所采用的检测方法。
344 TYPES OF EXAMINATION检测类型
344.4 General通则
344.1.1 Methods. Except as provided in paragraph 344.1.2, any examination required by this Code, by the engineering
design, or by the Inspector shall be performed in accordance with one of the methods specified herein. 方法。 344.1.2之规定除
外 ，本规范、工程设计或检验师所要求的任何检测都应按照此处所指出之方法之一进行。
344.1.2 Special Methods. If a method not specified herein is to be used, it and its acceptance criteria shall be specified
in the engineering design in enough detail to permit qualification of the necessary procedures and examiners. 专门方法。 如果要
使用此处未指出之方法，则应在工程设计中详细说明该方法及其合格准则，以便所对必要的规程进行评定并对检测人员
进行资格鉴定。
344.1.3 Definitions. The following terms apply to any type of examination: 定义。 以下术语适用于任何检测类型：
100% examination: complete examination of all of a specified kind of item in a designated lot of piping 1 100%检
101
测：对指定批量之管道中指定种类之品项进行全检
random examination2: complete examination of a percentage of a specified kind of item in a designated lot of
piping1 随机检测：对指定批量之管道且有指定工况类型之品项的规定检测百分比进行检测的一种术语
spot examination2: a specified partial examination of each of a specified kind of item in a designated lot of piping,1
e.g., of part of the length of all shop-fabricated welds in a lot of jacketed piping 抽样检测：对指定批量之管道且有指定工况类
型之品项进行的选定零部件所进行一种检测类型，例如，对一批夹套管道中所有厂焊焊缝的一部分长度进行检测
random spot examination2: a specified partial examination of a percentage of a specified kind of item in a
designated lot of piping1 随机抽样检测：对指定批量之管道且有指定工况类型之品项在指定百分比内随机抽取所需品项数
进行检测的一种检测类型
1 A designated lot is that quantity of piping to be considered in applying the requirements for examination in this Code. The quantity or
extent of a designated lot should be established by agreement between the contracting parties before the start of work. More than one
kind of designated lot may be established for different kinds of piping work. See Pipe Fabrication Institute Standard ES-48, Random
Examination, for examples of lot selection. 指定批量是指在应用本规范之检测要求时要所考虑的管道数。 指定批次的数量或检
测程度应在开工前由合同双方协议。 可以为不同工况类型的管道工程建立一种以上的指定批次。 有关批次的选择示例，请参
见管道制造协会标准 ES-48《随机检测》。
2 Random or spot examination will not ensure a fabrication product of a prescribed quality level throughout. Items not examined in a lot
of piping represented by such examination may contain defects that further examination could disclose. Specifically, if all
radiographically disclosable weld defects must be eliminated from a lot of piping, 100% radiographic examination must be specified. 随
机检测或抽样检测不能确保制造产品始终达到所规定的质量水平。 此类检测所代表之大量管道中未检测品项可能包含在进一
步检测时可能会发现的缺陷。 具体来说，如果必须从大量管道中消除所有射线检测可揭示的焊接缺陷，则必须指定 100%的
射线检测。
344.5 Visual Examination目视检查
344.5.1 Definition. Visual examination is the direct observation of the external and internal portions of components,
joints, and other piping elements that are readily accessible or can be exposed to view before, during, or after manufacture,
fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, or testing. This examination includes verification of Code and engineering design
requirements for materials, components, dimensions, joint preparation, alignment, welding, bonding, brazing, bolting, threading,
or other joining method, supports, assembly, and erection. 定义。 目视检查是在制造、二次加工、装配、安装、检测或ㄕ之
前、期间或之后对易于接近之各组件、接头和其他之管道構成元件之外表面和或其可见内表面部分所进行的直接观察。
此种检查包括对材料、组件、尺寸、接头制备、对准、焊接、粘接、焊焊、螺栓连接、螺纹连接或其他连接方法、支
承、装配和安装的核实，以确认它们是符合本规范和工程设计的要求。
344.5.2 Method. Visual examination shall be performed in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 9.
Examination shall be by the direct visual technique. The use of a remote visual technique and the acceptance criteria beyond the
requirements of this Code shall be a matter of agreement between contracting parties prior to the start of fabrication. 方法。 应按
ASME BPVC 第 V 册第 9 章进行目视检查。检查应采用直接视觉技术。 超出本规范所要求的遥视技术的使用和合格准
则应在制造加工开始前由合同双方协议。
Records of individual visual examinations are not required except for those of in process examinations as specified
in paragraph 344.7. 不需要个别的目视检查记录，但344.7规定的制程检查记录除外。
344.6 Magnetic Particle Examination磁粉检测
344.6.1 Method. Examination of castings is covered in paragraph 302.3.3. Magnetic particle examination of welds and
of components other than castings shall be performed in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 7. 方法。 铸件的磁
粉检测见302.3.3条款 。焊缝及非铸造组件的磁粉检测应按ASME BPVC第 V 册第 7 章规定进行。
344.6.2 Acceptance Criteria. Magnetic particle indications are caused by the attraction of the test media to surface or
near-surface discontinuities in the area under test. However, all such indications are not necessarily imperfections, since excessive
roughness, magnetic permeability variations, etc., may produce nonrelevant indications. Inadvertent accumulation of particles not
related to magnetic attraction is classified as a false indication. Indications shall be verified as being relevant, nonrelevant, or
false. Additional surface preparation and/or other test methods may be used as needed to verify the relevance of an indication. 合
格准则。 磁粉指示是由测试介质被吸引到被测区域之表面不连续性或刺表面不连续性而引起的。 然而，所有这些指示
都不一定是缺陷，因为过度的粗糙度、磁导率变化等都可能会产生不相关指示。 与磁吸引无关之颗粒的无意积累被归
类为假指示。 指示应被鉴定为相关、不相关或假指示。 可以根据实际需求用额外的表面处理和/或其他试验方法来鉴定
指示的相关性。
An indication of an imperfection may be larger than the imperfection that causes it; however, the size of the indication is
the basis for acceptance evaluation. Only indications that have any dimension greater than 1.5 mm ( 1∕16 in.) shall be
considered relevant. 缺陷所显示出之迹象可能比实际缺陷之迹象更大； 但指示的大小是合格评估的基础。 只有任何
尺寸大于1.5 mm (1∕16 in.)的指示才应被视为是相关指示。
(a) Indications 指示
(1) A linear indication is one having a length greater than three times its width. 线性指示是指长度大于其
宽度三倍的指示。
(2) A rounded indication may be one of circular, elliptical, or irregular and possibly have tails in shape; with
a length equal to or less than three times its width. 圆形指示是指长度等于或小于其宽度三倍的指示，其形状可能是圆
形、椭圆形或不规则形状中的一种，还可能有尾巴。
(b) Examination. All surfaces to be examined shall be free of 检测。 所有被检测之表面应无：
(1) relevant linear indications相关线性指示
(2) relevant rounded indications >5.0 mm (3∕16 in.) 大于5.0 mm (3∕16 in.)之相关圆形指示
(3) four or more relevant rounded indications in a line separated by 1.5 mm ( 1∕16 in.) or less, edge to edge
四个或更多排列在一条在线的相关圆形指示，且边到边的间隔 ≤ 1.5 mm (1∕16 in.)
344.7 Liquid Penetrant Examination液渗透检测
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344.7.1 Method. Examination of castings is covered in paragraph 302.3.3. Liquid penetrant examination of welds and
of components other than castings shall be performed in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 6. 方法。 铸件的液
渗透检测见302.3.3条款 。焊缝及非铸造组件的液渗透检测应按ASME BPVC 第 V 册第 6章的规定进行。
344.7.2 Acceptance Criteria. Liquid penetrant indications are caused by the bleed-out of a visible or fluorescent dye
from a surface discontinuity in the area under test. However, all such indications are not necessarily imperfections, since
excessive roughness, poor surface preparation, etc., may produce nonrelevant indications. Inadvertent evidence of penetrant not
related to actual bleed-out is classified as a false indication. Indications shall be verified as being relevant, nonrelevant, or false.
Additional surface preparation and/or other test methods may be used as needed to verify the relevance of an indication. 合格准
则。 液渗透指示是由于从被测区域之表面不连续处渗出可见或荧光染料而引起的一种迹象。 然而，所有这些指示都不
一定是缺陷，因为过度粗糙、表面处理不良等都可能会产生不相关指示。 实际渗出与渗透剂无关之无意迹象被归类为
假指示。 指示应被鉴定为相关指示、不相关指示或假指示。可以根据实际需求用额外的表面处理和/或其他试验方法来
鉴定指示的相关性。
An indication of an imperfection may be larger than the imperfection that causes it; however, the size of the indication
is the basis for acceptance evaluation. Only indications that have any dimension greater than 1.5 mm (1∕16 in.) shall be
considered relevant. 缺陷所显示出之迹象可能比实际缺陷之迹象更大； 但指示的大小是合格评估的基础。 只有任
何尺寸大于1.5 mm (1∕16 in.)的指示才应被视为是相关指示。
(a) Indications 指示
(1) A linear indication is one having a length greater than three times its width. 线性指示是指长度大于其宽
度三倍的指示。
(2) A rounded indication is one of circular or elliptical , or irregular and possibly have tails in shape; with a
length equal to or less than three times its width. 圆形指示是指长度等于或小于其宽度三倍的指示，其形状可能是圆
形、椭圆形或不规则形状中的一种，还可能有尾巴。
(b) Examination. All surfaces to be examined shall be free of 检测。所有被检测之表面应无：
(1) relevant linear indications 相关线性指示
(2) relevant rounded indications >5.0 mm (3∕16 in.) 大于5.0 mm (3∕16 in.)之相关圆形指示
(3) four or more relevant rounded indications in a line separated by 1.5 mm ( 1∕16 in.) or less, edge to edge 四
个或更多排列在一条在线的相关圆形指示，且边到边的间隔 ≤ 1.5 mm (1∕16 in.)
344.8 Radiographic Examination射线检测
344.8.1 Method. Radiography of castings is covered in paragraph 302.3.3. Radiography of welds and of components
other than castings shall be performed in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 2. For the purpose of image quality
indicator (IQI) selection, for welds with reinforcement, the thickness used shall be the nominal wall thickness, 𝑇̅𝑤 , plus the
allowable external reinforcement and internal reinforcement (protrusion) combined. 方法。 铸件的射线检测见在302.3.3。 焊
缝和非铸造组件的射线部应按ASME BPVC 第 V 册第 2 章进行。为带余高之焊缝选用像质量计 (IQI)时，应以为标称壁
厚𝑇̅𝑤 , 加上所容许之内/外部余高凸度度的合来做为选用厚度之基准。
344.5.1 Extent of Radiography射线检测程度
(a) 100% Radiography. This applies only to girth and miter groove welds and to fabricated branch connection
welds comparable to Figure 328.5.4E, unless otherwise specified in the engineering design. 100% 射线检测。 除非在工程设计
中另有规定，种检测程度仅适用于与图 328.5.4E 类似之环向和斜接波口焊缝以及预制支管连接见的焊缝。
(b) Random Radiography. This applies only to girth and miter groove welds. 随机射线检测。 这仅适用于周向和
斜接波口焊缝。
(c) Spot Radiography. This requires a single exposure radiograph in accordance with paragraph 344.5.1 at a point
within a specified extent of welding. For girth, miter, and branch groove welds, the minimum requirement is随机抽样射线检
测。 在所指定之焊接范围内的一点上按344.5.1进行进行射线一次曝光。 对环向、斜接和支管坡口焊缝的最低要求如下
所述：
(1) for sizes ≤DN 65 (NPS 21∕2), a single elliptical exposure encompassing the entire weld circumference
规格 ≤DN 65 (NPS 21∕2) 时，在一次偏置曝光中要覆盖整个焊缝圆周。
(2) for sizes >DN 65, the lesser of 25% of the inside circumference or 152 mm (6 in.) 规格 > DN 65 时，在一
次曝光中要覆盖内周长的 25% 或152 mm (6 in.)中的较小者
For longitudinal welds, the minimum requirement is 152 mm (6 in.) of weld length. 纵向焊缝的一次曝光最小
长度要求为152 mm (6 in.)。
344.9 Ultrasonic Examination超声波检测
344.9.1 Method. Examination of castings is covered in paragraph 302.3.3; other product forms are not covered.
Ultrasonic examination of welds shall be performed in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 4, except that the
alternative specified in (a) and (b) below is permitted for basic calibration blocks specified in T-434.2.1 and T434.3. 方法。 不包
括其他产品形式的铸件超声波检测见302.3.3 。 应根据 ASME BPVC 第 V 册第 4 章对焊缝进行超声波检测，允许使用如
下 (a) 和 (b) 所参照反射体和迁移取样法来作为T-434.2.1 和 T434.3 中所指定之基本型校准规块的备选方法。
(a) When the basic calibration blocks have not received heat treatment in accordance with T-434.1.5, transfer
methods shall be used to correlate the responses from the basic calibration block and the component. Transfer is accomplished by
noting the difference between responses received from the same reference reflector in the basic calibration block and in the
component and correcting for the difference. 当基本型校准规块未按照 T-434.1.5 进行热处理时，应使用迁移取样法将基本
校准块和组件的响应相关联。 转印是通过基本型校准规块和组件中的相同参照反射器所接收到之响应间的差异记录并校
正差异来完成的。
(b) The reference reflector may be a V-notch (which must subsequently be removed), an angle beam search unit
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acting as a reflector, or any other reflector that will aid in accomplishing the transfer. 参照反射体可以是 V 形切口 (随后必须移
除)、用作反射体的斜束探头或任何其他有助于完成传输的反射体。
(c) When the transfer method is chosen as an alternative, it shall be used, at the minimum当选择迁移取样法作为
备选方法时，检测次数应至少为
(1) for sizes ≤DN 50 (NPS 2), once in each ten welded joints examined 当规格 ≤DN 50 (NPS 2)时，每 10 个
焊缝接头测一次
(2) for sizes >DN 50 and ≤DN 450 (NPS 18), once in each 1.5 m (5 ft) of welding examined 当规格 >DN 50
但 ≤DN 450 (NPS 18) 时，每 1.5 m (5 ft) 焊缝测一次
(3) for sizes >DN 450, once for each welded joint examined 当规格 >DN 450时寸，每个焊接接头检测一次
(d) Each type of material and each size and wall thickness shall be considered separately in applying the transfer
method. In addition, the transfer method shall be used at least twice on each type of weld joint. 在应用迁移取样法时，应分别考
虑每种材料类型和每种尺寸和壁厚。 此外，应在每种焊接接头类型上至少使用两次迁移取样法。
(e) The reference level for monitoring discontinuities shall be modified to reflect the transfer correction when the
transfer method is used. 当使用迁移取样法时，应修改监测不连续性的参考位准以反映传输校正。
344.6.2 Acceptance Criteria. Acceptance criteria shall be as described in (a) or (b). 合格准则。 合格准则应如 (a) 或
(b) 中所述。
(a) A discontinuity is unacceptable if the amplitude of the indication exceeds the reference level and its length
exceeds 如果指示的幅度超过参考为准并且其长度超过超过以下规定的不连续性是不可接受的
(1) 6 mm (1∕4 in.) for 𝑇̅𝑤 ≤ 19 mm (3∕4 in.) 对于标称壁厚𝑇̅𝑤 ≤ 19 mm (3∕4 in.)而言为6 mm (1∕4 in.)
(2) 𝑇̅𝑤 /3 for 19 mm (3∕4 in.) < 𝑇̅𝑤 ≤ 57 mm (21∕4 in.) 对于标称壁厚𝑇̅𝑤 大于19 mm (3∕4 in.)但≤ 57 mm
(21∕4 in.) 而言为𝑇̅𝑤 /3
(3) 19 mm (3∕4 in.) for 𝑇̅𝑤 > 57 mm (21∕4 in.) 对于标称壁厚𝑇̅𝑤 大于57 mm (21∕4 in.) 而言为19 mm (3∕
4 in.)
(b) The fracture-mechanics-based ultrasonic examination acceptance criteria in Appendix R may be used if all
requirements of Appendix R are met. 如果满足附录 R 的所有要求，则可使用附录 R 中基于断裂机制的超声波检测合格准
则。
344.10 In process Examination制程中之检查
344.10.1 Definition. In process examination comprises examination of the following, as applicable: 定义。 制程中之
检查包括检查以下项目 (如有时)：
(a) joint preparation and cleanliness接头制备和淸洗
(b) preheating预热
(c) fit-up, joint clearance, and internal alignment prior to joining接合前的装配、接头间隙和内部对准
(d) variables specified by the joining procedure, including filler material连接规程中所指定的变量，包括焊填金
属
(1) (for welding) position and electrode焊接位姿和所用焊线 (丝)
(2) (for brazing) position, flux, brazing temperature, proper wetting, and capillary action 焊焊位姿、焊焊
剂、焊焊温度、适当的润湿和毛细管作用
(e) (for welding) condition of the root pass after cleaning — external and, where accessible, internal — aided by
liquid penetrant or magnetic particle examination when specified in the engineering design清理后的根部焊道(包括外侧和可及
的内侧)状况。当工程设计有规定时， 可辅之以渗透检测和磁粉检测
(f) (for welding) slag removal and weld condition between passes (用于焊接)除渣和焊道间的焊缝状况
(g) appearance of the finished joint成品接头的外观
344.10.2 Method. The examination is visual, in accordance with paragraph 344.2, unless additional methods are
specified in the engineering design. 方法。 根据344.2所进行的检查是目视检查，除非工程设计中指定了其他方法。
345 TESTING测试
345.1 Required Leak Test所要求的泄漏测试
Prior to initial operation, and after completion of the applicable examinations required by paragraph 341, each piping
system shall be tested to ensure tightness. The test shall be a hydrostatic leak test in accordance with paragraph 345.4 except
as provided herein. 在初始操作之前，以及在完成341所要求的适用检测之后 ，每一管道系统都应进行测试以确保密封
性。 测试应是符合345.4的液压泄漏测试，但下述情况除外。
(a) At the owner’s option, a piping system in Category D fluid service may be subjected to an initial service leak test in
accordance with paragraph 345.7, in lieu of the hydrostatic leak test. 根据所有者的选择，D 类流体工况中之管道系统可能会
根据345.7所述来进行初始运行泄漏测试以取代液压泄漏测试。
(b) Where the owner considers a hydrostatic leak test impracticable, either a pneumatic test in accordance with
paragraph 345.5 or a combined hydrostatic–pneumatic test in accordance with paragraph 345.6 may be substituted, recognizing
the hazard of energy stored in compressed gas. 如果所有者认为液压泄漏测试是不可行时，则可以根据345.5进行气压测试或
考虑到储存在压缩气体中之能量的危险性则根据第 345.6进行液压-气压试验来替代气压测试。
(c) Where the owner considers both hydrostatic and pneumatic leak testing impracticable, the alternative specified in
paragraph 345.9 may be used if both of the following conditions apply: 如果所有者认为液压和气压泄漏测试都不可行，则可
采用345.9中所指定的替代方案，其提示以下两个条件都成立时：
(1)
a hydrostatic test would液 因液压试验而可能会引起如下事件时
104
(-a) damage linings or internal insulation损坏衬里或内部保温
(-b) contaminate a process that would be hazardous, corrosive, or inoperative in the presence of moisture
会污染生产流程，该流程会因湿气的存在而成为危险的、腐蚀的或无法工作的流程
(-c) require significant support modifications for the hydrostatic test load or 需为水压试验载荷而进行重大
的支撑改进；或
(-d) present the danger of brittle fracture due to low metal temperature during the test在试验过程中由于金
属温度低而存在着脆性断裂危险
(2)
a pneumatic test would 因气压试验而可能会引起如下事件时
(-a) present an undue hazard of possible release of energy stored in the system or 当释放存储在系统中之能
量时的可能非常危险，或
(-b) present the danger of brittle fracture due to low metal temperature during the test 在试验过程中由于金
属温度低而存在着脆性断裂危险
(d) Unless specified in the engineering design, lines open to the atmosphere, such as vents or drains downstream of the
last shutoff valve, need not be leak tested. 除非在工程设计中有指定，否则通向大气之管线 (例如最后一个截止阀下游的通
风口或排水管)无需进行泄漏测试。
345.2 General Requirements for Leak Tests泄漏测试的总体要求
Requirements in paragraph 345.2 apply to more than one type of leak test. 第 345.2 条款中的要求适用于不止一种类型
的泄漏测试。
345.2.1 Limitations on Pressure压力限度
(a) Reduced Test Pressure. If the test pressure would produce a circumferential or longitudinal stress (based on
minimum pipe wall thickness) in excess of yield strength at test temperature or is greater than 1.5 times the component rating at
test temperature, the test pressure may be reduced to the maximum pressure that will not exceed the lesser of the yield strength or
1.5 times a component rating at test temperature. [See paragraph 302.3.2.] For metallic bellows expansion joints, see Appendix X,
paragraph X302.2.3(a). 降低测试压力。 如果由测试压而引起之周向或纵向应力(基于最小管壁厚度)超过测试温度下的降
服强度或在测试温度下高于组件额定强度的1.5倍时，则降低后之测试压力应小于不会致使管道产生塑性变形之最大测
试压或不会致使组件因周向或纵向应力而超过其额定强度1.5倍之最大测试压力，取较小值 [参见 302. 3.2]。 有关金属波
纹管膨胀节之泄漏测试则请参见附录 X中第 X302.2.3(a)条款。
(b) Test Fluid Expansion. If a pressure test is to be maintained for a period of time and the test fluid in the system is
subject to thermal expansion, precautions shall be taken to avoid excessive pressure. 测试流体的膨胀。 如果压力试验要保压
一段时间，并且系统中的试验流体会发生热膨胀，则应采取预防措施，以避免超压。
(c) Preliminary Pneumatic Test. A preliminary test using air at no more than 170 kPa (25 psi) gage pressure may be
made prior to hydrostatic testing to locate major leaks. 初始气压测试。 在进行液压测试之前，可以使用不超过 170 kPa (25
psi) 表压力的压缩空气进行初始测试，以确定主要泄漏点。
345.2.2 Other Test Requirements有关泄漏测试的其他要求
(a) Examination for Leaks. The leak test pressure shall be maintained for at least 10 min and then all joints and
connections shall be examined for leaks. The test pressure may be reduced to not less than the design pressure while performing
this examination. 检查泄漏。 泄漏测试压力应至少持压 10 分钟，然后应对所有接头和连接件进行泄漏检查。 进行此项检
查时，试验压力可降低至不低于设计压力。
(b) Heat Treatment. Leak tests shall be conducted after any heat treatment has been completed. 热处理。 应在任何
热处理完成后进行泄漏测试。
(c) Low Test Temperature. The possibility of brittle fracture shall be considered when conducting leak tests at metal
temperatures near the ductile–brittle transition temperature. 低测试温度。 在接近脆性-延性转变温度的金属温度下进行泄漏
试验时，应研究发生脆性断裂的可能性。
345.2.3 Special Provisions for Testing 测试的特殊条款
(a) Piping Components and Subassemblies. Piping components and subassemblies may be tested either separately or
as assembled piping. 管道构成元件和局部装配件。 管道构成元件和局部装配件可以单独进行测试，也可以作为已装配好
之管道的其中一部分来一起进行测试。
(b) Flanged Joints. Flanged joints used to connect piping components and subassemblies that have previously been
tested, and flanged joints at which a blank or blind is used to isolate equipment or other piping during a test, need not be leak
tested in accordance with paragraph 345.1. 法兰接头。 用于连接之前已经过测试之管道构成元件和局部装配件的法兰接
头，以及在测试期间使用盲板或盲法兰来隔离设备或其他管道的法兰接头，不需要根据345.1进行泄漏测试。
(c) Closure Welds. The final weld connecting piping systems or components that have been successfully tested in
accordance with paragraph 345 need not be leak tested provided the weld is examined in process in accordance with paragraph
344.7 and passes with 100% radiographic examination in accordance with paragraph 344.5 or 100% ultrasonic examination in
accordance with paragraph 344.6. 最终焊缝。 最终焊接所连接之管道系统或组件在符合第 345条款之规定下而不需要进行
泄漏测试的条件是焊缝已按 344.7在生产过程中进行了检测。 并根据344.5 或 344.6分别进行了 100% 的射线检测或100%
超声波检测。
(d) Instrument Connections. Threaded joints, tubing joints, or a combination of these joints used to connect
instruments to previously leak tested piping need not be leak tested in accordance with paragraph 345.1. 仪器接头。 螺纹接头、
油管接箍或这些接头的组合可用于将仪器连接到先前已进行过泄漏测试的管道，而无需按进行泄漏测试 。
(e) See also Appendix F, paragraph F345.2.3. 另见附录 F中第 F345.2.3条款。
345.2.4 Externally Pressured Piping外压管道
(a) Except as provided in (b) below, piping systems subject to external pressure shall be tested at an internal gage
105
pressure 1.5 times the external differential pressure, but not less than 105 kPa (15 psi). 除下文 (b) 中规定的情况外，承受外部
压力之管道系统应在1.5倍外部分压的内部表压但不低于 105 kPa (15 psi) 的条件下进行测试。
(b) As an alternative to leak testing under internal pressure, piping systems designed for vacuum service only may be
subjected to a vacuum leak test method, technique, and acceptance criteria specified by the owner. The vacuum leak test shall be
performed following a written procedure complying with the applicable technical requirements of ASME BPVC, Section V,
Article 10. Leak-testing personnel shall be qualified and certified as required by ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 1, T-120(e) or
(f). 作为内部压力下进行泄漏测试的备选方法，专为真空工况设计的管道系统可采用所有者所指定的真空泄漏测试方
法、技术和合格准则，此时应按照符合 ASME BPVC 第 V 册第 10 章之适用技术要求的书面规程来进行真空泄漏测试。
泄漏测试人员应按 ASME BPVC 第 V 册第 1 章T- 120(e) 或 (f)进行资格鉴定。
345.2.5 Jacketed Piping夹套管道
(a) The internal line shall be leak tested on the basis of the internal or external design pressure, whichever results in a
higher test pressure. This test must be performed before the jacket is completed if it is necessary to provide visual access to joints
of the internal line as required by paragraph 345.3.1. 内部管线应根据内部或外部设计压力进行泄漏测试，以较高的测试压
力为准。 如果必须按345.3.1之要求对内部管线接头进行目视检查，则必须在夹套完成之前执行泄漏测试。
(b) The jacket shall be leak tested in accordance with paragraph 345.1 based on the jacket design conditions. The test
pressure is permitted to be lower when so specified in the engineering design. 夹套应按345.1《基于夹套设计条件》来进行泄
漏测试。 当工程设计中有规定时，试验压力可以更低。
345.2.6 Repairs or Additions After Leak Testing. If repairs or additions are made following the leak test, the affected
piping shall be retested, except that for minor repairs or additions the owner may waive retest requirements when precautionary
measures are taken to assure sound construction. 泄漏试验后的修补或增置物件。 如果在泄漏测试后进行了修补或增置对
象，则受影响的管道应重新测试，但对于为确保结构健全性而以小修或加装对象作为预防措施且业主不坚持重新试验要
求时除外。
345.2.7 Test Records. Records shall be made of each piping system during the testing, including测试记录。 试验过
程中应对每一管道系统进行记录，记录中应至少包括如下
(a) date of test测试日期
(b) identification of piping system tested测试管道系统的所有编号
(c) test medium fluid测试介质
(d) test pressure测试压力
(e) certification of results by examiner检测人员对测试结果所出具的合格证书
These records need not be retained after completion of the test if a certification by the Inspector that the piping has
satisfactorily passed pressure testing as required by this Code is retained. 如果检验师证明管道已圆满通过本规范所要
求的压力测试，则这些记录在测试完成后无需保留。
345.3 Preparation for Leak Test泄漏测试的前置作业
345.3.1 Joints Exposed暴露所有待测接头
(a) Except as provided in (b) and (c) below, all joints, welds (including structural attachment welds to pressurecontaining components), and bonds shall be left uninsulated and exposed for examination during leak testing. 除下文 (b) 和 (c)
中规定的情况外，所有接头、焊缝 (包括承压部件的结构连接焊缝)和接合处均应保持未保温状态并暴露在外，以便在泄
漏测试期间进行检查。
(b) Joints previously tested in accordance with this Code may be insulated or covered. 先前按本规范测试的接头可
以保温或装防风雨护套。
(c) At the owner’s option, joints in Category D Fluid Service that are subject to a hydrostatic leak test (paragraph
345.4) or an initial service leak test (paragraph 345.7) may be insulated and have protective weather sheathing installed prior to
leak testing. Consideration shall be given to increasing the test period to allow time for possible leakage to pass through the
insulation and weather sheathing. 根据所有者的选择，在 D 类流体工况中接受液压泄漏测试 (第 345.4 段)或初始运行泄漏
测试 (见 345.7 条款)的接头可以保温，并在泄漏测试之前安装防风雨护套。 应考虑增加测试时间，以便有时间让可能的
泄漏通过保温和防风雨护套。
(d) All joints may be primed and painted prior to leak testing unless a sensitive leak test (paragraph 345.8) is
required. 除非要求按345.8 条款进行气泡泄漏测试，否则所有接头都可以在泄漏测试之前涂底漆、中涂漆和面漆。
345.3.2 Temporary Supports. Piping designed for vapor or gas shall be provided with additional temporary supports,
if necessary, to support the weight of test liquid. 临时支承件。 如有必要，为蒸汽或气体而设计之管道应提供额外的临时支
承件，以支承试验流体的重量。
345.3.3 Piping with Expansion Joints 带膨胀节的管道
(a) Unrestrained expansion joints depend on external main anchors to resist pressure thrust forces. Except as
limited in (c), a piping system containing unrestrained expansion joints shall be leak tested without any temporary restraints in
accordance with paragraph 345 up to 150% of the expansion joint design pressure. If the required test pressure exceeds 150% of
the expansion joint design pressure and the main anchors are not designed to resist the pressure thrust forces at the required test
pressure, for that portion of the test when the pressure exceeds 150% of the expansion joint design pressure, the expansion joint
shall either be temporarily removed or temporary restraints shall be added to resist the pressure thrust forces. 靠外部主固定支架
来抵抗压推力的无约束带膨胀节。 除 (c) 中的限制外，带无约束膨胀节之管道系统应按 345条款所规定膨胀节设计压力
的 150%来进行泄漏试验。 如果要求测试压力超过膨胀节设计压力的 150%，并且主固定支架的设计无法抵抗所需测试
压力下的压推力时，则应临时拆除膨胀节或对压力超过膨胀节设计压力150% 的那部分测试压力增设临时约束件以抵抗
压推力。
(b) Self-restrained metallic bellows expansion joints (i.e., tied, hinged, pressure balanced, etc.) have restraint
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hardware designed to resist the pressure thrust forces. Except as limited in (c), a piping system containing self-restrained
expansion joints shall be leak tested in accordance with paragraph 345. A self-restrained expansion joint previously shop tested by
the manufacturer in accordance with Appendix X may be excluded from the system to be leak tested, except when a sensitive leak
test in accordance with paragraph 345.8 is required. Restraint hardware for all types of expansion joints shall be designed for the
pressure thrust forces at the test pressure. 设计用于抵抗压推力且具有约束硬件之自约束金属波纹管膨胀节 (即捆绑式、铰
接式、压力平衡式等)。 除 (c) 中的限制外，带自约束膨胀节之管道系统应根据345 条款之规定进行泄漏测试。先前由制
造商按附录 X 进行车间测试的自约束膨胀节可排除在要进行泄漏测试的系统之外，除非要求按求按第 345.8 条款进行气
泡泄漏测试。 所有膨胀节类型的约束硬件应针对测试压力下的压推力进行设计。
(c) When a metallic bellows expansion joint is installed in the piping system subject to a leak test and the leak test
pressure determined in accordance with paragraph 345 exceeds the pressure of the test performed by the manufacturer in
accordance with Appendix X, the required leak test pressure shall be reduced to the manufacturer’s test pressure. 当金属波纹管
膨胀节安装在要进行泄漏试验之管道系统中时，当345所要求之泄漏试验压力超过制造商按附录 X进行测试时的压力，
则管道系统的所需泄漏测试压力应降低到制造商的测试压力。
345.3.4 Limits of Tested Piping. Equipment that is not to be tested shall be either disconnected from the piping or
isolated by blinds or other means during the test. A valve may be used provided the valve (including its closure mechanism) is
suitable for the test pressure. 测试管道的边界。 不进行测试的设备在测试期间应与管道断开或用盲板或其他方式隔离。
如果阀门 (包括其关闭机构)适合测试压力，则可使用阀门来隔离该设备。
345.4 Hydrostatic Leak Test液压泄漏测试
345.4.1 Test Fluid. The fluid shall be water unless there is the possibility of damage due to freezing or to adverse effects
of water on the piping or the process (see paragraph F345.4.1). In that case another suitable nontoxic liquid may be used. If the
liquid is flammable, its flash point shall be at least 49°C (120°F), and consideration shall be given to the test environment. 测试流
体。 流体应为水，除非存在着因结冰或水对管道或制程的不利影响而造成损坏的可能性 (参见第 F345.4.1 段)，在那种
情况下，可以采用另一种合适的无毒流体。 如果流体易燃，其闪点应至少为 49°C (120°F)，并应考虑测试周围的环境是
否合适。
345.4.2 Test Pressure. Except as provided in paragraph 345.4.3, the hydrostatic test pressure at every point in a metallic
piping system shall be as follows: 测试压力。 除345.4.3的规定外，金属管道系统中每一点的水压试验压力还应满足如下规
定：
(a) not less than 1.5 times the design pressure. 不小于设计压力的1.5倍。
(b) when the design temperature is greater than the test temperature, the minimum test pressure, at the point under
consideration, shall be calculated using eq. (24). 当设计温度大于试验温度时，拟测试点的最小试验压力应利用式(24)来确定
之。
𝑃𝑇 = 1.5 P𝑆𝑇 /S
(24)
where 式(24) 中所用运算符之定义如下所述
P = internal design gage pressure 内部设计表压
𝑃𝑇 = minimum test gage pressure 最小测试表压
S = allowable stress at component design temperature for the prevalent pipe material; see Table A-1 or
Table A-1M 常用管道材料在组件设计温度下的许用应力； 见表 A-1 或表 A-1M
𝑆𝑇 = allowable stress at test temperature for the prevalent pipe material; see Table A-1 or Table A-1M 常用
管道材料在测试温度下的许用应力； 见表 A-1 或表 A-1M
(c) in those cases where the piping system may not include pipe itself, any other component in the piping system,
other than pipe-supporting elements and bolting, may be used to determine the 𝑆𝑇 /S ratio based on the applicable allowable
stresses obtained from Table A-1 or Table A-1M. In those cases where the piping system may be made up of equivalent lengths of
more than one material, the 𝑆𝑇 /S ratio shall be based on the minimum calculated ratio of the included materials. 在管道系统可能
不包括管道本身的情况下，管道系统中的任何其他组件 (管道支承件和螺连接件件除外)可用于根据表 A-1 或表 A-1M所
获得的适用许用应力来确定𝑆𝑇 /S比值。 在管道系统可能由超过一种材料之等效长度组成的情况下，𝑆𝑇 /S比值应以所涉材
料的最小计算比值为基准。
345.4.3 Hydrostatic Test of Piping with Vessels as a System3 带容器之管道系统的液压试验3
3 The provisions of paragraph 345.4.3 do not affect the pressure test requirements of any applicable vessel code. 第345.4.3条款之规定不影
响任何适用容器规范的压力测试要求。
(a) Where the test pressure of piping attached to a vessel is the same as or less than the test pressure for the vessel,
the piping may be tested with the vessel at the piping test pressure. 如果连接到容器之管道的测试压力等于或小于容器的测试
压力，则管道可以在管道测试压力下与容器一起进行测试。
(b) Where the test pressure of the piping exceeds the vessel test pressure, and it is not considered practicable to
isolate the piping from the vessel, the piping and the vessel may be tested together at the vessel test pressure, provided the owner
approves and the vessel test pressure is not less than 77% of the piping test pressure calculated in accordance with paragraph
345.4.2(b). 如果管道之测试压力高于容器测试压力，并且认为将管道与容器隔离不可行时，则管道和容器可以在容器测
试压力下一起测试，前提是要经所有者核准并且容器测试压力不低于按345.4.2(b)所计算出之管道试验压力的 77% 。
345.5 Pneumatic Leak Test 气压泄漏测试
345.5.1 Precautions. Pneumatic testing involves the hazard of released energy stored in compressed gas. Particular
care must therefore be taken to minimize the chance of brittle failure during a pneumatic leak test. Test temperature is important
in this regard and must be considered when the designer chooses the material of construction. See paragraph 345.2.2(c) and
Appendix F, paras. F323.4 and F345.5.1. 防范措施。 由于气压测试涉及存储在压缩气体中的能量释放危险， 因此，必须特
别小心，以尽量减少气压泄漏测试期间脆性失效的可能性。 测试温度在这方面很重要，设计人员在选用结构材料时必
须加以重视。 见345.2.2(c) 条款和附录 F中第 F323.4 和 F345.5.1条款。
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345.5.2 Pressure Relief Device. A pressure relief device shall be provided, having a set pressure not higher than the
test pressure plus the lesser of 345 kPa (50 psi) or 10% of the test pressure. 泄压装置。 应提供泄压装置，其设定压力不高于
试验压力加上 345 kPa (50 psi) 或加上试验压力的 10%，取较小者。
345.5.3 Test Fluid. The gas used as test fluid, if not air, shall be nonflammable and nontoxic. 测试流体。 用作试验
流体之气体，如果不是空气，则应是不可燃和无毒的气体。
345.5.4 Test Pressure. The test pressure shall be not less than 1.1 times the design pressure and shall not exceed the
lesser of测试压力。 试验压力应不低于设计压力的1.1倍且不超过
(a) 1.33 times the design pressure设计压力的1.33倍
(b) the pressure that would exceed 90% of the pressure described in paragraph 345.2.1(a) 超过345.2.1(a)所述压力的
90% 。
345.5.5 Procedure. The pressure shall be gradually increased until a gage pressure that is the lesser of one-half the test
pressure or 170 kPa (25 psi) is attained, at which time a preliminary check shall be made, including examination of joints in
accordance with paragraph 341.4.1(a). Thereafter, the pressure shall be gradually increased in steps until the test pressure is
reached, holding the pressure at each step long enough to equalize piping strains. The pressure shall then be reduced to the design
pressure before examining for leakage in accordance with paragraph 345.2.2(a). 压力试验程序。 应逐渐增压，直至达到测试
压力的1/2或 170 kPa (25 psi) 中的较小表压，此时应进行初始检查，包括341.4.1(a)所规定的接头检查； 此后，应逐步增
压直至达到试验压力，在每一增压步骤需将压力保持足够长的时间以平衡管道应变。 然后压力应降低到设计压力，再
按345.2.2(a)所述检查是否存在着泄漏点。
345.6 Hydrostatic–Pneumatic Leak Test 液压-气压泄漏测试
If a combination hydrostatic–pneumatic leak test is used, the requirements of paragraph 345.5 shall be met, and the pressure in the
liquid filled part of the piping shall not exceed the limits stated in paragraph 345.4.2. 如果使用组合式液压-气压泄漏测试，则
应满足345.5的要求，管道充液部分的压力不应超过 345.4.2的要求。
345.7 Initial Service Leak Test 初始运行泄漏测试
This test is applicable only to piping in Category D Fluid Service, at the owner’s option. See paragraph 345.1(a). 所有仅
能针对 D 类流体工况中之管道选用此种测试方法。 见第 345.1(a)。
345.7.1 Test Fluid. The test fluid is the service fluid. 测试流体。 测试流体是管道所输送的流体。
345.7.2 Procedure. During or prior to initial operation, the pressure shall be gradually increased in steps until the
operating pressure is reached, holding the pressure at each step long enough to equalize piping strains. A preliminary check shall
be made as described in paragraph 345.5.5 if the service fluid is a gas or vapor. 测试程序。 在初始操作期间或之前，压力应逐
步增加，直到达到操作压力，在每一步骤都应将压力保持足够长的时间以平衡管道应变。 如果运行流体是气体或蒸
汽，则应按345.5.5所述进行初始检查。
345.7.3 Examination for Leaks. The examination for leaks required by paragraph 345.2.2(a) shall be conducted
while the system is at operating pressure. It is permissible to omit examination for leaks of joints and connections previously
tested in accordance with this Code. 泄漏检查。 第 345.2.2(a)条款所要求的泄漏检查 应在系统处于工作压力时进行。允许
省略先前已按本规范测试过之接头和连接件的泄漏检查。
345.8 Sensitive Leak Test敏感泄漏测试
345.8.1 Precautions. The precautions described in paragraph 345.5.1 shall be considered when applicable. 防范措
施。 应考虑345.5.1中所述的预防措施 (当适用时)。
345.8.2 Method. The test shall be the Bubble Test — Direct Pressure Technique in accordance with ASME BPVC,
Section V, Article 10, Mandatory Appendix I or another leak test method that has a demonstrated sensitivity not less than 10 −3 std
mL/s under test conditions. 测试方法。 测试应为气泡测试 - 直接压力技术，符合 ASME BPVC第 V 册第 10 章强制性附录
I 或在测试条件下已证明灵敏度不低于10−3 std mL/s的其他泄漏测试方法。
When the Bubble Test — Direct Pressure Technique is used当使用气泡测试 ‒ 直接压力技术被时
(a) the test pressure shall be at least the lesser of 105 kPa (15 psi) or 25% of the design pressure. 测试
压力应至少为 105 kPa (15 psi) 或设计压力的 25%，取较小者。
(b) the pressure shall be gradually increased until a gage pressure equal to the lesser of one-half the test
pressure or 170 kPa (25 psi) is attained, at which time a preliminary check shall be made. Then the pressure shall be
gradually increased in steps until the test pressure is reached, the pressure being held long enough at each step to
equalize piping strains. 压力应逐渐增加，直到表压等于测试压力的1/2或 170 kPa (25 psi) 中较小者，此时应进行
初始检查。 然后再逐步增加压力直至达到试验压力，每一步骤中都将压力保持足够长的时间以平衡管道应变。
345.9 Alternative Leak Test备选泄漏试验
The following procedures and leak test method may be used only under the conditions stated in paragraph 345.1(c). 以下程
序和泄漏测试方法仅能用于345.1(c)所规定的条件。
345.9.1 Examination of Welds. Welds, including those used in the manufacture of welded pipe and fittings, that have
not been subjected to hydrostatic or pneumatic leak tests in accordance with this Code, shall be examined as follows: 焊缝检查。
将那些用于制造焊接管道和管件之焊缝包括在内待测焊缝，如果没有按照本规范进行液压压或气压泄漏试验时，则应进
行如下NDE检测：
(a) Circumferential, longitudinal, and spiral (helical seam) groove welds shall be 100% radiographed in accordance
with paragraph 344.5 or 100% ultrasonically examined in accordance with paragraph 344.6. 周向、纵向和螺旋 (螺旋缝)坡口焊
缝应按344.5所述进行 100%的射线检测， 或按344.6所述进行100%的超声波检测。
(b) All welds, including structural attachment welds, not covered in (a) above, shall be examined using the liquid
penetrant method (paragraph 344.4) or, for magnetic materials, the magnetic particle method (paragraph 344.3). 上述 (a) 中未涵
盖之所有其他焊缝，包括结构连接焊缝，应使用液渗透法 (第 344.4 段)或对磁性材料采用磁粉法 (第 344.3 段)来进行检
108
测。
345.9.2 Flexibility Analysis. A flexibility analysis of the piping system shall have been made in accordance with the
requirements of paragraph 319.4.2(b), if applicable, or paras. 319.4.2(c) and 319.4.2(d). 挠性分析。 管道系统的挠性分析应按
319.4.2(b)、319.4.2(c) 和 319.4.2(d)的要求进行(以适用者为准) 。
345.9.3 Test Method. The system shall be subjected to a sensitive leak test in accordance with paragraph 345.8. 测试方
法。 系统应按照345.8进行敏感泄漏测试。
346 RECORDS记录
346.2 Responsibility职责
It is the responsibility of the piping designer, the manufacturer, the fabricator, and the erector, as applicable, to prepare the
records required by this Code and by the engineering design. 管道设计师、制造商、制造商和安装商 (如适用)有责任出具
本规范和工程设计所要求的记录。
346.3 Retention of Records记录的保存
Unless otherwise specified by the engineering design, the following records shall be retained for at least 5 yr after the
record is generated for the project: 除工程设计另有规定外，下列记录应在生成记录后至少保存5年：
(a) examination procedures检测方法；；
(b) examination personnel qualifications检测人员的资格
(c) examination reports检测报告
Chapter VII Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined with Nonmetals
第七章 非金属管道和带非金属衬里之管道
A300 GENERAL STATEMENTS总体概述
(a) Chapter VII pertains to nonmetallic piping and to piping lined with nonmetals. 第七章涉及非金属管道和带非金属衬
里之管道。
(b) The organization, content, and paragraph designations of this Chapter correspond to those of the first five six Chapters
(the base Code). The prefix A is used. 本章的架构、内容和段落名称与前5章 (基准代码章)相对应，只是在基准代码前增加
了前缀 A。
(c) Provisions and requirements of the base Code apply only as stated in this Chapter. 基准代码章的规定和要求仅在本
章中提到时方适用于本章。
(d) Metallic piping that provides the pressure containment for a nonmetallic lining shall conform to the requirements of
Chapters I through VI, and to those in Chapter VII not limited to nonmetals. 为非金属衬里提供承压能力之金属管道应符合第
I 章至第 VI 章的要求，第 VII 章中的要求中不局限于对非金属。
(e) This Chapter makes no provision for piping to be used under severe cyclic conditions. 本章对在剧烈循环条件下使用
的管道没有提出规定。
(f) with the exceptions stated above, Chapter I applies in its entirety. 除上述(e)的例外情况，第I 章中之各条款均适
用。
PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA 第 1 篇 条件和准则
A301 DESIGN CONDITIONS设计条件
Paragraph 301 applies in its entirety, with the exception of paras. 301.2 and 301.3. See below. 301下各条款均适用，但301.2 a
和301.3除外，见见下文。
A301.2 Design Pressure设计压力
Paragraph 301.2 applies in its entirety, except that references to paras. A302.2.4 and A304 replace references to paras.
302.2.4 and 304, respectively. 除 A302.2.4 和 A304 分别代替 302.2.4 和 304 外，301.2下各条款均适用。
A301.3 Design Temperature设计温度
Paragraph 301.3 applies with the following exceptions. 除下列所述外，301.3 全部适用。
A301.3.1 Design Minimum Temperature. Paragraph 301.3.1 applies; but see paragraph A323.2.2, rather than
paragraph 323.2.2. 最低设计温度。 第 301.3.1条款均适用； 但所要参见的是第 A323.2.2，而非 323.2.2条款。
A301.3.2 Uninsulated Components. The component design temperature shall be the fluid temperature, unless a
higher temperature will result from solar radiation or other external heat sources. 不保温之组件。 组件设计温度应为流体温
度，除非太阳辐射或其他外部热源会导致更高的温度。
A302 DESIGN CRITERIA设计准则
Paragraph A302 states pressure–temperature ratings, stress criteria, design allowances, and minimum design values, together with
permissible variations of these factors as applied to the design of piping. 第A302 条款规定了压力-温度额定值、应力准则、设
计裕量和最小设计值，以及应用于管道设计之这些因素的荣许变量。
A302.1 General通则
The designer shall be satisfied as to the adequacy of the nonmetallic material and its manufacture, considering at least
the following: 设计者至少考虑到以下因素，以确信所用金属材料及其制造是恰当的：
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(a) tensile, compressive, flexural, and shear strength, and modulus of elasticity, at design temperature (long term
and short term) 设计温度下的抗拉、抗压、抗弯和抗剪强度以及弹性模量 (长期和短期)
(b) creep rate at design conditions设计条件下的蠕变率
(c) design stress and its basis设计应力及其依据
(d) ductility and plasticity延展性和可塑性
(e) impact and thermal shock properties冲击和热冲击性能
(f) temperature limits应用温度范围
(g) transition temperature — melting and vaporization转变温度 — 熔化和汽化
(h) porosity and permeability孔隙度和渗透率
(i) testing methods测试方法
(j) methods of making joints and their efficiency接头的制作方法及其系数
(k) possibility of deterioration in service工况恶化的可能性
A302.2 Pressure–Temperature Design Criteria压力 ‒ 温度设计准则
A302.2.1 Listed Components Having Established Ratings. Paragraph 302.2.1 applies, except that reference to Table
A326.1 replaces reference to Table 326.1. 已确定额定值的表列元件。除表 A326.1 代替表 326.1 外， 第302.2.1条款均适
用。
A302.2.2 Listed Components Not Having Specific Ratings. Nonmetallic piping components for which design
stresses have been developed in accordance with paragraph A302.3, but which do not have specific pressure–temperature ratings,
shall be rated by rules for pressure design in paragraph A304, within the range of temperatures for which stresses are shown in
Appendix B, modified as applicable by other rules of this Code. 没有具体额定值的表列元件。设计应力已按第 A302.3确定但
没有具体压力-温度额定值的的非金属管道构成元件，应按在附录 B 中所示应力之温度值域内的压力设计及经本规范适
当修改过后的A304条款来计算组件的具体额定强度。
Piping components that do not have allowable stresses or pressure–temperature ratings shall be qualified for pressure
design as required by paragraph A304.7.2. 未给出许用应力或压力-温度额定值之管道构成元件的压力设计应按 304.7.2
对非表列元件之要求通过304.7.2(a) 至 (d)中所述的一或多种方式获得认可。
A302.2.3 Unlisted Components. Paragraph 302.2.3 applies, except that references to Table A326.1 and paras. A304
and A323 replace references to Table 326.1 and paras. 304 and 323, respectively. 未表列元件。 除用表 A326.1 和A304及A323
分别取代了表 326.1和 304及 323外，第 302.2.3 条款均适用。
A302.2.4 Allowances for Pressure and Temperature Variations 压力和温度波動的裕量
(a) Nonmetallic Piping. Allowances for variations of pressure or temperature, or both, above design conditions
are not permitted. The most severe conditions of coincident pressure and temperature shall be used to determine the design
conditions for a piping system. See paras. 301.2 and 301.3. 非金属管道。 不允许超过设计条件的压力或温度变化，或两
者兼而有之。 应使用压力和温度一致的最严苛条件来确定管道系统的设计条件。 见第 301.2 和 301.3条款。
(b) Metallic Piping with Nonmetallic Lining. Allowances for pressure and temperature variations provided in
paragraph 302.2.4 are permitted only if the suitability of the lining material for the increased conditions is established through
prior successful service experience or tests under comparable conditions. 带非金属衬里之金属管道。 仅当通过先前成功
的运行经验或可比条件下的测试，确定衬里材料在压力和温度之正量变化条件下是适用时，才允许使用第302.2.4条
款中所规定的压力和温度变化裕量。
A302.2.5 Rating at Junction of Different Services. When two services that operate at different pressure– temperature
conditions are connected, the valve segregating the two services shall be rated for the more severe service condition.不同工况连
接处的评级。 当连接在不同压力-温度条件下运行之两种工况时，隔离这两种工况之阀门应额定为更严苛的工况条件。
A302.3 Allowable Stresses and Other Design Limits 许用应力和其他设计极限
A302.3.1 General通则
(a) Table B-1 contains hydrostatic design stresses (HDS). Tables B-2 and B-3 provide listings of specifications
that meet the criteria of paras. A302.3.2(b) and A302.3.2(c), respectively. Tables B-4 and B-5 contain allowable pressures.
These HDS values, allowable stress criteria, and pressures shall be used in accordance with the Notes to Appendix B, and may
be used in design calculations (where the allowable stress S means the appropriate design stress) except as modified by other
provisions of this Code. Use of hydrostatic design stresses for calculations other than pressure design has not been verified.
The bases for determining allowable stresses and pressures are outlined in paragraph A302.3.2. 表 B-1列出了静压设计应力
(HDS)，而表 B-2 和 B-3 则提供了分别符合A302.3.2(b) 和 A302.3.2(c)准则的规范清单。 表 B-4 和 B-5 包含了许用压
力。 这些 HDS 值、许用应力准则和压力应按附录 B 之注释使用，并可用于设计计算 (其中许用应力 S 表示适当的设
计应力)，除非本规范其他规定有所修改，否则使用静压设计应力进行压力设计以外的计算有效性尚未得到证实。 确
定许用应力和压力的基础概述见A302.3.2。
(b) The stresses and allowable pressures are grouped by materials and listed for stated temperatures. Straightline
interpolation between temperatures is permissible. 应力和许用压力按材料分组并针对规定温度列出。 温度间允许线性插
值。
A302.3.2 Bases for Allowable Stresses and Pressures1 许用应力和压力的基础
1 Titles of ASTM Specifications and AWWA Standards referenced herein are as follows: 此处被引用之 ASTM 规范和 AWWA 标准的标题
如下：
ASTM C14, Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe ASTM C301, Method of Testing Vitrified Clay Pipe
ASTM C582, Contact-Molded Reinforced Thermosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion Resistant Equipment
ASTM D2321, Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications
ASTM D2837, Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials or Pressure Design Basis for
Thermoplastic Pipe Products
ASTM D2992, Practice for Obtaining Hydrostatic or Pressure Design Basis for “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-RTR) Pipe and Fittings
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ASTM D3839, Underground Installation of Fiberglass Pipe
AWWA C900, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe and Fabricated Fittings, 4 In. Through 60 In. (100 mm Through 1,500 mm)
AWWA C950, Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pressure Pipe
(a) Thermoplastics. The method of determining HDS is described in ASTM D2837. HDS values are given in
Table B-1 for those materials and temperatures for which sufficient data have been compiled to substantiate the determination
of stress. 热塑性塑料。 ASTM D2837 中描述了测定 HDS 的方法。 表 B-1 中给出了那些材料和温度的 HDS 值，这些
材料和温度已经收集了足够的数据来证实应力的正确性。
(b) Reinforced Thermosetting Resin (Laminated). The design stress (DS) values for materials listed in Table B-2
shall be one-tenth of the minimum tensile strengths specified in ASTM C582 and are valid only in the temperature range from
−29°C (−20°F) through 82°C (180°F). 层压热固性强化树脂。 表 B-2 中所列材料的设计应力 (DS) 值应为 ASTM C582
中的最小规定抗拉强度的1/10，并且仅在−29°C (−20°F)至 82°C (180°F)的温度值域内有效。
(c) Reinforced Thermosetting Resin and Reinforced Plastic Mortar (Filament Wound and Centrifugally Cast).
The hydrostatic design basis stress (HDBS) values for materials listed in Table B-3 shall be obtained by the procedures in
ASTM D2992 and are valid only at 23°C (73°F). HDS shall be obtained by multiplying the HDBS by a service (design)
factor2 selected for the application, in accordance with procedures described in ASTM D2992, within the following limits: 热
固性强化树脂和强化塑料胶泥 (缠绕和离心浇注)。 表 B-3 中所列材料的静压设计基准应力 (HDBS) 值应通过 ASTM
D2992 中所述程序来获得，并且仅在 23°C (73°F) 下有效。 HDS 应根据 ASTM D2992 中所述程序，并通过将 HDBS
乘以为应用而选定的工况 (设计)系数来获得，并且要在以下极限内：
2 The service (design) factor, F, should be selected by the designer after evaluating fully the service conditions and the engineering
properties of the specific material under consideration. Aside from the limits in paras. A302.3.2(c)(1) and A302.3.2(c)(2), it is not the
intent of this Code to specify service (design) factors. 工况 (设计)系数 F 应由设计师在充分评估工况条件拟用用材料之工程特性
后而选定的。 除了A302.3.2(c)(1) 和 A302.3.2(c)(2)条款中之限制 ，本规不旨在规定工况 (设计)系数。
(1) When using the cyclic HDBS, the service (design) factor F shall not exceed 1.0. 当使用循环 HDBS
时，工况 (设计)系数 F不应超过 1.0。
(2) When using the static HDBS, the service (design) factor F shall not exceed 0.5. 使用静态HDBS时，工
况 (设计)系数 F不应超过0.5。
(d) Other Materials. Allowable pressures in Tables B-4 and B-5 have been determined conservatively from
physical properties of materials conforming to the listed specifications, and have been confirmed by extensive experience. Use
of other materials shall be qualified as required by paragraph A304.7.2. 其他材料。 表 B-4 和 B-5 中的许用压力是根据符
合所列规范之材料的物理特并采用保守值而确定的，并已通过大量经验得到确认。 其他材料应符合A304.7.2之要
求。
A302.3.3 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Sustained Loads 1 由持续载荷而引起的计算应力极限
(a) Internal Pressure Stresses. Limits of stress due to internal pressure are covered in paragraph A304. 内部压应
力。 有关由内部压力引起之应力极限的介绍见 A304。
(b) External Pressure Stresses. Stresses due to uniform external pressure shall be considered safe when the wall
thickness of the component and its means of stiffening have been qualified as required by paragraph A304.7.2. 外部压应力。
当组件壁厚及其加固方式已按A304.7.2对非表列元件之要求并通过A304.7.2(a) 至 (d)中所述的一或两种方式获得认可
时，则由均匀外部压力引起的应力应被认为是安全的。
(c) External Loading Stresses. Design of piping under external loading shall be based on the following: 外部载
荷应力。 承受外部载荷的管道设计应基于以下内容：
(1) Thermoplastic Piping. ASTM D2321 or AWWA C900. 热塑性管道。 按ASTM D2321 或 AWWA
C900来进行设计。
(2) Reinforced Thermosetting Resin (RTR) and Reinforced Plastic Mortar (RPM) Piping. ASTM D3839 or
Appendix A of AWWA C950. 热固性强化树脂 (RTR) 和强化塑料胶泥 (RPM) 管道。按ASTM D3839 或 AWWA
C950中附录 A来进行设计。
(3) Strain and possible buckling shall be considered when determining the maximum allowable deflection in
(1) or (2) above, but in no case shall the allowable diametral deflection exceed 5% of the pipe inside diameter. 在确定上
述 (1) 或 (2) 中之最大许用挠度时，应考虑应变和可能挫曲曲，但在任何情况下，所容许的径向挠度不应超过管
道内径的 5%。
(4) Nonmetallic piping not covered in (1) or (2) above shall be subjected to a crushing or three-edge bearing
test in accordance with ASTM C14 or C301; the allowable load shall be 25% of the minimum value obtained. 上述 (1)或
(2)中未涵盖的非金属管道应根据 ASTM C14 或 C301 进行压碎或三支承法试验； 许载荷应为试验中所获最小值
的 25%。
A302.3.4 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Occasional Loads因偶发载荷而引起的计算应力极限
(a) Operation 操作
(1) For other than RTR and RPM piping, the sum of stresses in any component in a piping system due to
sustained loads, such as pressure and weight, and of the stresses produced by occasional loads, such as wind or
earthquake, shall not exceed the limits in the applicable part of paragraph A302.3.3. 由于压力和重量等持续载荷以及偶
发载荷 (例如风或地震)在RTR 和 RPM 管道以外之管道系统中产生的应力总和不应超过A302.3.3适用段落中的限
度。
(2) For RTR and RPM piping, the sum of stresses due to operating loads plus stresses due to occasional
loads may be as much as 1.33 times the limits in the applicable part of paragraph A302.3.3. 由于操作载荷及偶发载荷而
在RTR 和 RPM 管道中引起的应力总和可能高达 A302.3.3适用段落中限值的1.33倍。
(3) Wind and earthquake forces need not be considered as acting concurrently. 不需要将风力和地震力视
为同时作用。
111
(b) Test. Stresses due to test conditions are not subject to the limitations in paragraph A302.3.3. It is not
necessary to consider other occasional loads, such as wind and earthquake, as occurring concurrently with test loads. 测试。
测试条件所引起的应力不受A302.3.3的限制。 不必考虑与试验载荷同时发生的其他偶发载荷，例如风和地震。
A302.4 Allowances 裕量
Paragraph 302.4 applies in its entirety. 302.4下各条款均适用。
PART 2 PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS
非金属管道管道构成元件的压力设计
A303 GENERAL通则
Paragraph 303 applies, except that references to Table A326.1 and paragraph A302.2.1 replace references to Table 326.1and
paragraph 302.2.1. For nonmetallic components, reference to paragraph A304 replaces reference to paragraph 304. 除用 表
A326.1 和A302.2.1条款来取代的引用除外。 替换对表326.1 和 302.2.1条款外，第 303 条款均适用。 非金属组件的压力
设计请参见取代304的A304条款。
A304 PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS管道构成元件的压力设计
A304.1 Straight Pipe直管
A304.1.1 General通则
(a) The required thickness of straight sections of pipe shall be determined by eq. (25). 应通过式 (25)来确定管
道中各直管段的所需厚度。
𝑡𝑚 = t + c
(25)
The minimum thickness T for the pipe selected, considering manufacturer’s minus tolerance, shall be not less
than 𝑡𝑚 . 基于制造商可能提供负公差管材，因而所选管材的最小厚度 T 应不小于 𝑡𝑚 。
(b) The following nomenclature is used in the equations for pressure design of straight pipe: 直管压力设计方程
中所用运算符之定义如下所述：
c
= the sum of mechanical allowances (thread or groove depth) plus corrosion and erosion allowance.
For threaded components, the nominal thread depth (dimension h of ASME B1.20.1 or equivalent)
shall apply. For machined surfaces or grooves where the tolerance is not specified, the tolerance
shall be assumed to be 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) in addition to the specified depth of the cut. 机加工裕量
(车制螺纹或开坡口的深度)加上腐蚀和侵蚀裕量的总和。 对于螺纹连接件之加工裕量应为标
称螺纹深度 (ASME B1.20.1 或同等标准的尺寸 h)。 对于未指定加工裕量的机加工表面或坡
口，除所指定的切割深度外，公差应假定为0.5 mm (0.02 in.)。
D = outside diameter of pipe钢管材之外径
F = service (design) factor. See paragraph A302.3.2(c). 工况 (设计)系数， 见 A302.3.2(c)。
P = internal design gage pressure内部设计表压
S = design stress from applicable Table in Appendix B 取自附录 B 中适用表的设计应力
T = pipe wall thickness (measured or minimum in accordance with the purchase specification) 钢管材
之壁厚 (取实测值或采购规格的最小值)
t
= pressure design thickness, as calculated in accordance with paragraph A304.1.2 for internal
pressure or as determined in accordance with paragraph A304.1.3 for external pressure压力设计厚
度，承受内部压力时按A304.1.2计算，而承受外部压力时则按A304.1.3 计算。
𝑡𝑚 = minimum required thickness, including mechanical, corrosion, and erosion allowances所需的最小
厚度，包括机加工、腐蚀和侵蚀等裕量
A304.1.2 Straight Nonmetallic Pipe Under Internal Pressure. The internal pressure design thickness, t, shall be not
less than that calculated by one of the following equations, using stress values listed in or derived from the appropriate table in
Appendix B: 承受内部压力之非金属直管。 内部压力设计厚度 t 应不小于使用附录 B 中相应表格中所列或所导出的应力
值，在通过以下方程之一计算得出的值：
(c) Thermoplastic Pipe [see paragraph A302.3.2(a)] 热塑性塑料管 [见第 A302.3.2(a)]
(26a)
(Table B-1)
3
(d) RTR (Laminated) Pipe [see paragraph A302.3.2(b)] 层压型热固性强化树脂塑料 [见A302.3.2(b)]
(Table B-2)
(26b)
(e) RTR (Filament Wound) and RPM (Centrifugally Cast) Pipe [see paragraph A302.3.2(c)]3 热固性强化树脂塑
料 (长丝缠绕)和 强化塑料胶泥 (离心铸造)管材 [见 A302.3.2(c)]
(Table B-3)
(26c)
3 The internal design pressure thickness, t, shall not include any thickness of the pipe wall reinforced with less than 20% by weight of
reinforcing fibers. 部设计压力厚度 t 不应包括用少于强化纤维重量20%强化之管壁的任何厚度。
A304.1.3 Straight Pipe Under External Pressure承受外压的直管
(a) Nonmetallic Pipe. The external pressure design thickness, t , shall be qualified as required by paragraph
A304.7.2. 非金属管。 外压设计厚度t应符合A304.7.2之要求。
(b) Metallic Pipe Lined with Nonmetals 带非金属内衬之金属管
(1) The external pressure design thickness, t, for the base (outer) material shall be determined in accordance
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with paragraph 304.1.3. 应按304.1.3来确定基底 (外部)材料的外部压力设计厚度 t 。
(2) The external pressure design thickness, t, for the lining material shall be qualified as required by
paragraph A304.7.2. 衬里材料的外压设计厚度t应符合 A304.7.2之要求。
A304.2 Curved and Mitered Segments of Piping 管道的弯曲管段和斜接管段
A304.2.1 Pipe Bends. The minimum required thickness, 𝑡𝑚 , of a bend, after bending, shall be determined as for
straight pipe in accordance with paragraph A304.1. 弯管。 应按 A304.1 对直管的要求来确定弯曲后最小所需弯曲厚度 𝑡𝑚 。
A304.2.2 Elbows. Manufactured elbows not in accordance with paragraph A303 shall be qualified as required by
paragraph A304.7.2. 肘管。 不按A303制造之肘管应符合 A304.7.2之要求。
A304.2.3 Miter Bends. Miter bends shall be qualified as required by paragraph A304.7.2. 斜接弯曲。 斜接弯头应符
合 A304.7.2之要求。
A304.3 Branch Connections支管连接件
A304.3.1 General. A pipe having a branch connection is weakened by the opening that must be made in it and, unless
the wall thickness of the pipe is sufficiently in excess of that required to sustain the pressure, it is necessary to provide added
reinforcement. The amount of reinforcement shall be qualified as required by paragraph A304.7.2 except as provided in paragraph
A304.3.2. 总则。 具有支管连接件之管道由于必须在其中开孔而变弱，除非管道的壁厚足以超过承受压力所需的厚度，
否则有必要提供额外的加固。 加固程度应符合A304.3.2之规定而非符合 A304.7.2 中之规定。
A304.3.2 Branch Connections Using Fittings. It may be assumed without calculation that a branch connection has
adequate strength to sustain the internal and external pressure that will be applied to it if it utilizes a fitting (a tee, lateral, or cross)
in accordance with paragraph A303. 使用管配件的支管连接件。 只要使用符合 A303的管配件 (三通、斜三通或四通)，则
可假设支管连接件具有足够的强度来承受施加到它的内/外部压力而无需计算。
A304.3.3 Additional Design Considerations. The requirements of paras. A304.3.1 and A304.3.2 are intended to
assure satisfactory performance of a branch connection subjected only to internal or external pressure. The designer shall also
consider paras. 304.3.5(a), (c), and (d). 其他的设计考虑。 A304.3.1 和 A304.3.2 的要求旨在确保仅承受内部或外部压力之
支管连接件具有令人满意的性能。 设计者还应考虑 304.3.5(a)、(c) 和 (d)等条款的要求。
A304.4 Closures封头
Closures not in accordance with paragraph A303 shall be qualified as required by paragraph A304.7.2. 不按A303制造
之封头应符合A304.7.2之要求。
A304.5 Pressure Design of Nonmetallic Flanges非金属法兰的压力设计
A304.5.1 General通则
(a) Flanges not in accordance with paragraph A303 or (b) or (a) shall be qualified as required by paragraph
A304.7.2.不按A303或如下 (b) 或 (a) 制造之法兰应符合A304.7.2之要求。
(a) Flanges for use with flat ring gaskets may be designed in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section VIII,
Division 1, Appendix 2, except that the allowable stresses and temperature limits of this Code shall govern. Nomenclature shall be
as defined in ASME BPVC, except for the following: 与环形平垫片一起使用之法兰可根据 ASME BPVC 第 VIII-1卷附录 2
进行设计，但设计时应采用本规范的许用应力和温度极限。符号之定义见ASME BPVC，但术语之定义除外：
P = design gage pressure设计表压
Sa = bolt design stress at atmospheric temperature4 大气温度下的螺栓设计应力
Sb = bolt design stress at design temperature4 设计温度下的螺栓设计应力
Sf = allowable stress for flange material from Table B-1, B-2, or B-3 取自表 B-1、B-2 或 B-3 中的
法兰材料许用应力
4 Bolt design stresses shall not exceed those in Table A-2 or Table A-2M. 螺栓设计应力不应超过表A-2或表A-2M所给出
的规定值。
(b) The rules in (b) above are not applicable to a flanged joint having a gasket that extends outside the bolts
(usually to the outside diameter of the flange). 上述 (b) 中的规则不适用于垫片延伸到螺栓外侧 (通常延伸到法兰外径)的法
兰接头。
(c) For flanges that make solid contact outside the bolts, ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix Y
should be used. 对于在螺栓外部形金属互相接触的法兰，应遵循 ASME BPVC使用第 VIII-1卷附录 Y之规定来进行设计。
A304.5.2 Blind Flanges. Blind flanges not in accordance with paragraph A303 may be designed in accordance with
paragraph 304.5.2, except that allowable stress, S, shall be taken from Tables in Appendix B. Otherwise, they shall be qualified as
required by paragraph A304.7.2. 盲法兰。 不按 A303规则制作之盲板法兰可按304.5.2来进行设计 ，但许用应力 S 应取自
附录 B所给出之表格中的相应静压设计应力；否则，它们应符合A304.7.2之要求。
A304.6 Reducers 大 小头
Reducers not in accordance with paragraph A303 shall be qualified as required by paragraph A304.7.2. 不按A303制造
之大小头应符合A304.7.2之要求。
A304.7 Pressure Design of Other Components其他组件的压力设计
A304.7.1 Listed Components. Other pressure containing components, manufactured in accordance with standards in
Table A326.1 but not covered elsewhere in paragraph A304, may be utilized in accordance with paragraph A303. 表列元件。 其
他承压部件，按照表 A326.1 中所示标准制造但A304下各段落之规则中未涵盖的其他承压元件，只能在符合 A303之规定
下方能使用。
A304.7.2 Unlisted Components. Pressure design of unlisted components and joints, to which the rules elsewhere in
paragraph A304 do not apply, shall be based on calculations consistent with the design criteria of this Code. Calculations shall be
substantiated by one or both of the means stated in (a) and (b) below, considering applicable ambient and dynamic effects in
paras. 301.4 through 301.11. 非表列元件。 非表列元件和接头的压力设计 (A304下各段落之规则均不适用)应基于符合本规
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范设计准则的计算。并在考虑 301.4 至 301.11 中有关环境和动力影响的同时，采用下述 (a) 或 (b)中的一种或两种方法来
证实所计算出之设计压力是可接受的。
(a) extensive, successful service experience under comparable design conditions with similarly proportioned
components made of the same or like material用相同或类似材料所制作之相似比例的元件， 在在可比条件下具有广泛成功
的使用经验
(b) performance test under design conditions including applicable dynamic and creep effects, continued for a
time period sufficient to determine the acceptability of the component or joint for its design life设计条件下将所适用之动态和蠕
变影像效应包括在内的性能测试，试验时间长短足以确定组件或接头之设计寿命的可接受性
For (a) or (b) above, the designer may interpolate between sizes, wall thicknesses, and pressure classes, and may
determine analogies among related materials. 设计者可以在尺寸、壁厚和压力等级之间进行插值，并通过上述
(a) 或 (b)可用来确定相关材料之间的相似性。
A304.7.3 Nonmetallic Components with Metallic Pressure Parts. Components not covered by standards in Table
A326.1, in which both nonmetallic and metallic parts contain the pressure, shall be evaluated by applicable requirements of
paragraph 304.7.2 as well as those of paragraph A304.7.2. 带金属承压零部件之非金属组件。 表 A326.1 中所列标准未涵盖
的组件，其中非金属组件和金属零部件都承受压力，应按 304.7.2 和A304.7.2 的适用要求进行评估。
PART 3 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS
第 3 篇 对流体工况中所用管道构成元件的要求
A305 PIPE钢管材
Listed pipe may be used in Normal Fluid Service, subject to the limitations of the pressure-containing material and paragraph
A323.4. Unlisted pipe may be used only in accordance with paragraph A302.2.3. 表列钢管材可用于一般流体工况，但须遵守
承压材料和 A323.4的限制。 非表列钢管材仅能在符合 A302.2.3的要求下使用。
A306 FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS, LAPS, AND BRANCH CONNECTIONS
管配件、弯管、斜接弯头、搭接短管和支管连接件
General. Fittings, bends, miters, laps, and branch connections may be used in accordance with paras. A306.1 through A306.5.
Pipe and other materials used in such components shall be suitable for the manufacturing process and the fluid service. 通则。 配
件、弯管、斜接、搭接短管和支管连接件可在符合A306.1 到 A306.5之要求下使用。 此类组件中所使钢管材和其他材料
应适用于制造工艺和流体工况。
A306.1 Pipe Fittings管配件
A306.1.1 Listed Fittings. Listed fittings may be used in Normal Fluid Service subject to limitations on materials. 表列
管配件。 由于受材料的限制，因而表列管配件仅能用于一般流体工况。
A306.1.2 Unlisted Fittings. Unlisted fittings may be used only in accordance with paragraph A302.2.3. 非列管配
件。 非列管配件仅能在符合 A302.2.3的要求下使用。
A306.2 Pipe Bends弯管
A306.2.1 General. A bend made in accordance with paragraph A332 and verified for pressure design in accordance
with paragraph A304.2.1 shall be suitable for the same service as the pipe from which it is made. 通则。 分别按A332和A304.2.1
进行制和压力设计验证之弯头应适用于与其制作时所用钢管材的相同工况。
A306.2.2 Corrugated and Other Bends. Bends of other designs (such as creased or corrugated) shall be qualified for
pressure design as required by paragraph A304.7.2. 折皱弯管和其他弯曲。 其他设计的弯管 (如折痕或折弯)应按 A304.7.2的
要求进行压力设计。
A306.3 Miter Bends斜接弯管
Except as specified in paragraph 306.3.2, a miter bend that conforms to paragraph A304.2.3 may be used in Normal
Fluid Service. 除306.3.2条款中的规定情况外，符合 A304.2.3之斜接弯头可用于一般流体工况。
A306.4 Fabricated or Flared Laps組合式搭接短管或扩口形搭接短管
The following requirements do not apply to fittings conforming to paragraph A306.1. 以下要求不适用于符合 A306.1
的管配件。
A306.4.1 Fabricated Laps組合式搭接短管
(a) The requirements in paras. 306.4.1(a) and (b) shall be met. 組合式搭接短管应满足 306.4.1(a) 和 (b)中的
要求。
(b) Lap material shall be suitable for the service conditions. Pressure design shall be qualified as required by
paragraph A304.7.2. 搭接短管材料应适用于使用工况，且压力设计应符合A304.7.2之要求。
A306.4.2 Flared Laps. Flared laps shall not be used in nonmetallic piping. 扩口形搭接短管。 非金属管道不应使用
扩口形搭接短管。
A306.5 Fabricated Branch Connections組合式支管连接件
The following requirements do not apply to fittings conforming to paragraph A306.1. 以下要求不适用于符合 A306.1
的管配件。
A306.5.1 General. A fabricated branch connection made by bonding the branch pipe directly to the header pipe, with
or without added reinforcement as stated in paragraph 328.5.4, and shown in Figure 328.5.4, may be used in Normal Fluid
Service, provided that pressure design is qualified as required by paragraph A304.7.2. 总则。 如 328.5.4 所述和图 328.5.4 所
示，直接将之管粘结到主管上的带或不带外加补强之预制支管连接件，如其压力设计按A304.7.2对非表列元件之要求并
114
通过A304.7.2(a) 至 (d)中所述的一或两种方式获得认可，则可用于一般流体工况
A306.5.2 Specific Requirements. Fabricated branch connections shall be made as specified in paragraph A328.5. 具
体要求。 組合式支管连接件应按照 A328.5 中的规定进行制造。
A307 VALVES AND SPECIALTY COMPONENTS阀门和特制组件
Paragraph 307 applies in its entirety, except that in paragraph 307.1.2 references to paras. A302.2.3 and A304.7.2 replace
references to paras. 302.2.3 and 304.7.2, respectively. 除302.2.3 和 304.7.2分别改为相应的A302.2.3 和 A304.7.2 外，307下各
条款均适用。
A308 FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, AND GASKETS
法兰、盲板、法兰密封面和垫片
A308.1 General通则
Paragraph 308.1 applies, except that in paragraph 308.1.2 reference to paragraph A302.2.3 replaces reference to
paragraph 302.2.3. 除302.2.3改为相应的A302.2.3外，308.1下各条款均适用。
A308.2 Nonmetallic Flanges非金属法兰
A308.2.1 General通则
(a) Flanges shall be adequate, with suitable facing, gasketing, and bolting, to develop the full rating of the joint
and to withstand expected external loadings. 法兰应具有合适的密封面、垫片和螺栓连接件，以以充分发挥接头的额定值，
并能承受预期的外部载荷。
(b) The designer should consult the manufacturer for ratings of flanges. 设计者宜向制造商咨询法兰的额定
值。
A308.2.2 Threaded Flanges. Threaded flanges are subject to the requirements for threaded joints in paragraph A314.
螺纹法兰。 螺纹法兰要符合 A314中对螺纹接头的要求。
A308.3 Flange Facings法兰密封面
Paragraph 308.3 applies in its entirety. 308.3下各条款均适用。
A308.4 Limitations on Gaskets 垫片的限度
See also Appendix F, paragraph F308.4. 另见附录 F中的F308.4 条款。
A308.4.1 Lining Used as Facing or Gasket. Lining material extended over the flange face and used as a gasket shall
conform to paragraph 308.4. 用作密封面或垫片的衬里。 在法兰密封面上延伸并用作垫片的衬里材料应符合 308.4的要
求。
A309 BOLTING螺栓连接件
Bolting includes bolts, bolt studs, studs, cap screws, nuts, and washers. See Appendix F, paragraph F309. 螺栓连接件包括了螺
栓、螺栓螺柱、双头螺栓、带头螺钉、螺母和华司。 参见附录 F中的F309条款。
A309.1 General通则
Paragraph 309.1 applies in its entirety. 309.1下各条款均适用。
A309.2 Specific Bolting特制螺栓连接件
Any bolting that meets the requirements of paragraph 309.1 may be used with any combination of flange materials and
flange facings. Joint assembly shall conform to the requirements of paragraph A335.2. 满足 309.1要求之任何螺栓连接件
均可与法兰材料和法兰密封面的任意组合一起使用。 接头装配应符合 A335.2的要求。
A309.3 Tapped Holes in Nonmetallic Components非金属组件中的螺孔
Tapped holes for pressure-retaining bolting in piping components may be used provided pressure design is qualified as
required by paragraph A304.7.2. 只要压力设计按A304.7.2对非表列元件之要求并通过A304.7.2(a) 至 (d)中所述的一或
两种方式获得认可，则管道部件中用于承压螺栓之螺孔是可接受的。
PART 4 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING JOINTS
第 4 篇 对流体工况中所用管道接头的要求
A310 GENERAL 通则
Paragraph 310 applies in its entirety. 310下各条款均适用。
A311 BONDED JOINTS IN PLASTICS 塑料中的胶结接头
A311.1 General通则
Bonding shall be in accordance with paragraph A328 and examination shall be in accordance with paragraph A341.4.1
for use in Normal Fluid Service, subject to the limitations of the material. 由于受到材料的限制且为可用一般流体工况，
胶结接头分别应按 A328和A341.4.1之规定进行胶结和检查。
A311.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
A311.2.1 Fillet Bonds. A fillet bond may be used only in conjunction with a qualified hot gas welding procedure for
bonding (see paragraph A328.5.2). 填角胶结。 填角胶结只能通已认可热气焊工艺的来进行胶结 (见 A328.5.2)。
A311.2.2 Seal Bonds. A seal bond may be used only to prevent leakage of a threaded joint and only if it has been
demonstrated that there will be no deleterious effect on the materials bonded. 密封胶结剂。 密封胶结剂只能用于防止螺纹接
头泄漏，并且只有在证明不会对被胶结材料产生有害影响的情况下才可使用。
A311.2.3 Joints Limited to Category D Fluid Service. Joints that have been examined in accordance with paragraph
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341.4.2 may be used only for Category D Fluid Service. 仅限于 D 类流体工况的胶结接头。 按 341.4.2进行检查的胶结接头
只能用于 D 类流体工况。
A312 FLANGED JOINTS 法兰接头
The designer should consult the manufacturer for ratings of flanged joints in nonmetallic piping and in piping lined with
nonmetals. 设计者宜向制造商咨询非金属管道和带非金属衬里之管道中的法兰接头额定值。
A313 EXPANDED JOINTS 脹接接頭
Paragraph 313 applies in its entirety. 313 下各条款均适用。
A314 THREADED JOINTS 螺纹接头
A314.1 General通则
A threaded joint is suitable for use in Normal Fluid Service, subject to the limitations of the material and requirements
elsewhere in paragraph A314. A joint conforming to paragraph 314.1(d) shall not be used. 只要符合 A314下各条款的材
料限制和要求，则螺纹接头适用于正常流体服务。 不应使用符合第 314.1(d) 款的接头。
A314.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
A314.2.1 Thermoplastic Piping热塑性塑料管道
(a) Polyethylene (PE) pipe and tubing shall not be joined by threaded joints. 聚乙烯 (PE) 管材不应用螺纹接头
连接。
(b) Threaded joints in other thermoplastic piping shall conform to all of the following: 其他热塑性塑料管道中
的螺纹接头应符合以下所有要求：
(1) The pipe wall shall be at least as thick as Schedule 80 as defined in ASTM D1785. 管壁应至少与 ASTM
D1785 中对Sch.80所规定之壁厚 一样厚。
(2) Threads shall be NPT, and shall conform to ASME B1.20.1 or ASTM F1498. 螺纹应为 NPT，并应符合
ASME B1.20.1 或 ASTM F1498。
(3) Threads shall conform to applicable standards in Table A326.1. 螺纹应符合表 A326.1 中的相应标准。
(4) A suitable thread sealant shall be used. 应使用合适的螺纹密封剂。
A314.2.2 Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Piping. Threaded joints in reinforced thermosetting resin (RTR) piping
shall conform to the following: 热固性强化树脂管道。 热固性强化树脂 (RTR) 管道中的螺纹接头应符合以下要求：
(a) External threads shall be factory cut or molded on special thick-walled pipe ends. 外螺纹应在工厂车制或模
制在专门的厚壁管端上。
(b) Matching internal threads shall be factory cut or molded in the fittings. 相匹配之内螺纹应在工厂车制或模
制在管配件中。
(c) Threading of plain ends of RTR pipe is not permitted, except where such threads are limited to the function of
a mechanical lock to matching internal threads factory cut or molded in the bottom portions of fittings with deep sockets. 不允许
在RTR 管平滑端车制或模制外螺纹，除非这种螺纹仅限于机械锁的功能，以匹配工厂车制或模制在带有深承插口之管件
端的内螺纹。
(d) Factory cut or molded threaded nipples, couplings, or adapters, bonded to plain-end RTR pipe and fittings,
may be used where it is necessary to provide connections to threaded metallic piping. 胶合到 RTR 管和配件之平滑端的工厂车
制或模制的螺纹立布、管接头或转接头，可用于需要提供与螺纹金属管道连接的地方。
A314.2.3 Reinforced Plastic Mortar Piping. Threaded joints are not permitted in reinforced plastic mortar (RPM)
piping. 强化塑料胶泥管道。 增强化塑料胶泥 (RPM) 管道中不允许使用螺纹接头。
A315 TUBING JOINTS 油管接箍
Paragraph 315 applies in its entirety, subject to material limitations, exclusion of 315.2(b) regarding severe cyclic conditions, and
replacement of references to Table 326.1 and paragraph 304.7.2 with references to Table A326.1 and paragraph A304.7.2,
respectively. 315下各条款均适用，但须遵守材料限制、排除 315.2(b) 中有关剧烈循环条件的内容，以及分别将对表
326.1 和 304.7.2条款的引用替换为对表 A326.1 和 A304.7.2条款的引用。
A316 CAULKED JOINTS 捻缝接头
Paragraph 316 applies in its entirety. 316下各条款均适用。
A318 SPECIAL JOINTS 特殊接头
Special joints are those not covered elsewhere in Chapter VII, Part 4, such as bell type and packed gland type joints. 特殊接头是
指第VII章第 4篇中未涵盖之接头，例如钟型接头和填密函盖型接头。
A318.1 General通则
Paragraph 318.1 applies in its entirety, except that, in paragraph 318.1.2, reference to paragraph A304.7.2 replaces
reference to paragraph 304.7.2. 除将第 318.1.2 段中对第 A304.7.2条款的引用取代了对第 304.7.2条款的引用， 318.1
下各条款均适用。
A318.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
Paragraph 318.2 applies with the exception of paragraph 318.2.3. 318.2下各条款均适用，但 318.2.3 除外。
A318.3 Piping Lined with Nonmetals带非金属衬里之管道
A318.3.1 Welding of Metallic Piping金属管道的焊接
(a) General. Joints made in accordance with the rules in paragraph A329.1 may be used in Normal Fluid
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Service, subject to material limitations. 通则。 按A329.1中之规则制作的接头可用于一般流体工况，但受材料限制。
(b) Specific Requirements. Welds shall be limited to those that do not affect the serviceability of the lining. 具体
要求。 焊缝应限于不影响衬里使用性能的焊缝。
A318.3.2 Flared Linings扩口衬里
(a) General. Flared ends of linings made in accordance with the rules in paragraph A329.2 may be used in
Normal Fluid Service, subject to material limitations. 通则。 按A329.2 中之规则制造的衬里，其扩口端可用于一般流体工
况，但受材料限制。
(b) Specific Requirements. Flaring shall be limited to applications that do not affect the serviceability of the
lining. 具体要求。 扩口应限于不影响衬里使用性能时才能应用。
A318.4 Flexible Elastomeric Sealed Joints柔性合成橡胶密封接头
Flexible elastomeric seals conforming to the following may be used in Normal Fluid Service, subject to material
limitations: 符合以下条件的柔性合成橡胶密封可用于一般流体工况，但受材料限制：
(a) Seals for joints in thermoplastic piping shall conform to ASTM D3139. 热塑性塑料管道中之接头的密封件
应符合 ASTM D3139。
(b) Seals for joints in RTR and RPM piping shall conform to ASTM D4161. 用于RTR 和 RPM 管道中之接头的
密封件应符合 ASTM D4161。
PART 5 FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT 第 5 篇 可挠性和支承
A319 FLEXIBILITY OF NONMETALLIC PIPING 非金属管道的可挠性
A319.1 Requirements 要求
A319.1.1 Basic Requirements. Piping systems shall be designed to prevent thermal expansion or contraction, pressure
expansion, or movement of piping supports and terminals from causing 基本要求。 管道系统的设计应足以防止管架和管端因
热膨胀或收缩、压力膨胀的移动而引起如下事件：
(a) failure of piping or supports from overstrain or fatigue 管道或支承件因过度应变或疲劳而失效
(b) leakage at joints 接头处渗漏
(c) detrimental stresses or distortion in piping or in connected equipment (e.g., pumps), resulting from excessive
thrusts and moments in the piping 管道或连接设备 (例如泵)中的有害应力或变形是由于管道中的过大推力和力矩而造成的
A319.1.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
(a) In paragraph A319, guidance, concepts, and data are given to assist the designer in assuring adequate
flexibility in piping systems. No specific stress-limiting criteria or methods of stress analysis are presented, since stress– strain
behavior of most nonmetals differs considerably from that of metals covered by paragraph 319 and is less well defined for
mathematical analysis.在 A319 中给出了指南、概念和数据，以帮助设计者确保管道系统具有足够的可挠性。 之所以没有
提出具体的应力限制准则或应力分析法，是因为大多数非金属的应力-应变行为与 319条款所涵盖的金属应力-应变行为
有很大不同，并且数学分析的界定说也不太明确。
(b) Piping systems should be designed and laid out so that flexural stresses resulting from displacement due to
expansion, contraction, and other movement are minimized. This concept requires special attention to supports, terminals, and
other restraints, as well as to the techniques outlined in paragraph A319.7. See also paragraph A319.2.2(b). 管道系统的设计和布
置应能使因膨胀、收缩和其他运动引起的位移弯曲应力得以最小化。 此一概念需要特别注意支承件、管端自由度和其
他约束件，以及A319.7 中所概述的技术。 另见 A319.2.2(b)。
(c) Further information on design of thermoplastic piping can be found in PPI Technical Report TR-21. 有关热
塑性塑料管道设计的更多信息请参见 PPI 技术报告 TR-21。
A319.2 Concepts 概念
A319.2.1 Displacement Strains. The concepts of strain imposed by restraint of thermal expansion or contraction, and
by external movement, described in paragraph 319.2.1, apply in principle to nonmetals. Nevertheless, the assumption that stresses
throughout the piping systems can be predicted from these strains because of fully elastic behavior of the piping materials is not
always valid. 位移应变。 319.2.1 中所述由热膨胀或收缩限制以及外部移动所施加的应变概念原则上适用于非金属。 然
而，由于金属管道材料具有完全弹性行为假设论，因而可从这些应变中预测到整个管道系统的应力的假设对非金属管道
系统而言并非总是有效的。
(a) In thermoplastics piping, displacement strains are not likely to produce immediate failure but may result in
detrimental distortion. Progressive deformation may occur upon repeated thermal cycling or on prolonged exposure to elevated
temperature. 在热塑性塑料管道中，位移应变不太可能导致立即失效，但可能导致有害变形。 反复热循环或长时间暴露
于高温下可能会发生递增变形。
(b) In brittle piping (e.g., porcelain and glass) and some RTR and RPM piping, the materials show rigid
behavior and develop high displacement stresses up to the point of sudden breakage due to overstrain. 在脆性管道 (例如瓷器和
玻璃)和一些 RTR 和 RPM 管道中，材料表现出刚性行为并产生高位移应力，直至由于过度应变而突然破裂。
(c) RTR and RPM piping are assumed to display linear elastic behavior, having displacement stresses
proportional to displacement strains. 假定 RTR 和 RPM 管道表现出线性弹性行为，具有与位移应变成比例的位移应力。
A319.2.2 Displacement Stresses 位移应力
(a) Elastic Behavior. The assumption that displacement strains will produce proportional stress over a
sufficiently wide range to justify an elastic stress analysis is not always valid for nonmetals. RTR and RPM piping shall be
designed for linear elastic behavior, having displacement stresses proportional to displacement strains. In brittle piping, strains
initially will produce relatively large elastic stresses. The total displacement strain must be kept small, however, since overstrain
results in failure rather than plastic deformation. In thermoplastic piping, strains generally will produce stresses of the
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overstrained (plastic) type, even at relatively low values of total displacement strain. If a method of flexibility analysis that
assumes elastic behavior is selected for thermoplastic piping, the designer shall demonstrate its validity for the piping system
under consideration and shall establish safe limits for computed stresses. 弹性行为。 位移应变在足够宽的范围内产生与之成
比例的应力以证明弹性应力分析的合理假设对于非金属并非总是有效。 RTR 和 RPM 管道应设计为线性弹性行为，位移
应力与位移应变成正比。 在脆性管道中，应变一开始就会产生相对较大的弹性应力。 然而，由于过度应变会导致失效
而不是产生塑性变形，因此必须保持较小的总位移应变。 在热塑性塑料管道中，应变通常会产生过度应变 (塑性)类型的
应力，即使在总位移应变值相对较低的情况下也会产生过度应变 (塑性)类型的应力。 如果为热塑性塑料管道选择一种假
定弹性行为的柔性分析方法，设计者应证明其对所要分析之管道系统的有效性，并应为计算应力建立安全限度。
(b) Overstrained Behavior. Stresses cannot be considered proportional to displacement strains throughout a
piping system in which an excessive amount of strain may occur in localized portions of the piping [an unbalanced system; see
paragraph 319.2.2(b)] or in which elastic behavior of the piping material cannot be assumed. Overstrain shall be minimized by
system layout and excessive displacements shall be minimized by special joints or expansion devices (see paragraph A319.7). 过
度应变行为。 应力不能被认为与整个管道系统中的位移应变成正比，在不平衡系统管道系统中，管道的局部管段可能
会出现过量应变 [参见319.2.2(b)] 或者是不能假设管道材料的弹性行为时， 应通过系统布局将过度应变降至最低，并应
通过特殊接头或膨胀装置将过度位移降至最低 (参见A319.7)。
A319.2.3 Cold Spring. Cold spring is the intentional deformation of piping during assembly to produce a desired
initial displacement or reaction. Cold spring may be beneficial in serving to balance the magnitude of the reaction under initial
and extreme displacement conditions. When cold spring is properly applied, there is less likelihood of overstrain during initial
operation. There is also less deviation from as-installed dimensions during initial operation, so that hangers will not be displaced
as far from their original settings. No credit for cold spring is permitted in stress range calculations, or in calculating thrusts and
moments. 冷紧。 冷紧是在装配过程中故意使管道变形以产生所需初始位移和反作用力。冷紧的好处在于它可以平衡初
始和极端位移条件下的反作用力。如果正确应用冷紧，则在初始操作期间产生过应变的可能性较小； 因此，特别推荐
用于延展性有限之管道材料。如果正确应用冷紧，则在初始操作期间与安装尺寸的偏差也较小，因此吊架不会从原设置
处移得太远。在应力值域计算中或推力和力矩计算中不允许计入冷紧。
A319.3 Properties for Flexibility Analysis 挠性分析中的所用物理性能
A319.3.1 Thermal Expansion Data. Appendix C lists coefficients of thermal expansion for several nonmetals. More
precise values in some instances may be obtainable from manufacturers of components. If these values are to be used in stress
analysis, the thermal displacements shall be determined as stated in paragraph 319.3.1. 热膨胀数据。 附录 C 列出了几种非金
属材料的热膨胀系数。 在某些情况下，可以从组件制造商处获得更精确的热膨胀系数值。 如果这些值要用于应力分
析，则应按319.3.1中的规定来确定热位移。
A319.3.2 Modulus of Elasticity. Appendix C lists representative data on the tensile modulus of elasticity, E, for
several nonmetals as obtained under typical laboratory rate of strain (loading) conditions. More precise values of the short-term
and working estimates of effective moduli of elasticity for given conditions of loading and temperature may be obtainable from
the manufacturer. For materials and temperatures not listed, refer to ASTM or PPI documents, or to manufacturer’s data. 弹性模
量。 附录 C 列出了几种非金属材料的拉伸弹性模量 E 的代表性数据，这些数据是在典型的实验室应变率 (加载)条件下
获得的。 可从制造商处获得给定载荷和温度条件下之有效弹性模量的短期和工作估算值的更精确值。 非表列材料和温
度请参阅 ASTM 或 PPI 文件或制造商的数据。
(a) Because of their viscoelasticity, the effective moduli of thermoplastics under actual conditions of use will
depend on both the specific course of the strain (or load) with time and the specific characteristics of the thermoplastic. 由于热塑
性塑料的粘弹性，热塑性塑料在实际使用条件下的有效模量将取决于应变 (或载荷)随时间的具体过程和热塑性塑料的具
体特性。
(b) The modulus may also vary with the orientation of the specimen. Because the reinforcement plays a
significant role in developing the physical properties for RTR and RPM piping, the modulus may vary with the type and
orientation of the reinforcement. 模量也可能随试样的取向而变化。 由于加强材在开发 RTR 和 RPM 管道的物理特性方面
起着重要作用，因此模量可能会随着加强材的类型和定向而变化。
A319.3.3 Poisson’s Ratio. Poisson’s ratio varies widely depending upon material and temperature. For that reason,
simplified formulas used in stress analysis for metals may not be valid for nonmetals. For RTR and RPM piping, Poisson’s ratio
varies with the orientation of the reinforcement. 泊松比。 泊松比随材料和温度的不同而有很大差异。 因此，金属应力分析
中所用简化方程可能对非金属无效。 对于 RTR 和 RPM 管道，泊松比将随着加强材的定向而变化。
A319.3.4 Dimensions. Nominal thicknesses and outside diameters of pipe and fittings shall be used in flexibility calculations.
尺寸。 柔性计算中应采用钢管材和管件的标称厚度和标称外径。
A319.4 Analysis 分析
A319.4.1 Formal Analysis Not Required. No formal analysis is required for a piping system that 不要求形式分析。
如下管道系统不要求进行形式分析
(a) duplicates, or replaces without significant change, a system operating with a successful service record
在没有重大变更的情况下复制或替换具有成功运行记录的系统
(b) can readily be judged adequate by comparison with previously analyzed systems, or 与之前分析过之系统
相比，能立即判断为具有足够可考靠性之系统，或者
(c) is laid out with a conservative margin of inherent flexibility, or employs joining methods or expansion joint
devices, or a combination of these methods, in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions 按照制造商说明书，采保守的固有
挠性或采用照制造商所推荐之连接方法或伸缩接头装置，或这些方法的组合进行管道布局。
A319.4.2 Formal Analysis Requirements. For a piping system that does not meet the above criteria, the designer
shall demonstrate adequate flexibility by simplified, approximate, or comprehensive stress analysis, using a method that can be
shown to be valid for the specific case. If substantially elastic behavior can be demonstrated for the piping system [see paragraph
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A319.2.2(a)], methods outlined in paragraph 319.4 may be applicable. 形式分析要求。 对于不满足上述准则之管道系统，设
计者应采用对特定情况有效的一种方法来进行简化的、近似的或综合的应力分析，以证实管道具有足够的可挠性。 如
果可以证明管道系统具实质的弹性行为 [参见A319.2.2(a) ]，则可采用319.4 中所概述的方法。
A319.5 Reactions 反作用力
Paragraph 319.5 may be applicable if a formal stress analysis can be shown to be valid for the specific case. 如果能反
应出压力的形式分析对具体情况有效，则可利用319.5中之规则来计算反作用力。
A319.6 Movements 移动
Special attention shall be given to movement (displacement or rotation) of piping with respect to supports and points of
close clearance. Movements of the run pipe at the junction of a small branch connection shall be considered in determining
the need for flexibility in the branch pipe. 应特别注意管道相对于支承件和间隙点的移动 (位移或旋转)。 在确定支管
的可挠性需求时，应重视小支管连接处的主管移动。
A319.7 Means of Increasing Flexibility 提高可挠性的方法
Piping layout often provides adequate inherent flexibility through changes in direction, wherein displacements produce
chiefly bending and torsional strains of low magnitude. The amount of tension or compression strain (which can produce
larger reactions) usually is small. 管道布局通常通过改变方向来提供足够的固有挠性，此时，位移主要产生小量值的
弯曲和扭转应变。 拉应变或压应变 (可产生较大反作用力)的量值通常很小。
Where piping lacks inherent flexibility or is unbalanced, additional flexibility shall be provided by one or more of the
following means: bends, loops, or offsets; swivel or flexible joints; corrugated, bellows, or slip-joint expansion joints; or
other devices permitting angular, rotational, or axial movement. Suitable anchors, ties, or other devices shall be provided as
necessary to resist end forces produced by fluid pressure, frictional resistance to movement, and other causes. 如果管道缺
乏固有的柔韧性或楚于不平衡状态时，则应利用以下一种或多种措施来提供额外的柔韧性：弯头、环状管、乙字
形连接管、 旋转接头、柔性接头、波纹管、皱褶管、滑动连接式膨胀节， 或其他允许角位移、旋转或轴向移动的
装置。 应根据需求提供合适的锚固件、约束件或其他装置，以抵抗因流体压力、移动摩擦阻力和其他原因而引起
的端面压力。
A321 PIPING SUPPORT管架
Paragraph 321 applies in its entirety. 321下各条款均适用
A321.5 Supports for Nonmetallic Piping
A321.5.1 General. In addition to other applicable requirements of paragraph 321, supports, guides, and anchors shall
be selected and applied to comply with the principles and requirements of paragraph A319 and the following: 总则。 除了第 321
款款的其他适用要求外，还应选择和应用支承件、导向件和销固件，以符合第 A319 段和以下内容的原则和要求：
(a) Piping shall be supported, guided, and anchored in such a manner as to prevent damage to the piping. Point
loads and narrow areas of contact between piping and supports shall be avoided. Suitable padding, compatible with the piping
material, shall be placed between piping and supports where damage to piping may occur. Local stresses at points of support,
including clamping forces, shall be considered. 管道应以防止损及管道的方式得到支承、导向和销固。 应避免管道和支承
件之间的点载荷和窄面积接触。 应在管道和可能发生损坏管道之支承件间放置与管道材料相容的合适衬垫。 应考虑支
撑点的局部应力，包括夹持力。
(b) Valves and equipment that would transmit excessive loads to the piping shall be independently supported to
prevent such loads. 将过大载荷传递到管道的阀门和设备应独立支撑以防止此类载荷。
(c) Consideration shall be given to mechanical guarding in traffic areas. 交通繁忙地区应考虑装设机械防护设
施。
(d) Manufacturers’ recommendations for support shall be considered. 应考虑制造商对支承方式的建议
A321.5.2 Supports for Thermoplastic, RTR, and RPM Piping. 用于热塑性塑料、RTR 和 RPM 管道的支承件
(a) Supports shall be spaced to avoid excessive sag or deformation at the design temperature and within the
design life of the piping system. 支承件间距设置应能避免管道系统在设计温度下和设计寿命内出现过度下垂或变形。
(b) Decreases in the modulus of elasticity with increasing temperature and creep of material with time shall be
considered when applicable. 在适用时，应考虑弹性模量随温度的升高而降低和材料蠕变随时间的降低。
(c) The thermal expansion of the piping system shall be considered in the design and location of supports. 在设
计和布置支承件的位置时，应考虑到管道系统的热膨胀。
(d) Where axial restraint is required, positive stops, such as shear collars, shall be provided as axial restraint.
Frictional forces from clamping pressure shall not be considered as an anchor mechanism unless the support/anchor is specifically
recommended for this purpose by the manufacturer. 在需要轴向约束的情况下，应提供限位挡块 (例如剪切环)来作为轴向约
束件。 来自夹持压力的摩擦力不应被视为锚固机制，除非制造商为此目的而特别推荐支撑/锚固。
A321.5.3 Supports for Brittle Piping. Brittle piping, such as glass, shall be well supported but free of hindrance to
expansion or other movement. Not more than one anchor shall be provided in any straight run without an expansion joint. 脆性管
道的支承。 脆性管道 (如玻璃) 应得到很好的支撑，但不妨碍膨胀或其他移动。 在没有伸缩缝的任何直线段中，不应提
供超过一个的锚固件。
PART 6 SYSTEMS第 6 篇 系统
A322 SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS专用管道系统
A322.3 Instrument Piping仪表管线
Paragraph 322.3 applies in its entirety, except that references to paras. A301 and A302.2.4 replace references to paras.
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301 and 302.2.4, respectively. 除将 322.3所引用的A301 和 A302.2.4 分别替换为A302.2.4所引用的301 和 302.2.4外，
322.3下各条款均适用。
A322.6 Pressure-Relieving Systems泄压系统
Paragraph 322.6 applies in its entirety, except for paragraph 322.6.3. See paragraph A322.6.3. 除322.6.3条款替换为
A322.6.3外，322.6下各条款均适用。
A322.6.3 Overpressure Protection. Paragraph 322.6.3 applies, except that maximum relieving pressure shall be in
accordance with paragraph A302.2.4. 超压保护。 除最大释放压力应符合第 A302.2.4 条款之规定外，超压保护应符合第
322.6.3 条款的要求。
PART 7 MATERIALS第 7 篇 材料
A323 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS总体要求
A323.1 Materials and Specifications材料和其技术条件
Paragraph 323.1 applies except for paragraph 323.1.4. See paragraph A323.1.4. 除将323.1.4 替换为A323.1.4外，
323.1下各条款均适用。
A323.1.4 Reclaimed Materials. Reclaimed piping components may be used, provided they are properly identified as
conforming to a listed or published specification (see paragraph 323.1.1) and otherwise meet the requirements of this Code. The
user shall verify that components are suitable for the intended service. Sufficient cleaning, examination, and testing shall be
performed to determine the minimum available wall thickness and freedom from any of the following to an extent that would be
unacceptable in the intended service: 再生材料。 可使用再生管道構成元件，前提是它们被适当地标识为符合表列或已发
布规范 (见第 323.1.1 或 323.1.2 条款)并且在其他方面满足本规范的要求。 应进行充分的清洁、检查和测试以确定最小壁
厚且不存在着在预期工况中不可接受的以下任何一项之限度：
(a) imperfections缺陷
(b) reduction of mechanical properties, or机械性能下降，或者是
(c) absorption of deleterious substances有害物质的吸收
A323.2 Temperature Limitations温度限度
The designer shall verify that materials that meet other requirements of the Code are suitable for service throughout the
operating temperature range. Also see the Notes for Tables B-1 through B-5 in Appendix B. 设计者应验证满足规范其他
所要求之材料是否适合在整个工作温度值域内使用。 另请参阅附录 B 中表 B-1 至 B-5 的注释。
A323.2.1 Upper Temperature Limits, Listed Materials表列材料的温度上限
(a) Except as provided in (b) below, a listed material shall not be used at a design temperature higher than the
maximum for which a stress value or rating is shown, or higher than the maximum recommended temperature in Table A323.4.2C
for RTR materials and in Table A323.4.3 for thermoplastics used as linings. 除下文 (b) 中之规定外，表列材料不应在高于相
应表中所示应力值或额定值的最高温度或高于表 A323.4.2C 中所推荐之最高温度的设计温度下使用 RTR 材料和表
A323.4.3 中用作衬里的热塑性塑料。
(b) A listed material may be used at a temperature higher than the maximum stated in (a) above if there is no
prohibition in Appendix B or elsewhere in the Code, and if the designer verifies the serviceability of the material in accordance
with paragraph 323.2.4. 如果附录 B 或本规范中之其他规定没有禁止，并且如果设计者已根据根据323.2.4验证了材料的可
用性，则表列材料可以在高于(A)中的最高规定温度下使用。
A323.2.2 Lower Temperature Limits, Listed Materials表列材料的温度下限
(a) Materials for use at design minimum temperatures below certain limits must usually be tested to determine
that they have suitable toughness for use in Code piping. Table A323.2.2 sets forth those requirements. 在低于特定限度之设计
最低温度下使用的材料通常必须进行测试，以确定它们是否具有适用于规范管道的韧性。 这些要求见表 A323.2.2。
(b) When materials are qualified for use at temperatures below the minimum temperature listed in Appendix B,
the allowable stresses or pressures shall not exceed the values for the lowest temperatures shown. 当材料可以在低于附录 B 所
列最低温度之温度下使用时，许用应力或压力不应超过所示最低温度的相应值。
(c) See also the recommended limits in Table A323.4.2C for reinforced thermosetting resin pipe and in Table
A323.4.3 for thermoplastics used as linings. 另请参阅表 A323.4.2C 中针对热固性强化树脂管的建议限值和表 A323.4.3 中针
对用作衬里之热塑性塑料的建议限值。
A323.2.3 Temperature Limits, Unlisted Materials.非表列材料的温度限度
Paragraph 323.2.3 applies. 非表列材料的温度限度应符合 323.2.3的规定。
A323.2.4 Verification of Serviceability. When an unlisted material is to be used, or when a listed material is to be
used above or below the limits in Appendix B, Table A323.4.2C, or Table A323.4.3, the designer shall comply with the
requirements of paragraph 323.2.4. 可靠性鉴定。 当使用非表列材料时，或者在高于或低于附录 B、表 A323.4.2C 或表
A323.4.3 中所示限度的表列材料时，设计者应按323.2.4的要求进行可靠性鉴定。
A323.4 Fluid Service Requirements for Nonmetallic Materials对流体工况中所用非金属材料的要求
A323.4.1 General通则
(a) Nonmetallic materials shall be safeguarded against excessive temperature, shock, vibration, pulsation, and
mechanical abuse in all fluid services. 非金属材料应在所有流体工况中足以防止过热、冲击、振动、脉动和机械损伤。
(b) Requirements in paragraph A323.4 apply to pressure-containing parts. They do not apply to materials used
for supports, gaskets, or packing. See also Appendix F, paragraph FA323.4. 第A323.4条款中的要求适用于承压组件， 它们不
适用于用于支承件、垫片或填料的材料。 另见附录 F中 FA323.4条款。
A323.4.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
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(a) Thermoplastics 热塑性塑料
(1) They shall not be used in flammable fluid service above ground, unless all of the following are met:
它们不应用于地面上的易燃流体工况，除非满足以下所有条件：
(-a) The size of the piping does not exceed DN 25 (NPS 1). 热塑性塑料管之规格不超过 DN 25
(NPS 1)。
(-b) Owner’s approval is obtained. 获得业主的批准。
(-c) Safeguarding in accordance with Appendix G is provided. 提供了符合附录 G 的保护措施。
(-d) The precautions of Appendix F, paras. F323.1(a) through F323.1(c) are considered. 已顾及附录
F中 F323.1(a) 到 F323.1(c)的预防措施。
(2) They shall be safeguarded when used in other than Category D Fluid Service. 在 D 类流体工况以外
的用途中使用时，应对其进行安全保护。
(3) PVC and CPVC shall not be used in compressed air or other compressed gas service. PVC 和 CPVC
管不应用于输送压缩空气或其他压缩气体。
(b) Reinforced Plastic Mortars (RPM) Piping. This piping shall be safeguarded when used in other than
Category D Fluid Service. 强化塑料胶泥 (RPM) 管。 当用于 D 类流体工况以外之场合时，此类管材应受到安全保护。
(c) Reinforced Thermosetting Resins (RTR) Piping. This piping shall be safeguarded when used in toxic or
flammable fluid services. Table A323.4.2C gives the recommended temperature limits for reinforced thermosetting resins. 热固性
强化树脂 (RTR) 管。 当用于有毒或易燃流体工况时，应保护此类材料之管道。 表 A323.4.2C 给出了热固性强化树脂的
推荐温度限值。
(d) Borosilicate Glass and Porcelain 硼硅酸盐玻璃和陶瓷
(1) They shall be safeguarded when used in toxic or flammable fluid services. 在有毒或易燃流体工况中
使用时，应采取安全防护措施。
(2) They shall be safeguarded against large, rapid temperature changes in fluid services. 应防止它们在流
体工况中发生大又快速的温度变化。
A323.4.3 Piping Lined with Nonmetals衬有非金属之管道
(a) Metallic Piping Lined with Nonmetals. Fluid service requirements for the base (outer) material in paragraph
323.4 govern except as stated in (d) below. 衬有非金属之金属管道。 第 323.4 条款中对流体工况中所用母材 (外层)的要求
应适用于衬有非金属之金属管道，但下文 (d) 中规定的除外。
Table A323.2.2 Requirements for Low Temperature Toughness Tests for Nonmetals
Column A A栏
Column B B栏
At or Above Listed Minimum
Type of Material材料类型 Temperature ≥ 表列最低温度
Below Listed Minimum Temperature低于表列最低温度
Listed nonmetallic materials No added requirement
The designer shall have test results at or below the lowest expected service
temperature which assure that the materials and bonds will have adequate
表列非金属材料
无附加要求
toughness and are suitable at the design minimum temperature. 设计者应获得 ≤
最低预期使用温度的测试结果，以确保材料和胶合具有足够的韧性并适用于
最低设计温度。
Unlisted materials
An unlisted material shall conform to a published specification. Where composition, properties, and product form are
comparable to those of a listed material, requirements for the corresponding listed material shall be met. Other
非表列材料
unlisted materials shall be qualified as required in Column B. 非表列材料应符合已发布规范。 当成分、性能和
产品形式与列表列料具有可比性时，应满足该相应表列材料的要求。 其他非表列材料按B栏的要求进行鉴
定。
GENERAL NOTE: These requirements are in addition to the requirements of the material specification.
通注：这些要求是对材料规范之要求的补充。
Table A323.4.2C Recommended Temperature Limits for Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe 对
增强热固性树脂管材的推荐温度极限
Recommended Temperature Limits所推荐的温度极限
Materials材料
Minimum最低极限
Maximum最高极限
°C
°F
°C
°F
Resin树脂
Reinforcing加强材
−29
−20
149
300
Epoxy环氧树脂
Glass fiber玻璃纤维
−29
−20
149
300
Phenolic酚醛树脂
Glass fiber玻璃纤维
−29
−20
93
200
Furan呋喃
Carbon fiber碳纤维
−29
−20
93
200
Furan呋喃
Glass fiber玻璃纤维
−29
−20
93
200
Polyester聚酯纤维
Glass fiber玻璃纤维
−29
−20
93
200
Vinyl ester乙烯基酯
Glass fiber玻璃纤维
GENERAL NOTE: These temperature limits apply only to materials listed and do not reflect evidence of successful use in
specific fluid services at these temperatures. The designer should consult the manufacturer for specific applications,
particularly as the temperature limits are approached. 通注：这些温度限制仅适用于表中所列材料，且并不反映在这
些温度下成功用于特定流体工况的证据。 设计人员应就特定应用咨询制造商，尤其是在接近温度极限时。
(b) Nonmetallic Piping Lined with Nonmetals. Fluid service requirements for the base (outer) material in
paragraph A323.4.2 govern, except as stated in (d) below. 衬有非金属的非金属管道。 A323.4.2 中对对流体工况中所用母材
(外层)的要求亦适用于衬有非金属的非金属管道，但以下 (d) 中规定的除外。
(c) Nonmetallic Lining Materials. The lining may be any material that, in the judgment of the user, is suitable
for the intended service and for the method of manufacture and assembly of the piping. Fluid service requirements in paragraph
A323.4.2 do not apply to materials used as linings. 非金属衬里材料。 根据用户的判断，衬里可以是适用于预期工况以及管
道之制造和装配方法的任何材料。 A323.4.2 中的流体工况要求不适用于用作衬里的材料。
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(d) Properties of both the base and lining materials, and of any bond between them, shall be considered in
establishing temperature limitations. Table A323.4.3 gives recommended temperature limits for thermoplastic materials used as
linings. 在确定温度限制时，母材和衬里材料的特性，以及在它们之间所施加之任何胶合剂应考虑到对其所规定的温度
限制。 表 A323.4.3 给出了用作衬里之热塑性材料的推荐温度限度。
A323.5 Deterioration of Materials in Service使用中之材料的劣化
Paragraph 323.5 applies in its entirety. 第 323.5 条款均适用。
A325 MATERIALS — MISCELLANEOUS杂项材料
Paragraph 325 applies in its entirety. 第 325条款均适用。
PART 8 STANDARDS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS
第 8 篇 管道构成元件之标准
A326 DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS OF COMPONENTS 组件的尺寸和其额定值
A326.1 Requirements 要求
Paragraph 326 applies in its entirety except that references to Table A326.1 and Appendix B replace references to Table
326.1 and Appendix A, respectively. 除将参照表326.1和附录 A分别替换为参照表 A326.1 和附录 B外， 326下之告条
款均适用。
A326.4 Abbreviations in Table A326.1 and Appendix B 表 A326.1 和附录 B 中的缩写词
The abbreviations tabulated below are used in this Chapter to replace lengthy phrases in the text, in the titles of
standards in Table A326.1, and in the Specification Index for Appendix B. Those marked with an asterisk (*) are in
accordance with ASTM D1600, Standard Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics. Those items marked
with a dagger (†) are in accordance with ASTM F412, Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems. 在本章
中，下表所列缩写用于替换正文、表 A326.1 中所列标准名称以及附录 B 之规范索引中的冗长术语。标有星号 (*)
的缩写符合 ASTM D1600《与塑料相关之缩写术语的标准术语》。 标有匕首符号 (†)是符合 ASTM F412《与塑料
管道系统相关的标准术语》的项目。
Table A323.4.3 Recommended Temperature Limits for Thermoplastics Used as
Linings用作衬里之热塑性塑料的推荐温度限值
Minimum最低
Maximum最高
Materials材料 [Note (1)]
°C
°F
°C
°F
PFA
−198
−325
260
500
PTFE
−198
−325
260
500
FEP
−198
−325
204
400
ECTFE
−198
−325
171
340
ETFE
−198
−325
149
300
PVDF
−18
0
135
275
PP
−18
0
107
225
PVDC
−18
0
79
175
GENERAL NOTE: These temperature limits are based on material tests and do not necessarily
reflect evidence of successful use as piping component linings in specific fluid services at these
temperatures. The designer should consult the manufacturer for specific applications, particularly
as temperature limits are approached. 通注：这些温度限度是基于材料测试，并不一定反映在
这些温度下用作管道構成元件衬里能成功地适用于具体流体服务的证据。 设计人员宜就具
体应用咨询制造商，尤其是在接近温度限值时。
NOTE: (1) See paragraph A326.4 for definitions of materials. 有关材料的规定请参见 A326.4。
Abbreviation缩写
ABS*†
BPS
CPVC*†
DR†
DS
E-CTFE*
ETFE*
FEP*
HDBS
HDS†
PB*†
PE*†
PEX
PFA*
PP*†
PQR
PR†
PTFE*
PVC*†
PVDC*
PVDF*
RPM
RTP
Term术语
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastics丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯塑料
Bonding Procedure Specification胶合规程说明书
Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) plastics氯化聚 (氯乙烯)塑料
Dimension ratio尺寸比
Design stress设计压力
Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene 乙烯-氯三氟乙烯
Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物
Perfluoro (ethylene-propylene) copolymer全氟乙烯-丙烯共聚物
Hydrostatic Design Basis Stress液压设计基础应力
Hydrostatic Design Stress 液压设计应力
Polybutylene-1聚丁烯-1
Polyethylene聚乙烯
Cross-linked polyethylene交联聚乙烯
Perfluoro (alkoxyalkane) 全氟烷氧基烷烃
Polypropylene聚丙烯
Procedure Qualification Record 规程评定记录
Pressure rating 压力额定值
Polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯
Poly(vinyl chloride) 聚氯乙烯
Poly(vinylidene chloride) 聚偏二氯乙烯
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) 聚偏二氟乙烯
Reinforced plastic mortar 强化塑料胶泥
Reinforced thermosetting plastic 热固性强化塑料
122
Abbreviation缩写
RTR
SDR†
SIDR†
WPS
Term术语
Reinforced thermosetting resin 热固性强化塑料
Standard dimension ratios标准尺寸比
Standard inside diameter dimension ratio标准内径尺寸比
Welding Procedure Specification焊接工艺规程说明书
PART 9 FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND ERECTION
第 9 篇 制造、装配和安装
A327 GENERAL 通则
Piping materials and components are prepared for assembly and erection by one or more of the fabrication processes in paras.
A328, A329, A332, and A334. When any of these processes is used in assembly and erection, requirements are the same as for
fabrication. 组装和安装用管道材料和组件可用A328、A329、A332 和 A334段中的一或多个制造方法来制备。 当这些方
法中的任何一种用于组装和安装时，要求与相应制造方法相同。
A328 BONDING OF PLASTICS 塑料的胶合
Paragraph A328 applies only to joints in thermoplastic, RTR, and RPM piping. Bonding shall conform to paras. A328.1 through
A328.7 and the applicable requirements of paragraph A311. A328 条款仅适用于热塑性塑料、RTR 和 RPM 管道中的接头。
胶合应符合 A328.1 至 A328.7 以及 A311的适用要求。
A328.1 Bonding Responsibility 胶合责任
Each employer is responsible for the bonding done by personnel of his/her organization and, except as provided in
paras. A328.2.2 and A328.2.3, shall conduct the required performance qualification tests to qualify bonding procedure
specifications (BPS) and bonders or bonding operators. 每一雇主都对由他/她组织内之人员所做的胶合负责，除
A328.2.2 和 A328.2.3中规定的之外，应进行所需的胶合规程说明书 (BPS) 评定和和胶合工或胶合操作员的技能检
定试验 。
A328.2 Bonding Qualifications 胶合评 (检)定
A328.2.1 Qualification Requirements 评(检)定要求
(a) Qualification of the BPS to be used, and of the performance of bonders and bonding operators, is required.
To qualify a BPS, all tests and examinations specified therein and in paragraph A328.2.5 shall be completed successfully. 需对所
要使用之BPS 以及胶合工和胶合操作员分别进行评定和技能检定。 为使 BPS 合格，应成功通过本节和 A328.2.5中规定
的所有测试和检测。
(b) In addition to the procedure for making the bonds, the BPS shall specify at least the following: 除了制作胶
合接头的工艺外，还应至少将以下内容列入BPS 中：
(1) all materials and supplies (including storage requirements) 所有材料和辅料 (包括存储要求)
(2) tools and fixtures (including proper care and handling) 工具和固定装置 (包括适当的保养和管理)
(3) environmental requirements (e.g., temperature, humidity, and methods of measurement) 环境要求 (如
温度、湿度、测量方法等)
(4) joint preparation接头制备
(5) dimensional requirements and tolerances尺寸要求及公差
(6) cure time (see paragraph FA328.2.1) 固化时间 (FA328.2.1)
(7) protection of work工件的保护措施
(8) tests and examinations other than those required by paragraph A328.2.5 为A328.2.5所要求之测试和检
测的附加测试和检测
(9) acceptance criteria for the completed test assembly成品试件的合格准则
A328.2.2 Procedure Qualification by Others. Subject to the specific approval of the Inspector, a BPS qualified by
others may be used provided that 由其他组织所进行的规程评定。 只要满足下列要求且经检验师特准下，即可使用由其他
组织所评定认可的 BPS：
(a) the Inspector satisfies him/herself that the proposed qualified BPS has been prepared and executed by a
responsible recognized organization with expertise in the field of bonding检验师确信拟议的已认可 BPS 是由一个负责、公认
具有胶合领域专业知识之组织所制定和执行的BPS
(b) by signature, the employer accepts both the BPS and procedure qualification record (PQR) as his/her own
通过签字，来代表雇主已接受该份 BPS 和规程评定记录 (PQR) 作为他/她自己的文件
(c) the employer has at least one currently employed bonder who, while in his/her employ, has satisfactorily
passed a performance qualification test using the proposed qualified BPS雇主至少有一名目前受雇的胶合工，在其受雇期
间，遵循拟议的已认可BPS 成功通过技能检定试验
A328.2.3 Performance Qualification by Others. Without the Inspector’s specific approval, an employer shall not
accept a performance qualification test made by a bonder or bonding operator for another employer. If approval is given, it is
limited to work on piping using the same or equivalent BPS. An employer accepting such performance qualification tests shall
obtain a copy of the performance qualification test record from the previous employer, showing the name of the employer by
whom the bonder or bonding operator was qualified, the date of such qualification, and the date the bonder or bonding operator
last bonded pressure piping under such performance qualification. 由其他组织所进行的技能检定。 未经检验师特准，雇主不
应接受成功通过由另一雇主为其所雇胶合工和胶合操作员所进行之技能检定试验。 如果获得批准，则仅限于使用相同
或等效的 BPS 在管道上工作。 接受此类能检定试验之雇主应从前任雇主处获得能检定试验记录的副本，其中显示胶合
工或胶合操作员获得认可资格的雇主名称、认可日期以及胶合工或胶合操作员在此类技能检定试下最后胶合压力管道的
123
日期。
Table A326.1 Component Standards各组件的引用标准
Standard or Specification标准或规范
Designation标准号或规范号
Nonmetallic Fittings, Valves, and Flanges非金属管配件、阀门和法兰
Process Glass Pipe and Fittings
ASTM C599
Threaded PVC Plastic Pipe Fittings, Sch 80
ASTM D2464
PVC Plastic Pipe Fittings, Sch 40 .
ASTM D2466
PVC Plastic Pipe Fittings, Sch 80 .
ASTM D2467
Socket-Type ABS Plastic Pipe Fittings, Sch 40 .
ASTM D2468
Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings .
ASTM D2513
Reinforced Epoxy Resin Gas Pressure Pipe and Fittings
ASTM D2517
Plastic Insert Fittings for PE Plastic Pipe
ASTM D2609 A
Socket-Type PE Fittings for Outside Diameter-Controlled PE Pipe and Tubing .
STM D2683
CPVC Plastic Hotand Cold-Water Distribution Systems
ASTM D2846/D2846M
Butt Heat Fusion PE Plastic Fittings for PE Plastic Pipe and Tubing
ASTM D3261
Fiberglass RTR Pipe Fittings for Nonpressure Applications [Note (1)] . .
ASTM D3840
Machine Made “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Flanges .
ASTM D4024 A
Contact Molded Fiberglass RTR Flanges [Note (1)] . .
STM D5421
Fiberglass Pressure Pipe Fittings .
ASTM D5685
Threaded CPVC Plastic Pipe Fittings, Sch 80 . .
ASTM F437
Socket-Type CPVC Plastic Pipe Fittings, Sch 40
ASTM F438
CPVC Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80 .
ASTM F439
Electrofusion Type PE Fittings for Outside Diameter Controlled PE Pipe and Tubing .
ASTM F1055
Plastic-Lined Ferrous Metal Pipe, Fittings, and Flanges [Notes (2), (3), and (4)]
ASTM F1545
Pressure-Rated Polypropylene (PP) Piping Systems . .
ASTM F2389 M
Plastic Industrial Ball Valves [Notes (2) and (3)]
SS SP-122
Nonmetallic Pipes and Tubes非金属管材
PE Line Pipe
API 15LE
Low Pressure Fiberglass Line Pipe
API 15LR
Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe
ASTM C361
Process Glass Pipe and Fittings
ASTM C599
ABS Plastic Pipe, Sch 40 and 80 .
ASTM D1527 A
PVC Plastic Pipe, Sch 40, 80 and 120 .
STM D1785
PE Plastic Pipe (SIDR-PR) Based on Controlled Inside Diameter .
ASTM D2239
PVC Plastic Pressure-Rated Pipe (SDR Series)
ASTM D2241 A
ABS Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR)
STM D2282
Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings .
ASTM D2513
Reinforced Epoxy Resin Gas Pressure Pipe and Fittings
ASTM D2517
PB Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) .
ASTM D2662
PB Plastic Tubing . .
ASTM D2666
Joints for IPS PVC Pipe Using Solvent Cement
ASTM D2672
PE Plastic Tubing . .
ASTM D2737
CPVC Plastic Hot and Cold-Water Distribution System .
ASTM D2846/D2846M
Filament-Wound Fiberglass RTR Pipe [Note (1)]
ASTM D2996
Centrifugally Cast Fiberglass RTR Pipe
ASTM D2997
PB Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) Based on Outside Diameter
ASTM D3000
PE Plastic Pipe (DR-PR) Based on Controlled Outside Diameter .
ASTM D3035
Fiberglass RTR Pressure Pipe [Note (1)]
ASTM D3517
Fiberglass RTR Sewer and Industrial Pressure Pipe [Note (1)] . .
ASTM D3754
CPVC Plastic Pipe, Sch 40 and 80
ASTM F441/F441M
CPVC Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR)
ASTM F442/F442M
Crosslinked Polyethylene/Aluminum/Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX-AL-PEX) Pressure Pipe .
ASTM F1281
Polyethylene/Aluminum/Polyethylene (PE-AL-PE) Composite Pressure Pipe
ASTM F1282
Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings for Corrosive Waste Drainage Systems [Notes (2) and (3)]
ASTM F1412
Plastic-Lined Ferrous Metal Pipe, Fittings, and Flanges [Notes (2), (3), and (4)]
ASTM F1545
PVDF Corrosive Waste Drainage Systems
ASTM F1673 A
Pressure-Rated Polypropylene (PP) Piping Systems . .
STM F2389
Metric and Inch-sized Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipe .
ASTM F2788/F2788M
Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel Cylinder Type, for Water and Other Liquids
AWWA C300
Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel Cylinder Type, for Water and Other Liquids
AWWA C301
Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Noncylinder Type
AWWA C302 A
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe and Fabricated Fittings, 4 In. Through 60 In. (100 mm Through 1,500 mm) WWA C900
Fiberglass Pressure Pipe
AWWA C950
Miscellaneous杂项
Contact-Molded RTP Laminates for Corrosion Resistant Equipment
ASTM C582
Threads for Fiberglass RTR Pipe (60 deg stub) [Note (1)]
ASTM D1694
Solvent Cements for ABS Plastic Pipe and Fittings
ASTM D2235
Solvent Cements for PVC Plastic Piping Systems
ASTM D2564
Joints for Plastic Pressure Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals
ASTM D3139
Fiberglass RTR Pipe Joints Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals [Note (1)]
ASTM D4161
Design and Construction of Nonmetallic Enveloped Gaskets for Corrosive Service
ASTM F336
Solvent Cements for CPVC Plastic Pipe and Fittings
ASTM F493
Taper Pipe Threads 60° for Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
ASTM F1498
GENERAL NOTE: It is not practical to refer to a specific edition of each standard throughout the Code text. Instead, the approved edition references, along
with the names and addresses of the sponsoring organizations, are shown in Appendix E. 通注：在整个规范文本中所引用之每一标准的特定
版本是不切实际的，因此，只将批准版本号以及赞助组织的名称和地址显示在附录 E 中。
NOTES: 注
(1) The term “fiberglass RTR” takes the place of the ASTM designation “fiberglass (glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting resin).” 术语“玻璃纤维
RTR”取代了 ASTM中的 “玻璃纤维 (玻璃纤维强化热固性树脂)”。
(2) This Standard allows the use of unlisted materials; see paragraph 323.1.2. 此标准允许使用非表列材料； 见第 323.1.2条款。
124
Table A326.1 Component Standards各组件的引用标准
Standard or Specification标准或规范
Designation标准号或规范号
(3) This Standard contains no pressure–temperature ratings. 此标准不包含压力-温度额定值。
(4) Cautionary Note: A metallic piping component lined with nonmetal requires proper interaction between liner and host metallic piping component.
This is demonstrated by qualification testing required in ASTM F1545. The designer should review this documentation for compliance. 注意事项：衬有非
金属之金属管道构成元件需要衬里和基质金属管道构成元件间有适当的相互作用。 ASTM F1545 中所要求的评定测试证明了这一点。 设计者宜
审查此文档的合规性。
A328.2.4 Qualification Records. The employer shall maintain a self-certified record, available to the owner or
owner’s agent and to the Inspector, of the BPS used and the bonders or bonding operators employed by him/her, and showing the
dates and results of BPS qualifications and bonding performance qualifications. 评(检)定记录。 雇主应保留一份尤其签证的所
用 BPS 和所雇用之胶合工或胶合操作员的评(检)定记录，以供业主或业主代理人和检验师查阅，记录上并显示 BPS评定
和胶合技能检定的日期和结果。
A328.2.5 Qualification Tests. Tests, as specified in paragraph A328.2.1(a), shall be performed to qualify each BPS
and the performance of each bonder and bonding operator. Test assemblies shall conform to (a) below and the test method shall
be in accordance with either (b) or (c). 评(检)定试验。 应按照 A328.2.1(a) 中的规定进行测试，以评丁每份 BPS 以及检定每
位胶合工或胶合操作员的技能。 试件应符合以下 (a)，测试方法应符合 (b) 或 (c)。
(d) Test Assembly. The assembly shall be fabricated in one pipe size in accordance with the BPS and shall
contain at least one of each different type of joint identified in the BPS. More than one test assembly may be prepared if necessary
to accommodate all of the joint types or to assure that at least one of each joint type is loaded in both circumferential and
longitudinal directions. The size of pipe and fittings in the assembly shall be as follows: 试件。 该试件应根据 BPS 以一种管道
尺寸制备，并且应至少包含 BPS 中所指定的每种不同接头类型中的一种。 如有必要，可以制备一个以上的试件以涵盖
所有接头类型或确保每种接头类型中至少有一个周向接头和纵向接头。 该试件中所用钢管材和管配件之尺寸在认可后
的可焊尺寸范围应如下所述：
(1) When the largest size to be qualified is DN 100 (NPS 4) or smaller, the test assembly shall be the
largest size qualified. 当已认可之最大尺寸 ≤ DN 100 (NPS 4 )时，通过该试件而可焊极限尺寸应为已认可的最大尺
寸 [此处所述DN 100 (NPS 4 )即为可焊极限尺寸]。
(2) When the largest size to be qualified is greater than DN 100 (NPS 4), the size of the test assembly
shall be between 25% and 100% of the largest piping size qualified, but shall be a minimum of DN 100 (NPS 4). 当已认
可之最大尺寸大于 DN 100 (NPS 4) 时，则通过该试件而可焊的尺寸范围应为已认可最大钢管材之尺寸的 25% 和
100% 之间，但最少应为 DN 100 (NPS 4) 。
(e) Burst Test Method. The test assembly shall be subjected to a burst test in accordance with the applicable
sections of ASTM D1599.5 The time to burst in this standard may be extended. The test is successful if failure initiates outside of
any bonded joint.爆裂试验方法。 试件应按ASTM D1599.5 的适用章节进行爆裂试验。该标准中的爆裂时间可能会延长。
如果失效发生在任何胶合接头之外，则表示该试验是成功的。
5 Titles of referenced standards and specifications are listed in Table A326.1, except ASTM D1599, Test Method for Resistance to Short-
Time Hydraulic Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings; ASTM D2657, Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and
Fittings; ASTM D2855, Practice for Making Solvent-Cemented Joints with PVC Pipe and Fittings; and ASTM F1290, Practice for
Electrofusion Joining Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings. 参考标准和规范的名称列于表 A326.1中，但ASTM D1599《塑料管、管材和管
件耐短时液压试验方法》、 ASTM D2657《聚烯烃管材和管件的热熔连接实践》、 ASTM D2855《使用 PVC 管和管件制作溶
剂粘合接头的实践》 和 ASTM F1290《电熔连接聚烯烃管道和管件的实践》不包括在该表中。
(f) Hydrostatic Test Method. The test assembly shall be subjected to hydrostatic pressure of at least 𝑃𝑇 for not
less than 1 hr with no leakage or separation of joints. 液压试验方法。试件应在试验验压力𝑃𝑇 下至少经受 1 小时的持压时
间，且接头无泄漏或脱开。
(1) For thermoplastics, 𝑃𝑇 shall be determined in accordance with eq. (27) 热塑性塑料管道之试验验压
力𝑃𝑇 应按式 (27)来确定之。
(27)
where 式 (27) 中所用运算符之定义如下所述
D = outside diameter of pipe热塑性塑料管材之外径
SH = mean long-term hydrostatic strength (LTHS) at the test temperature, in accordance with
ASTM D2837 or from the applicable component standard or manufacturer’s data测试温度
下的平均长期静压强度 (LTHS)取 ASTM D2837中的数据或相应组件标准或制造商所
给出的数据
S S = mean short-term burst stress at the test temperature, in accordance with ASTM D1599 5 or
from the applicable component standard or manufacturer’s data测试温度下的平均短期爆
裂应力取 ASTM D15995中的数据或相应组件标准或制造商所给出的数据
̅
=
nominal thickness of pipe热塑性塑料管材的贆称厚度
𝑇
(2) For RTR (laminated and filament-wound) and RPM, 𝑃𝑇 shall be 3 times the manufacturer’s allowable
pressure for the components being joined. RTR (层压和纤维缠绕)和 RPM之试验验压力P𝑃𝑇 应为制造商对连接件所提
许用压力的 3 倍。
(3) The test shall be conducted so that the joint is loaded in both the circumferential and longitudinal
directions. 应以能使接头在周向和纵向上同时受载的方式进行试验。
A328.2.6 Performance Requalification. Renewal of a bonding performance qualification is required when技能重新
检定。 当有如下情事发生时需对胶合工或胶合操作员重新进行技能检定
(a) a bonder or bonding operator has not used the specific bonding process for a period of 6 months or more, or
125
胶合工或胶合操作员在 6 个月或更长时间内未使用其以取得的胶合工艺，或者
(b) there is specific reason to question the individual’s ability to make bonds that meet the BPS有具体理由质疑
个人制作符合 BPS 之胶合接头的能力
A328.3 Bonding Materials and Equipment胶合材料和设备
A328.3.1 Materials. Bonding materials that have deteriorated by exposure to air or prolonged storage, or will not
spread smoothly, shall not be used in making joints. 材料。 因暴露在大气中或长期存放而变质或无法顺利铺开的胶合材料
不应用于制作胶合接头。
A328.3.2 Equipment. Fixtures and tools used in making joints shall be in such condition as to perform their functions
satisfactorily. 设备。 用于制作胶合接头的夹具和工具应处于能够发挥应有有功能的状态。
A328.4 Preparation for Bonding胶合的前置作业
Preparation shall be defined in the BPS and shall specify such requirements as前置作业应在 BPS 中定义，并应对如
下要求做出指定
(a) cutting切割
(b) cleaning清洁法
(c) preheat预热
(d) end preparation胶合端头制备
(e) fit-up装配
A328.5 Bonding Requirements胶合要求
A328.5.1 General通则
(a) Production joints shall be made only in accordance with a written bonding procedure specification (BPS)
that has been qualified in accordance with paragraph A328.2. Manufacturers of piping materials, bonding materials, and bonding
equipment should be consulted in the preparation of the BPS.生产接头只能由已认可之胶合工或胶合操作员来进行制造，他
们在使用所适用之 BPS 方面已接受过适当培训或经验，并且成功通过按已认可BPS 所进行的技能检定试验。
(b) Production joints shall be made only by qualified bonders or bonding operators who have appropriate
training or experience in the use of the applicable BPS and have satisfactorily passed a performance qualification test that was
performed in accordance with a qualified BPS. 生产接头只能按已按A328.2成功通过评定试验之书面胶合程序说明书 (BPS)
来进行制造。 在制定BPS 时，应咨询管道材料、胶合材料和胶合设备的制造商。
Figure A328.5.3 Thermoplastic
Solvent Cemented Joint热塑性塑
料溶剂胶合接头
Figure A328.5.4 Thermoplastic Heat Fusion Joints热塑性塑料热熔接头
Socket Joint承插接头
Socket Joint
Butt Joint
Saddle Joint
承插接头
对接接头
鞍形接头
(c) Each qualified bonder and bonding operator shall be assigned an identification symbol. Unless otherwise
specified in the engineering design, each pressure-containing bond or adjacent area shall be stenciled or otherwise suitably
marked with the identification symbol of the bonder or bonding operator. Identification stamping shall not be used and any
marking paint or ink shall not be detrimental to the piping material. In lieu of marking the bond, appropriate records may be filed.
每位已认可之胶合工和胶合操作员都应指定一个识别符号。 除非在工程设计中另有规定，否则每个承压胶合处或相邻
区域都应使用模印或其他方式适当地标记胶合工或胶合操作员的识别符号。不应使用钢印标记，任何标记用涂料或油墨
不应损及管道材料。可提交适当的记录来代替胶合标记。
(d) Qualification in one BPS does not qualify a bonder or bonding operator for any other bonding procedure.
按一份BPS 进行检定的胶合工或胶合操作员并不意味着他们有资格进行任何其他胶合工艺。
(e) Longitudinal joints are not covered in paragraph A328. 纵向接头不包括在 A328中。
A328.5.2 Hot Gas Welded Joints in Thermoplastic Piping 5 热塑性塑料管道中的热风焊接头
(a) Preparation. Surfaces to be hot gas welded together shall be cleaned of any foreign material. For butt welds,
the joining edges should be beveled at 20 deg to 40 deg with 1 mm ( 1∕32 in.) root face and root gap. 前置作业。 用热风焊胶合
在一起的表面应清除任何异物。 对接焊缝之连接端宜开20o至 40o的波口，且根面和根部间隙为1 mm (1∕32 in.)。
(b) Procedure. Joints shall be made in accordance with the qualified BPS. 工艺。 接头应按经评定认可的 BPS
制作。
(c) Branch Connections. A fabricated branch connection shall be made by inserting the branch pipe in the hole
in the run pipe. Dimensions of the joint shall conform to Figure 328.4.4, illustration (c). The hole in the run pipe shall be beveled
at 45 deg. Alternatively, a fabricated branch connection shall be made using a manufactured full reinforcement saddle with
integral socket. 支管连接件。 预制支管连接件应通过将支管插入主管的孔中来实现。 接头尺寸应符合图 328.4.4中所式插
图 (c)。 主管中的孔应开 45O的波口； 或者，预制支管连接件应采用制成一个带有整体插承座的全周向加固鞍座以热风
焊胶合到主管上。
A328.5.3 Solvent Cemented Joints in Thermoplastic Piping 5 热塑性塑料管道中的溶剂胶合接头
126
(a) Preparation. Thermoplastic pipe and fitting surfaces shall be prepared in accordance with ASTM D2855 for
PVC, ASTM F493 for CPVC, and ASTM D2235 for ABS. A dry fit test of each joint is required before solvent cementing. The
pipe shall enter the fitting socket between one-third and two-thirds of the full socket depth when assembled by hand. 前置作业。
热塑性塑料管道和管配件应进行表面处理：PVC按ASTM D2855、CPVC按 ASTM F493 和 ABS 按 ASTM D2235。 在溶
剂胶合之前，需对每个接头进行干配合测试。 手工组装时，管子应插入到管件整个承口深度的1/3和2/3之间。
(b) Procedure. Joints shall be made in accordance with the qualified BPS. ASTM D2855 provides a suitable
basis for development of such a procedure. Solvent cements for PVC, CPVC, and ABS shall conform to ASTM D2564, D2846,
and D2235, respectively. Application of cement to both surfaces to be joined and assembly of these surfaces shall produce a
continuous bond between them with visual evidence of cement at least flush with the outer end of the fitting bore around the
entire joint perimeter. See Figure A328.5.3. 工艺。应按经评定认可的 BPS 制作接头。 ASTM D2855 为制定此类规程提供
了合适的基础。 用于 PVC、CPVC 和 ABS 的胶合溶剂应分别符合 ASTM D2564、D2846 和 D2235。 在待连接的两个表
面上涂抹上胶合溶剂，且这些表面的装配应使它们之间能产生连续的胶合，并且胶合溶剂的目视检查证实至少与整个接
头周边之配合孔的外端平齐。 见图 A328.5.3。
(c) Branch Connections. A fabricated branch connection shall be made using a manufactured full reinforcement
saddle with integral branch socket. The reinforcement saddle shall be solvent cemented to the run pipe over its entire contact
surface. 支管连接件。应采用带有整体支管插承座的全周向加固鞍座来预制溶剂胶合支管连接件。 加固鞍座应在其整个
接触表面涂上溶剂并胶合到主管上。
A328.5.4 Heat Fusion Joints in Thermoplastic Piping 5 热塑性塑料管道中的热熔接头
(a) Preparation. Surfaces to be heat fused together shall be cleaned of all foreign material. 制备。 应清除待热
熔合在一起之表面上的所有异物。
(b) Procedure. Joints shall be made in accordance with the qualified BPS. The general procedures in ASTM
D2657, Techniques I — Socket Fusion, II — Butt Fusion, and III — Saddle Fusion, provide a suitable basis for development of
such a procedure. Uniform heating of both surfaces to be joined and assembly of these surfaces shall produce a continuous
homogeneous bond between them and shall produce a small fillet of fused material at the outer limits of the joint. See Figure
A328.5.4 for typical heat fusion joints. Fixtures shall be used to align components when joints are made. 工艺。 应按经评定认
可的 BPS 制作接头。 ASTM D2657 中的一般程序《技术 I — 承插热熔、II — 对接热熔和 III — 鞍座热熔》为制定此类
程序提供了合适的基础。 待连接之两个表面的均匀加热和这些表面的装配应能使它们之间产生连续均匀的胶合，并应
在接头的外部边界处产生一个已熔化材料的小圆角。 典型的热熔接头见图 A328.5.4。 制作接头时，应使用夹具以使组
件对准。
(c) Branch Connections. A fabricated branch connection is permitted only where molded fittings are
unavailable. 支管连接件。 只有在模制配件不可得的情况下才允许采用热熔预制支管连接件。
A328.5.5 Electrofusion Joints in Thermoplastic Piping 5 热塑性塑料管道中的电熔接头
(a) Preparation. Surfaces to be heat fused together shall be cleaned of all foreign material. 前置作业。 应清除
待热熔合在一起之表面上所有异物。
(b) Procedure. Joints shall be made in accordance with the qualified BPS. The general procedures in ASTM
F1290, Technique I — Coupling Procedure and Technique II — Saddle Procedure, provide a suitable basis for the development
of such a procedure. See Figure A328.5.5. 规程。 应按经评定认可的 BPS 制作接头。 ASTM F1290 中的一般程序《技术 I
— 耦合程序和技术 II — 鞍座程序》为此类规程的制定提供了合适的基础。 见图 A328.5.5。
A328.5.6 Adhesive Joints in RTR and RPM Piping RTR 和 RPM 管道中的胶合接头
(a) Procedure. Joints shall be made in accordance with the qualified BPS. Application of adhesive to the
surfaces to be joined and assembly of these surfaces shall produce a continuous bond between them and shall seal over all cuts to
protect the reinforcement from the service fluid. See Figure A328.5.6. 工艺。 应按经评定认可的 BPS 来制作接头。 将粘合剂
涂抹在待连接之表面上并应以能使接触面间产生连续胶合的方式装配这些表面，并应密封所有切口以保护强化层免受工
作介质的影响。 见图 A328.5.6。
(b) Branch Connections. A fabricated branch connection shall be made using a manufactured full reinforcement
saddle having a socket or integral length of branch pipe suitable for a nozzle or coupling. The hole in the run pipe shall be made
with a hole saw; the cut edges of the hole shall be sealed with adhesive at the time the saddle is bonded to the run pipe. 支管连接
件。 应采用一个制造成全周向加固鞍座来制造预制支管连接件，该鞍座具有插承座或与管嘴或管接头适配的支管长
度。 主管上的孔应使用孔锯制作； 在将鞍座胶合到主管时，孔的切割边缘应涂上粘合剂予以密封。
127
Figure A328.5.5 Thermoplastic Electrofusion Joints热塑性塑料电熔接头
Figure A328.5.6 Fully Tapered
Thermosetting Adhesive Joint
全锥度热固性塑料胶合接头
Saddle tapping tee
鞍形攻絲三通
Couplinge
管接頭
Wire mat
線墊
A328.5.7 Butt-and-Wrapped Joints in RTR and RPM Piping5 RTR 和 RPM 管道中的对接包裹接头
(a) Procedure. Joints shall be made in accordance with the qualified BPS. Application of plies of reinforcement
saturated with catalyzed resin to the surfaces to be joined shall produce a continuous structure with them. Cuts shall be sealed to
protect the reinforcement from the service fluid. See Figure A328.5.7. 工艺。应按经评定认可的 BPS 制作接头。 将浸有催化
树脂的强化层铺在所要连接的表面上，并应与被连接体产生连续结构。 切口应予以密封以保护强化层免受工作介质的
影响。 见图 A328.5.7。
(b) Branch Connections. For a fabricated branch connection made by inserting the branch pipe into a hole in the
run pipe, the hole shall be made with a hole saw. 分支连接。 对于通过将支管插入主管孔中而制成的预制支管连接件，应使
用开孔锯来制作该开孔。
A328.6 Bonding Repair 胶合修复
Defective material, joints, and other workmanship that fails to meet the requirements of this Code and of the
engineering design shall be repaired or replaced. See also paragraph 341.3.3. 不符合本规范和工程设计要求的材料、接
头和其他工艺缺陷应予以修复或更换。 另见 341.3.3。
Figure A328.5.7 Thermosetting Wrapped Joints热固性塑料包裹接头
Overwrapped Bell and Spigot Joint
重包裹钟形接头
Butt and Wrapped Joint
对接包裹接头
A328.7 Seal Bonds 密封胶合
If threaded joints are to be seal bonded in accordance with paragraph A311.2.2, the work shall be done by qualified
bonders and all exposed threads shall be covered by the seal bond. 如果螺纹接头要按 A311.2.2进行密封胶合，则应由
已成功通过检定试验之的胶合工来完成这项工作，并且所有外露螺纹都应被密封胶合剂所覆盖。
A329 FABRICATION OF PIPING LINED WITH NONMETALS 带非金属衬里之管道的制造加工
A329.1 Welding of Metallic Piping 金属管道的焊接
A329.1.1 General通则
(a) Paragraph A329.1 applies only to welding subassemblies of metallic piping that have previously been lined
with nonmetals. 仅适用于焊接先前已衬有非金属之金属管道的局部装配件。
(b) Welding that conforms to paragraph A329.1 may be used in accordance with paragraph A318.3.1.焊接符合
A329.1之局部装配件可在符合A318.3.1之要求下使用。
A329.1.2 Specific Welding Requirements. Welding shall conform to the requirements of paragraph 328 and the following
additional requirements: 特殊焊接要求。 带非金属衬里之管道的焊接应符合328的要求和下列附加要求：
(a) Modifications made in preparation for welding to suit manufacturer’s recommendations shall be specified in
the engineering design. 为与制造商之建议相称而对焊接制备工作的修改应在工程设计中做出规定。
(b) Welding shall be performed so as to maintain the continuity of the lining and its serviceability. 所进行之焊
接应能使衬里保有连续性和可靠性。
(c) If a lining has been damaged, it shall be repaired or replaced. 如果衬里已损坏，则应修护或更换。
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(d) Qualification to one WPS for a specific lining material does not qualify a welder or welding operator for any
other welding procedure involving different lining materials. 通过参与用于具体衬里材料之一份WPS 的评定之焊工或焊接操
作员并不意味着他们有资格进行涉及不同衬里材料的任何其他焊接工艺操作。
A329.2 Flaring of Nonmetallic Linings 非金属衬里的扩口
A329.2.1 General通则
(a) Paragraph A329.2 applies only to the flaring of linings in pipe that has previously been lined with nonmetals.
A329.2仅适用于先前已带有非金属衬里之管道中衬里层的扩口。
(b) Flaring that conforms to paragraph A329.2 may be used in accordance with paragraph A318.3.2. 扩口符合
A329.2之非金属衬里可在符合 A318.3.2之要求下使用。
(c) Flaring shall be performed only in accordance with a written flaring procedure specification, and only by
qualified operators who have appropriate training or experience in the use of the applicable flaring procedure specification. 仅能
按书面扩口规程说明书来进行扩口，并且只能由在适用扩口规程说明书方面接受过适当培训或有经验之合格操作员来进
行之。
A332 BENDING AND FORMING 弯曲和成型
A332.1 General通则
Paragraph 332.1 applies in its entirety. 332.1下之各条款均适用。
A332.2 Bending 弯曲
Paragraph 332.2 applies, except paragraph 332.2.2. 332.2下之各条款均适用，但332.2.2 除外。
A332.3 Forming 成型
Paragraph 332.3 applies, except for heat treatment. 332.3下之各条款均适用，但热处理除外。
A334 JOINING NON-PLASTIC PIPING 非塑料管道的连接
A334.1 Borosilicate Glass Piping 硼硅酸盐玻璃管道
Short unflanged pieces used to correct for differences between fabrication drawings and field dimensions may be cut to
length and finished in the field. 用于校正制造加工图纸和现场尺寸间之差异的无法兰短管可以现场切成所需长度并进
行精加工。
A334.2 Repair of Defects 缺陷的返修
Defective material, joints, and other workmanship in non-plastic piping that fail to meet the requirements of paragraph
A334 or of the engineering design shall be repaired or replaced. 不符合 A334或工程设计要求之非塑料管道中有缺陷的
材料、接头和其他成品应予以返修或更换。
Completed repairs and replacements shall be examined, subject to the same limitations on imperfections as the original
work. 返修或更换完成后应采用与原始工件相同的缺陷合格准则进行检查。
A335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION 装配和安装
A335.1 Alignment 对准
Paragraph 335.1 applies in its entirety. 335.1下之各条款均适用。
A335.2 Flanged and Mechanical Joints 法兰和机械接头
Paragraph 335.2 applies in its entirety. 335.2下之各条款均适用。
A335.2.5 Nonmetallic Bolted Joints 螺栓连接之非金属接头
(a) Bolted joints in nonmetallic piping may be assembled with any combination of flange material and flange
facings, except that the following apply when other than flat face flanges and full face gaskets are used: 非金属管道中的螺栓连
接接头可与法兰材料和法兰密封面的任意组合进行装配，但仅能在符合以下情况下才能使用非平面法兰和满缘平面垫
片：
(1) consideration shall be given to the strength of the flanges, and to sustained loads, displacement
strains, and occasional loads described in paras. A302.3.3 and A302.3.4 应研究法兰的强度、持续载荷、位移应变以及
A302.3.3及A302.3.4中所偶发载荷荷
(2) an appropriate bolt-up sequence shall be specified应指定适当的螺栓上紧顺序
(b) Appropriate limits shall be specified for bolt-up torque, and those limits shall not be exceeded. 应为螺栓紧
扣扭矩规定适当的限度，并且不应超过这些限度。
(c) Flat washers shall be used under bolt heads and nuts. 螺栓头和螺母下方应有平华司。
A335.2.6 Metallic Piping Lined with Nonmetals. In assembling mechanical joints in metallic piping lined with
nonmetals, consideration shall be given to means for maintaining electrical continuity between pipe sections, where static
sparking could cause ignition of flammable vapors. See Appendix F, paragraph FA323.4(a). 衬有非金属之金属管道。 在衬有
非金属之金属管道中装配机械接头时，应考虑保持静电火花可能会引燃易燃蒸气之那些管段间电气连续性的措施。 参
见附录 F中FA323.4(a)条款。
A335.3 Threaded Joints 螺纹接头
Paragraph 335.3 applies except for paragraph 335.3.2. See paragraph A335.3.2. 335.3下之各条款均适用，但 335.3.2
除外。 见 A335.3.2。
A335.3.2 Joints for Seal Bonding. A threaded joint to be seal bonded shall be made up without thread compound. A
joint containing thread compound that leaks during leak testing may be seal bonded in accordance with paragraph A328.6,
provided all compound is removed from exposed threads. 密封胶合接头。 密封胶合之螺纹接头不涂有有螺纹油。 包含在泄
漏测试期间会泄漏螺纹油之接头可按A328.6 进行密封胶合，前提是从外露之螺纹中去除所有螺纹油。
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A335.3.4 Tools, Nonmetallic Piping. Either strap wrenches or other full circumference wrenches shall be used to
tighten threaded pipe joints. Tools and other devices used to hold or apply forces to the pipe shall be such that the pipe surface is
not scored or deeply scratched. 用于拧紧非金属螺纹管接头之工具。 应使用带式扳手或其他环形扳手来拧紧螺纹管接头。
用于固定或施力于管道之工具和其他装置不应划伤管道表面或很深划痕。
A335.3.5 RTR and RPM Piping. In assembling threaded joints in RTR and RPM piping, where threads may be
exposed to fluids that can attack the reinforcing material, threads shall be coated with sufficient resin to cover the threads and
completely fill the clearance between the pipe and the fitting. RTR 和 RPM 管道。 在 RTR 和 RPM 管道中装配螺纹接头时，
螺纹可能暴露在会腐蚀强化料的流体中，螺纹应涂上足够的树脂以将螺纹完全包裹住并填满管道和管件间的间隙。
A335.4 Tubing Joints 油管接箍
A335.4.1 Flared Joints in Thermoplastic Tubing. In addition to preparation in accordance with paragraph 335.4.1,
the end of the tubing shall be cut perpendicular to the tube centerline, preferably with a tubing cutter specially made for
thermoplastic tubing. No cuts, scratches, dirt, or surface damage to either inside or outside diameter are permitted on the tube pipe
end to be flared. 热塑性管料中的扩口接头。 除了按 335.4.1 进制备备外，还应以垂直于管料中心线之方式来切割管料端
部，最好使用专于热塑性管料的切管机。 待扩口之管端不应有任何存在于内径或外径的切口、划痕、污垢或表面损
坏。
A335.4.2 Flareless and Compression Tubing Joints. 非扩口压合式油管接箍
Paragraph 335.4.2 applies. 非扩口压合式油管接箍应符合335.4.2的规定。
A335.5 Caulked Joints 捻缝接头
Paragraph 335.5 applies. 捻缝接头应符合335.5的规定。
A335.6 Special Joints 特殊接头
Paragraph 335.6 applies, except that expanded joints are not permitted. 特殊接头应符合335.6的规定，但不允许采用
胀接接头。
A335.6.3 Flexible Elastomeric Sealed Joints. Assembly of flexible elastomeric sealed joints shall be in accordance
with the manufacturer’s recommendations and the following: 柔性合成橡胶密封接头。 柔性合成橡胶密封接头的装配应符合
制造商的建议和以下要求：
(a) Seal and bearing surfaces shall be free from injurious imperfections. 密封面和承压面应无有害缺陷。
(b) Any lubricant used to facilitate joint assembly shall be compatible with the joint components and the
intended service. 任何用于便于接头装配的润滑剂都应与接头组件和预期公 况兼容。
(c) Proper joint clearances and piping restraints (if not integral in the joint design) shall be provided to prevent
joint separation when expansion can occur due to thermal and/or pressure effects. 应提供适当的接头间隙和管道约束 (如果接
头设计中没有设计成整体接头)，以防止接头在因热和/或压力影响而发生膨胀时脱开。
A335.8 Assembly of Brittle Piping 脆性管道的装配
A335.8.1 General. Care shall be used to avoid scratching of brittle nonmetallic piping in handling and supporting.
Any scratched or chipped components shall be replaced. Care shall be used in handling glasslined and cement-lined metal pipe
because the lining can be injured or broken by blows that do not dent or break the pipe. 通则。 在搬运和支撑过程中应小心避
免刮伤脆性非金属管道。 应更换任何划伤或碎裂的组件。 在搬运衬有玻璃和水泥之钢管时应小心，因为碰撞虽然不会
压凹或撞坏钢管但可能损及或弄破衬里。
A335.8.2 Borosilicate Glass Piping. In addition to the precaution in paragraph A335.8.1, borosilicate glass piping
components shall be protected from weld spatter. Any component so damaged shall be replaced. Flanges and cushion inserts shall
be carefully fitted and aligned to pipe, fittings, and valve ends. Gaskets shall be of the construction recommended for the joint.
Installation and torquing of bolts shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. 硼硅酸盐玻璃管道。 除了
A335.8.1中的预防措施外，还应保护硼硅酸盐玻璃管道構成元件免受焊接飞溅的影响， 任何因此而造成损坏的组件都应
更换。 法兰和缓冲层隔离件应仔细安装并与管道、管件和阀门端对准。 垫片应采用推荐用于此类接头的结构。 螺栓的
安装和拧紧应符合制造商的建议。
A335.9 Cleaning of Piping 管道的清洁法
See Appendix F, paragraph F335.9. 参见附录 F中F335.9条款。
PART 10 INSPECTION, EXAMINATION, AND TESTING
第 10 篇 检验、检测和测试
A340 INSPECTION 检验
Paragraph 340 applies in its entirety. 340下之各条款均适用。
A341 EXAMINATION 检测
A341.1 General通则
Paragraph 341.1 applies. 应按341.1之规定进行检测。
A341.2 Responsibility for Examination 检测责任
Paragraph 341.2 applies in its entirety. 应符合341.2之规定。
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Table A341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria for Bonds胶合件的合格准则
RTR and RPM Materials
[Note (1)] — Adhesive
Solvent Cemented Joint Heat Fusion Joint Cemented Joint RTR 和 RPM
溶剂胶结接头
热熔接头
材料 [注 (1)] —胶结接头
Not applicable不适用 None permitted不允许
None permitted不允许
Thermoplastic Material热塑性材料
Hot Gas Welded Joint
Type of Imperfection缺陷类型
热风焊接头
Cracks裂纹
None permitted不允许
Unfilled areas in joint
接头中未填充区域
不允许
不允许
不允许
不允许
Unbonded areas in joint
不允许
不允许
不允许
不允许
接头中的未胶合区域
Inclusions of charred material烧焦材料
不允许
不适用
不允许
不允许
夹杂物
不允许
不适用
不适用
不允许
Unfused filler material inclusions
未熔融填充材料夹杂物
Protrusion of material into pipe bore, %
Fused material, 25%
不适用
Cement胶结剂, 50%
Adhesive粘合剂, 25%
of pipe wall thickness管孔中的材
已熔材料的25%
料突出构造占管壁厚度的百分比
NOTE: (1) RTR = reinforced thermosetting resin; RPM = reinforced plastic mortar. 注：(1) RTR = 热固性强化树脂； RPM = 强化塑料胶泥。
A341.3 Examination Requirements 检测要求
A341.3.1 Responsibility for Examination. Paragraph 341.3.1 applies, except for paras. 341.3.1(a) and 341.3.1(b),
which apply only for metals. 检测责任。 检测责任见341.3.1，但341.3.1(a) 和 341.3.1(b) 仅适用于金属。
A341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria. Acceptance criteria shall be as stated in the engineering design, and shall at least
meet the applicable requirements for bonds in Table A341.3.2 and requirements elsewhere in the Code. 合格准则。 合格准则应
如工程设计中所述，并且至少应满足表 A341.3.2 中对胶合接头的适用要求和本规范中另行规定的相应要求。
A341.3.3 Defective Components and Workmanship. 有缺陷的组件和工艺
Paragraph 341.3.3 applies in its entirety. 341.3.3 下之各条款均适用。
A341.3.4 Progressive Sampling for Examination. 累进取样检测
Paragraph 341.3.4 applies in its entirety. 341.3.4下之各条款均适用。
A341.4 Extent of Required Examination 所需的检测程度
A341.4.1 Examination Normally Required. Piping in Normal Fluid Service shall be examined to the extent
specified herein or to any greater extent specified in the engineering design. Acceptance criteria are as stated in paragraph
A341.3.2 unless otherwise specified. 所需的常规检测。 一般流体工况中之管道，应在此处所规定的范围内或在工程设计中
所规定的任何更大范围内进行检测。 除非另有说明，否则合格准则如 A341.3.2 所述。
(a) Visual Examination. At least the following shall be examined in accordance with paragraph 344.2:
目视检查。 至少应根据344.2条款检查以下内容 ：
(1) materials and components in accordance with paragraph 341.4.1(a)(1). 按 341.4.1(a)(1)目视检查材
料和组件。
(2) at least 5% of fabrication. For bonds, each type of bond made by each bonder and bonding operator
shall be represented. 至少检查 5% 的制造加工品。 所检查之胶合缝，应足以代表每位胶合工和胶合操作员所胶合
的每种胶合缝。
(3) 100% of fabrication for bonds other than circumferential, except those in components made in
accordance with a listed specification. 对非环向制品以外之胶合缝进行00%检查，但按表列规范制造的组件除外。
(4) assembly and erection of piping in accordance with paras. 341.4.1(a)(4), 341.4.1(a)(5), and
341.4.1(a)(6). 按341.4.1(a)(4)、341.4.1(a)(5) 和 341.4.1(a)(6)进行装配和安装之管道。
(b) Other Examination. Not less than 5% of all bonded joints shall be examined by in process examination in
accordance with paragraph 344.7, the joints to be examined being selected to ensure that the work of each bonder and bonding
operator making the production joints is examined. 其他检测。 不少于 5% 的胶合接头应按 344.7进行制程检测，所要检测
之接头的选择应足以代表每位胶合工和胶合操作员所胶合的生产接头。
(c) Certifications and Records. Paragraph 341.4.1(c) applies. 证明和记录。证明和记录应符合341.4.1(c) 之要
求。
A341.4.2 Examination — Category D Fluid Service. Piping and piping elements for Category D Fluid Service as
designated in the engineering design shall be visually examined to the extent necessary to satisfy the examiner that components,
materials, and workmanship conform to the requirements of this Code and the engineering design. 检查—D 类流体工况。工程
设计中指定用于 D 类流体工况之管道和管道構成元件应在必要的范围内进行目视检查，以使检验师见确信组件、材料
和工艺均符合本规范和工程设计的要求。
A341.5 Supplementary Examination通则。 344中所述任何适用检测方法可以由工程设计指定，以补充
A341.4的所需检测。 与 A341.3.2 不同的补充检查的程度和合格准则应在工程设计中给出规定。
A341.5.1 General. Any applicable method of examination described in paragraph 344 may be specified by the
engineering design to supplement the examination required by paragraph A341.4. The extent of supplementary examination to be
performed and any acceptance criteria that differ from those in paragraph A341.3.2 shall be specified in the engineering design.
通则。 344中所述任何适用检测方法可以由工程设计指定，以补充 A341.4的所需检测。 与 A341.3.2 不同的补充检查的
程度和合格准则应在工程设计中给出规定。
A341.5.2 Examinations to Resolve Uncertainty解决不确定性的检测
Paragraph 341.5.3 applies. 应按341.5.3之规定进行不确定性检测。
A342 EXAMINATION PERSONNEL 检测人员
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Paragraph 342 applies in its entirety. 检测人员之资格应符合342之要求。
A343 EXAMINATION PROCEDURES 检测方法
Paragraph 343 applies in its entirety. 343下之各条款均适用。
A344 TYPES OF EXAMINATION 检测类型
A344.1 General通则
Paragraph 344.1 applies in its entirety. 344.1下之各条款均适用。
A344.2 Visual Examination 目视检查
Paragraph 344.2 applies in its entirety. 344.2下之各条款均适用。
A344.5 Radiographic Examination 射线检测
Radiographic examination may be used in accordance with paragraph 344.1.2. 在符合 344.1.2之规定下，可使用射
线检测。
A344.6 Ultrasonic Examination 超声波检测
Ultrasonic examination may be used in accordance with paragraph 344.1.2. 在符合 344.1.2之规定下，可使用超声
波检测。
A344.7 In process Examination 制程中之检测
Paragraph 344.7 applies in its entirety. 344.7下之各条款均适用。
A345 TESTING 测试
A345.1 Required Leak Test 所要求的泄漏测试
(a) Prior to initial operation, each piping system shall be tested to ensure tightness. The test shall be a
hydrostatic leak test in accordance with paragraph A345.4, except as provided herein. 在初始运行之前，应对每一管道系统进
行测试以确保密封性。 测试应是符合 A345.4的液压泄漏测试，除非此处另有规定。
(b) Paragraphs 345.1(a) and 345.1(b) apply. 第 345.1(a) 和 345.1(b)条款均适用。
A345.2 General Requirements for Leak Test泄漏测试的总体要求
Requirements in paragraph A345.2 apply to more than one type of leak test. 第A345.2条款中之要求适用于一种以上
类型的泄漏测试。
A345.2.1 Limitations on Pressure. 压力限度
Paragraphs 345.2.1(b) and 345.2.1(c) apply. 第 345.2.1(b) 和 345.2.1(c) 条款均适用。
A345.2.2 Other Test Requirements其他测试要求
(a) Paragraph 345.2.2(a) applies. 按345.2.2(a) 之要求进行检测。
(b) The possibility of brittle fracture shall be considered when conducting leak tests on brittle materials or at low
temperature. 对脆性材料或在低温下进行泄漏试验时，应考虑脆性断裂的可能性。
(c) Paragraphs 345.2.3 through 345.2.7 apply. 第 345.2.3 至 345.2.7条款均适用。
A345.3 Preparation for Leak Test 泄漏测试的前置作业
Paragraph 345.3 applies in its entirety, considering bonds in place of welds, and excluding expansion joints. 345.3下之
各段落均适用，只是用胶合代替了焊接，并且不包括胀接接头。
A345.4 Hydrostatic Leak Test 液压泄漏测试
A345.4.1 Test Fluid. Paragraph 345.4.1 applies. 測試介質。 應符合345.4.1之規定。
A345.4.2 Test Pressure测试压力
(a) Nonmetallic Piping. Except as provided in paragraph A345.4.3, the hydrostatic test pressure at any point in a
nonmetallic piping system shall be not less than 1.5 times the design pressure, but shall not exceed 1.5 times the maximum rated
pressure of the lowest-rated component in the system. 非金属管道。除 A345.4.3的规定外，非金属管道系统中任一点的液压
试验压力应不小于设计压力的 1.5 倍，但不应超过系统中额定强度最低之组件的最大额定压力的1.5 倍。
(b) Thermoplastic Piping. For piping systems in which the design temperature is above the test temperature,
paragraph 345.4.2(b) applies, except that S and 𝑆𝑇 shall be from Table B-1 instead of Table A-1 or Table A-1M. 热塑性塑料管
道。 设计温度高于试验温度的热塑性塑料管道系统， 345.4.2(b) 适用，但 S 和𝑆𝑇 应取自表 B-1 而不是表 A-1 或表 A1M。
(c) Metallic Piping with Nonmetallic Lining. 带非金属衬里的金属管道
Paragraph 345.4.2 applies. 应符合345.4.2之规定。
A345.4.3 Hydrostatic Test of Piping with Vessels as a System. Paragraph 345.4.3 applies. 带容器之管道作为一
个系统的液压试验。应符合345.4.3之规定。
A345.5 Pneumatic Leak Test 气压泄漏测试
A345.5.1 Precautions. In addition to the requirements of paragraph 345.5.1, a pneumatic test of nonmetallic piping
is permitted only with the owner’s approval, and precautions in Appendix F, paragraph FA323.4 should be considered. 注意事
项。 除了 345.5.1的要求外，非金属管道的气压试验仅在所有者合准的情况下才允许进行，并且应考虑采用附录 F第
FA323.4条中的预防措施。
A345.5.2 Other Requirements其他要求
(a) Paragraphs 345.5.2 through 345.5.5 apply. 345.5.2 至 345.5.5均适用。
(b) PVC and CPVC piping shall not be pneumatically tested. PVC 和 CPVC 管道不应进行气压试验。
A345.6 Hydrostatic–Pneumatic Leak Test 液压-气压泄漏测试
132
If a combined hydrostatic–pneumatic leak test is used, the requirements of paragraph A345.5 shall be met, and the
pressure in the liquid-filled part of the piping shall not exceed the values calculated in accordance with paragraph A345.4.2
or 345.4.2, as applicable. 若采用液压-气压组合泄漏试验，应满足A345.5的要求，管道充液部分的压力不应超过按
A345.4.2或345.4.2条款 (视管道材料而定)所计算之压力值。
A345.7 Initial Service Leak Test 初始运行泄漏测试
Paragraph 345.7 applies in its entirety for Category D Fluid Service only. 345.7下之各条款仅适用于D流体工况。
A345.8 Sensitive Leak Test 敏感泄漏测试
Paragraph 345.8 applies. 应按345.8来进行敏感泄漏测试。
A346 RECORDS 记录
Paragraph 346 applies in its entirety. 346下之各条款均适用。
Chapter VIII Piping for Category M Fluid Service
第VIII章 M類流體工況的管道
M300 GENERAL STATEMENTS 總體概述
(a)
Chapter VIII pertains to piping designated by the owner as being in Category M Fluid Service. See paragraph
300(b)(1) and Appendix M. 第 VIII 章涉及由所有者指定為 M 類流體工況的管道。 參見第 300(b)(1)和附錄 M。
(b) The organization, content, and paragraph designations of this Chapter correspond to those of the base Code (Chapters I
through VI) and Chapter VII. The prefix M is used. 本章的架構、內容和段落名稱與基准代码章 (第 I章至第VI章)和第VII 章
相對應，只是加了前綴 "M"。
(c)
Provisions and requirements of the base Code and Chapter VII apply only as stated in this Chapter. 基準代碼章和第
VII章的規定和要求僅當本章有提及時才適用於本章。
(d) Consideration shall be given to the possible need for engineered safeguards as described in Appendix G, paragraph
G300.3, in addition to the inherent safeguards described in paras. G300.1 and G300.2. 除了G300.1 和 G300.2中所述固有防護設
施之外，還應考慮附錄 G 第 G300.3 段中所述工程安全設施的可能需要。
(e) This Chapter makes no provision for piping to be used under severe cyclic conditions. If it is not feasible to eliminate
the severe cyclic conditions, the engineering design shall specify any necessary provisions in accordance with paragraph
300(c)(5). 本章沒有對在劇烈循環條件下使用之管道提出規定。 如果消除劇烈循環條件是不可行時，則應按300(c)(5)所
指定的任何必要規定進行工程設計。
(f)
Chapter I applies in its entirety. 第I 章均適用
PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA 第 1 篇 條件和準則
M301 DESIGN CONDITIONS 設計條件
Paragraph 301 applies in its entirety, with the exceptions of paras. 301.3 and 301.5. See paras. M301.3 and M301.5. 301下之各條
款均完全適用，但 301.3 和 301.5除外。見第 M301.3 和 M301.5。
M301.3 Design Temperature, Metallic Piping 金屬管道的設計溫度
Use of any temperature other than the fluid temperature as the design temperature shall be substantiated by heat transfer
calculations confirmed by tests or by experimental measurements. 當使用除流體溫度以外之任何溫度作為設計溫度時，
應通過試驗或實驗測量所確認的傳熱計算來證實。
M301.5 Dynamic Effects 動載荷效應
Paragraph 301.5 applies with the exception of paras. 301.5.1 and 301.5.4. See paras. M301.5.1 and M301.5.4. 301.5下之
各條款均完全適用，但301.5.1 和 301.5.4除外。見M301.5.1 和 M301.5.4。
M301.5.1 Impact. Design, layout, and operation of piping shall be conducted so as to minimize impact and shock loads.
In the event that such loadings are unavoidable, paragraph 301.5.1 applies. 衝擊。 管道的設計、佈局和操作應盡量減少衝擊
和突加載荷。 如果此類載荷不可避免，則應按301.5.1所引用之F301.5.1採取應對措施。
M301.5.4 Vibration. Suitable dynamic analysis, such as computer simulation, shall be made where necessary to avoid
or minimize conditions that lead to detrimental vibration, pulsation, or resonance effects in the piping. 振動。 必要時應進行適
當的動態分析，例如計算機模擬，以避免或盡量減少導致管道中有害振動、脈沖或共振效應的條件。
M302 DESIGN CRITERIA 設計準則
M302.1 General通則
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Paragraph M302 pertains to pressure–temperature ratings, stress criteria, design allowances, and minimum design
values, together with permissible variations of these factors as applied to piping design. Paragraph 302 applies in its entirety,
with the exception of paragraph 302.2.4. See paragraph M302.2.4. M302 段涉及壓力-溫度額定值、應力準則、設計公差
和最小設計值，以及應用於管道設計之這些因素的允許偏差。 302下各條款均適用，但302.2.4除外。 請參閱第
M302.2.4 段。金屬管道之壓力和溫度偏差的裕量。M類流體工況之金屬管道的壓力和溫度偏差不允許採用302.2.4
中的裕量。
M302.2.4 Allowance for Pressure and Temperature Variations, Metallic Piping. Use of allowances in paragraph
302.2.4 is not permitted.
PART 2 PRESSURE DESIGN OF METALLIC PIPING COMPONENTS
第 2 篇 金屬管道構成元件的壓力設計
M303 GENERAL 通則
Paragraph 303 applies in its entirety. 303下之各條款均適用。
M304 PRESSURE DESIGN OF METALLIC COMPONENTS 金屬元件的壓力設計
Paragraph 304 applies in its entirety. 304下之各條款均適用。
PART 3 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR METALLIC PIPING
COMPONENTS 第 3 篇 对M類流體工況中所用金屬管道構成元件的要求
M305 PIPE 鋼管材
M305.1 General通則
Listed pipe may be used in accordance with paragraph M305.2. Unlisted pipe may be used only as provided in paragraph
302.2.3. 可採用符合 M305.2 所述的表列鋼管材。 非表列鋼管材僅能在符合 302.2.3之規定下才能使用。
M305.2 Specific Requirements for Metallic Pipe 金屬管的特殊要求
Pipe listed in paragraph 305.2.2 shall not be used. The provision for severe cyclic conditions in paragraph 305.2.3 does
not apply [see paragraph M300(e)]. 不應使用 305.2.2 中所列出之鋼管材。 305.2.3中關於劇烈循環條件的規定不適用 [
參見第 M300(e)]。
M306 METALLIC FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS, LAPS, AND BRANCH CONNECTIONS
金屬管配件、彎頭、斜接彎頭、搭接短管和支管連接件
General. Fittings, bends, miters, laps, and branch connections may be used in accordance with paras. M306.1 through M306.6.
Pipe and other materials used in such components shall be suitable for the manufacturing process and the fluid service. 通則。 配
件、彎頭、斜接彎頭、搭接短管和支管連接件可在符合M306.1 到 M306.6之規則下使用。 用於製造此類元件之鋼管材和
其他材料應適用於製造方法和流體工況。
M306.1 Pipe Fittings 管配件
Paragraph 306.1 applies in its entirety, with the exception of paras. 306.1.3 and 306.1.4. See paragraph M306.1.3.
306.1下各條款均適用，但306.1.3 和 306.1.4條款除外。 請參閱M306.1.3。
M306.1.3 Specific Fittings專有管配件
(a) Proprietary welding branch outlet fittings that have been design proof tested successfully as prescribed in
ASME B16.9, MSS SP-97, or ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, UG-101 may be used within their established ratings. 已按
ASME B16.9、MSS SP-97 或 ASME BPVC 第 VIII -1卷 UG-101等 之規定成功通過設計驗證測試的專有焊接支管引出口
管配件可在其既定額定值內使用。
(b) Fittings conforming to MSS SP-43 and MSS SP-119 shall not be used. 不應使用符合 MSS SP-43 和 MSS
SP-119 的管配件。
(c)
Proprietary “Type C” lap-joint stub-end buttwelding fittings shall not be used. 不應使用專有的“C 型”搭
接短管對焊管配件。
M306.2 Pipe Bends 彎管
Paragraph 306.2 applies, except that bends designed as creased or corrugated shall not be used. 306.2下各條款均適用，
但不應使用設計成摺痕或波紋的彎頭。
M306.3 Miter Bends 斜接彎頭
A miter bend shall conform to paragraph 306.3.1 and shall not make a change in direction at a single joint (angle α in
134
Figure 304.2.3) greater than 22.5 deg. Paragraph 306.3.3 does not apply [see paragraph M300(e)]. 斜接彎曲應符合306.3.1
之規定，並且在單個接頭處的方向變化 (圖 304.2.3 中的角度 α)不應大於 22.5 度。 306.3.3不適用 [參見M300(e) ]。
M306.4 Fabricated or Flared Laps 組合式或擴口型搭接短管
M306.4.1 General. The following requirements do not apply to fittings conforming to paragraph M306.1, nor to laps
integrally forged on pipe ends. Paragraph 306.4.1 applies. 通則。 以下要求不適用於符合 M306.1之管配件，也不適用於在鋼
管端上整體鍛造的搭接短管。 組合式或擴口型搭接短管應符合306.4.1的要求。
M306.4.2 Flared Laps. Flared laps shall not be used. 擴口型搭接短管。 不應使用擴口型搭接短管。
M306.5 Fabricated Branch Connections 組合式支管連接件
The following requirements do not apply to fittings conforming to paragraph M306.1. Paragraph 306.5.1 applies, with
the following exceptions: 以下要求不適用於符合 M306.1的管配件。 306.5.1下各條款均適用，但以下(a) 和(b) 除外：
(a) Of the methods listed in paragraph 304.3.1(a), the one in paragraph 304.3.1(a)(3) may be used only if those in
paras. 304.3.1(a)(1) and 304.3.1(a)(2) are unavailable. 在304.3.1(a) 中所列方法中，304.3.1(a)(3)中的方法只能在304.3.1(a)(1)
和 304.3.1(a)(2) 不可行時才能使用。
(b) Of the branch connections described in paras. 304.3.2(b) and 304.3.2(c), those having threaded outlets are
permitted only in accordance with paragraph M314 and those having socket welding outlets are permitted only in accordance with
paragraph M311.2. 304.3.2(b) 和 304.3.2(c)中所述支管連接件，只有在符合 M314 時才允許有螺紋接頭，且只有符合
M311.2慈才允許有承插焊接頭。
M306.6 Closures 封頭
The following requirements do not apply to blind flanges or to fittings conforming to paragraph M306.1. Of the closures
described in paragraph 304.4, flat closures in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, UG-34 and UW-13,
and conical closures without transition knuckles [UG-32(g) and UG-33(f)], may be used only if others are not available. The
requirements in M306.5 apply to openings in closures [see also paragraph 304.4.2(b)]. 以下要求不適用於盲板法蘭或符合
第 M306.1的管配件。 在304.4 第 中所述封頭中，符合 ASME BPVC 第 VIII -1 卷 UG-34 和 UW-13 的平封頭，以及
沒有過渡接頭的錐形封頭 [UG-32(g) 和 UG-33(f) ]，只有在其他形式之封頭不可用時才可使用。 M306.5 中的要求
適用於封頭中的開孔 [另請參見第 304.4.2(b)]。
M307 METALLIC VALVES AND SPECIALTY COMPONENTS 金屬閥門和特殊元件
The following requirements for valves shall also be met as applicable by other pressure-containing piping components, e.g., traps,
strainers, and separators. See also Appendix F, paras. F301.4 and F307. 其他承壓管道構成元件 (例如祛水器、過濾器和分離
器)也應滿足以下對閥門的要求。 另見附錄 F中 F301.4 和 F307條款。
M307.1 General通則
Paragraph 307.1 applies, subject to the requirements in paragraph M307.2. 307.1下各條款均適用，但須遵守M307.2的
要求。
M307.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
(a) Paragraph 307.2.2 applies. 應符合307.2.2。
(b) Valves having threaded bonnet joints (other than union joints) shall not be used. 不應使用帶有螺紋閥蓋接頭 (
由任接頭除外)之閥門。
(c)
Only metallic valves conforming to the following requirements may be used: 僅能使用符合以下要求的金屬閥
門：
(1) Special consideration shall be given to valve design to prevent stem leakage to the environment. 應特別考
慮閥門設計以防止輸送介質從閥桿洩漏到環境中。
(2) Bonnet or cover plate closures and body joints shall be flanged, secured by at least four bolts with gasketing
conforming to paragraph 308.4; or proprietary, attached by bolts, lugs, or other substantial means, and having a gasket design
that increases gasket compression as fluid pressure increases; or secured with a full penetration weld made in accordance with
paragraph M311; or secured by a straight thread sufficient for mechanical strength, a metal-to-metal seat, and a seal weld
made in accordance with paragraph M311, all acting in series. 閥蓋或蓋板之密封件和閥體接頭應採用法蘭連接，並由至
少四個螺栓和符合第 308.4之要求的墊片卡緊； 或專有墊片，其通過螺栓、凸耳或其他可靠方法連接，並具有隨著
流體壓力增加而增加墊片壓縮力的墊片設計； 或將採按M311所焊出之全滲透焊縫固定、通過足以達到機械強度之直
螺紋可靠結構、金屬對金屬座面和按 M311所焊出之密封焊縫可靠結構串在一起作用。
M308 FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, AND GASKETS 法蘭、盲板、法蘭密封面和墊片
Paragraph 308.1 applies in its entirety. 308.1下之各條款均適用。
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M308.2 Specific Requirements for Metallic Flanges 金屬法蘭的特殊要求
Paragraph 308.2.4 does not apply [see paragraph M300(e)]. The following shall not be used: 除308.2.4不適用 [參見
M300(e)]外，亦不應使用以下法蘭：
(a) single-welded slip-on flanges單面焊滑套法蘭
(b) expanded-joint flanges
(c) slip-on flanges used as lapped flanges unless the requirements in paragraph 308.2.1(c) are met
用作搭接法蘭的滑套法蘭 (除非滿足308.2.1(c)的要求)
(d) threaded metallic flanges, except those employing lens rings or similar gaskets and those used in lined pipe
where the liner extends over the gasket face帶螺紋之金屬法蘭，但使用透鏡環或類似墊片之法蘭已及用於管道中之襯裡延
伸超過墊片密封面的那些法蘭除外
M308.3 Flange Facings 法蘭密封面
Paragraph 308.3 applies in its entirety. 308.3下之各條款均適用。
M308.4 Gaskets 墊片
Paragraph 308.4 applies in its entirety. 308.4下之各條款均適用。
M308.5 Blanks盲板
All blanks shall be marked with material, rating, and size. 所有盲板都應標明有材質、額定值和尺寸。
M309 BOLTING
Paragraph 309 applies, except for paragraph 309.2.4 [see paragraph M300(e)]. 309下之各條款均適用，但 309.2.4除外 [見
M300(e)]
PART 4 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR METALLIC PIPING
JOINTS 第 4 篇 對M類流體工況中所用金屬管道接頭的M要求
M310 METALLIC PIPING, GENERAL 金屬管道，通則
Paragraph 310 applies in its entirety. 310下之各條款均適用
M311 WELDED JOINTS IN METALLIC PIPING 金屬管道中之焊接接頭
Welded joints may be made in any metal for which it is possible to qualify welding procedures, welders, and welding operators in
accordance with paragraph M328. 焊接接頭可用任何金屬製造，只要能夠按M328所述對焊接工程、焊工和焊接操作員進
行評定和能檢定。
M311.1 General通則
Paragraph 311.1 applies with the following exceptions: 311.1下之各條款均適用，但有以下所述元件例外：
(a) Split backing rings shall not be used. 不應採用開口墊環。
(b) Socket welded joints greater than DN 50 (NPS 2) are not permitted. 不允許採用大於 DN 50 (NPS 2) 的承插焊
接接頭。
(c)
Examination shall be in accordance with paragraph M341.4. 應按M341.4之規定進行檢測。
M311.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
Paragraphs 311.2.1(a); 311.2.2(a), 311.2.2(b), and 311.2.2(d); 311.2.2(d); 311.2.3; and 311.2.4 apply. 第 311.2.1(a)、
311.2.2(a)、311.2.2(b)、311.2.2(d)、311.2.2(d)、311.2.3和 311.2.4等條款均適用。
M312 FLANGED JOINTS IN METALLIC PIPING 金屬管道中的法蘭接頭
Paragraph 312 applies in its entirety. 312下之各條款均適用。
M313 EXPANDED JOINTS IN METALLIC PIPING 金屬管道中的脹接接頭
Expanded joints shall not be used. 不應採用脹接接頭。
M314 THREADED JOINTS IN METALLIC PIPING 金屬管道中的螺紋接頭
M314.1 General通則
Paragraphs 314.1(a), 314.1(b), and 314.1(c) apply. 314.1(a)、314.1(b) 和 314.1(c)均適用。
M314.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
M314.2.1 Taper-Threaded Joints. Paragraph 314.2.1 applies except that only components suitable for Normal Fluid
Service in sizes 8 ≤ DN ≤ 25 (1⁄4 ≤ NPS ≤ 1) are permitted (see Table 314.2.1). Sizes smaller than DN 20 (NPS 3⁄4) shall be
136
safeguarded (see Appendix G). 錐管螺紋接頭。 314.2.1下各條款均適用，但僅允許採用規格為 8 ≤ DN ≤ 25 (1⁄4 ≤ NPS ≤ 1)
且適用於一般流體工況的元件 (參見表 314.2.1)。 規格小於 DN 20 (NPS 3⁄4) 的元件應得到安全保護 (見附錄 G)。
M314.2.2 Straight-Threaded Joints. Paragraph 314.2.2 applies. In addition, components shall have adequate
mechanical strength and the joint shall have a confined seating surface not subject to relative rotation as or after the joint is
tightened. [See Figure 335.3.3, illustrations (b) and (c) for acceptable construction.] 直螺紋接頭。 應符合314.2.2下之要求。 此
外，直螺紋接頭構成元件應具有足夠的機械強度，接頭應有一個受限的墊片座面，在接頭擰緊時或擰緊後不會發生相對
旋轉。 [參見圖 335.3.3中插圖 (b) 和 (c) 了解可接受的結構]。
M315 TUBING JOINTS IN METALLIC PIPING 金屬管道中的油管接箍
Paragraph 315 applies, except for paragraph 315.2(b). 315下之各條款均適用，但315.2(b)除外
M316 CAULKED JOINTS 捻縫接頭
Caulked joints shall not be used. 不應採用捻縫接頭。
M317 SOLDERED AND BRAZED JOINTS 軟釬焊和硬釬焊接頭
Soldered, brazed, and braze welded joints shall not be used. 不應採用軟釬焊、硬釬焊和釬焊接頭。
M318 SPECIAL JOINTS IN METALLIC PIPING 金屬管道中之特殊接頭
Paragraph 318 applies, with the exception that adhesive joints and bell type joints shall not be used. 318下之各條款均適用，但
不應採用膠合接頭和鐘形接頭。
PART 5 FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT OF METALLIC PIPING
第 5 篇 金屬管道的可撓性和支承
M319 FLEXIBILITY OF METALLIC PIPING 金屬管道的可撓性
Paragraph 319 applies, with the exception that the simplified rules in paragraph 319.4.1(c) do not apply. 319下之各條款均適
用，但第 319.4.1(c) 段中的簡化規則不適用。
M320 ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINED LOADS 持續載荷分析
Paragraph 320 applies. 應按320進行分析。
M321 PIPING SUPPORT 管架
Paragraph 321 applies, except that supporting elements welded to the piping shall be of listed material. 應符合321之規定，但焊
接到管道上的支承元件應採用表列材料。
PART 6 SYSTEMS 第 6 篇 系統
M322 SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS 專用管道系統
M322.3 Instrument Piping 儀表管線
Paragraph 322.3 applies, with the exception that for signal tubing in contact with process fluids and process
temperature–pressure conditions322.3下之各條款均適用，但與製程流體和製程溫度-壓力條件接觸的信號管除外
(a)
tubing shall be not larger than 16 mm (5⁄8 in.) O.D. and shall be suitable for the service管子之外徑不應大於16
mm (5⁄8 in.)。 並應適用於M類工況
(b)
an accessible block valve shall be provided to isolate the tubing from the pipeline應提供可操作的截止閥，以
將信號管與管道隔離
(c)
joining methods shall conform to the requirements of paragraph M315 連接方法應符合M315的要求
M322.6 Pressure-Relieving Systems 減壓系統
Paragraph 322.6 applies, except for paragraph 322.6.3. See paragraph M322.6.3. 322.6下之各條款均適用，但第
322.6.3 段除外。 請參閱M322.6.3。
M322.6.3 Overpressure Protection超壓保護
(a)
Paragraph 322.6.3(a) applies. 應採用符合322.6.3(a)所述的泄压装置作為超壓保護裝置。
(b)
Relief set pressure shall be in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1. 洩壓設定壓力應符合
ASME BPVC第 VIII -1 卷的規定。
(c)
The maximum relieving pressure shall be in accordance with Section VIII, Division 1. 最大釋放壓力應符合
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ASME BPVC第 VIII -1 卷的規定。
PART 7 METALLIC MATERIALS 第 7 篇 金屬材料
M323 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS總體要求
M323.1 Materials and Specifications材料和其技术条件
Paragraph 323.1.1 applies. See paras. M323.1.2, M323.1.3, and M323.1.4. 除32.3.1.1外，還請參見第 M323.1.2、
M323.1.3 和 M323.1.4。
M323.1.2 Unlisted Materials. Paragraph 323.1.2 applies, with the additional requirement that the designer shall fully
document the determination of allowable stresses as part of the engineering design. 非表列材料。 具附加要求之323.1.2下相應
條款均適用，此處附加要求是指設計者應將許用應力的確定作為工程設計完整記錄之一部分的其他要求。
M323.1.3 Unknown Materials. Materials of unknown specification shall not be used. 不明材料。 不應使用製造規範
未知的材料。
M323.1.4 Reclaimed Metallic Materials. Reclaimed materials may be used when the material certification records are
available for the specific materials employed, and the designer is assured that the material is sound and free from harmful defects.
再生金屬材料。 當材料認證記錄可用於所用具體材料時，則可使用回收材料，並且設計者確信該回收材料之質量是合
格的並且沒有有害缺陷。
M323.2 Temperature Limitations溫度限制
Paragraph 323.2 applies with the exception that, in regard to lower temperature limits, the relaxation of minimum
temperature limits stated in Notes (3) and (6) of Table 323.2.2 and in paras. 323.2.2(h) and 323.2.2(i) is not permitted.
323.2下之各條款均適用，但關於溫度下限方面，不允許採用表 323.2.2註釋 (3)和 (6)以及323.2.2(h) 和 323.2.2(i)中對
最低溫度限度的放寬值 。
M323.3 Impact Testing Methods and Acceptance Criteria 衝擊試驗之方法和其合格準則
Paragraph 323.3 applies in its entirety. 323.3下之各條款均適用。
M323.4 Fluid Service Requirements for Metallic Materials 對在M類流體工況中所用金屬材料的要求
Paragraph 323.4.1 applies. 應符合323.4.1之要求。
M323.4.2 Specific Requirements. Paragraph 323.4.2 applies, except that cast irons other than ductile iron shall not be
used for pressure-containing parts, and lead and tin shall be used only as linings. 具體要求。 對M類流體工況中所用金屬材料
的具體要求見323.4.2，但球墨鑄鐵以外的鑄鐵不應用作承壓元件之材料，且鉛和錫只能用作襯裡。
M323.4.3 Metallic Cladding and Lining Materials. In addition to the requirements of paragraph 323.4.3, where
materials covered in paras. 323.4.2(c)(2) and 323.4.3 are used as cladding or lining in which the cladding or lining also serves as a
gasket or as part of the flange facing, consideration shall be given to the design of the flanged joint to prevent leakage to the
environment. 金屬包層和襯裡材料。 除了 323.4.3的要求外，當23.4.2(c)(2) 和 323.4.3 中之材料既被用作又用作墊片一部
分或法蘭密封面的包層或襯裡時，還應考慮法蘭接頭的設計以 防止輸送介質洩漏到環境中。
M323.5 Deterioration of Materials in Service 材料在運行期間的劣化
Paragraph 323.5 applies in its entirety. 323.5下之各條款均適用。
M325 MATERIALS — MISCELLANEOUS 雜項材料
M325.1 Joining and Auxiliary Materials 連接和輔助材料
In applying paragraph 325, materials such as solvents, brazes, and solders shall not be used. Nonmetallic materials used
as gaskets and packing materials shall be suitable for the fluid service. 在應用325時，不得採用諸如溶劑、硬釬焊料和軟
釬焊料等材料。 用作墊片和填函材料的非金屬材料應適用於所要服役之流體工況。
PART 8 STANDARDS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS 第 8 篇 管道構成元件之標準
M326 DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS OF COMPONENTS 元件的尺寸和額定值
Paragraph 326.1.3 applies. 應符合326.1.3對尺寸和額定值的相應規定。
M326.1 Dimensional Requirements 尺寸要求
M326.1.1 Listed Piping Components. Except for prohibitions and restrictions stated elsewhere in Chapter VIII,
components made in accordance with standards and specifications listed in Table 326.1 may be used in Category M service. 表列
管道構成元件。 除第 VIII 章其他規定的禁止和限制外，按表 326.1 中所列標準和規範製造的元件可用於 M 類工況。
M32 6.1.2 Unlisted Piping Components. Paragraph 326.1.2 applies, except that dimensions of unlisted components
138
shall be governed by requirements in paras. 303 and 304. 非表列管道構成元件。 326.1.2 下之各條款均適用，但非表列元件
的尺寸應受303和304中的要求所約束。
M326.2 Ratings of Components 元件的压力-温度额定值額定值
Paragraph 326.2 applies in its entirety. 326.2下之各條款均適用。
M326.3 Reference Documents參考文件
Paragraph 326.3 applies in its entirety. 326.3下之各條款均適用。
PART 9 FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND ERECTION OF METALLIC
PIPING 第 9 篇 金屬管道的製造加工、裝配和安裝
M327 GENERAL通則
Metallic piping materials and components are prepared for assembly and erection by one or more of the fabrication processes in
paras. M328, M330, M331, and M332. When any of these processes is used in assembly and erection, requirements are the same
as for fabrication. 金屬管道材料和元件可通過M328、M330、M331 和 M332中的一或多種製造方法進行製備，以備裝配
和安裝 。當上述方法中的任何一個用於組裝和安裝時，其要求與製造相同。
M328 WELDING OF METALS 金屬的焊接
Welding shall be in accordance with paras. M311.1 and 328, except see paragraph M328.3. 除焊接材料請參見M328.3外，應按
M311.1 和 328之規則進行焊接。
M328.3 Welding Materials 焊接材料
Paragraph 328.3 applies in its entirety, except that split backing rings shall not be used, and removable backing rings
and consumable inserts may be used only where their suitability has been demonstrated by procedure qualification.
328.3下之各條款均適用，但不應使用開口墊片，且可拆卸式墊環和可熔化嵌條僅當其適用性經規程評定驗證後
方可使用。
M330 PREHEATING OF METALS 金屬的預熱
Paragraph 330 applies in its entirety. 330下之各條款均適用。
M331 HEAT TREATMENT OF METALS 金屬的熱處理
Paragraph 331 applies in its entirety, with the exception that no requirements less stringent than those of Table 331.1.2 or Table
331.1.3 for PWHT shall be specified. 331下之各條款均適用，但對可选热处理要求和可豁免强制性焊后热处理之規定比表
331.1.2 或表 331.1.3 中更寬鬆的 PWHT 要求除外。
M332 BENDING AND FORMING OF METALS 金屬的彎曲和成型
Paragraph 332 applies in its entirety, except that bending that conforms to paragraph 332.2.3 is not permitted. 332下之各條款均
適用，但不允許按332.2.3進行彎曲。
M335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION OF METALLIC PIPING 金屬管道的裝配和安裝
M335.1 General通則
M335.1.1 Alignment. In addition to the requirements of paragraph 335.1, any bending or forming required for
alignment and fit-up shall be heat treated if required by paragraph 332.4. 對準。 除335.1的要求外，如果對準和裝配所需的任
何彎曲或成型存在著332.4所要求的情況時，則在彎曲或成型後都應進行熱處理。
M335.2 Flanged Joints 法蘭接頭
Paragraph 335.2 applies in its entirety. 335.2下之各條款均適用。
M335.3 Threaded Joints 螺紋接頭
Paragraphs 335.3.1 and 335.3.2 apply. See paras. M335.3.3 and M335.3.4. 335.3.1和 335.3.2均適用。 見第相應的
M335.3.3 和 M335.3.4。
M335.3.3 Straight-Threaded Joints. The requirements of paragraph 335.3.3 are subject to the limitations in paragraph
M322. 直螺紋接頭。 335.3.3的要求受M322的限制。
M335.3.4 Condition of Threads. Taper-threaded components and threaded ends permitted under paragraph M314.2.1
shall be examined before assembly for cleanliness and continuity of threads and shall be rejected if not in conformance with
ASME B1.20.1 or other applicable standards. 螺紋狀態。 M314.2.1所許用之錐管螺紋元件和螺紋短管應在裝配前檢查螺紋
的清潔度和螺線的連續性，如果它們不符合 ASME B1.20.1 或其他適用標準之要求時，則應拒收。
M335.4 Tubing Joints 油管接箍
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M335.4.1 Flared Tubing Joints. The requirements of paragraph 335.4.1 apply; however, see paragraph M322 for
limitations associated with specific piping systems. 擴口型油管接箍。 335.4.1下各條款的要求均適用， 但受M322的專用管
道系統所限制。
M335.4.2 Flareless and Compression Tubing Joints. The requirements of paragraph 335.4.2 apply; however, see
paragraph M322 for limitations associated with specific piping systems. 無擴口和壓合式油管接箍。335.4.2下各條款的要求均
適用； 但受M322的專用管道系統所限制。
M335.6 Special Joints 特殊接頭
Special joints shall be in accordance with paras. M318 and 335.6.1. 特殊接頭應是符合 M318和 335.6.1的那些接頭。
M335.9 Cleaning of Piping 管道的清潔法
See Appendix F, paragraph F335.9. 管道的清潔法請參見附錄 F中F335.9 條款。
M335.10 Identification of Piping 管道的代号
See Appendix F, paragraph F335.10. 參見附录 F中 F335.10条款。
PART 10 INSPECTION, EXAMINATION, TESTING, AND RECORDS OF
METALLIC PIPING 第 10 篇 金屬管道的檢驗、檢測、測試和記錄
M340 INSPECTION 檢驗
Paragraph 340 applies in its entirety. 340下之各條款均適用。
M341 EXAMINATION 檢測
Paragraphs 341.1, 341.2, 341.3, and 341.5 apply in their entirety. See paragraph M341.4. 第 341.1、341.2、341.3 和 341.5條款
均適用。 請參閱M341.4條款。
M341.4 Extent of Required Examination 所需的檢測程度
Paragraph 341.4.1 applies with the following exceptions: 341.4.1下之各條款均適用，但有以下例外情況：
(a)
Visual Examination 目視檢查
(1) All fabrication shall be examined. 所有成形加工都應進行檢查。
(2) All threaded, bolted, and other mechanical joints shall be examined. 應檢查所有螺紋、螺栓和其他機械
接頭。
(b) Other Examination. The radiography/ultrasonic examination requirements of paragraph 341.4.1(b)(1) apply,
except that 100% of circumferential butt and miter welds and of fabricated lap and branch connection welds comparable to those
shown in Figure 328.5.4E; Figure 328.5.4F; and Figure 328.5.5, illustrations (d) and (e), shall be examined. 其他檢測。
341.4.1(b)(1)的射線照相/超聲波檢查要求適用，但周向對接焊縫和斜接角焊縫以及與圖 328.5.4E、圖 328.5.5 中插圖 (d)
和 (e)中所示焊縫相似的預製搭接短管和支管連接焊縫應進行100%檢測設。
M342 EXAMINATION PERSONNEL 檢測人員
Paragraph 342 applies. 檢測人員之資格應符合342的要求。
M343 EXAMINATION PROCEDURES 檢測規程
Paragraph 343 applies. 檢測規程應按343進行評定。
M344 TYPES OF EXAMINATION 檢測類型
Paragraph 344 applies in its entirety. 344下之各條款均適用。
M345 TESTING 測試
Paragraph 345 applies, except that 345下之各條款均適用，但以下除外
(a) a sensitive leak test in accordance with paragraph 345.8 shall be included in the required leak test (paragraph 345.1)
包括在所要求的洩漏測試 (第 345.1)中之敏感洩漏測試應符合345.8之規定
(b) the initial service leak test (paragraph 345.7) does not apply不需要初始運行洩漏測試 (第 345.7 段)
M346 RECORDS記錄
Paragraph 346 applies in its entirety. 346 下之各條款均適用。
PARTS 11 THROUGH 20, CORRESPONDING TO CHAPTER VII
對應於第 VII 章的第 11 至 20 篇
140
See paragraph M300(b). 見 M300(b)。
MA300 GENERAL STATEMENTS 總體概述
Paragraphs MA300 through MA346 apply to nonmetallic piping and piping lined with nonmetals, based on Chapter VII.
Paragraph A300(d) applies. 基於第 VII 章，MA300 至 MA346適用於非金屬管道和帶非金屬襯裡之管道。A300(d)適用。
PART 11 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA 第 11 篇 條件和準則
MA301 DESIGN CONDITIONS 設計條件
Paragraph A301 applies in its entirety. A301下之各條款均適用。
MA302 DESIGN CRITERIA設計準則
Paragraphs A302.1 and A302.4 apply. See paras. MA302.2 and MA302.3. A302.1 和 A302.4均適用，請參見相應條款
MA302.2 和 MA302.3。
MA302.2 Pressure–Temperature Design Criteria壓力-溫度設計準則
Paragraph A302.2 applies, with the exception of paragraph A302.2.4. See paragraph MA302.2.4. A302.2下之各條款均
適用，但A302.2.4取代為MA302.2.4
MA302.2.4 Allowances for Pressure and Temperature Variation. Paragraph A302.2.4(a) applies to both
nonmetallic piping and to metallic piping with nonmetallic lining. 壓力和溫度波動的裕量。 A302.2.4(a)適用於非金屬管道和
帶非金屬襯裡的金屬管道。
MA302.3 Allowable Stresses and Other Design Limits 許用應力限度和其他設計限度
Paragraph A302.3 applies. 應符合A302.3的規定。
MA302.4 Allowances 裕量
Paragraph 302.4 applies in its entirety. 302.4下之各條款均適用。
PART 12 PRESSURE DESIGN OF NONMETALLIC PIPING COMPONENTS
第 12 篇 非金屬管道構成元件的壓力設計
MA303 GENERAL 通則
通則Paragraph A303 applies in its entirety. A303下之各條款均適用。
MA304 PRESSURE DESIGN OF NONMETALLIC COMPONENTS
Paragraph A304 applies in its entirety. A304下之各條款均適用。
PART 13 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR NONMETALLIC PIPING
COMPONENTS 第 13 篇 流體工況中所用非金屬管道構成元件的要求
MA305 PIPE 鋼管材
Paragraph A305 applies in its entirety. A305下之各條款均適用。
MA306 NONMETALLIC FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS, LAPS, AND BRANCH CONNECTIONS 非金屬管
配件、彎頭、斜接彎頭、搭接短管和支管連接件
Paragraphs A306.1 and A306.2 apply. See paragraph MA306.3. A306.1 和 A306.2均適用。 進一步的限制見MA306.3 ~
M306.5。
MA306.3 Miter Bends 斜接彎頭
Miter bends not designated as fittings conforming to paragraph A306.1 shall not be used. 不應採用未指定為符合
A306.1之管配件的斜接彎頭。
MA306.4 Fabricated Laps 組合式搭接短管
Fabricated laps shall not be used. 不應採用組合式搭接短管。
MA306.5 Fabricated Branch Connections 組合式支管連接件
Nonmetallic fabricated branch connections shall not be used. 應採用由非金屬所造造加工而成之支管連接件。
MA307 VALVES AND SPECIALTY COMPONENTS 閥門和特殊元件
Paragraph A307 applies, except that nonmetallic valves and specialty components shall not be used. A307下之各條款均適用，
但不應採用非金屬閥門和專用元件。
141
MA308 FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, AND GASKETS 法蘭、盲板、法蘭密封面和墊片
Paragraphs A308.1, 308.3, and A308.4 apply in their entirety. See paragraph MA308.2. A308.1、308.3 和 A308.4均適用。但對
法蘭的件一部限制請參見MA308.2。
MA308.2 Nonmetallic Flanges 非金屬法蘭
Threaded nonmetallic flanges shall not be used. 不應採用非金屬螺紋法蘭。
MA309 BOLTING 螺栓連接
Paragraph A309 applies in its entirety. A309下之各條款均適用。
PART 14 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR NONMETALLIC PIPING
JOINTS 第 14 篇 流體工況中所用非金屬管道接頭的要求
MA310 GENERAL 通則
Paragraph 310 applies in its entirety. 310下之各條款均適用。
MA311 BONDED JOINTS
MA311.1 General通則
Paragraph A311.1 applies in its entirety. A311.1下之各條款均適用。
MA311.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
Hot gas welded, heat fusion, solvent cemented, and adhesive bonded joints are not permitted except in linings. 除襯里外
，不允許採用經熱風焊、熱熔、溶劑膠合和膠合劑所製成之膠合接頭。
MA312 FLANGED JOINTS 法蘭接頭
Paragraph 312 applies in its entirety. 312下之各條款均適用
MA313 EXPANDED JOINTS 脹接接頭
Expanded joints shall not be used. 不應採用脹接接頭。
MA314 THREADED JOINTS 螺紋接頭
MA314.1 General通則
Threaded joints shall not be used. 不應採用螺紋接頭。
MA315 TUBING JOINTS IN NONMETALLIC PIPING 在非金屬管道中的油管接箍
Paragraph A315 applies in its entirety. A315下之各條款均適用。
MA316 CAULKED JOINTS 捻縫接頭
Caulked joints shall not be used. 不應採用捻縫接頭。
MA318 SPECIAL JOINTS 特殊接頭
Paragraph A318 applies in its entirety. A318下之各條款均適用。
PART 15 FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT OF NONMETALLIC PIPING
第 15篇 非金屬管道的可撓性和支承
MA319 PIPING FLEXIBILITY 管道的可撓性
Paragraph A319 applies in its entirety. A319下之各條款均適用。
MA321 PIPING SUPPORT 管架
Paragraph A321 applies in its entirety. A321下之各條款均適用。
PART 16 NONMETALLIC AND NONMETALLIC-LINED SYSTEMS
第 16 篇 非金屬和非金屬襯裡系統
MA322 SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS 專用管道系統
Paragraph A322 applies in its entirety. A322下之各條款均適用。
PART 17 NONMETALLIC MATERIALS 第 17篇 非金屬材料
MA323 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS總體要求
142
Paragraph A323.1 applies with the additional requirement described in paragraph MA323.1.2. Paragraph A323.2 applies in its
entirety. See paragraph MA323.4. A323.1 適用於 MA323.1.2中所述附加要求。 A323.2下之各條款均適用。 在M類工況下
的進一步限制請參見MA323.4。
MA323.1.2 Unlisted Materials. Paragraph 323.1.2 applies with the additional requirement that the designer shall fully
document the determination of allowable stresses as part of the engineering design. 非表列材料。 第 323.1.2適用於附加要求，
即設計者應將許用應力的確定作為工程設計之完整記錄的一部分記錄下來。
MA323.4 Fluid Service Requirements for Nonmetallic Materials 對在M類流體工況中所用金屬材料的要求
Paragraph A323.4.1 applies. See paras. MA323.4.2 and MA323.4.3.除A323.4.1條款外，以請參見MA323.4.2 和
MA323.4.3。
MA32 3.4.2 Specific Requirements. Paragraph A323.4.2 applies, except that materials listed under paras. A323.4.2(a),
A323.4.2(b), and A323.4.2(d) may be used only as linings. Thermoplastics may be used as gaskets in accordance with paras.
M325.1 and MA323.4.3. 具體要求。見A323.4.2條款，但A323.4.2(a)、A323.4.2(b) 和 A323.4.2(d) 中僅能用作襯裡的所列
材料除外。 熱塑性塑料可用作符合M325.1 和 MA323.4.3的墊片 。
MA323 .4.3 Nonmetallic Lining Materials. Paragraph A323.4.3 applies with the additional requirement that where a
material in paragraph A323.4.2 is used as a lining that also serves as a gasket or as part of the flange facing, consideration shall be
given to design of the flanged joint to prevent leakage to the environment. 非金屬襯裡材料。見A323.4.3條款，附加要求是當
A323.4.2 段中所示材料用作襯裡同時延伸兼做墊片或法蘭密封面時，應考慮法蘭接頭的設計以防止輸送介質洩漏到環境
中。
PART 18 STANDARDS FOR NONMETALLIC AND NONMETALLIC-LINED
PIPING COMPONENTS 第 18 篇 非金屬和襯有非金屬襯裡之管道構成元件的標準
MA326 DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS OF COMPONENTS
Paragraph A326 applies in its entirety. Table A326.1 applies, except for components and systems prohibited or restricted
elsewhere in this Chapter. 326下之各條款均適用。 表326.1 適用，但本章相應條款有禁止或限制之元件和系統除外。
PART 19 FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND ERECTION OF NONMETALLIC
AND NONMETALLIC-LINED PIPING 第 19 篇 非金屬和襯有非金屬襯裡之管道的
製造加工、裝配和安裝
MA327 GENERAL 通則
Paragraph A327 applies in its entirety. A327下之各條款均適用。
MA328 BONDING OF PLASTICS 塑料的膠合
Paragraph A328 applies in its entirety. A328下之各條款均適用。
MA329 FABRICATION OF PIPING LINED WITH NONMETALS 非金屬襯裡之管道的製造加工
Paragraph A329 applies in its entirety. A329下之各條款均適用。
MA332 BENDING AND FORMING 彎曲和成型
Paragraph A332 applies in its entirety. A332下之各條款均適用。
MA334 JOINING NON-PLASTIC PIPING 非塑料管道的連接
Paragraph A334 applies in its entirety. A334下之各條款均適用。
MA335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION 裝配和安裝
Paragraph A335 applies in its entirety. A335下之各條款均適用。
PART 20 INSPECTION, EXAMINATION, TESTING, AND RECORDS OF
NONMETALLIC AND NONMETALLIC-LINED PIPING 第 20 篇 非金屬和襯有
非金屬襯裡之管道的檢驗、檢測、測試和記錄
MA340 INSPECTION 檢驗
Paragraph 340 applies in its entirety. A340下之各條款均適用。
MA341 EXAMINATION 檢測
Paragraph A341 applies in its entirety. A341下之各條款均適用。
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MA341.1 General通則
Paragraphs 341.1, 341.2, A341.3, and A341.5 apply in their entirety. See paragraph MA341.4. 第 341.1、341.2、
A341.3 和 A341.5 均適用。所需檢測程度請參閱 MA341.4。
MA341.4 Extent of Required Examination 所需檢測程度
Paragraph A341.4.1 applies, except as follows: A341.4.1下之各條款均適用，但以下除外
(a) Visual Examination 目視檢查
(1) All fabrication shall be visually examined. 所有成形加工都應進行目視檢查。
(2) All bolted and other mechanical joints shall be examined. 應檢查所有用螺栓連接和其他機械連接之接
頭。
MA342 EXAMINATION PERSONNEL 檢測人員
Paragraph 342 applies in its entirety. 342下之各條款均適用。
MA343 EXAMINATION PROCEDURES 檢測規程
Paragraph 343 applies in its entirety. 343下之各條款均適用。
MA344 TYPES OF EXAMINATION 檢測類型
Paragraph A344 applies in its entirety. A344下之各條款均適用。
MA345 TESTING 測試
Paragraph A345 applies except that A345下之各條款均適用，但以下除外
(a) a sensitive leak test in accordance with paragraph 345.8 shall be included in the required leak test (paragraph A345.1)
應包括在所需洩漏測試 (第 A345.1 段)中之敏感洩漏測試要符合345.8的要求
(b) the initial service leak test (paragraph A345.7) does not apply 不要求初始運行洩漏測試 (A345.7)
MA346 RECORDS 記錄
Paragraph 346 applies in its entirety. A346下之各條款均適用。
Chapter IX High Pressure Piping 第九章 高壓管道
K300 GENERAL STATEMENTS 總體概述
(a) Chapter IX provides alternative rules for design and construction of piping designated by the owner as being in High
Pressure Fluid Service. See paragraph 300(b)(1) and Appendix M. 第 IX 章為被業主指定用於高壓流體工況之管道設計和施
工提供了另一種可選規則。 參見第 300(b)(1)和附錄 M。
(1) Use of this Chapter is permitted only when the owner designates the piping as being in High Pressure Fluid
Service. When piping is so designated, the requirements of this Chapter apply in their entirety. 僅當所有者指定管道處於高壓流
體工況時才允許使用本章。 當管道如此指定時，本章的要求全部適用。
(2) There are no pressure limitations for the application of these rules. See Appendix F, paragraph FK300. 這些規則
的應用沒有壓力限制。 參見附錄 F中FK300條款。
(b) Responsibilities. In addition to the responsibilities stated in paragraph 300(b) 職責。 除了300(b)中所規定的責任
外，還有：
(1) for piping designated as being in High Pressure Fluid Service, the owner shall provide all system operations
information necessary for the designer to perform the analyses and testing required by this Chapter對於指定用於高壓流體工況
之管道，所有者應將執行本章要求的分析和測試所需的所有系統操作信息提供給設計者
(2) the designer shall make a written report to the owner summarizing the design calculations and certifying that the
design has been performed in accordance with this Chapter設計者應向業主提交一份書面報告，總結設計計算並證明設計已
按照本章進行
(c) The organization, content, and, wherever possible, paragraph designations of this Chapter correspond to those of the
base Code (Chapters I through VI). The prefix K is used. 本章的架構、內容和可能的段落名稱與基準代碼章 (第 I章至第VI
章)的相應，只是加了前綴 K。
(d) Provisions and requirements of the base Code apply only as stated in this Chapter. 基準代碼章的的規定和要求僅當
本章有提及時才適用。
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(e) Paragraphs 300(a) and 300(c) through 300(f) apply. 第 300(a) 和 300(c) 至 300(f) 條款均適用。
K300.1 Scope適用範圍
K300.1.1 Content and Coverage. Paragraph 300.1.1 applies with the exceptions stated in paras. K300.1.3 and
K300.1.6. 內容和涵蓋範圍。 300.1.1條款適用於K300.1.3 和 K300.1.6中所述的例外情況。
K300.1.2 Packaged Equipment Piping. Interconnecting piping as described in paragraph 300.1.2 shall conform to the
requirements of this Chapter. 套装设备管道。 300.1.2中所述設備間連接管道應符合本章的要求。
K300.1.3 Exclusions. In addition to the exclusions stated in paragraph 300.1.3, this Chapter excludes nonmetallic piping
and piping lined with nonmetals. 例外情況。 除300.1.3所規定的除外情況外，本章不包括非金屬管道和襯有非金屬襯裡之
管道。
K300.1.4 Units of Measure. Paragraph 300.1.4 applies. 計量單位。見 300.1.4條款。
K300.1.5 Rounding. Paragraph 300.1.5 applies. 捨入法。見300.1.5條款。
K300.1.6 Category M Fluid Service. This Chapter makes no provision for piping in Category M Fluid Service. If such
piping is required by the owner, the engineering design shall be developed as provided in paragraph 300(c)(5). M 類流體工況。
本章對 M 類流體工況中之管道沒有提出規定。 如果所有者需要此類管道，則在工程設計時應按第 300(c)(5) 段的規定予
以擴充。
K300.2 Definitions定義
Paragraph 300.2 300.1 applies except for terms relating only to nonmetals and severe cyclic conditions. The term
“allowable stress” is used in lieu of basic allowable stress. 見300.1條款的術語定義，但僅與非金屬和劇烈循環條件相關
的術語除外。且術語“許用應力”代替了300.1條款中的基本許用應力。
The term “safeguarding” and other terms characterizing hazardous fluid services are not used in this Chapter but should
be taken into account in design. 本章未採用術語“防護設施”和其他表徵危險流體工況的術語，但在設計時宜予以考慮
。
K300.3 Nomenclature符号構成原則
Paragraph 300.3 applies. 符号構成原則見300.3。
K300.4 Status of Appendices
Paragraph 300.4 and Table 300.4 apply, except for Appendices A, B, H, L, R, S, V, and X. 第 300.4條款和表 300.4 均
適用，但附錄 A、B、H、L、R、S、V 和 X 除外。
PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA 第 1 篇 條件和準則
K301 DESIGN CONDITIONS設計條件
Paragraph 301 applies with the exceptions of paras. 301.2, 301.3, 301.4.2, 301.5, and 301.7.3. 301下之各條款均適用，但301.2
、301.3、301.4.2、301.5 和 301.7.3除外。
K301.2 Design Pressure設計壓力
K301.2.1 General. Paragraph 301.2.1 applies, except that references to paragraph 302.2.4 are not applicable and refer to
paragraph K304 instead of paragraph 304. 通則。 301.2.1下之各條款均適用，但對第 302.2.4 段的引用不適用，且K304取代
了304。
K301.2.2 Required Pressure Containment or Relief. 所需的耐壓防護或洩壓
Paragraphs 301.2.2(a) and 301.2.2(b) apply, but refer to paragraph K322.6.3 instead of paragraph 322.6.3.
Paragraph 301.2.2(c) is not applicable. 除了K322.6.3取代了322.6.3 外，第 301.2.2(a) 和 301.2.2(b)條款均適用。
301.2.2(c)不適用。
K301.3 Design Temperature設計溫度
Paragraph 301.3 applies with the exceptions of paras. 301.3.1 and 301.3.2 and the following exceptions in the text:
301.3下之各條款均適用，但 301.3.1 和 301.3.2 以及以下所述除外：
(a) Refer to paragraph K301.2 instead of paragraph 301.2. K301.2取代了 301.2。
(b) Refer to paragraph K301.3.2 instead of paragraph 301.3.2. K301.3.2取代了 301.3.2。
K301.3.1 Design Minimum Temperature. Paragraph 301.3.1 applies, but refer to paragraph K323.2.2 instead of
paragraph 323.2.2. 最低設計溫度。除 323.2.2替換為K323.2.2，301.3.1 下之各條款均適用。
K301.3.2 Uninsulated Components. The fluid temperature shall be used as the component temperature. 不保溫元件。
流體溫度應用作元件溫度。
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K301.4 Ambient Effects環境影響效應
K301.4.2 Fluid Expansion Effects. Paragraph 301.4.2 applies, except that reference to paragraph 322.6.3(b)(2) is not applicable.
流體膨脹效應。 除對 322.6.3(b)(2)的引用不適用外，301.4.2 下之各條款均適用。
K301.5 Dynamic Effects動載效應
Paragraph 301.5 applies with the exception of paragraph 301.5.4. 301.5下之各條款均適用，但301.5.4除外。
K301.5.4 Vibration. Suitable dynamic analysis shall be made where necessary, to avoid or minimize conditions that
lead to detrimental vibration, pulsation, or resonance effects in the piping. 振動。 必要時應進行合適的動態分析，以避免或盡
量減少導致管道中有害振動、脈沖或共振效應的情況。
K301.7 Thermal Expansion and Contraction Effects 熱脹冷縮效應
K301.7.3 Loads Due to Differences in Expansion Characteristics. Paragraph 301.7.3 applies, except that reference to
metallic–nonmetallic piping is not applicable. 膨脹特性差異而引起的載荷。 301.7.3下之各條款均適用，但對金屬-非金屬管
道的引用不適用。
K302 DESIGN CRITERIA設計準則
K302.1 General通則
In paragraph K302, pressure–temperature ratings, stress criteria, design allowances, and minimum design values are
stated, and permissible variations of these factors as applied to design of high pressure piping systems are formulated. 在
K302 中規定了壓力-溫度額定值、應力準則、設計公差和最小設計值，並製定了應用於高壓管道系統設計之這些因
素的允許變量。
The designer shall be satisfied as to the adequacy of the design, and of materials and their manufacture, considering at
least the following: 設計者應至少通過對以下因素的充分考慮來確信設計、材料及其製造都具有完備性：
(a)
tensile, compressive, flexural, and shear strength at design temperature設計溫度下的抗拉、抗壓、抗彎和抗
(b)
fatigue strength疲勞強度
(c)
design stress and its basis設計應力及其依據
(d)
ductility and toughness延展性和韌性
(e)
possible deterioration of mechanical properties in service使用中可能的機械性能退化
(f)
thermal properties熱性能
(g)
temperature limits溫度限度
(h)
resistance to corrosion and erosion耐蝕性和耐侵蝕性
(i)
fabrication methods製造加工方法
(j)
examination and testing methods檢測和測試方法
(k)
hydrostatic test conditions液壓試驗條件
(l)
bore imperfections 孔缺陷
剪強度
K302.2 Pressure–Temperature Design Criteria壓力-溫度設計準則
K302.2.1 Listed Components Having Established Ratings. Pressure–temperature ratings for certain piping
components have been established and are contained in some of the standards in Table K326.1. Unless limited elsewhere in this
Chapter, those ratings are acceptable for design pressures and temperatures under this Chapter. with the owner’s approval, the
rules and limits of this Chapter may be used to extend the pressure–temperature ratings of a component beyond the ratings of the
listed standard, but not beyond the limits stated in paragraph K323.2. 已建立額定值的表列元件。 已建立某些管道構成元件的
壓力-溫度額定值並包含在表 K326.1 中所示的某些標準中。 除非本章有所限制，否則這些額定值對於本章所規定的設計
壓力和溫度是可接受的。 經所有者批准，本章的規則和限制可用於將元件的壓力-溫度額定值擴展到超出所列標準的額
定值，但不超過 K323.2中所規定的限度。
K302.2.2 Listed Components Not Having Specific Ratings沒有具體額定值的表列元件
(a) Piping components for which design stresses have been developed in accordance with paragraph K302.3, but
that do not have specific pressure–temperature ratings, shall be rated by rules for pressure design in paragraph K304, within the
range of temperatures for which stresses are shown in Table K-1, modified as applicable by other rules of this Chapter. 已按
K302.3 段製定設計應力但沒有具體壓力-溫度額定值的管道構成元件，應在表 K-1 中所示且經本章其他規則經修正過之
應力的溫度值域內按 K304中的壓力設計規則來額定之。
(b) Piping components that do not have allowable stresses or pressure–temperature ratings shall be qualified for
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pressure design as required by paragraph K304.7.2. 不具有許用應力或壓力-溫度額定值的管道構成元件應按照第 K304.7.2的
要求進行壓力設計。
K302.2.3 Unlisted Components. Piping components not listed in Table K326.1 may be used subject to all of the
following requirements: 非表列元件。 表 K326.1 中未列出之管道構成元件可在符合以下所有要求的情況下使用：
(a) The material shall comply with paragraph K323. 材料應符合 K323的要求。
(b) The designer shall be satisfied that the design is suitable for the intended service. 設計者應確信設計適用於
預期工況。
(c) Pressure–temperature ratings shall be established in accordance with the rules in paragraph K304. 應按 K304
中的規定來確定壓力-溫度額定值。
(d) Fatigue analysis shall be performed as required by paragraph K304.8. 應按 K304.8的要求進行疲勞分析。
K302.2.4 Allowance for Pressure and Temperature Variations. Variations in pressure, temperature, or both above
the design conditions, except during pressure-relieving events (see paragraph K322.6.3), are not permitted for any piping system.
The design pressure and design temperature resulting in the most severe coincident pressure and temperature shall determine the
design conditions. See paras. K301.2 and K301.3. 壓力和溫度波動裕量的裕量。 除了在壓力釋放事件期間 (參見
K322.6.3 )，任何管道系統都不允許存在著壓力、溫度或兩者都超過設計條件的波動。 設計壓力和設計溫度導致最嚴重
的壓力和溫度重合應作為設計條件之基準。 見K301.2 和 K301.3。
K302.2.5 Ratings at Junction of Different Services. 不同工況交界處的額定值。
Paragraph 302.2.5 applies. 見302.2.5條款。
K302.3 Allowable Stresses and Other Design Limits 許用應力和其他設計限度
K302.3.1 General. The allowable stresses defined below shall be used in design calculations unless modified by other
provisions of this Chapter. 通則。 下列所規定的許用應力應用於設計計算，除非本章之規定有所修正。
(a) Tension. Allowable stresses in tension for use in design in accordance with this Chapter are listed in Table K1, except that maximum allowable stress values and design stress intensity values for bolting, respectively, are listed in ASME
BPVC, Section II, Part D, Tables 3 and 4. 拉伸。 根據本章用於設計的許用拉伸應力列於表 K-1，但螺栓的最大許用應力值
和設計應力強度值則分別列於 ASME BPVC第 II-D 部卷表中 3 和 4中。
The tabulated stress values in Table K-1 are grouped by materials and product form and are for stated temperatures
up to the limit provided for the materials in paragraph K323.2.1. Straight line interpolation between temperatures to
determine the allowable stress for a specific design temperature is permissible. Extrapolation is not permitted. 表 K-1 中
所列應力值是按材料和產品形式來進行分組的，並且適用於不超過 K323.2.1中對材料所規定的極限溫度。 當具
體設計溫度在表列溫度間時，其許用應力允許採用直線插值， 但不允許採用外推值。
(b) Shear and Bearing. Allowable stress in shear shall be 0.57 times 𝑆𝑦𝑡 . Allowable stress in bearing shall be 1.0
times 𝑆𝑦𝑡 . See paragraph K302.3.2(b) for definition of 𝑆𝑦𝑡 . 剪切和承重。 許用剪切應力應為相同使用溫度下之降服強度𝑆𝑦𝑡 的
0.57 倍。承重許用應力應為相同使用溫度下之降服強度𝑆𝑦𝑡 的的1.0 倍。𝑆𝑦𝑡 的定義見 K302.3.2(b)。
(c) Compression. Allowable stress in compression shall be no greater than the allowable stress in tension
tabulated in Table K-1. Consideration shall be given to structural stability. 壓應力。 許用壓應力不應大於表 K-1 中所列許用
拉伸應力。 應考慮到結構穩定性。
(d) Fatigue. Allowable values of stress amplitude, which are provided as a function of design life in ASME
BPVC, Section VIII, Division 3, Article KD-3, may be used in fatigue analysis in accordance with paragraph K304.8. 疲勞。作
為設計壽命函數的 ASME BPVC 第 VIII-3卷第 KD-3條款提供了可用於按K304.8進行疲勞分析的應力允許幅值。
K302.3.2 Bases for Allowable Stresses. The bases for establishing allowable stress values for materials in this Chapter
are as follows: 許用應力基準。 用於確定本章材料許用應力值的依據如下所述：
(a) Bolting Materials. The criteria of ASME BPVC, Section II, Part D, Appendix 2, 2-120 or 2-130, or Section
VIII, Division 3, Article KD-6, KD-620, as applicable, apply. 螺栓材料。 螺栓材料之許用應力取至所示用所示用ASME
BPVC 第 II-D卷附錄 2、2-120 或 2-130 或第 VIII-3卷KD-6節中之KD-620條款的準則。
(b) Other Materials. Allowable stress values at temperature for materials other than bolting materials shall not
exceed the lower of the values calculated from eqs. (31a) and (31b). 𝑆𝑢𝑡 and 𝑆𝑦𝑡 shall be determined in accordance with eqs. (31d)
and (31c), except that 𝑆𝑢𝑡 and 𝑆𝑦𝑡 shall not exceed 𝑆𝑇 and 𝑆𝑌 , respectively. 其他材料。 除螺栓材料外，其他材料在計算溫度
下的許用應力值不應超過按式(31a) 和 (31b)之計算值中的較低值。應式 (31d) 和 (31c)確定 𝑆𝑢𝑡 和𝑆𝑦𝑡 ，但𝑆𝑢𝑡 和𝑆𝑦𝑡 不應分別
超過𝑆𝑇 和𝑆𝑌 。
(31a)
147
(31b)
(31c)
(31d)
𝑆𝑦𝑡 = 𝑆𝑌 RY
𝑆𝑢𝑡 = 1.1𝑆𝑇 RT
where式(31a) ~ (31d) 中所用運算符之定義如下所述
𝑅𝑇 = ratio of the average temperature dependent trend curve value of tensile strength to the room
𝑅𝑌
temperature tensile strength随平均温度变化的抗拉強度趨勢曲線值與室溫抗拉強度的比值
= ratio of the average temperature dependent trend curve value of yield strength to the room
temperature yield strength随平均温度变化的降服強度趨勢曲線值與室溫降服強度的比值
S
= allowable stress許用應力
𝑆𝑇
= specified minimum tensile strength at room temperature室溫下的最小規定抗拉強度
𝑆𝑢𝑡
= tensile strength at temperature 使用溫度下的抗拉強度
𝑆𝑌
= specified minimum yield strength at room temperature室溫下最小規定降服強度
𝑆𝑦𝑡 = yield strength at temperature 使用溫度下的降服強度
Unlisted Materials. For a material that conforms to paragraph K323.1.2, allowable stress values at temperature
shall be calculated in accordance with (b). 非表列材料。 符合 K323.1.2之非表列材料，其在使用溫度下的許用應
力值應按 (b)來確定之。
(1) Except as provided in (2), 𝑆𝑢𝑡 and 𝑆𝑦𝑡 shall be determined in accordance with eqs. (31d) and (31c),
respectively. 除如下 (2)的規定外，應分別按式(31d) 和 (31c)來確定𝑆𝑢𝑡 和𝑆𝑦𝑡 。
(2) If the tensile and yield strengths at temperature for an unlisted material are contained in ASME BPVC,
Section II, Part D, Tables U-1 and Y-1, respectively, those tensile and yield strengths at temperature values may be used
directly in the determination of allowable stress. 如果 ASME BPVC 第 II -D 卷表 U-1 和 Y-1 中分別包含了非表列材
料在使用溫度下的抗拉強度和降服強度，則在這些使用溫度下的抗拉強度和降服強度值可直接用於許用應力的
確定 。
(3) Cyclic Stresses. Allowable values of alternating stress shall be in accordance with ASME BPVC,
Section VIII, Division 3, Article KD-3. 循環應力。 交變應力的許用值應符合 ASME BPVC第 VIII-3 卷第 KD-3 章
的規定。
K302.3.3 Castings.1 Cast piping components shall conform to all of the following requirements:
1
See Notes to Tables 302.3.3C and 302.3.3D for titles of standards referenced herein. 請參閱表 302.3.3C 和 302.3.3D 的註釋，了解此處所引
用的標準名稱。
(a) All surfaces shall have a roughness average, 𝑅𝑎 , not greater than 6.3 μm 𝑅𝑎 (250 μin. 𝑅𝑎 ); see ASME B46.1
for a definition of 𝑅𝑎 . 所有表面的算術平均粗糙度𝑅𝑎 不應大於 6.3 μm (250 μin)； 有關 𝑅𝑎 的定義請參見 ASME B46.1。
(b) All nonferromagnetic surfaces shall be examined using the liquid penetrant method in accordance with ASTM
E165, with acceptability judged in accordance with MSS SP-93, Table 1. All ferromagnetic surfaces shall be examined using
either the liquid penetrant method or the magnetic particle method, in accordance with ASTM E165 or ASTM E709, respectively.
Acceptability of imperfections, including those in weld repairs, shall be judged in accordance with MSS SP-93, Table 1 or MSS
SP-53, Table 1, respectively. 所有非鐵磁表面均應按ASTM E165用液滲透法進行檢測，並按MSS SP-93 表 1來判定其可接
受性。所有鐵磁表面均應採用液滲透法或磁粉法進行檢測，其合格性分別見ASTM E165 或 ASTM E709。 缺陷的可接受
性，包括焊補缺陷，應分別按MSS SP-93 表 1 或 MSS SP-53 表 1 來判定。
(c) Each casting shall be fully examined either ultrasonically in accordance with ASTM E114 or radiographically
in accordance with ASTM E94. Cracks and hot tears (Cate gory D and E discontinuities in accordance with the standards
listed in Table K302.3.3D) and imperfections whose depths exceed 3% of nominal wall thickness are not permitted. Acceptable
severity levels for radiographic examination of castings shall be in accordance with Table K302.3.3D. 每個鑄件都應按 ASTM
E114 進行超聲波檢測或按ASTM E94 進行射線檢測。 裂紋和熱裂 (是指符合表 K302.3.3D 中所列標準的 D 類和 E 類不
連續性)和深度超過標稱壁厚 3% 的缺陷是不可接受的。 鑄件射線檢測的可接受嚴重級別應符合表 K302.3.3D。
Table K302.3.3D Acceptable Severity Levels for Steel Castings鑄鋼件的可接受嚴重級別
Thickness Examined, mm (in.)
T ≤ 51 (2)
51 < T ≤ 114 (4.5)
114 < T ≤ 305 (12)
Applicable Standards
適用標準
ASTM E446
ASTM E186
ASTM E280
Acceptable Severity Level
可接受嚴重級別
1
1
1
Acceptable Discontinuity Categories
可接受的不連續性類別
A, B, C
A, B, C
A, B, C
K302.3.4 Weld Joint Quality Factor. Piping components containing welds shall have a weld joint quality factor 𝐸𝑗 =
1.00 (see Table 302.3.4), except that the acceptance criteria for these welds shall be in accordance with paragraph K341.3.2.
Spiral (helical seam) welds are not permitted. 焊縫質量係數。 包含焊縫之管道構成元件應具有𝐸𝑗 = 1.00的焊接接頭質量係
148
數 (見表 302.3.4)，但這些焊縫的合格準則應是 K341.3.2所述準則。 不允許使用螺旋 (螺旋縫)焊縫。
K302.3.5 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Sustained Loads and Displacement Strains由持續載荷和位移應變
引起的計算應力極限
(a) Internal Pressure Stresses. Stresses due to internal pressure shall be considered safe when the wall thickness
of the piping component, and its means of stiffening, meet the requirements of paragraph K304. 內壓應力。 當管道構成元件的
壁厚及其加固方式滿足 K304的要求時，則應認為由內部壓力引起的應力是安全的。
(b) External Pressure Stresses. Stresses due to external pressure shall be considered safe when the wall thickness
of the piping component, and its means of stiffening, meet the requirements of paragraph K304. 外壓應力。 當管道構成元件的
壁厚及其加固方式滿足K304的要求時，則應認為由外部壓力引起的應力是安全的。
(c) Stresses Due to Sustained Loads, 𝑆𝐿 . The stresses due to sustained loads, 𝑆𝐿 , in any component in a piping
system (see paragraph K320) shall not exceed 𝑆ℎ , where 𝑆ℎ is the allowable stress provided in Table K-1 at the metal temperature
for the operating condition being considered. The thickness of pipe used in calculating 𝑆𝐿 shall be the nominal thickness minus the
mechanical, corrosion, and erosion allowance, c. 持續載荷引起的應力𝑆𝐿 。 管道系統之任何元件 (見第 K320 段)中由持續載
荷引起的應力 𝑆𝐿 不應超過𝑆ℎ ，此處𝑆ℎ 是表 K-1 中所慮操作條件及金屬溫度下的許用應力。 用於計算𝑆𝐿 的管道厚度應為
公稱厚度減去機加工、腐蝕和侵蝕裕量c 後的厚度。
(d) Allowable Displacement Stress Range, 𝑆𝐴 . The computed displacement stress range, 𝑆𝐸 , in a piping system
(see paragraph 319.4.4) shall not exceed the allowable displacement stress range, 𝑆𝐴 (see paragraph 319.2.3), calculated by許用位
移應力值域𝑆𝐴 。 在管道系統中按式 (32)所計算出的位移應力值域𝑆𝐸 (參見第 319.4.4 段)不應超過許用位移應力範圍𝑆𝐴 (參
見第 319.2.3 段)式。
𝑆𝐴 = 1.25Sc + 0.25𝑆ℎ
(32)
where式 (32) 中所用運算符之定義如下所述
𝑆c = allowable stress from Table K-1 at minimum metal temperature expected during the displacement
𝑆ℎ
cycle under analysis表 K-1 中在所分析之位移循環期間的預期最低金屬溫度下的許用應力
= allowable stress from Table K-1 at maximum metal temperature expected during the displacement
cycle under analysis表 K-1 中在所分析之位移循環期間的最預期大金屬溫度下的許用應力
K302.3.6 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Occasional Loads偶發載荷引起的計算應力限度
(a) Operation. Stresses due to occasional loads may be calculated using the equations for stress due to sustained
loads in paragraph K320.2. The sum of the stresses due to sustained loads, such as pressure and weight, 𝑆𝐿 , and of the stresses
produced by occasional loads, such as wind and earthquake, shall not exceed 1.2 times the allowable stress provided in Table K-1.
Wind and earthquake forces need not be considered as acting concurrently. 操作。 偶發載荷引起的應力可用 K320.2中針對由
持續載荷所引起之應力而給出的方程來進行求解。 由壓力和重量等持續載荷引起之應力 S_L 加上由風、地震等偶發載
荷產生之應力的總和不應超過表 K-1 中所規定之許用應力的 1.2 倍。 不需要將風力和地震力視為同時作用的偶發載荷。
(b) Test. Stresses due to test conditions are not subject to the limitations in paragraph K302.3. It is not necessary
to consider other occasional loads, such as wind and earthquake, as occurring concurrently with test loads. 測試。 測試條件引起
的應力不受 K302.3中的限制。 不必考慮與試驗載荷同時發生的其他偶發載荷，例如風和地震。
K302.4 Allowances裕量
In determining the minimum required thickness of a piping component, allowances shall be included for corrosion,
erosion, and thread or groove depth. See the definition of c in paragraph K304.1.1(b). 在確定管道構成元件的最小所需厚
度時，應包括腐蝕、侵蝕和螺紋或坡口深度的裕量。 參見 K304.1.1(b) 中 c 的定義。
K302.5 Mechanical Strength 機械強度
Paragraph 302.5 applies. 見302.5條款。
PART 2 PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS 第 2 篇 管道構成元件
的壓力設計
K303 GENERAL 通則
Components manufactured in accordance with standards listed in Table K326.1 shall be considered suitable for use at pressure–
temperature ratings in accordance with paragraph K302.2. 按表 K326.1所示標準製造之元件應被視為適合在符合K302.2 的壓
力-溫度額定值下使用。
K304 PRESSURE DESIGN OF HIGH PRESSURE COMPONENTS 高壓元件的壓力設計
K304.1 Straight Pipe 直鋼管
149
K304.1.1 General通則
(a)
The required wall thickness of straight sections of pipe shall be determined in accordance with eq. (33). 可按
式(33)來確定直鋼管段的所需壁厚 。
𝑡𝑚 = t + c
(33)
The minimum wall thickness, T, for the pipe selected, considering manufacturer’s minus tolerance, shall be
not less than 𝑡𝑚 . 基於製造商考能提供負公差之鋼管材，因而在訂購鋼管材時應指名其最小壁厚 T 不應小於𝑡𝑚 。
(b)
The following nomenclature is used in the equation for pressure design of straight pipe: 直鋼管壓力設計公
式中所用運算符之定義如下所述：
c = 𝑐𝑖 + 𝑐𝑜
= the sum of mechanical allowances2 (thread or groove depth) plus corrosion and erosion
allowances (where 𝑐𝑖 = the sum of internal allowances and 𝑐𝑜 = the sum of external allowances).
For threaded components, the nominal thread depth (dimension h of ASME B1.20.1 or
equivalent) shall apply, except that for straight threaded connections, the external thread groove
depth need not be considered provided機加工裕量 (螺紋或坡口深度)加上腐蝕和侵蝕裕量的
總和 (其中𝑐𝑖 = 內部裕量的 總和，𝑐𝑖 = 外部裕量的總和)。 螺紋元件之裕量應為公稱螺紋
深度 (ASME B1.20.1 的尺寸 h 或同等標準)，但對於直螺紋接頭，外螺紋槽深度無需考
慮，前提是滿足下列條件
2 For machined surfaces or grooves where the tolerance is not specified, the tolerance shall be assumed to be 0.5 mm
(0.02 in.) in addition to the specified depth of the cut. 對於未規定公差的機加工面或坡口，除所規定的切削深度外
，公差應假定為 0.5 mm (0.02 in.)。
(1) it does not exceed 20% of the wall thickness不超過壁厚的20%
(2) the ratio of outside to inside diameter, D/d, is greater than 1.1外/內徑 (D/d)之比值
大於 1.1
(3) the internally threaded attachment provides adequate reinforcement 內螺紋附件提
供了足夠的加固
(4) the thread plus the undercut area, if any, does not extend beyond the reinforcement
for a distance more than the nominal wall thickness of the pipe螺紋加上倒凹區 (
t
如果有的話)之長度超出加固的距離不大於該鋼管材的標稱壁厚
= pressure design wall thickness, as calculated in paragraph K304.1.2 for internal pressure, or in
accordance with the procedure listed in paragraph K304.1.3 for external pressure內壓作用下
按K304.1.2所出計算之壓力設計壁厚，或外壓作用下按 K304.1.3所述程序計算出的壓力
設計壁厚
𝑡𝑚 = minimum required wall thickness, including mechanical, corrosion, and erosion allowances
將機加工、腐蝕和侵蝕等裕量包括在內的所需最小壁厚
Adequate reinforcement by the attachment is defined as that necessary to ensure that the static burst pressure
of the connection will equal or exceed that of the unthreaded portion of the pipe. The adequacy of the
reinforcement shall be substantiated as required by paragraph K304.7.2. 附件的适当加固被定義必須確保接合
處之靜爆破壓力 ≥ 該鋼管材無螺纹部分的靜爆破壓力。 應按K304.7.2的要求來驗證加固的充分性。
K304.1.2 Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure. The internal pressure design wall thickness, t, shall be not less than
that calculated in accordance with eq. (34a) for pipe with a specified outside diameter and minimum wall thickness, or eq. (34b)
for pipe with a specified inside diameter and minimum wall thickness 3 承受內壓之直鋼管。 對於具有指定外徑和最小壁厚之
鋼管材而言，其內壓設計壁厚t 應不小於按式 (34a) 所計算出的值。對於具有指定內徑和最小壁厚之鋼管材而言，則其內
壓設計壁厚t 應不小於按式 (34b) 所計算出的值。
3 Any mechanical, corrosion, or erosion allowance, c, not specified as internal, 𝑐 , or external, 𝑐 , shall be assumed to be internal, i.e., c = 𝑐 and
𝑖
𝑜
𝑖
𝑐𝑜 = 0. 任何未指定為內部𝑐𝑖 或外部𝑐𝑜 的機加工、腐蝕或侵蝕等裕量之綜合 c 應假定為內部裕量，即c = 𝑐𝑖 和𝑐𝑜 = 0。
(34a)
or或者
(34b)
Alternatively, the internal design gage pressure, P, may be calculated by eq. (35a) or (35b)3 此外還可用式(35a) 或
(35b)來計算內部設計表壓 P 。
150
(35a)
or或
(35b)
where 式(34a) 、(34b)、(35a)和(35b) 中所用運算符之定義如下所述
D = outside diameter of pipe. For design calculations in accordance with this Chapter, the outside
diameter of the pipe is the maximum value allowable under the specifications. 鋼管材之外徑。 按
d
本章規定進行設計計算時，鋼管材之外徑為該材料規範的最大容許值。
= inside diameter of pipe. For design calculations in accordance with this Chapter, the inside diameter
of the pipe is the maximum value allowable under the specifications. 鋼管材之內徑。 按本章規定
進行設計計算時，鋼管材之內徑為該材料規範的最大容許值。
P
= internal design gage pressure內部設計表壓
S
= allowable stress from Table K-1 取至表 K-1 中的許用應力
T
= pipe wall thickness (measured or minimum in accordance with the purchase specification) 鋼管材之
壁厚 (取測量值或採購規格中的最小值)
K304.1.3 Straight Pipe Under External Pressure. The pressure design thickness for straight pipe under external
pressure shall be determined in accordance with paragraph K304.1.2. Straight pipe under external pressure shall also meet the
criteria against buckling given in ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 3, Article KD-2, KD-222. 承受外壓之直鋼管。 按
K304.1.2來確定承受外壓之直鋼管的壓力設計厚度。承受外壓之直鋼管還應滿足 ASME BPVC 第 VIII-3卷第 KD-2章
KD-222 中給出的抗挫曲準則。
K304.2 Curved and Mitered Segments of Pipe 由鋼管所製成的彎曲管段和斜接管段
K304.2.1 Pipe Bends. The minimum required wall thickness, 𝑡𝑚 , of a bend, after bending, may be determined as for
straight pipe in accordance with paragraph K304.1, provided that the bend radius of the pipe centerline is equal to or greater than
ten times the nominal pipe outside diameter and the tolerances and strain limits of paragraph K332 are met. Otherwise the design
shall be qualified as required by paragraph K304.7.2. 彎管。 如果鋼管中心線的彎曲半徑 ≥ 其公稱外徑的10倍且滿足 K332
的公差和應變限制時，則彎曲後的最小所需壁厚𝑡𝑚 可按 K304.1將其視為直管來確定， 否則，設计应符合K304.7.2之要
求。
K304.2.2 Elbows. Manufactured elbows not in accordance with paragraph K303 and pipe bends not in accordance with
paragraph K304.2.1 shall be qualified as required by paragraph K304.7.2. 彎頭。 不符合 K303 的彎頭和不符合 K304.2.1 的彎
管应符合K304.7.2之要求。
K304.2.3 Miter Bends. Miter bends are not permitted. 斜接彎頭。 不允許採用斜接彎頭。
K304.2.4 Curved Segments of Pipe Under External Pressure. The wall thickness of curved segments of pipe
subjected to external pressure may be determined as specified for straight pipe in paragraph K304.1.3. 外壓作用下用鋼管所製成
的彎曲管段。 可按K304.1.3對直管的規定來確定承受外部壓力之彎曲管段的壁厚。
K304.3 Branch Connections 支管連接件
K304.3.1 General. Acceptable branch connections include a fitting in accordance with paragraph K303, an extruded
outlet in accordance with paragraph 304.3.4, or a branch connection fitting (see paragraph 300.2) similar to that shown in Figure
K328.5.4. 通則。 可接受的支管連接件包括符合K303 的管配件、符合304.3.4 的擠製引出口或類似於圖 K328.5.4 所示的
支管連接配件 (參見300.2)。
K304.3.2 Strength of Branch Connections支管連接件之強度
(a) The opening made for a branch connection reduces both static and fatigue strength of the run pipe. There
shall be sufficient material in the branch connection to contain pressure and meet reinforcement requirements. 用於支管連接的
開孔同時降低了主管的靜強度和疲勞強度。 支管連接處應有足夠的材料來承受壓力並滿足加固要求。
(b) Static pressure design of a branch connection not in accordance with paragraph K303 shall conform to
paragraph 304.3.4 for an extruded outlet or shall be qualified as required by paragraph K304.7.2. 不符合 K303的支管接頭，其
靜壓設計應符合304.3.4對擠製引出口的要求或应符合K304.7.2之要求。
K304.3.3 Reinforcement of Welded Branch Connections. Branch connections made as provided in paragraph 304.3.3
are not permitted. 焊接支管連接件的加固。 不允許採用按304.3.3之規定所製作的支管接頭。
K304.4 Closures 封頭
(a)
Closures not in accordance with paragraph K303 or (b) below shall be qualified as required by paragraph
151
K304.7.2.不符合以下 K303 或 如下(b) 的封頭应符合K304.7.2之要求。
(b) Closures may be designed in accordance with the methods, allowable stresses, and temperature limits of
ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 2 or Division 3, and ASME BPVC, Section II, Part D. 可根據 ASME BPVC 第 VIII -2 卷
或第VIII-3以及 ASME BPVC 第-D卷的方法、許用應力和溫度限度來設計封頭。
K304.5 Pressure Design of Flanges and Blanks 法蘭和盲板的壓力設計
K304.5.1 Flanges — General法蘭壓力設計通則
(a) Flanges not in accordance with paragraph K303 or (b) below shall be qualified as required by paragraph
K304.7.2. 不符合 K303 或如下 (b) 的法蘭應应符合K304.7.2之要求。
(b) A flange may be designed in accordance with the methods, allowable stresses, and temperature limits of
ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 2, Part 4, paragraph 4.16, or Part 5, or Division 3, Article KD-6, and ASME BPVC, Section
II, Part D. 法蘭可按ASME BPVC 第 VIII - 2卷第 4篇第 4.16條款或第 5 篇或第 VIII -3卷第 KD-6 章和ASME BPVC第 II-D
卷的方法、許用應力和溫度限度來進行設計。
K304.5.2 Blind Flanges盲法蘭
(a) Blind flanges not in accordance with paragraph K303 or (b) or (c) below shall be qualified as required by
paragraph K304.7.2. 不符合 K303或如下 (b)或 (c)之盲法蘭应符合K304.7.2之要求。
(b) A blind flange may be designed in accordance with eq. (36). The thickness of the flange selected shall be not
less than 𝑡𝑚 (see paragraph K304.1.1 for nomenclature), considering manufacturing tolerance盲法蘭的最小所需厚度可按式
(36)來計算之。 所選法蘭厚度應不小於計及製造公差後的最小所需厚度𝑡𝑚 (𝑡𝑚 的定義見K304.1.1)。
𝑡𝑚 = t + c
(36)
The methods, allowable stresses, and temperature limits of ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 2, Part 4,
paragraph 4.6 may be used, with the following changes in nomenclature, to calculate 𝑡𝑚 : 可以採用 ASME BPVC 第
VIII -2卷第 4篇第 4.6 章的方法、許用應力和溫度限度來計算𝑡𝑚 ，但所用運算符之定義有如下變更：
c
t
= sum of mechanical allowances, defined in paragraph K304.1.1 加工裕量的總和，其定義見
K304.1.1
= pressure design thickness as calculated for the given style of blind flange using the appropriate
equation of ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 2, Part 4, paragraph 4.6 利用 ASME BPVC第 VIII
(c)
-2卷第 4篇第 4.6 章針對給定盲法蘭類型適用方程而計算出的壓力設計厚度
A blind flange may be designed in accordance with the rules, allowable stresses, and temperature limits of
ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 3, Article KD-6 and ASME BPVC, Section II, Part D.可按ASME BPVC 第 VIII-3 卷第
KD-6章和 ASME BPVC 第 II-D卷的規則、許用應力和溫度限度來設計盲法蘭。
K304.5.3 Blanks. Design of blanks shall be in accordance with paragraph 304.5.3(b), except that E shall be 1.00 and the
definitions of S and c shall be in accordance with paragraph K304.1.1. 盲板。 盲板設計應符合 304.5.3(b)之要求，但 E 應取值
為為 1.00 且 S 和 c 的定義應符合 K304.1.1。
K304.6 Reducers大小頭
Reducers not in accordance with paragraph K303 shall be qualified as required by paragraph K304.7.2.不符合K303之
大小頭应符合K304.7.2之要求。
K304.7 Pressure Design of Other Components 其他元件的壓力設計
K304.7.1 Listed Components. Other pressure-containing components manufactured in accordance with standards in
Table K326.1 may be utilized in accordance with paragraph K303. 表列元件。 案表 K326.1 中所示標準製造的其他承壓元件
可在符合K303之規定下使用。
K304.7.2 Unlisted Components. Pressure design of unlisted components to which the rules elsewhere in paragraph
K304 do not apply shall be based on the pressure design criteria of this Chapter. The designer shall ensure that the pressure design
has been substantiated through one or more of the means stated in (a), (b), and (c) below. Note that designs are also required to be
checked for adequacy of mechanical strength as described in paragraph K302.5. 非表列元件。 K304下之各條款均不適用之非
表列元件的壓力設計應基於本章的壓力設計準則。 設計者應確保壓力設計的正確性已通過以下 (a)、(b) 和 (c) 中所述的
一或多種方式得到證實。 請注意，還需要校核設計是否具有如K302.5 所述的足夠機械強度。
(a) extensive, successful service experience under comparable design conditions with similarly proportioned
components made of the same or like material. 用相同或类似材料所制作之相似比例的元件， 在在可比条件下具有广泛成功
的使用经验。
(b) performance testing sufficient to substantiate both the static pressure design and fatigue life at the intended
operating conditions. Static pressure design may be substantiated by demonstrating that failure or excessive plastic deformation
does not occur at a pressure equivalent to two times the internal design pressure, P. The test pressure shall be two times the design
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pressure multiplied by the ratio of allowable stress at test temperature to the allowable stress at design temperature, and by the
ratio of actual yield strength to the specified minimum yield strength at room temperature from Table K-1. 足以證明在預期操作
條件下的靜壓設計和疲勞壽命的性能測試。 靜壓設計可通過在等於內部設計壓力 P 兩倍的壓力下不會發生失效或過度
塑性變形的例證來證實。測試壓力應為設計壓力的兩倍乘以測試溫度下之許用應力比與設計溫度下許用應力的比值，再
乘以實際降服強度與規定室溫下之最小降服強度的比值(见表K-1)。
(c) detailed stress analysis (e.g., finite element method) with results evaluated as described in ASME BPVC,
Section VIII, Division 3, Article KD-2, except that for linear elastic analysis, the Division 3 stress intensity limits due to
combined sustained and occasional loads may be increased by the same factor applied in paragraph K302.3.6(a). 詳細的應力分
析 (例如有限元法)，分析結果按 ASME BPVC 第 VIII- 3卷第 KD-2章中所述進行評估，由於線性彈性分析是採用第 VIII3卷中由持續和偶發載荷的組合引起的的應力強度極限來進行分析的，因此該應力強度限值可按 K302.3.6(a)所應用之相
同係數增加。
(d) for (a), (b), and (c) above, interpolations supported by analysis are permitted between sizes, wall thicknesses,
and pressure classes, as well as analogies among related materials with supporting material property data. Extrapolation is not
permitted. 對於上述 (a)、(b) 和 (c)，允許在尺寸、壁厚和壓力等級之間進行有分析論證的插值，以及具有材料特性數據
之相關材料間的類比，但不允許採用外推法。
K304.7.3 Components with Nonmetallic Parts. Gaskets, packing, seals, and valve seats that meet the applicable
requirements of paragraph A302.1 may be used. Other nonmetallic parts are not permitted. 帶有非金屬零部件之元件。 除滿足
A302.1相應要求之墊片、填料、密封件和閥座可採用外， 不允許採用其他非金屬零部件。
K304.7.4 Expansion Joints. Expansion joints are not permitted. 膨脹節。 不允許採用膨脹節。
K304.8 Fatigue Analysis 疲勞分析
K304.8.1 General. A fatigue analysis shall be performed on each piping system, including all components 4 and joints
therein, and considering the stresses resulting from attachments, to determine its suitability for the cyclic operating conditions5
specified in the engineering design. Except as permitted in (a) and (b) below, or in paras. K304.8.4 and K304.8.5, this analysis
shall be in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 3. 6 The cyclic conditions shall include pressure variations as
well as thermal variations or displacement stresses. The requirements of paragraph K304.8 are in addition to the requirements for
a flexibility analysis stated in paragraph K319. No formal fatigue analysis is required in systems that通則。 應對每一管道系統 (
包括其中的所有元件和接頭)進行疲勞分析，並考慮由附件所產生的應力，以確定其對工程設計中所規定之循環運行條
件的適用性。 除非下文 (a) 和 (b) 或K304.8.4 和 K304.8.5所允許者，否則此種分析應符合 ASME BPVC第 VIII -2和VIII -3
卷的規定。循環條件應包括壓力變化以及熱變化或位移應力。 K304.8的要求是對 K319中可撓性分析要求的補充。 凡具
有下列情況之系統不需要形式疲勞分析
4 Bore imperfections may reduce fatigue life. 孔缺陷可能會縮短疲勞壽命。
5
If the range of temperature change varies, equivalent full temperature cycles N may be computed using eq. (1d) in paragraph 302.3.5. 如果溫度波動值
域產生變化，等效全溫度循環 N 可按302.3.5中的式 (1d)來計算之 。
6 Fatigue analysis in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 3 requires that stress concentration factors be used in computing the cyclic
stresses. 根據 ASME BPVC第 VIII -3 卷進行的疲勞分析要求在計算循環應力時採用應力集中係數。
(a) are duplicates of successfully operating installations or replacements without significant change of systems
with a satisfactory service record or複製於具有滿意運行記錄之成功運行裝置或對該系統沒有進行重大變更的更換，或者
(b) can readily be judged adequate by comparison with previously analyzed systems與之前已分析過之系統相
比，，可以很容易地判断其具有足够的疲勞強度
K304.8.2 Amplitude of Alternating Stress 交變應力振幅
(a) The values of the alternating stress intensity, the associated mean stress, and the equivalent alternating stress
intensity shall be determined in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 3, Articles KD-2 and KD-3. The allowable
amplitude of the equivalent alternating stress shall be determined from the applicable design fatigue curve in Article KD-3. 交變
應力強度、應按ASME BPVC第 VIII - 3 卷第 KD-2 和 KD-3章來確定相關平均應力和等效交變應力強度的值。 等效交變
應力的許用幅值應按KD-3章中的相應設計疲勞曲線來確定之。
(b) If it can be shown that the piping component will fail in a leak-before-burst mode, the number of design
cycles (design fatigue life) may be calculated in accordance with either ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 3, Article KD-3 or
Article KD-4. If a leak-before-burst mode of failure cannot be shown, the fracture mechanics evaluation outlined in Article KD-4
shall be used to determine the number of design cycles of the component. 如果可以證明管道構成元件的失效模式為先洩後爆
，則可按 ASME BPVC 第 VIII-3卷第 KD-3章或第 KD-4章來計算設計循環次數 (設計疲勞壽命) 。 如果失效模式不是先
洩後爆，則應採用第 KD-4章中所概述之斷裂力學評估來確定該元件的設計循環次數。
(c) Additional Considerations. The designer is cautioned that the considerations listed in paragraph K302.1 may
reduce the fatigue life of the component below the value predicted by paragraph (a) or (b) above. 其他注意事項。 設計人員應
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注意，K302.1中所列注意事項可能會將原件的疲勞壽命降低到上述 (a) 或 (b) 的預測值以下。
K304.8.3 Pressure Stress Evaluation for Fatigue Analysis疲勞分析的壓應力評估
(a) For fatigue analysis of straight pipe, eq. (37) may be used to calculate the stress intensity7 at the inside
surface due only to internal pressure對於直鋼管材的疲勞分析，方程 (37) 可用於計算僅由內部壓力在內表面引起的應力強
度
7 The term “stress intensity” is defined in ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 3. 術語“應力強度”之定義見ASME BPVC 第 VIII-3
卷。
(37)
(b) For fatigue analysis of curved pipe, eq. (37) may be used, with the dimensions of the straight pipe from which
it was formed, to calculate the maximum stress intensity at the inside surface due only to internal pressure, provided that the
centerline bend radius is not less than ten times the nominal outside diameter of the pipe, and that the tolerance and strain limits of
paragraph K332 are met. Bends of smaller radius shall be qualified as required by paragraph K304.7.2. 對於彎管的疲勞分析，
只要中心線彎曲半徑不小於該鋼管材之標稱外徑的十倍，並且滿足K332 的公差和應變限度，則方程 (37) 可採直鋼管尺
寸來計算僅由內部壓力在內表面引起的最大應力強度。 較小半徑的彎頭則應符合K304.7.2之要求。
(c) If the value of S calculated by eq. (37) exceeds two times 𝑆𝑦𝑡 at the average temperature during the loading
cycle, an inelastic analysis shall be performed. See paragraph K302.3.2(b) for the definition of 𝑆𝑦𝑡 . 如果由式(37)所計算出的S值
超過載荷循環期間之平均溫度下之降服強度𝑆𝑦𝑡 的兩倍，則應進行非彈性分析。 𝑆𝑦𝑡 的定義見 K302.3.2(b) 。
K304.8.4 Fatigue Evaluation by Test. with the owner’s approval, the design fatigue life of a component may be
established by destructive testing in accordance with paragraph K304.7.2 in lieu of the above analysis requirements. 疲勞測試評
估。 經業主批准，可按 K304.7.2的破壞性試驗來確定元件的設計疲勞壽命，以代替上述分析要求。
K304.8.5 Extended Fatigue Life. The design fatigue life of piping components may be extended beyond that
determined by ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 3, Article KD-3 by the use of one of the following methods, provided that
the component is qualified in accordance with paragraph K304.7.2: 延長疲勞壽命。 管道構成元件的設計疲勞壽命可以通過
採用以下方法之一延長到 ASME BPVC 第 VIII-3卷第 KD-3 章所確定的設計疲勞壽命之外，前提是該元件已按K304.7.2
之要求獲得了認可 :
(a) surface treatments, such as improved surface finish表面處理，例如改善表面光潔度
(b) prestressing methods, such as autofrettage, shot peening, or shrink fit預應力方法，例如自增強、噴丸或熱
套配合
The designer is cautioned that the benefits of prestress may be reduced due to thermal, strain softening, or other
effects. 設計師要注意，由於熱、應變軟化或其他影響，預應力的好處可能會降低。
Strain softening is deterioration of material strength with increasing strain
PART 3 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS 第 3
篇 流體工況中所用管道構成元件的要求
K305 PIPE 鋼管材
Pipe includes components designated as tube or tubing in the material specification, when intended for pressure service. 當用於壓
力工況時，鋼管材包括了材料規範中指定為管子或鋼管的元件。
Table K305.1.2 Required Ultrasonic or Eddy Current Examination of Pipe and Tubing for Longitudinal
Defects管子或鋼管中之縱向缺陷的所需超聲波檢測或渦流檢測
Diameter直徑, mm (in.)
d < 3.2 (1⁄8) or D < 6.4 (1⁄4)
Examination Required所需檢測
None無要求
3.2 (1⁄8) ≤ d ≤ 17.5 (11⁄16) and 6.4 (1⁄4) ≤ D ≤ 25.4 (1)
Eddy current渦流 (ET) [Note (1)] or
Ultrasonic (UT)
d > 17.5 (11⁄16) or D > 25.4 (1)
Ultrasonic超聲波 (UT)
NOTE: (1) This examination is limited to cold drawn austenitic stainless-steel pipe and tubing.
注：(1) 此一檢測僅限於冷拔奧氏體不銹鋼管材。
Paragraph Reference參考條款
…
K344.8 or K344.6
K344.6
K305.1 Requirements 要求
K305.1.1 General. Pipe and tubing shall be either seamless or longitudinally welded with straight seam and a joint
quality factor 𝐸𝑗 = 1.00, examined in accordance with Note (2) of Table K341.3.2. Spiral (helical seam) welds are not permitted.
通則。 管子和鋼管應為無縫或縱向直焊縫，接頭質量係數𝐸𝑗 = 1.00，按表 K341.3.2 中注 (2)進行檢測。不允許使用有螺
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旋 (螺旋縫)焊縫之管子或鋼管。
K305.1.2 Additional Examination. Pipe and tubing shall have passed a 100% examination for longitudinal defects in
accordance with Table K305.1.2. This examination is in addition to acceptance tests required by the material specification. 附加
檢測。 管子和鋼管應按表 K305.1.2 對縱向焊縫進行 100% 檢測以確認是否存在著缺陷縱向。 種種檢測是對材料規範所
要求的驗收測試的補充。
K305.1.3 Heat Treatment. Heat treatment, if required, shall be in accordance with paragraph K331.熱處理。 如果需
要時，則應按 K331的規定進行熱處理。
K305.1.4 Unlisted Pipe and Tubing. Unlisted pipe and tubing may be used only in accordance with paragraph
K302.2.3. 非表列鋼管和管子。 非表列鋼管和管子僅能在符合 K302.2.3 之要求下才可使用。
K306 FITTINGS, BENDS, AND BRANCH CONNECTIONS 管配件、彎頭和支管連接件
Pipe and other materials used in fittings, bends, and branch connections shall be suitable for the manufacturing or fabrication
process and otherwise suitable for the service. 管配件、彎頭和支管連接件中所用鋼管材和其他材料應適於製造或成行加工
法，此外，尚須適用於預期工況。
K306.1 Pipe Fittings 管配件
K306.1.1 General. All castings shall have examination and acceptance criteria in accordance with paragraph K302.3.3.
All welds shall have a weld quality factor 𝐸𝑗 = 1.00, with examination and acceptance criteria in accordance with paras. K341
through K344. Spiral (helical seam) welds are not permitted. Listed fittings may be used in accordance with paragraph K303.
Unlisted fittings may be used only in accordance with paragraph K302.2.3. 通則。 所有鑄件之檢測和合格準則都應符合
K302.3.3 的規定。 所有焊縫之質量係數 E_j均應等於1.00，焊縫檢測和其合格準則應符合 K341 到 K344的相應規定。 所
有鑄件中不允許有螺旋 (螺旋縫)焊縫。 可使用K303中所列管配件。 非表列管配件僅能在符合 K302.2.3之要求下方可使
用。
K306.1.2 Specific Fittings特殊管配件
(a) Socket welding fittings are not permitted. 不允許採用承插焊管配件。
(b) Threaded fittings are permitted only in accordance with paragraph K314. 僅當符合 K314之要求時才允許使
用螺紋配件。
(c)
Branch connection fittings (see paragraph 300.2) whose design has been performance tested successfully as
required by paragraph K304.7.2(b) may be used within their established ratings. 已按K304.7.2(b)的要求成功功過性能測試之支
管連接配件 (參見300.2)的設計，可在其既定額定值內使用。
K306.2 Pipe Bends 彎管
K306.2.1 General. A bend made in accordance with paragraph K332.2 and verified for pressure design in accordance
with paragraph K304.2.1 shall be suitable for the same service as the pipe from which it is made. 通則。 按K332.2製作並按
K304.2.1成功通過驗證性壓力設計之彎頭應適用於用於製造它之鋼管材的相同工況。
K306.2.2 Corrugated and Other Bends. Bends of other design (such as creased or corrugated) are not permitted. 波紋
彎頭和其他彎頭。 不允許採用其他設計的彎曲 (例如摺紋彎頭或波紋彎頭)。
K306.3 Miter Bends 斜接彎頭
Miter bends are not permitted. 不允許採用斜接彎頭。
K306.4 Fabricated or Flared Laps 組合式或擴口搭接短管
Only forged laps are permitted. 僅允許採用鍛造搭接短管。
K306.5 Fabricated Branch Connections 組合式支管連接件
Fabricated branch connections constructed by welding shall be fabricated in accordance with paragraph K328.5.4 and
examined in accordance with paragraph K341.4. 通過焊接所建構而成之組合式支管連接件應分別按K328.5.4和K341.4
之規定進行製造和檢測。
K307 VALVES AND SPECIALTY COMPONENTS 閥門和特殊元件
The following requirements for valves shall also be met, as applicable, by other pressure-containing piping components, e.g.,
traps, strainers, and separators. See also Appendix F, paras. F301.4 and F307. 如果採用時，其他承壓管道構成元件 (例如祛水
器、過濾器和分離器)也應滿足下列閥門要求。 另見附錄 F中第 F301.4 和 F307條款。
K307.1 General通則
K307.1.1 Listed Valves. A listed valve is suitable for use in High Pressure Fluid Service, except as stated in paragraph
K307.2. 表列閥門。 表列閥門適用於高壓流體工況，但 K307.2中規定的除外。
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K307.1.2 Unlisted Valves. Unlisted valves may be used only in accordance with paragraph K302.2.3. 非表列閥門。 非
表列閥門僅能在符合K302.2.3之要求下方可使用。
K307.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
K307.2.1 Bonnet Bolting. The bonnets of bolted bonnet valves shall be secured to their bodies by at least four bolts. 閥
蓋螺栓。 用螺栓將閥蓋連接到閥體的閥蓋應至少用四根螺栓固定在閥體上。
K307.2.2 Stem Retention. Paragraph 307.2.2 applies. 阀杆固位件。 見307.2.2條款。
K308 FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, AND GASKETS 法蘭、盲板、法蘭密封面和墊片
K308.1 General通則
Pressure design of unlisted flanges shall be verified in accordance with paragraph K304.5.1 or qualified as required by
paragraph K304.7.2. 非表列法蘭的壓力設計應按 K304.5.1之要求進行驗證或按 K304.7.2之的要求獲得認可。
K308.2 Specific Flanges 特殊法蘭
K308.2.1 Threaded Flanges. Threaded flanges may be used only within the limitations on threaded joints in paragraph
K314. 螺紋法蘭。 螺紋法蘭只能在 K314對螺紋接頭的限制範圍內使用。
K308.2.2 Other Flange Types. Slip-on, socket welding, and expanded joint flanges, and flanges for flared laps, are not
permitted. 其他法蘭類型。 不允許採用滑套、承插焊和脹管接頭法蘭以及與擴口搭接短管一起使用的法蘭。
K308.3 Flange Facings 法蘭密封面
The flange facing shall be suitable for the service and for the gasket and bolting employed. 法蘭密封面應適用於預期
工況並應與所用墊片和螺栓連接件相匹配。
K308.4 Gaskets 墊片
Gaskets shall be selected so that the required seating load is compatible with the flange rating and facing, the strength of
the flange, and its bolting. Materials shall be suitable for the service conditions. Mode of gasket failure shall be considered
in gasket selection and joint design. 墊片的選擇應使所需壓緊載荷與法蘭等級和密封面、法蘭強度及其螺栓相匹配。
材料應適合使用工況。 在墊片選擇和接頭設計中應計及墊片失效模式。
K308.5 Blanks 盲板
Blanks shall have a marking, identifying material, pressure–temperature rating, and size, that is visible after installation.
盲板應有用於識別材料、壓力-溫度額定值和規格的標記，且該標記於安裝後仍需可見。
K309 BOLTING 螺栓連接件
Bolting, including bolts, bolt studs, studs, cap screws, nuts, and washers, shall meet the requirements of ASME BPVC, Section
VIII, Division 2, Part 3, paragraph 3.7; Part 4, paragraph 4.16; and Part 5, paragraph 5.7. See also Appendix F, paragraph F309, of
this Code. 螺栓連接件包括了應滿足 ASME BPVC 第 VIII-2 卷第 3 篇第 3.7 章、 第 4 篇第 4.16章； 第 5 篇第 5.7章之相應
要求的螺栓、雙頭螺栓、螺柱、帶頭螺釘、螺母和華司。 另見本規範附錄 F中F309條款。
PART 4 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING JOINTS 第 4 篇 流體
工況中所用管道接頭的要求
K310 GENERAL 通則
Joints shall be suitable for the fluid handled, and for the pressure–temperature and other mechanical loadings expected in service.
接頭應適用於所輸送之流體，以及壓力-溫度和預期使用中的其他機械載荷。
Factors such as assembly and disassembly (if applicable), cyclic loading, vibration, shock, bending, and thermal expansion and
contraction of joints shall be considered in the engineering design. 工程設計應顧及到接頭的裝拆 (如有時)、循環載荷、振動
、衝擊、彎曲、熱脹冷縮等因素。
K311 WELDED JOINTS 焊接接頭
K311.1 General通則
Welds shall conform to the following: 焊縫應符合以下要求：
(a) Welding shall be in accordance with paragraph K328. 焊接應符合K3285之規定。
(b) Preheating and heat treatment shall be in accordance with paras. K330 and K331, respectively. 預熱和熱處理
應分別符合 K330 和 K331之規定。
(c) Examination shall be in accordance with paragraph K341.4, with acceptance criteria as shown in Table
K341.3.2. 檢測應符合K341.4 的規定，而檢測合格準則如表 K341.3.2 所示。
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K311.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
K311.2.1 Backing Rings and Consumable Inserts. Backing rings shall not be used. Consumable inserts shall not be
used in butt welded joints except when specified by the engineering design. 衬环和可熔性嵌条。 不應使用衬环。 除非工程設
計另有規定，否則不應在對焊接頭中使用可熔性嵌条。
K311.2.2 Fillet Welds. Fillet welds may be used only for structural attachments in accordance with the requirements of
paras. K321 and K328.5.2. 填角焊縫。 填角焊縫僅能用於符合第K321 和 K328.5.2的結構附件。
K311.2.3 Other Weld Types. Socket welds and seal welds are not permitted. 其他焊縫類型。 不允許進行承插焊和
密封焊。
K312 FLANGED JOINTS 法蘭接頭
Flanged joints shall be selected for leak tightness, considering the requirements of paragraph K308, flange facing finish, and
method of attachment. See also paragraph F312. 應在顧及到K308之要求、法蘭表面光潔度和連接方法下來選用法蘭接頭以
保證密封性。 另見 F312。
K312.1 Joints Using Flanges of Different Ratings 使用不同額定值之法蘭的接頭
Paragraph 312.1 applies. 見312.1條款。
K313 EXPANDED JOINTS 脹接接頭
Expanded joints are not permitted. 不允許使用脹接接頭。
K314 THREADED PIPE JOINTS 螺紋管接頭
For the purposes of this paragraph, “pipe” does not include tube or tubing. 就本條款而言，“鋼管”不包括管子或管料。
K314.1 General通則
Except as provided in paras. K314.2 and K314.3, threaded pipe joints are not permitted. 除K314.2 和 K314.3所提者外
，否則不允許使用螺紋管接頭。
(a) Layout of piping shall be such as to minimize strain on threaded joints that could adversely affect sealing. 管
道的佈置應盡量減少可能對密封性產生不利影響之螺紋接頭上的應變。
(b) Supports shall be designed to control or minimize strain and vibration on threaded joints and seals. 支承件的
設計應能控製螺紋接頭和密封件上的應變和振動或將之最小化。
K314.2 Taper-Threaded Pipe Joints 錐管螺紋接頭
(a) Taper-threaded pipe joints shall be used only for instrumentation, vents, drains, and similar purposes, and shall
be not larger than DN 15 (NPS 1⁄2). 錐管螺紋接頭只能用於儀表、通風、排水和類似用途，並且不應大於 DN 15 (NPS 1⁄2)
。
(b) The nominal wall thickness of piping components with external taper threads shall be at least as thick as that
specified for Schedule 160 in ASME B36.10M. 帶外錐管螺紋之管道構成元件的標稱壁厚應至少與 ASME B36.10M 中隊
Sch.60所規定的厚度一樣厚。
K314.3 Straight-Threaded Pipe Joints 直螺紋管接頭
K314.3.1 Joints with Seal Formed by Projecting Pipe. Threaded joints where the threads are used to attach flanges or
fittings, and in which the pipe end projects through the flange or fitting and is machined to form the sealing surface with a lens
ring, cone ring, the mating pipe end, or other similar sealing device, may be used. Such joints shall be qualified in accordance
with paragraph K304.7.2. 由帶有突出管形成密封的接頭。可以採用螺紋用於連接法蘭或管配件之螺紋接頭，此種解頭允
許管端穿過法蘭或管配件並加工成與透鏡環、錐形環、配合管端或其他類似密封裝置形成密封面 。 此類接頭應根據
K304.7.2的要求並通過K304.7.2(a) ~ (d)獲得認可。
K314.3.2 Other Straight-Threaded Joints其他直螺紋接頭
(a) Other Joints Using Components Conforming to Listed Standards. Pipe joints may incorporate straightthreaded fittings conforming to listed standards in Table K326.1, provided the fittings使用符合所列標準之元件的其他接頭。
管接頭可包含符合表 K326.1 中所列標準的直螺紋管件，前提是該管接頭符合下列要求：
(1) are compatible with the pipe with which they are used, considering tolerances and other characteristics
計及公差和其他特性，以與使用它們的管道兼容
(2) comply with paragraph K302.2.1 or K302.2.2 符合 K302.2.1 或 K302.2.2之規定
(b) Other Joints Using Components Not Conforming to Listed Standards. Other straight-threaded pipe joints (e.g.,
a union comprising external and internal ends joined with a threaded union nut, or other constructions shown typically in Figure
335.3.3) may be used. Such joints shall be qualified by performance testing in accordance with paragraph K304.7.2(b). Testing
shall be conducted for each material type/grade and heat treatment condition, component configuration (e.g., elbow), size (e.g.,
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NPS), and pressure rating. Performance testing of joints in which the process of making up the joint involves significant
uncontrolled loads (e.g., hammer unions) shall include testing designed to simulate actual loads. 使用不符合所列標準之元件的
其他接頭。 可以使用其他直螺紋管接頭（例如，由用螺纹接合螺母连接之公母端所组成的由任，或圖 335.3.3 中顯示的
其他典型結構），前提是此類接頭應根據 K304.7.2(b)的規定成功通過性能測試後方能使用。 應對每種材料類型/等級和
熱處理條件、部件配置（例如彎頭）、規格（例如 NPS）和額定壓力進行測試。 裝配過程涉及顯著不受控制載荷之接
頭（例如，由壬接頭）的性能測試應包括旨在模擬實際載荷的測試。
K315 TUBING JOINTS 油管接箍
K315.1 Flared End Tubing Joints 擴口型油管接箍
Flared end tubing joints, whether the flare provides the seal, carries the load, or both, may be used, provided the type of
fitting selected is adequate for the design pressure, other loadings, and the design temperature. The design shall also be
qualified in accordance with paragraph K304.7.2. 只要所選定之管件類型能夠滿足設計壓力、其他載荷和設計溫度，
就可以使用擴口型油管接箍，無論喇叭口是提供密封還是承載載荷，或者兩者兼有。設計方面還應符合K304.7.2的
要求。
K315.2 Flareless Tubing Joints Using Components Conforming to Listed Standards 使用符合所列標準之
元件的擴口型油管接箍
Tubing joints may incorporate flareless type fittings conforming to listed standards in Table K326.1, provided the
fittings油管接箍可以采用符合表K326.1中所列标准的非扩口型接头，前提是此一管配前提是此一管配件符合下列要
求：
(a)
are compatible with the tubing with which they are used, considering tolerances and other characteristics
計及公差和其他特性，以與使用它們的管道兼容
(b)
comply with paragraph K302.2.1 or K302.2.2 符合 K302.2.1 或 K302.2.2之規定
K315.3 Flareless Tubing Joints Using Components Not Conforming to Listed Standards K315.3 使用不符
合所列標準之元件的擴口型油管接箍
Tubing joints may incorporate flareless type fittings not conforming to listed standards in Table K326.1, provided the
type of fitting selected is adequate for the design pressure, other loadings, and the design temperature, and meets the
requirements of paragraph K302.2.3. 油管接箍可以採用不符合表 K326.1 所列標準的擴口型管配件，前提是所選管配
件類型適合設計壓力、其他載荷和設計溫度，並滿足 K302.2.3的要求。
K316 CAULKED JOINTS捻縫接頭
Caulked joints are not permitted. 不允許使用捻縫接頭。
K317 SOLDERED AND BRAZED JOINTS 軟釬焊和硬釬焊接頭
K317.1 Soldered Joints 軟釬焊接頭
Soldered joints are not permitted. 不允許使用軟釬焊接頭。
K317.2 Brazed and Braze Welded Joints 硬釬焊和釬焊接頭
(a)
Braze welded joints and fillet joints made with brazing filler metal are not permitted. 不允許使用釬焊料金屬
所焊成的釬焊接頭和填角焊接頭。
(b) Brazed joints shall be made in accordance with paragraph K333 and shall be qualified as required by paragraph
K304.7.2. Such application is the owner’s responsibility. The melting point of brazing alloys shall be considered when exposure
to fire is possible. 硬釬焊接頭應按照 K333 進行製造，並應符合 K304.7.2的要求。 此類應用是所有者的責任。 當可能暴
露於火中時，應考慮釬焊合金的熔點。
K318 SPECIAL JOINTS 特殊接頭
Special joints are those not covered elsewhere in this Part. 特殊接頭是指本篇未涵蓋的接頭。
K318.1 General通則
Joints may be used in accordance with paragraph 318.2 and the requirements for materials and components in this
Chapter. 可在符合第 318.2條款和本章中對材料和元件之要求的前提下使用特殊接頭。
K318.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
K318.2.1 Prototype Tests. A prototype joint shall have been subjected to performance tests in accordance with
paragraph K304.7.2(b) to determine the safety of the joint under test conditions simulating all expected service conditions.
Testing shall include cyclic simulation. 原型測試。 原型接頭應按K304.7.2(b)之規定進行性能測試，以確定接頭在模擬所有
預期運行條件之測試條件下的安全性。 測試應包括循環模擬。
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K318.2.2 Prohibited Joints. Bell type and adhesive joints are not permitted. 禁用接頭。不允許採用鐘形接頭和膠合
接頭。
PART 5 FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT 第 5 篇 可撓性和支承
K319 FLEXIBILITY 可撓性
Flexibility analysis shall be performed for each piping system. Paragraphs 319.1 through 319.6 apply, except for paragraph
319.4.1(c). The computed displacement stress range shall be within the allowable displacement stress range in paragraph
K302.3.5 and shall also be included in the fatigue analysis in accordance with paragraph K304.8. 應對每一管道系統進行可撓性
分析。 319.1 至 319.6 軍適用，但 319.4.1(c)除外。 所計算出的位移應力值域應在 K302.3.5中的許用位移應力值域內，並
且還應包括在按K304.8進行的疲勞分析中。
K320 ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINED LOADS 持續載荷分析
K320.1 Basic Assumptions and Requirements 基本假設和要求
Paragraph 320.1 applies, but refer to paragraph K302.3.5(c) instead of paragraph 302.3.5(c). 除對 302.3.5(c) 的引用替
換為對K302.3.5(c)的引用外，320.1下之各條款均適用。
K320.2 Stress Due to Sustained Loads 由持續載荷引起的應力
Paragraph 320.2 applies, except that references to expansion joints are not applicable. 除對膨脹節的引用不適用外，
320.2下之各條款均適用。
K321 PIPING SUPPORT 管架
Piping supports and methods of attachment shall be in accordance with paragraph 321 except as modified below, and shall be
detailed in the engineering design. 除下述修改外，管架和連接方法還應符合321的規定，並應在工程設計中詳細說明。
K321.1 General通則
K321.1.1 Objectives. Paragraph 321.1.1 applies, but substitute “Chapter” for “Code” in 321.1.1(a). 標的。 除將
321.1.1(a) 中的“法規”替換為“章”外， 321.1.1 下之各條款均適用。
K321.1.4 Materials. Paragraph 321.1.4 applies, but replace 321.1.4(e) with the following: 材料。除用下文來替換
321.1.4(e) 外， 321.1.4 下之各條款均適用：
(e) Attachments welded to the piping shall be of a material compatible with the piping and the service. Other
requirements are specified in paras. K321.3.2 and K323.4.2(b). 焊接到管道上的附件應採用與管道和工況兼容的材料。 其他
要求見 K321.3.2 和 K323.4.2(b)中之規定。
K321.3 Structural Attachments 結構附件
K321.3.2 Integral Attachments. Paragraph 321.3.2 applies, but substitute “K321.1.4(e)” for “321.1.4(e)” and “Chapter
IX” for “Chapter V.” 整體附件。 321.3.2下之各條款均適用，但用“K321.1.4(e)”代替了“321.1.4(e)”，用“第 IX 章”代替了“
第 V 章”。
PART 6 SYSTEMS 第 6 篇 系統
K322 SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS 專用管道系統
K322.3 Instrument Piping 儀表管線
K322.3.1 Definition. Instrument piping within the scope of this Chapter includes all piping and piping components used
to connect instruments to high pressure piping or equipment. Instruments, permanently sealed fluidfilled tubing systems furnished
with instruments as temperature or pressure-responsive devices, and control piping for air or hydraulically operated control
apparatus (not connected directly to the high pressure piping or equipment) are not within the scope of this Chapter. 定義。 本章
所稱儀表管線包括了儀表與高壓管道或設備連接的所有管線及管配件。 儀表、裝有溫度或壓力感應裝置的永久密封充
液管線系統，以及氣壓或液壓操控裝置的控制管線（不直接與高壓管路或設備相連）不在本章範圍內。
K322.3.2 Requirements. Instrument piping within the scope of this Chapter shall be in accordance with paragraph
322.3.2 except that the design pressure and temperature shall be determined in accordance with paragraph K301, and the
requirements of paragraph K310 shall apply. Instruments, and control piping not within the scope of this Chapter, shall be
designed in accordance with paragraph 322.3. 要求。 本章範圍內的儀表管線除設計壓力和溫度按K301確定外，還應符合
322.3.2和K310的規定。 不在本章範圍內的儀表和控制管線應按322.3 段進行設計。
K322.6 Pressure-Relieving Systems 洩壓系統
Paragraph 322.6 applies, except for paragraph 322.6.3.除322.6.3外，322.6下之各條款均適用。
K322.6.3 Overpressure Protection. Overpressure protection for high pressure piping systems shall conform to the
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following: 超壓保護。 高壓管道系統的超壓保護應符合下列規定：
(a) The cumulative capacity of pressure relief devices shall be sufficient to prevent the pressure from rising more
than 10% above the design pressure at the operating temperature during the relieving condition. 洩壓裝置的累積容量應足以防
止壓力在洩壓期間之操作溫度下升高超過設計壓力的 10%。
(b) System protection shall include one pressure relief device with a set pressure at or below the design pressure at
the operating temperature for the relieving condition. The set pressure of additional pressure relief devices shall not exceed 105%
of the design pressure. 系統保護應包括兩個洩壓裝置，其中一個的設定壓力等於或低於洩壓條件下之相應操作溫度下的
設計壓力。 立一個洩壓裝置的整定壓力則不應超過設計壓力的105%。
PART 7 MATERIALS第 7 篇 材料
K323 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS總體要求
(a)
Paragraph K323 states limitations and required qualifications for materials based on their inherent properties. Their use
is also subject to requirements elsewhere in Chapter IX and in Table K-1. K323條款根據材料的固有特性規定了材料的限制因
素和所需的合格性。 它們的使用還受第 IX 章和表 K-1 中之要求的約束。
(b) Specific attention should be given to the manufacturing process to ensure uniformity of properties throughout each
piping component. 宜特別注意製造過程，以確保每一管道購元件的性能均一。
(c)
See paragraph K321.1.4 for support materials. 有關支承件之材的相關規定定請參閱K321.1.4 。
K323.1 Materials and Specifications材料和其技术条件
K323.1.1 Listed Materials 表列材料
(a) Any material used in a pressure-containing piping component shall conform to a listed specification, except
as provided in (b) below or in paragraph K323.1.2. 承壓管道構成元件中所採用之任何材料都應符合列規範，但以下 (b) 或
K323.1.2 段中規定的除外。
(b) Materials manufactured to specification editions different from those listed in Appendix E may be used,
provided所用材料不同附錄 E 中所列規範版本時，只要符合下列要求即可使用
(1) the requirements for chemical composition and heat-treatment condition in the edition of the
specification to which the material was manufactured meet the requirements of the listed edition與所用
材料對應之規範版本中對化學成分和熱處理條件的要求滿足表列版本的要求
(2) the specified minimum tensile and yield strengths, and, if applicable, the specified maximum tensile and
yield strengths, required by the two editions of the specification are the same, and兩規範版本所要求的
最小規定抗拉強度和降服強度，以及（如果適用）最大規定抗拉強度和降服強度是相同的，並
且
(3) the material has been tested and examined in accordance with the requirements of the listed edition of
the specification該材料已根據表列規範版本的要求進行了測試和檢測
A material that does not meet the requirements of (b)(1), (b)(2), and (b)(3) may be evaluated as an unlisted
material in accordance with paragraph K323.1.2. 不滿足 (b)(1)、(b)(2) 和 (b)(3) 要求之材料可按K323.1.2評估為
非表列材料。
K323.1.2 Unlisted Materials. An unlisted material may be used, provided it conforms to a published specification
covering chemistry, physical and mechanical properties, method and process of manufacture, heat treatment, and quality control,
and otherwise meets the requirements of this Chapter. Allowable stresses shall be determined in accordance with the applicable
allowable stress basis of this Chapter or a more conservative basis. 非表列材料。 可使用非表列材料，只要它符合已發布的規
範版本，包括化學成分、物理特性和機械性能、製造方法和工藝、熱處理和質量控制，並且滿足本章的適用要求。 許
用應力應根據本章所適用的許用應力基礎或更保守的基礎來確定之。
K323.1.3 Unknown Materials. Materials of unknown specification, type, or grade are not permitted. 未知材料。 不允
許採用規範、類型或等級未知的材料。
K323.1.4 Reclaimed Materials. Reclaimed pipe and other piping components may be used provided they are properly
identified as conforming to a listed specification, have documented service history for the material and fatigue life evaluation, and
otherwise meet the requirements of this Chapter. Sufficient cleaning and inspection shall be made to determine minimum wall
thickness and freedom from defects that would be unacceptable in the intended service. 再生材料。 可以使用再生管道和其他
管道组件，前提是它们被适当地标识为符合表列或已发布规范，，所用材料和疲勞壽命評估具有使用史紀錄，並且在其
他方面滿足本章的要求。 应进行充分的清洁和检验以确定最小壁厚和不存在着在预期工况中不可接受的缺陷。
K323.1.5 Product Analysis. Conformance of materials to the product analysis chemical requirements of the applicable
specification shall be verified, and certification shall be supplied. Requirements for product analysis are defined in the applicable
160
materials specification. 產品分析。 應驗證材料是否符合相應規範的產品分析化學要求，並提供證明。 相應材料規範中規
定了產品分析要求。
K323.1.6 Repair of Materials by Welding. A material defect may be repaired by welding, provided that all of the
following criteria are met: 材料的焊補。 如果滿足以下所有準則，則可用焊接來焊補材料缺陷：
(a)
The material specification provides for weld repair. 材料規範規定可焊補。
(b)
The welding procedure and welders or welding operators are qualified as required by paragraph K328.2. 焊
接規程和焊工或焊接操作員按K328.2的要求獲得認可。
(c) The repair and its examination are performed in accordance with the material specification and with the
owner’s approval. 返修和檢測是根據相應材料規範並得到業主的批准下來進行的。
K323.2 Temperature Limitations 溫度限制
The designer shall verify that materials that meet other requirements of this Chapter are suitable for service throughout
the operating temperature range. 設計者應核實滿足本章要求的材料適用於整個工作溫度範圍。
K323.2.1 Upper Temperature Limits, Listed Materials. A listed material shall not be used at a temperature above the
maximum for which a stress value is shown in Appendix K, Table K-1. 表列材料的溫度上限。 表列材料不應在高於附錄 K
表 K-1 中所示應力值的最高操作溫度下使用。
K323.2.2 Lower Temperature Limits, Listed Materials 表列材料的溫度下限
(a) The design minimum temperature for listed materials and their welds shall not be colder than the impact test
temperature determined in accordance with paragraph K323.3.4(a), except as provided in (b) or (c) below. 表列材料及其焊縫的
最低設計溫度不應低於按K323.3.4(a)所確定的衝擊試驗溫度，但以下 (b) 或 (c) 中規定的除外。
(b) For listed materials and their welds subjected to neither longitudinal nor circumferential stress greater than
41 MPa (6 ksi), the design minimum temperature shall not be colder than the lower of −46°C (−50°F) and the impact test
temperature determined in accordance with paragraph K323.3.4(a).表列對於及其焊縫所承受的縱向應力和周向應力均不超過
41 MPa (6 ksi)，設計最低溫度不應低於 −46°C (−50°F) 和按 K323.3.4(a)所確定之衝擊試驗溫度中的較低者 。
(c) For listed materials and their welds exempted from Charpy impact testing by Table K323.3.1, Note (2), the
design minimum temperature shall not be colder than −46°C (−50°F). 根據表 K323.3.1 注 (2) 可免除夏比衝擊試驗的表列材料
及其焊縫的最低設計溫度不應低於 −46°C (−50°F)。
K323.2.3 Temperature Limits, Unlisted Materials. An unlisted material acceptable under paragraph K323.1.2 shall be
qualified for service at all temperatures within a stated range from design minimum temperature to design (maximum)
temperature, in accordance with paragraph K323.2.4. However, the upper temperature limit shall be less than the temperature for
which an allowable stress, determined in accordance with paragraph 302.3.2, is governed by the creep or stress rupture provisions
of that paragraph. 非表列材料的溫度限制。 符合 K323.1.2 的可接受非表列材料應在可在K323.2.4 所規定的最低設計溫度
到最高設計溫度之溫度值域內的所有溫度下使用。 但溫度上限應低於按302.3.2 所確定之許用應力受該段蠕變或應力斷
裂規定所支配的溫度。
K323.2.4 Verification of Serviceability可用性驗證
(a) When an unlisted material is used, the designer is responsible for demonstrating the validity of the
allowable stresses and other design limits, and of the approach taken in using the material, including the derivation of stress data
and the establishment of temperature limits. 當使用非表列材料時，設計人員負責證實允許應力和其他設計限制的有效性，
以及為何可採用該材料而採取的核驗方法，包括應力數據的推導和溫度限制的建立。
(b) Paragraph 323.2.4(b) applies except that allowable stress values shall be determined in accordance with
paragraph K302.3. 除許用應力值應按 K302.3來確定之外，323.2.4(b下之各條款均適用。
K323.3 Impact Testing Methods and Acceptance Criteria 衝擊試驗方法和合格準則
K323.3.1 General. Except as provided in ð20Þ Table K323.3.1, Note (2), piping components and welds used in High
Pressure Fluid Service shall be subjected to Charpy V-notch impact testing. The testing shall be performed in accordance with
Table K323.3.1 on representative samples using the testing methods described in paras. K323.3.2, K323.3.3, and K323.3.4.
Acceptance criteria are described in paragraph K323.3.5. 通則。 除表 K323.3.1 註釋 (2) 中規定的情況外，高壓流體服工況中
所用管道構成元件和焊縫應進行夏比 V 型缺口衝擊試驗。 應採用K323.3.2、K323.3.3 和 K323.3.4中所述測試方法並按表
K323.3.1之櫃定 對代表性試樣進行測試。合格準則見 K323.3.5。
Figure K323.3.3 Example of an Acceptable Impact Test Specimen衝擊試驗用試樣的可接受
示例
161
GENERAL NOTE: This Figure illustrates how an acceptable transverse Charpy specimen can be obtained from a
tubing or component shape too small for a full-length standard specimen in accordance with ASTM A370. The
corners of a longitudinal specimen parallel to and on the side opposite the notch may be as shown. 通注：此圖
說明了由於鋼管材或元件尺寸太小或元件形狀致使無法按ASTM A370製備出全長標準試樣時，如何獲
得可接受的橫向夏比試樣的示例： 與缺口平行並在缺另一面加工成帶棱角的縱向試樣，如圖所示。
NOTE: (1) Corners of the Charpy specimen [see paragraph K323.3.3(d)] may follow the contour of the component
within the dimension limits shown. 注：(1) 夏比試樣的棱角 [參見K323.3.3(d)] 可以在所示尺寸限制內沿
著元件輪廓加工。
K323.3.2 Procedure. Paragraph 323.3.2 applies. 程序。見323.3.2條款。
K323.3.3 Test Specimens試樣數
(a) Each set of impact test specimens shall consist of three specimen bars. Impact tests shall be made using
standard 10 mm (0.394 in.) square cross section Charpy V-notch specimen bars oriented in the transverse direction. 每組衝擊試
樣應由三個試樣所組成。 衝擊試驗應採用標準的10 mm (0.394 in.)正方形橫截面夏比 V 型缺口橫向試樣。
(b) Where component size and/or shape does not permit specimens as specified in (a) above, standard 10 mm
square cross-section longitudinal Charpy specimens may be prepared. 如果元件尺寸和/或形狀不允許使用上述 (a) 中所規定之
試樣，則可以製備標準橫截面為10 mm2的縱向夏比試樣。
(c) Where component size and/or shape does not permit specimens as specified in (a) or (b) above, subsize
longitudinal Charpy specimens may be prepared. Test temperature shall be reduced in accordance with Table 323.3.4. See also
Table K323.3.1, Note (2). 如果元件尺寸和/或形狀不允許使用上述 (a) 或 (b) 中所規定之試樣，則可以製備小尺寸縱向夏比
試樣。 並應按表 323.3.4之規定降低試驗溫度。 另見表 K323.3.1中註釋 (2)。
(d) If necessary in (a), (b), or (c) above, corners of specimens parallel to and on the side opposite the notch may
be as shown in Figure K323.3.3. 如有必要，在上述 (a)、(b) 或 (c) 中，則可在與缺口平行的另一侧加工成如圖 K323.3.3 所
示的带角試樣。
K323.3.4 Test Temperatures. For all Charpy impact tests, the test temperature criteria in (a) or (c) below shall be
observed. 測試溫度。 所有夏比衝擊試驗都應遵守以下 (a) 或 (c) 中的試驗溫度準則。
(a)
Charpy impact tests shall be conducted at a temperature no warmer than the coldest of the following:應在不
高於以下最低溫度的溫度下進行夏比衝擊試驗：
(1) 20°C (70°F)
(2) when the design minimum temperature is warmer than or equal to −46°C (−50°F), the lowest
component temperature expected in service at which a material or weld will be subjected to a longitudinal or
circumferential stress greater than 41 MPa (6 ksi) 当最低设计温度高于或等于- 46°C(- 50°F)时，且材料或焊缝所承
受到之纵向或周向应力大于41 MPa (6 ksi)时，元件预期在使用中的最低金屬温度。
(3) when the design minimum temperature is colder than −46°C (−50°F), the design minimum temperature
当最低设计温度低于- 46°C(- 50°F)时，為最低设计温度
(b)
In specifying the temperatures in (a)(2) and (a)(3), the following shall be considered: 為 (a)(2) 和 (a)(3) 中
所規定之溫度時，應考慮以下因素：
(1) range of operating conditions操作條件範圍
(2) upset conditions異常狀態
(3) ambient temperature extremes極端環境溫度
162
(4) required leak test temperature所要求的洩漏測試溫度
(c) Where the largest possible test specimen has a width along the notch less than the lesser of 80% of the
material thickness or 8 mm (0.315 in.), the test shall be conducted at a reduced temperature in accordance with Table 323.3.4,
considering the temperature as reduced below the test temperature required by (a). 如果試樣沿缺口的最大可能寬度小於材料厚
度的 80% 或8 mm (0.315 in.)時，則試驗應按表 323.3.4 在降低到容许温降值的溫度下進行，同時考慮到降低到低於（a）
所要求之試驗溫度的溫度。
K323.3.5 Acceptance Criteria合格準則
Minimum Energy Requirements for Materials Other Than Bolting. The applicable minimum impact energy requirements
for materials shall be those shown in Table K323.3.5. Lateral expansion shall be measured in accordance with ASTM A370
(for title see paragraph 323.3.2). The results shall be included in the impact test report. 螺栓連接見以外之材料的最低吸收
能值得要求。 材料的相應最低衝擊能要求應如表 K323.3.5 所示。 側膨脹應按 ASTM A370中323.3.2之規定進行測
量。 結果應包含在衝擊試驗報告中。
(a) Minimum Energy Requirements for Bolting Materials. The applicable minimum energy requirements shall be
those shown in Table K323.3.5 except as provided in Table K323.3.1. 螺栓材料的最低吸收能要求。 所適用的最低吸收能要
求應為表 K323.3.5 中所示的要求，表 K323.3.1 中規定的除外。
(b) Weld Impact Test Requirements. Where two base metals having different required impact energy values are
joined by welding, the impact test energy requirements shall equal or exceed the requirements of the base material having the
lower required impact energy. 焊縫衝擊試驗要求。 當兩種具有不同衝擊功要求值之母材通過焊接連接在一起時，其衝擊
試驗功要求應等於或超過具有較低衝擊功要求之母材的要求。
Retests 重新測試
(1) Retest for Absorbed Energy Criteria. When the average value of the three specimens equals or exceeds
the minimum value permitted for a single specimen, and the value for more than one specimen is below the required
average value, or when the value for one specimen is below the minimum value permitted for a single specimen, a retest
of three additional specimens shall be made. The value for each of these retest specimens shall equal or exceed the
(c)
required average value. 重新測試時的吸收能準則。 當三個試樣的平均值等於或超過單一試樣的最小允許值，並且
多個試樣的吸收能值低於所要求的平均值時，或者當一個試樣的吸收能值低於單一試樣的最小允許值時，應重
新測試三個附加試樣。 這些複試試樣中之每一個的吸收能值應等於或超過所要求的平均值。
(2) Retest for Erratic Test Results. When an erratic result is caused by a defective specimen or uncertainty
in the test, a retest will be allowed. The report giving test results shall specifically state why the original specimen was
considered defective or which step of the test procedure was carried out incorrectly. 重新測試不穩定的測試結果。 當
由於試樣有缺陷或測試不確定性導致結果不穩定時，允許重新測試。 所提供的測試結果報告應具體說明為什麼
原始試樣被認為有缺陷或測試程序的哪一步驟執行不正確。
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Table K323.3.1 Impact Testing Requirements衝擊試驗要求
Column A A欄 Pipe, Tubes, and
Components Made From Pipe or Tubes
Column B B欄
Column C C欄
Test Characteristics測試特性
Other Components, Fittings, Etc. 其他元件、管配件等
Bolts螺栓
鋼管、管子和由鋼管或管子所製成的元件
Tests on
Number of tests試 As required by the material specification, or one test set per lot [see Note (1)], whichever is greater, except as permitted by Note (2). 按材料規範的要求或每批一試驗組 [見註釋 (1)]，以較大者為
Materials材料
驗次數
準，除非註釋 (2) 允許者。
試驗
Location and
(a) Transverse to the longitudinal axis, (a) Transverse to the direction of maximum elongation during rolling or to direction of major working
(a) Bolts ≤52 mm (2 in.) nominal size made in
orientation of
with notch parallel to axis. [See Note
during forging. Notch shall be oriented parallel to direction of maximum elongation or major working.
accordance with ASTM A320 shall meet
specimens [see
the impact requirements of that
(4).] 橫切縱軸，缺口平行於縱軸 [
橫向 (與軋製時的最大伸長方向或鍛造時的主要工作方向垂直)。 缺口應平行於最大伸長或主要
Note (3)] 試樣
specification. 按ASTM A320 製成標稱尺
見註(4)]
加工方向。
的取樣位置和 (b) Where component size and/ or shape (b) If there is no single identifiable axis, e.g., for castings or triaxial forgings, specimens shall either meet
寸≤52 毫米（2 英寸）之螺栓應滿足該
does not permit specimens as
the longitudinal values of Table K323.3.5, or three sets of orthogonal specimens shall be prepared, and
擷取方向 [見註
規範的衝擊要求。
specified in (a) above, paras.
the lowest impact values obtained from any set shall meet the transverse values of Table K323.3.5. 如 (b) For all other bolts, longitudinal specimens
釋 (3)]
K323.3.3(b), (c), and (d) apply as
shall be taken. The impact values obtained
果沒有單一的可識別軸向，例如對於鑄件或三軸鍛件，試樣應滿足表 K323.3.5 的縱向值，或應
needed. 如果元件尺寸和/或形狀不
shall meet the transverse values of Table
製備三組正交試樣，從任何一組中獲得的最低衝擊值應滿足表 K323.3.5 的橫向值。
允許按上述 (a) 製備出其所規定之
K323.3.5. 所有其他螺栓應取縱向試樣。
(c) Where component size and/ or shape does not permit specimens as specified in (a) or (b) above, paras.
式樣，則可按K323.3.3(b)、(c) 和
所獲衝擊值應滿足表 K323.3.5 的橫向值
K323.3.3(c) and (d) apply as needed. 如果元件尺寸和/或形狀不允許製作如上 (a) 或 (b) 所規之試樣
(d) 來製備試樣樣。
。
，則應根據需求按所適用的K323.3.3(c) 或 (d) 來製備試樣。
Tests on Welds Test pieces試件 Test pieces for preparation of impact specimens shall be made for each welding procedure, type of electrode, or filler metal (i.e., AWS E-XXXX classification) and each flux to be used. All test
pieces shall be subject to heat treatment, including cooling rates and aggregate time at temperature or temperatures, essentially the same as the heat treatment which the finished component will
in Fabrication
[see Note (5)]
or Assembly製
have received. 應為每種焊接方法、焊條 (絲)類型或焊填金屬（即 AWS E-XXXX 分類）和所要使用的每種焊劑製作用於製備衝擊試樣的試件。 所有試件均應進行熱處理，包括與成品
造加工或裝配
元件將經受之熱處理基本相同的冷卻速率和在一或多個溫度下的總持溫溫時間。
中的焊縫測試 Number of test
pieces 試件數
[see Note (6)]
(1) One test piece with a thickness T for each range of material thicknesses which can vary from 1⁄2T to T + 6 mm (1⁄4 in.). 為取得每種材料厚度範圍在1/2T 到 T + 6 mm (1⁄4 in.)間的可焊資格，
試件厚度應為 T 。
(2) Unless otherwise specified in this Chapter [see Note (4)] or the engineering design, test pieces need not be made from individual material lots, or from material for each job, provided welds in
other certified material of the same thickness ranges and to the same specification (type and grade, not heat or lot) have been tested as required and the records of those tests are made available.
除非在本章 [見註 (4)] 或工程設計中另有規定，試件不需要由單獨的材料批次或每產品材料製成，前提是相同厚度範圍和相同規格（類型和等級，而不是爐次或批次）的其他已認
可材料中之焊縫已經按要求進行了測試，並且可以提供這些測試的記錄。
Location and
(1) Weld metal impact specimens shall be taken across the weld with the notch in the weld metal. Each specimen shall be oriented so that the notch axis is normal to the surface of the material and
orientation of
one face of the specimen shall be within 1.5 mm (1⁄16 in.) of the surface of the material. 焊縫金屬衝擊試樣應在整個焊縫上截取，缺口應為於焊縫金屬中。 每個試樣的切取方向應使缺口
specimens試樣的
軸垂直於材料表面，試樣的一個面與材料表面的距離應在1.5 mm (1⁄16 in.)以內。
且取位置和切取 (2) Heat-affected zone impact specimens shall be taken across the weld and have sufficient length to locate the notch in the heat-affected zone, after etching. The notch shall be cut approximately
方向
normal to the material surface in such a manner as to include as much heat-affected zone material as possible in the resulting fracture. 熱影響區衝擊試樣應橫跨焊縫截取，試樣應具有足夠
的長度，以便在蝕刻後將缺口定位在熱影響區。 缺口的加工軸線應大致垂直於材料表面，以便在最終斷裂中包含盡可能多的熱影響區材料。
(3) The impact values obtained from both the weld metal and heat-affected zone specimens shall be compared to the transverse values in Table K323.3.5 for the determination of acceptance
criteria. 從焊縫金屬和熱影響區試樣所獲得的衝擊值應與表 K323.3.5 中合格準則的橫向值進行比較以判定是否合格。
NOTES: 注
(1) A lot shall consist of pipe or components of the same nominal size, made from the same heat of material, and heat treated together. If a continuous type furnace is used, pipe or components may be considered to have been heat
treated together if they are processed during a single continuous time period at the same furnace conditions. 一批應是指由具有相同標稱尺寸、由具有相同爐號之材料製成並一起熱處理的鋼管材或元件所組成。 如果使用連續
爐，如果鋼管材或元件在同一爐況下在單一連續時間段內進行處理，則可以認為它們已經一起熱處理。
164
Table K323.3.1 Impact Testing Requirements衝擊試驗要求
Column A A欄 Pipe, Tubes, and
Components Made From Pipe or Tubes
Test Characteristics測試特性
鋼管、管子和由鋼管或管子所製成的元件
Column B B欄
Column C C欄
Other Components, Fittings, Etc. 其他元件、管配件等
Bolts螺栓
(2) Impact tests are not required when the maximum obtainable longitudinal Charpy specimen has a width along the notch less than 2.5 mm (0.098 in.). See paragraph K323.2.2(c). 當可獲得的最大縱向夏比試樣沿缺口的寬度小
於2.5 mm (0.098 in.)時，則不需要進行沖擊試驗。 請參閱K323.2.2(c)。
(3) Impact tests shall be performed on a representative sample of material after completion of all heat treatment and forming operations involving plastic deformation, except that cold bends made in accordance with paragraph
K304.2.1 need not be tested after bending. 在完成所有涉及塑性變形之熱處理和成型操作後，應對材料的代表性試樣進行沖擊試驗，但按第 K304.2.1 段所製造的冷彎件在彎曲後不需要進行沖擊試驗。
(4) For longitudinally welded pipe, specimens shall be taken from the base metal, weld metal, and the heat-affected zone. 直縫焊管之試樣應取自母材、焊縫金屬和熱影響區。
(5) For welds in the fabrication or assembly of piping or components, including repair welds. 用於管道或元件製造或裝配中的焊縫，包括補焊。
(6) The test piece shall be large enough to permit preparing the number of specimens required by paragraph K323.3. If this is not possible, additional test pieces shall be prepared. 試件應足夠大以允許製備出 K323.3所要求的試
樣數量。 如果不可能，則應製備額外的試件。
165
Table K323.3.5 Minimum Required Charpy V-Notch Impact Values所需的最小夏比 V 型缺口衝擊值
Specimen
Pipe Wall or Component
Orientation Thickness管壁厚或員件厚度, Number of Specimens
試樣取向
試樣數 [Note (1)]
mm (in.)
Transverse
≤25 (≤1)
Average for 3
橫向
3個試樣的平均值
Minimum for 1
單一試樣的最小值
>25 and ≤51 (>1 and ≤2)
Average for 3
Minimum for 1
>51 (>2)
Average for 3
Minimum for 1
Longitudinal ≤25 (≤1)
Average for 3
Minimum for 1
縱向
>25 and ≤51 (>1 and ≤2)
Average for 3
Minimum for 1
>51 (>2)
Average for 3
Minimum for 1
Energy, J (ft-lbf) [Note (2)] for Specified Minimum Yield Strength,
MPa (ksi)具有如下最小規定降幅強度之試樣的相應吸收能
≤932 (≤135)
>932 (>135)
27 (20)
34 (25)
20 (15)
27 (20)
34 (25)
27 (20)
41 (30)
33 (24)
54 (40)
41 (30)
68 (50)
54 (40)
81 (60)
65 (48)
41 (30)
33 (24)
47 (35)
38 (28)
68 (50)
54 (40)
81 (60)
65 (48)
95 (70)
76 (56)
NOTES: 注
(3) See paragraph K323.3.5(c) for permissible retests. 有關所允許的重新測試，請參閱 K323.3.5(c)。
(4) Energy values in this Table are for standard size specimens. For subsize specimens, these values shall be multiplied by the ratio of the actual
specimen width to that of a full-size specimen, 10 mm (0.394 in.). 本表中的吸收能值適用於標準尺寸的試樣。 對於小尺寸試樣，這些值應乘以
實際試樣寬度與全尺寸試樣寬度 [10 mm (0.394 in.)]的比值。
K323.4 Requirements for Materials 材料要求
K323.4.1 General. Requirements in paragraph K323.4 apply to pressure-containing parts, not to materials used as
supports, gaskets, packing, or bolting. See also Appendix F, paragraph F323.4. 通則。 K323.4 中的要求適用於承壓元件，但不
適用於用作支承件、墊片、填料或螺栓的材料。 另見附錄 F中F323.4條款。
K323.4.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
(a) Ductile iron and other cast irons are not permitted. 不允許使用球墨鑄鐵和其他鑄鐵。
(b) Zinc-coated materials are not permitted for pressure containing components and may not be attached to
pressure-containing components by welding. 鍍鋅材料不允許用於承壓元件，並且不應通過焊接連接到承壓元件上。
K323.4.3 Metallic Clad and Lined Materials. Materials with metallic cladding or lining may be used in accordance
with the following provisions: 金屬複層材料和襯裡材料。 可按下列規定使用具有金屬複層或襯裡的材料：
(a) For metallic clad or lined piping components, the base metal shall be an acceptable material as defined in
paragraph K323, and the thickness used in pressure design in accordance with paragraph K304 shall not include the thickness of
the cladding or lining. The allowable stress used shall be that for the base metal at the design temperature. For such components,
the cladding or lining may be any material that, in the judgment of the user, is suitable for the intended service and for the method
of manufacture and assembly of the piping component. 對於帶金屬複層或襯裡之管道構成元件而言，基底金屬應為 K323 中
所規定的可接受材料，並且在按K304進行壓力設計時所用厚度不應包括複層或襯裡的厚度。 所用許用應力應為母材在
設計溫度下的應力。 此類元件之複層或襯裡可以是任何材料，根據用戶的判斷，該材料適用於預期工況且適用於管道
構成元件件的製造方法和裝配方法。
(b) Fabrication by welding of clad or lined piping components and the inspection and testing of such components
shall be done in accordance with applicable provisions of ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, UCL-30 through UCL-52, and
the provisions of this Chapter. 帶金屬複層或襯裡之管道構成元件在製造加工中的焊接以及此類件件的檢測和測試應根據
ASME BPVC 第 VIII -1卷 UCL-30 至 UCL-52 的適用規定以及本章的規定進行 。
(c) If a metallic liner also serves as a gasket or as part of the flange facing, the requirements and limitations in
paragraph K308.4 apply. K308.4中的要求和限制均適用於也用作墊片或法蘭密封面一部分的金屬襯裡。
K323.5 Deterioration of Materials in Service 使用中的材料劣化
Paragraph 323.5 applies. 見323.5條款。
K325 MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS 雜項材料
Paragraph 325 applies. 見325條款。
PART 8 STANDARDS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS 第 8 篇 管道構成元件之標準
K326 REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPONENTS 對元件的要求
K326.1 Dimensional Requirements 對尺寸的要求
K326.1.1 Listed Piping Components. Dimensional standards for piping components are listed in Table K326.1.
Dimensional requirements contained in specifications listed in Appendix K shall also be considered requirements of this Code.
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表列管道構成元件件。 表 K326.1 中列出了管道構成元件的尺寸標準。 附錄 K 所列規範對尺寸的要求也應視為本規範的
要求。
K326.1.2 Unlisted Piping Components. Piping components not listed in Table K326.1 or Appendix K shall meet the
pressure design requirements described in paragraph K302.2.3 and the mechanical strength requirements described in paragraph
K302.5. 非表列管道構成元件。 未在表 K326.1 或附錄 K 中列出的管道構成元件應滿足K302.2.3 中所述的壓力設計要求
和K302.5 中所述的機械強度要求。
K326.1.3 Threads. The dimensions of piping connection threads not otherwise covered by a governing component
standard or specification shall conform to the requirements of applicable standards listed in Table K326.1 or Appendix K. 螺紋。
元件標准或規範未涵蓋的管道連接螺紋尺寸應符合表 K326.1 或附錄 K 中所列適用標準的要求。
K326.2 Ratings of Components 元件的額定值
K326.2.1 Listed Components. The pressure–temperature ratings of components listed in Table K326.1 are accepted for
pressure design in accordance with paragraph K303. 表列元件。 表 K326.1 中列出了元件的壓力-溫度額定值可用於按K303
進行的壓力設計。
K326.2.2 Unlisted Components. The pressure– temperature ratings of unlisted piping components shall conform to the
applicable provisions of paragraph K304. 非表列元件。 非表列管道構成元件的壓力-溫度額定值應符合 K304的適用規定。
K326.3 Reference Documents 參考文件
The documents listed in Table K326.1 contain references to codes, standards, and specifications not listed in Table
K326.1. Such unlisted codes, standards, and specifications shall be used only in the context of the listed documents in which
they appear. 表 K326.1 中所列文件包含對表 K326.1中未列出之法規、標準和規範的引用。 這些未列出的法規、標
準和規範只能在出現它們的本文中使用。元件標準
Table K326.1 Component Standards
Standard or Specification標准或規範
Designation代號
Bolting螺栓連接件
Square, Hex, Heavy Hex, and Askew Head Bolts and Hex, Heavy Hex, Hex Flange, Lobed Head, and Lag Screws (Inch Series) ASME B18.2.1
Nuts for General Applications: Machine Screw Nuts, Hex, Square, Hex Flange, and Coupling Nuts (Inch Series)
ASME B18.2.2
Metallic Fittings, Valves, and Flanges金屬管配件、閥門和法蘭
Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings: NPS 1/2 Through NPS 24 Metric/Inch Standard [Note (1)]
Factory-Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings [Note (1)]
Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded [Note (1)]
Valves — Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End [Note (1)]
Line Blanks [Note (1)]
Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges, and Unions
High Pressure Chemical Industry Flanges and Threaded Stubs for Use with Lens Gaskets [Note (1)]
ASME B16.5
ASME B16.9
ASME B16.11
ASME B16.34
ASME B16.48
MSS SP-25
MSS SP-65
Metallic Pipe and Tubes金屬管材
Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe [Note (1)]
Stainless-steel Pipe [Note (1)]
ASME B36.10M
ASME B36.19M
Miscellaneous雜項
Threading, Gauging, and Thread Inspection of Casing, Tubing, and Line Pipe Threads
API 5B
Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form) .
ASME B1.1
Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)
ASME B1.20.1
Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
ASME B16.20
Buttwelding Ends
ASME B16.25
Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay)
ASME B46.1
GENERAL NOTE: The approved edition dates of these standards and specifications, along with the names and addresses of the sponsoring
organizations, are shown in Appendix E. 通注：這些標準和規範的批准版本日期，以及發起組織的名稱和地址見附錄 E。
NOTE: (1) The use of components made in accordance with these standards is permissible, provided they are注：(1) 允許使用根據這些標準製造的
元件，前提是它們滿足如下條件：
(a) examined and leak tested in accordance with the requirements of paras. K341 and K345, respectively. 已分別按 K341 和 K345的要求進行了檢
測和洩漏測試。
(b) impact tested in accordance with the methods described in paras. K323.3.1 through K323.3.4, and meet the acceptance criteria specified in
paragraph K323.3.5. Note that such impact testing may require the destruction of one component from the same lot as the component to be used in service [see
Table K323.3.1, Note (1)]. 按 K323.3.1 至 K323.3.4中所述方法進行了衝擊測試，並滿足 K323.3.5 中所規定之合格準則驗收標準。 請注意，此類衝擊
測試可能需要從與要在運行中使用之元件相同批次中破壞一個元件 [參見表 K323.3.1註釋 (1)]。
(c) in accordance with the fluid service requirements in Parts 3 and 4 of this Chapter. 符合本章第 3 篇和第 4 篇對流體工況中所用元件的要求。
The design, materials, fabrication, assembly, examination, inspection, and testing requirements of this Chapter are not
applicable to components manufactured in accordance with the documents listed in Table K326.1, unless specifically stated
in this Chapter or in the listed document. 本章的設計、材料、製造、裝配、檢驗、檢測和試驗要求不適用於按照表
K326.1 中所列文件製造的元件，除非本章或所列文件中有特別說明。
K326.4 Repair of Piping Components by Welding
A defect in a piping component may be repaired by welding subject to all of the following requirements: 管道構成元件
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中的缺陷只要滿足以下所有要求即可進行焊接返修：
(a) The piping component specification provides for weld repair or, if not covered by a specification, the
manufacturer allows for weld repair. 相應規範規定可焊接返修，或者，雖然規範未涵蓋但製造商允許進行焊接返修之管道
構成元件。
(b) The welding procedure and welders or welding operators are qualified as required by paragraph K328.2.
焊接規程和焊工或焊接操作員已按K328.2的要求獲得認可。
(c) The repair and its examination are performed in accordance with the piping component specification or, if not
covered by a specification, the manufacturer’s requirements. 返修和其檢測是根據元件規范進行的，或者，如果規範未涵蓋
，則按照製造商的要求進行返修和其檢測。
(d) The owner approves the weld repair. 業主允許焊補。
PART 9 FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND ERECTION
第 9 篇 製造加工、裝配和安裝
K327 GENERAL 通則
Piping materials and components are prepared for assembly and erection by one or more of the fabrication processes covered in
paras. K328, K330, K331, K332, and K333. When any of these processes is used in assembly or erection, requirements are the
same as for fabrication. 管道材料和元件準備好通過K328、K330、K331、K332 和 K333中涵蓋的一或多種製造加工方法進
行製作，以備組裝和安裝 。 當在這些製造加工方法中的任何一個用於組裝或安裝時，對其之要求與製造加工相同。
K328 WELDING 焊接
Welding shall conform to the requirements of this Part and the applicable requirements of paragraph K311. 焊接應符合本篇的要
求和 K311的適用要求。
K328.1 Welding Responsibility 焊接責任
Each employer is responsible for每位雇主都對以下所述事項責任
(a) the welding performed by personnel of its organization由其組織的人員進行的焊接
(b) conducting the qualification tests required to qualify the welding procedure specifications used by personnel in
its organization进行必要的工艺规程评定测试，以证明其组织中之人员是遵循已评定合格之焊接或釬工艺规程说书
(c) conducting the qualification tests required to qualify its welders and welding operators對其焊工和焊接操作員
進行所需的技能检定
K328.2 Welding Qualifications 焊接檢 (評)定
K328.2.1 Qualification Requirements. Qualification of the welding procedures to be used and of the performance of
welders and welding operators shall comply with the requirements of ASME BPVC, Section IX, except as modified herein.
檢 (評)定要求。 所用焊接規程的評定以及焊工和焊接操作員的技能檢定應符合 ASME BPVC 第 IX 節的要求，但下述修
改除外。
(a) Impact tests shall be performed for all procedure qualifications in accordance with paragraph K323.3. 應按
K323.3對所有規程評定進行沖擊試驗。
(b) Except as provided in (f), test weldments shall be made using the same specification and type or grade of base
metal(s), and the same specification and classification of filler metal(s) as will be used in production welding. 除 (f) 中之規定外
，試驗銲件應使用與生產焊接中具有相同規格和類型或等級的母材以及相同規格和類別的焊充金屬焊製成。
(c) Test weldments shall be subjected to essentially the same heat treatment, including cooling rate and cumulative
time at temperature, as the production welds. 試驗銲件應經受與生產銲件基本相同的熱處理，包括冷卻速率和在持溫溫度
下的累計持溫時間。
(d) When tensile specimens are required by ASME BPVC, Section IX, the yield strength shall also be determined,
using the method required for the base metal. The yield strength of each test specimen shall be not less than the specified
minimum yield strength at room temperature (𝑆𝑌 ) for the base metals joined. Where two base metals having different 𝑆𝑌 values
are joined by welding, the yield strength of each test specimen shall be not less than the lower of the two 𝑆𝑌 values. 當 ASME
BPVC 第 IX 部分要求拉伸試樣時，還應使用對相應母材所要求的方法來確定降服強度。 每一試樣的降服強度不應低於
所連接母材在室溫下的最小規定降服強度 (𝑆𝑌 )。 當兩個具有不同𝑆𝑌 值的母材通過焊接連接在一起時，則每一試樣的降服
強度應不小於兩 𝑆𝑌 值中的較小者。
(e) Mechanical testing is required for all performance qualification tests. 所有技能檢定試驗都需要進行機械性
能試驗。
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(f) If the same specification and classification of filler metal(s) as will be used in production welding are
employed, qualification on pipe or tubing shall also qualify for plate of the same type or grade, but qualification on plate does not
qualify for pipe or tubing. 如果使用與生產焊接中使用相同規格和類別的焊填金屬時，則對鋼管材或管子的評定也同時取
得相同類型或等級之板材的可焊認可，但板材的評定能說也認可了鋼管材或管子。
(g) For thickness greater than 51 mm (2 in.), the procedure test coupon shall be at least 75% as thick as the thickest
joint to be welded in production. 當材料或元件厚度大於 51 mm (2 in.)時，規程試樣的厚度應至少為生產中所要焊接之最厚
接頭的 75%。
K328.2.2 Procedure Qualification by Others. Qualification of welding procedures by others is not permitted. 其他组
织所进行的工艺規程评定。 不允許採用其他组织所認可的工艺規程评定說明書。
K328.2.3 Performance Qualification by Others. Welding performance qualification by others is not permitted. 其他组
织所进行的技能检定。不允許雇用通過用其他组织所進行之技能检定的人員 (諸如焊工焊焊接操作員)。
K328.2.4 Qualification Records. Paragraph 328.2.4 applies. 檢(評)定紀錄。見 328.2.4條款。
K328.3 Materials 材料
K328.3.1 Electrodes and Filler Metal. Paragraph 328.3.1 applies, together with the following additional requirements:
焊條 (絲)和焊填金屬。 328.3.1以及以下附加要求均適用：
(a)
Welding electrodes and filler metals shall be specified in the engineering design. 應在工程設計中指定所要
採用之焊條 (絲)和焊填金屬。
(b) with the owner’s approval, a welding electrode or filler metal not conforming to a specification listed in
ASME BPVC, Section II, Part C may be used if a procedure qualification test, including an all-weld-metal test in accordance with
AWS B4.0M or AWS B4.08, is first successfully made. 經業主批准，且只要要首先成功進行了工藝規程評定試驗，包括按
AWS B4.0M或AWS B4.088所進行的全焊縫金屬試驗，則可使用不符合ASME BPVC第 II-C 卷中所列規格之焊條 (絲)或焊
填金屬。
8 Titles of referenced AWS standards are as follows: AWS B4.0M, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds, and AWS B4.0,
Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds. 所引用的 AWS 標準如下：AWS B4.0M《焊接機械測試的標準方法》，以及
AWS B4.0《焊接機械測試的標準方法》。
K328.3.2 Weld Backing Material. Backing rings shall not be used. 焊接背襯材料。 不應採用背襯環。
K328.3.3 Consumable Inserts. Paragraph 328.3.3 applies, except that procedures shall be qualified as required by
paragraph K328.2. 可溶性嵌條。328.3.3下之各條款均適用，但應按 K328.2的要求對相應規程進行評定。
K328.4 Preparation for Welding 焊接的前置作業
K328.4.1 Cleaning. Paragraph 328.4.1 applies. 清潔法。見328.4.1條款。
K328.4.2 End Preparation 端部製備
(a) General 通則
(1) Butt weld end preparation is acceptable only if the surface is machined or ground to bright metal. 僅當
表面經過機加工或打磨成光亮金屬時，對接焊的端部製備才可接受。
(2) Butt welding end preparation contained in ASME B16.25 or any other end preparation that meets the
procedure qualification is acceptable. [For convenience, the basic bevel angles taken from ASME B16.25, with some
additional J-bevel angles, are shown in Figure 328.4.2, illustrations (a) and (b).] ASME B16.25 中所包含的對接焊端部製
備或任何其他符合規程評定的端部製備都是可以接受的。 [為方便起見，圖 328.4.2 中插圖 (a) 和 (b) 中顯示了取自
ASME B16.25 的基本波口角度以及一些附加的 J形波口角度]。
(b) Circumferential Welds 環焊縫
(1) If components’ ends are trimmed as shown in Figure 328.4.2, illustration (a) or (b) to accommodate
consumable inserts, or as shown in Figure K328.4.3 to correct internal misalignment, such trimming shall not result in a
finished wall thickness before welding less than the required minimum wall thickness, 𝑡𝑚 . 如果元件端部加工成如圖
328.4.2中插圖 (a) 或 (b) 所示形狀以容納可溶性嵌條，或加工成如圖 K328.4.3 所示形狀以糾正內部未對準，則此類
加工不應導致成品壁厚在焊接前小於所要求的最小壁厚𝑡𝑚 。
(2) It is permissible to size pipe ends of the same nominal size to improve alignment, if wall thickness
requirements are maintained. 只要能保持壁厚要求，則允許對相同公稱尺寸之管端進行尺寸同一化以改進對準。
(3) Where necessary, weld metal may be deposited on the inside or outside of the component to permit
alignment or provide for machining to ensure satisfactory seating of inserts. 必要時，焊縫金屬可以沉積在元件的內側或
外側以便對準或便於機加工以確保嵌條的正確定位。
(4) When a butt weld joins sections of unequal wall thickness and the thicker wall is more than 1 1⁄2 times
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the thickness of the other, end preparation and geometry shall be in accordance with acceptable designs for unequal wall
thickness in ASME B16.5. 當採對接焊來連接不等壁厚之管段且較厚壁厚者大於另一壁厚的 1-1/2 倍時，端部製備和
幾何形狀應符合 ASME B16.5 對不等壁厚的可接受設計。
K328.4.3 Alignment 對準
(a) Girth Butt Welds 環向對接焊縫
(1) Inside diameters of components at the ends to be joined shall be aligned within the dimensional limits in
the welding procedure and the engineering design, except that no more than 1.5 mm ( 1⁄16 in.) misalignment is permitted as
shown in Figure K328.4.3. 待連接端部之元件內徑應在焊接規程和工程設計之尺寸限制範圍內對準，但不超過1.5
mm (1⁄16 in.)的錯位是可接受的，如圖 K328.4.3 所示。
(2) If the external surfaces of the two components are not aligned, the weld shall be tapered between the two
surfaces with a slope not steeper than 1:4. 如果兩元件外表面未對準，則在兩個表面之間應有坡度不大於 1:4的削斜過
渡焊縫。
(b) Longitudinal Butt Joints. Preparation for longitudinal butt welds (not made in accordance with a standard
listed in Table K-1 or Table K326.1) shall conform to the requirements of (a). 縱向對接接頭。 縱向對接焊縫的製備（不是按
照表 K-1 或表 K326.1 中列出標准進行的）應符合 (a) 的要求。
(c) Branch Connection Welds 支管連接焊縫
(1)
The dimension m in Figure K328.5.4 shall not exceed ±1.5 mm (1⁄16 in.). 圖 K328.5.4 中尺寸 m 不應超
過±1.5 mm (1⁄16 in.)。
(2) The dimension g in Figure K328.5.4 shall be specified in the engineering design and the welding
procedure. 圖 K328.5.4 中尺寸 g 應在工程設計和焊接規程中規定。
K328.5 Welding Requirements 焊接要求
K32 8.5.1 General. The requirements of paras. 328.5.1(b), 328.5.1(d), 328.5.1(e), and 328.5.1(f) apply in addition to the
requirements specified below. 通則。 除以下規定的要求外，328.5.1(b)、328.5.1(d)、328.5.1(e) 和 328.5.1(f)的要求亦均適
用。
(a) All welds, including tack welds, repair welds, and the addition of weld metal for alignment [paras.
K328.4.2(b)(3) and K328.4.3(c)(1)], shall be made by qualified welders or welding operators, in accordance with a qualified
procedure. 所有焊縫，包括點焊縫、焊補焊縫和對準用額外焊縫金屬 [K328.4.2(b)(3) 和 K328.4.3(c)(1)]，都應由已檢定合
格之焊工或焊接操作員按照已認可規程來進行銲接。
(b) Tack welds at the root of the joint shall be made with filler metal equivalent to that used for the root pass. Tack
welds shall be fused with the root pass weld, except that those that have cracked shall be removed. Bridge tacks (above the root)
shall be removed. 接頭根部的點焊應採用與根部焊道相同的焊填金屬。 定位焊縫應與根部焊道熔合，已開裂定位焊縫的
應予以磨除。 應去除根部上方的橋釘。
K328.5.2 Fillet Welds. Fillet welds, where permitted (see paragraph K311.2.2), shall be fused with and shall merge
smoothly into the component surfaces. 填角焊縫。 在允許的情況下，填角焊縫（見K311.2.2）應與元件表面熔合併平滑地
融合到元件表面中。
K328.5.3 Seal Welds. Seal welds are not permitted. 密封焊縫。不允許採用密封焊縫。
K328.5.4 Welded Branch Connections. Branch connection fittings (see paragraph 300.2), attached by smoothly
contoured full penetration groove welds of a design that permits 100% interpretable radiographic examination, are the only types
acceptable. 焊接支管連接件。能進行100%解釋射線檢測底片之支管連接配件 (具有光滑輪廓且沿其光滑輪廓以全滲透坡
口焊進行連接的)是唯一可接受的類型（見300.2）。
Figure K328.5.4 shows acceptable details of welded branch connections. The illustrations are typical and are not
intended to exclude acceptable types of construction not shown. 顯示了可接受的焊接支管連接件細節。 這些插圖雖然
是典型細節，並不旨在排除未顯示的可接受結構類型。
K328.5.5 Fabricated Laps. Fabricated laps are not permitted. 组合式搭接短管。不允許採用组合式搭接短管。
K328.6 Weld Repair 焊縫返修
Paragraph 328.6 applies, except that procedures and performance shall be qualified as required by paragraph K328.2.1.
See also paragraph K341.3.3. 328.6下之各條款均適用，但規程和技能應按K328.2.1 的要求進行評 (檢)定。 另見
K341.3.3。
K330 PREHEATING 預熱
K330.1 General通則
The preheat requirements herein apply to all types of welding, including tack welds and repair welds. 如下預熱要求適
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用於所有類型的焊接，包括點焊和焊補。
K330.1.1 Requirements. Paragraph 330.1.1 applies. 要求。見330.1.0條款。
K330.1.2 Unlisted Materials. Paragraph 330.1.2 applies. 非表列材料。見 330.1.2條款。
K330.1.3 Temperature Verification. Paragraph 330.1.3(a) applies. Temperature-indicating materials and techniques
shall not be detrimental to the base metals. 溫度核實。 見330.1.3(a)條款。 溫度指示材料和技術不應損及母才。
K330.1.4 Preheat Zone. Paragraph 330.1.4 applies. 預熱帶。 見330.1.4條款。
K330.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
Paragraph 330.2 applies in its entirety. 見330.2條款。
K331 HEAT TREATMENT熱處理
K331.1 General通則
K331.1.1 Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements. The provisions of paragraph 331.1.1 and Tables 331.1.1, 331.1.2,
and 331.1.3 apply, except as specified below. 焊後熱處理要求。 331.1.1條款和表 331.1.1、331.1.2 和 331.1.3 之規定均適
用，但以下規定除外。
(a) The exemptions to mandatory postweld heat treatment in Table 331.1.3 for P-No. 1, all Group Nos., are not
permitted when the control thickness exceeds 19 mm (3/4 in.). 當控制厚度超過 19 mm (3/4 in.)時，表 331.1.3針對 P-No. 1中所
有Gr.-No.之強制焊後熱處理的豁免均不適用。
(b) The exemptions to mandatory postweld heat treatment in Table 331.1.3 for P-No. 4, Group No. 1 and P-No.
5A, Group No. 1 materials are not permitted表 331.1.3 針對 P-No. 4中Gr.-No. 1和 P-No. 5A中Gr.-No. 1之強制焊後熱處理的
豁免均 不適用。
(c) For quenched and tempered materials, any heat treatment of other than longitudinal welds shall be performed
at a temperature no warmer than 28°C (50°F) below the tempering temperature of the material. When this heat treatment
temperature is lower than the range specified in Table 331.1.1, the decrease in heat treatment temperature shall be accompanied
by an increase in holding time in accordance with Table 331.1.2. 度 28°C (50°F)。 當該熱處理溫度低於表 331.1.1的規定範圍
時，熱處理溫度的降低應按表 331.1.2 的規定伴隨著持溫時間的增加。
Figure K328.4.3 Pipe Bored for Alignment:
Figure K328.5.4 Some Acceptable Welded Branch Connections
Suitable for 100% Radiography適用於 100% 射線照相的幾種
利對準：修整和所允許的錯位
可接受焊接支管連接件
Branch
Trimming and Permitted Misalignment鋼管膛孔以
Round cornerm圓角
Permitted misalignment所允許之
錯位 ≤ 1.5 mm (1/i6 in.). See WPS.
(d) Longitudinal welds in quenched and tempered material shall be heat treated in accordance with the applicable
material specification. 調質材料中之縱向焊縫應按相應材料規范進行熱處理。
(e) Refer to paragraph K331.1.3 instead of paragraph 331.1.3. 請參閱K331.1.3條款而不是參閱331.1.3條款。
(f) Refer to Appendix K instead of Appendix A. 請參閱附錄 K 而不是參閱附錄 A。
(g) ASME B31P and paragraph 328.7 do not apply. ASME B31P 和328.7條款均不適用。
K331.1.2 Other Heat Treatments. Heat treatment for bending and forming shall be in accordance with paragraph
K332.4. 其他熱處理。 彎曲和成型的熱處理應符合 K332.4的規定。
K331.1.3 Definition of Thicknesses Governing Postweld Heat Treatment. The provisions of paragraph 331.1.3
apply, except for 331.1.3(b)(5). 焊後熱處理之控制厚度的定義。 331.1.3下之各條款的規定均適用，但 331.1.3(b)(5) 除外。
K331.1.4 Heating and Cooling. Paragraph 331.1.4 applies. 加熱和冷卻。 見331.1.4條款。
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K331.1.6 Temperature Verification. Heat treatment temperature shall be checked by thermocouple pyrometers or other
suitable methods to ensure that the WPS requirements are met. Temperature-indicating materials and techniques shall not be
detrimental to the base metals. 溫度核實。 應通過熱電偶高溫計或其他合適方法來檢知熱處理溫度，以確保滿足 WPS 要求
。 溫度指示材料和技術不得損。
K331.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
Paragraph 331.2 applies, but refer to paragraph K331.1 instead of para 331.1. 331.2下之各條款均適用，但請參閱的是
K331.1條款而不是參閱331.1條款。
K332 BENDING AND FORMING彎曲和成型
K332.1 General通則
Pipe shall be hot or cold bent in accordance with a written procedure to any radius that will result in surfaces free of
cracks and free of buckles. The procedure shall address at least the following, as applicable: 鋼管材應按照書面規程熱彎
或冷彎至任何半徑，以確保表面無裂紋和挫曲。 該規程中應至少談及以下所適用的事項：
(a)
material specification and range of size and thickness材料規範及尺寸和厚度範圍
(b)
range of bend radii and fiber elongation彎曲半徑和纖維伸長率的範圍
(c)
minimum and maximum metal temperature during bending彎曲過程中的最低和最高金屬溫度
(d)
method of heating and maximum hold time加熱方法和最長持溫時間
(e)
description of bending apparatus and procedure to be used彎曲設備和使用工藝的描述
(f)
mandrels or material and procedure used to fill the bore所用心軸或用於填孔的材料和工藝
(g)
method for protection of thread and machined surfaces螺紋和機加工表面的保護方法
(h)
examination to be performed所要進行的檢測
(i)
required heat treatment所需熱處理
(j)
postheat treatment dimensional adjustment technique後熱處理尺寸控制技術
K332.2 Bending彎曲
K332.2.1 Bend Flattening. The difference between the maximum and the minimum diameters at any cross section of a
bend shall not exceed 8% of nominal outside diameter for internal pressure and 3% for external pressure. 彎曲扁率。 彎頭任意
橫截面之最大和最小直徑間的差值，承受內壓時，扁率不應超過公稱外徑的 8%；承受外壓實，扁率不應超過公稱外徑
的 3%。
K332.2.2 Bending Temperature. Paragraph 332.2.2 applies, except that in cold bending of quenched and tempered
ferritic materials, the temperature shall be at least 28°C (50°F) below the tempering temperature. 彎曲溫度。 332.2.2下之各條款
均適用，但在調質鐵素體材料的冷彎中，溫度應至少比回火溫度低 28°C (50°F)。
K332.3 Forming成型
Piping components shall be formed in accordance with a written procedure. The temperature range shall be consistent
with material characteristics, end use, and specified heat treatment. The thickness after forming shall be not less than
required by design. The procedure shall address at least the following, as applicable: 管道構成元件應按照書面規程成形
。 溫度範圍應與材料特性、最終用途和所規定的熱處理相一致。 成型後的厚度不應小於設計要求。該規程中應至
少談及以下所適用的事項：
(a)
material specification and range of size and thickness材料規範及尺寸和厚度範圍
(b)
maximum fiber elongation expected during forming成型過程中的最大預期纖維伸長率
(c)
minimum and maximum metal temperature during bending彎曲過程中的最低和最高金屬溫度
(d)
method of heating and maximum hold time加熱方法和最長持溫時間
(e)
description of forming apparatus and procedure to be used所用成型設備和所用工藝的描述
(f)
materials and procedures used to provide internal support during forming用於在成型過程中用於提供內部
支承之材料和支承法
(g)
examination to be performed所要進行的檢測
(h)
required heat treatment所需熱處理
K332.4 Required Heat Treatment 所要求的熱處理
K332.4.1 Hot Bending and Forming. After hot bending and forming, heat treatment is required for all thicknesses of PNos. 3, 4, 5A, 5B, 6, 10A, 10B, and 15E materials that are not quenched and tempered. Times and temperatures shall be in
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accordance with paragraph 331. Quenched and tempered materials shall be reheat treated to the original material specification. 熱
彎和成型。 熱彎成型後，所有厚度的P-No. 3、4、5A、5B、6、10A、10B、15E等未經調質處理的材料都需要進行熱處
理。 持溫時間和持溫溫度應符合331的規定。調質材料應按原始材料規範重新熱處理。
K332.4.2 Cold Bending and Forming冷彎和成型
(a) After cold bending and forming, heat treatment in accordance with (b) below is required, regardless of
thickness, when specified in the engineering design or when the maximum calculated fiber elongation exceeds 5% strain or 50%
of the basic minimum specified longitudinal elongation for the applicable specification, grade, and thickness for P-Nos. 1, 3, 4,
5A, 5B, 6, 10A, 10B, and 15E materials (unless it has been demonstrated that the selection of the pipe and the procedure for
making the components provide assurance that the most severely formed portion of the material has retained an elongation of not
less than 10%).冷彎成型後，當在工程設計中規定或當最大計算纖維伸長率超過 5% 應變或超過對P-No. 1、3、4、5A、
5B、6、10A、10B 和 15E 材料之相應規範、等級和厚度之基本最小規定縱向伸長率的 50% 時，無論厚度如何，都需要
進行熱處理 （除非已證明鋼管材的選用和製造元件的工藝可確保材料的最嚴重成型部位保有不小於 10% 的伸長率）。
(b) Heat treatment is required regardless of thickness and shall conform to the temperatures and durations given
in Table 331.1.1, except that for quenched and tempered materials, the stress relieving temperature shall not exceed a temperature
28°C (50°F) below the tempering temperature of the material. 無論厚度如何，都需要進行熱處理，並且應符合表 331.1.1 中
所給出的持溫溫度和持溫時間，但調質材料的應力消除溫度不應比材料回火溫度低28°C (50°F) 。
K333 BRAZING AND SOLDERING軟釬焊和硬釬焊
Brazing shall conform to the requirements of this Part and the applicable requirements of paragraph K317.2. Braze welding and
soldering are not permitted. 軟釬焊應符合本篇的要求和 K317.2的適用要求。 不允許採用軟釬焊和硬釬焊。
K333.1 Brazing Responsibility釬焊責任
Each employer is responsible for 每位雇主都對以下所述事項責任
(a) the brazing performed by personnel of its organization由其組織的人員進行的釬焊
(b) conducting the qualification tests required to qualify the brazing procedure specifications used by personnel in
its organization进行必要的工艺规程评定测试，以证明其组织中之人员是遵循已评定合格之釬工艺规程说书
(c)
conducting the qualification tests required to qualify its brazers and brazing operators對其釬焊工和釬焊操作
員進行所需的技能检定
K333.2 Brazing Qualifications 釬焊的檢 (評)定
K333.2.1 Qualification Requirements. The qualification of brazing procedures, brazers, and brazing operators shall be
in accordance with the requirements of ASME BPVC, Section IX. 檢 (評)定。 釬焊規程、釬焊工和釬焊操作員的檢 (評)定應
符合 ASME BPVC 第 IX冊的要求。
K333.2.2 Procedure Qualification by Others. Brazing procedure specifications qualified by a technically competent
group or agency may be used, provided the following requirements are met: 由其他组织所进行的工艺规程评定。 只要滿足以
下要求，即可應用經技術主管團體或機構認可的釬焊工艺规程评定說明書：
(a) The owner shall approve the use of brazing procedure specifications qualified by others. 所有者應批准使用由
其他组织所評定認可的釬焊工艺规程评定說明書。
(b) The brazing procedure specifications shall meet the requirements of paragraph K333.2.1. 釬焊工艺规程评定說
明書應滿足 K333.2.1的要求。
(c) The employer’s business name shall be shown on each brazing procedure specification and on each brazing
procedure qualification record. 雇主的企業名稱應顯示在每份釬焊工艺规程评定說明書和每份釬釬焊工艺記錄上。
(d) The employer shall accept responsibility for each brazing procedure qualification performed by others by
signing and dating each brazing procedure qualification record. 雇主應通過在每份釬焊工藝評定記錄上簽字並註明日期，以
表明其对由其他组织所完成之规程评定承担后续所应负之责任。
(e)
The employer shall conduct the qualification tests required to qualify its brazers and brazing operators. 雇主應
進行所需的工藝規程評定測試，以用於檢定其釬焊工和釬焊操作員的技能。
K333.2.3 Performance Qualification by Others. An employer may accept the performance qualification of a brazer or
brazing operator made by a technically competent group or agency, provided the following requirements are met: 其他组织所进
行的技能检定。只要滿足以下要求，則雇主可以接受由技術能力強的團體或機構對釬焊工或釬焊操作員所進行的技能檢
定：
(a) The owner shall approve the use of brazing performance qualifications qualified by others. 使用其他组织所进
行的技能检定前應取得業主的批准。
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(b) The brazer or brazing operator performance qualifications were made on pipe test coupons. 釬焊工或釬焊操
作員的技能检定是在管試件上進行的。
(c) The employer shall have a brazing procedure specification such that the performance qualification is within the
limits of the essential variables set forth in ASME BPVC, Section IX. 雇主應制定釬焊程序工藝說明書，以使技能检定在
ASME BPVC 第 IX冊中相應必要變量的限制範圍內。
(d) The employer shall have a copy of the performance qualification test record. The record shall show the name of
the technically competent group or agency by whom the brazer or brazing operator was qualified and the date of that
qualification. Evidence shall also be provided that the brazer or brazing operator has maintained qualification in accordance with
ASME BPVC, Section IX, QB-322. 用人單位應備有技能检定試驗記錄複本。 記錄應顯示對釬焊工或釬焊操作員進行检定
的技術主管團體或機構的名稱以及检定日期。 還應提供證據表明釬焊工或釬焊操作員已按ASME BPVC第 IX 冊QB-322
維持其已取得的認可資格。
(e) The employer’s business name shall be shown on the brazing performance qualification record. 雇主的企業名
稱應顯示在釬焊技能检定記錄上。
(f) The employer shall accept responsibility for the brazing performance qualifications performed by others by
signing and dating the qualification. 雇主應通過簽署和註明日期的方式以表明其对由其他组织所完成之釬焊技能检定承擔
后续所应负之责任。
K333.2.4 Qualification Records. The employer shall maintain copies of the brazing procedure specification and
performance qualification records specified by ASME BPVC, Section IX. These records shall be made available to the Inspector
upon request. 檢 (評)定記錄。 雇主應保留 ASME BPVC 第 IX廁所規定的釬焊工藝歸說明書評定記錄和技能檢定記錄的副
本。 這些記錄應根據要求提交給檢驗師以供審查。
K333.3 Materials 材料
Brazing filler metals and flux shall be in accordance with paragraph 333.2.1. 釬焊用焊填金屬和焊劑應符合333.2.1的
要求。
K333.4 Preparation and Cleaning 製備和清潔法
Paragraph 333.3 applies, except that soldering is not permitted. 見333.3條款，但不適用軟釬焊。
K335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION 裝配和安裝
K335.1 General通則
Paragraph 335.1 applies. 見335.1條款。
K335.2 Flanged Joints 法蘭接頭
Paragraph 335.2 applies, except that bolts shall extend completely through their nuts. 335.2下之各條款均適用，但螺
栓應完全穿過螺母。
K335.3 Threaded Joints 螺紋接頭
Paragraph 335.3 applies, except that threaded joints shall not be seal welded. 335.3下之各條款均適用，但螺紋接頭不
應有密封焊縫。
K335.4 Special Joints特殊接頭
Special joints (as defined in paragraph K318) shall be installed and assembled in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions, as modified by the engineering design. Care shall be taken to ensure full engagement of joint members. 特殊接
頭（見K318之定義）應按製造商的說明進行安裝和裝配，並按工程設計進行修改。 應注意確保接頭元件的充分囓
合。
K335.5 Cleaning of Piping 管道的清潔法
See Appendix F, paragraph F335.9. 參見附錄 F中F335.9 條款。
PART 10 INSPECTION, EXAMINATION, AND TESTING 第 10 篇 檢驗、檢測和
測試
K340 INSPECTION 檢驗
Paragraphs 340.1 through 340.4 apply. 340.1 至 340.4條款均適用。
K341 EXAMINATION 檢測
Paragraphs 341.1 and 341.2 apply. 341.1 和 341.2下之各條款均適用。
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K341.3 Examination Requirements 檢測要求
K341.3.1 General. Prior to initial operation, each piping installation, including components and workmanship, shall be
examined in accordance with paragraph K341.4 and the engineering design. If heat treatment is performed, examination shall be
conducted after its completion. 通則。 在初運行行之前，均應根據 K341.4和工程設計對每個管道的安裝，包括元件和工藝
進行檢測。 如進行熱處理，則應在完成後熱處理再進行檢測。
K341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria. Acceptance criteria shall be as stated in the engineering design and shall at least meet
the applicable requirements stated in (a) and (b) below, and elsewhere in this Chapter. 合格準則。 合格準則應如工程設計中所
述，並且至少應滿足下文 (a) 和 (b) 以及本章所述的其他適用要求。
(a) Table K341.3.2 states acceptance criteria (limits on imperfections) for welds. See Figure 341.3.2 for typical
weld imperfections. 表 K341.3.2 規定了焊縫的合格準則（缺陷限制）。典型的焊接缺陷請參見圖 341.3.2。
(b) Acceptance criteria for castings are specified in paragraph K302.3.3. 鑄件的合格準則見K302.3.3中的規定。
K341.3.3 Defective Components and Workmanship. Defects (imperfections of a type or magnitude not acceptable by
the criteria specified in paragraph K341.3.2) shall be repaired, or the defective item or work shall be replaced. 有缺陷之元件和加
工技藝。 缺陷（不符合第 K341.3.2 段規定的標準的缺陷類型或程度）應予以修復，或有缺陷的品項或產品應更換。
Examination shall be as follows: 應按如下所述進行檢測：
(a) When the defective item or work is repaired, the repaired portion of the item or work shall be examined
after the completion of any required heat treatment. The examination shall use the same methods and acceptance criteria
employed for the original examination. 當有缺陷的品項或產品被返修時，品項或產品的返修部位應在完成任何所需熱處理
後再進行檢測。 檢測應採用與原始檢測相同的方法和合格準則。
(b) When the defective item or work is replaced, the new item or work used to replace the defective item or
work shall be examined after the completion of any required heat treatment. The examination shall use any method and applicable
acceptance criteria that meet the requirements for the original examination. 當有缺陷的品項或產品被替換時，用於替換有缺
陷之品項或產品的新品項或產品應在完成任何所需熱處理後再進行檢測。 檢測應採用滿足原始檢測所要求的任何方法
和相應的合格準則。
K341.4 Extent of Required Examination 所需的檢測程度
Piping shall be examined to the extent specified herein or to any greater extent specified in the engineering design. 管道
應按照如下所規定的 程度或工程設計中規定的任何更大 程度進行檢測。
K341.4.1 Visual Examination目視檢查
(a) The requirements of paragraph 341.4.1(a) apply with the following exceptions in regard to extent of
examination: 341.4.1(a)下之各條款的要求均適用，但下列有關檢查程度的例外：
(1) Materials and Components. 100%. 材料和元件為 100%。
(2) Fabrication. 100%.製品為 100%。
(3) Threaded, Bolted, and Other Joints. 100%.螺紋接頭、螺栓接頭和其他接頭為 100%。
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Table K341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria for Welds焊縫的合格準則
Criteria (A–F) for Types of Welds, and for Required Examination Methods [Note (1)]
焊縫類型和所需檢測方法的準則(A–F) [注 (1)]
Methods方法
Type of Weld焊縫類型
Branch
Ultrasonics or
Girth Longitudinal Groove Fillet [Note Connection
Radiography超聲 Groove環向 [Note (2)] 縱向坡口 (3)] 填角 [ [Note (4)] 支管連
Type of Imperfection缺陷類型
Crack裂紋
Lack of fusion 融合不良
波或射線
Visual目視
坡口
【注（2）】
注(3)]
接[注(4)]
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
…
…
✓
✓
✓
✓
B
C
A
B
C
A
N/A
N/A
A
B
C
A
✓
…
A
A
A
A
✓
✓
D
D
N/A
D
✓
…
E
E
E
E
✓
…
F
F
F
F
Incomplete penetration未焊透
Internal porosity 內部氣孔
Linear indication線性指示
Undercutting咬邊
Surface porosity or exposed slag inclusion
表面氣孔或外露夾渣
Concave root surface (suck-up)
根面凹陷（suck-up）
Surface finish表面光潔度
Reinforcement or internal protrusion余高或內部突
起度
GENERAL NOTES: 通注
(a) Weld imperfections are evaluated by one or more of the types of examination methods given, as specified in paras. K341.4.1 and K341.4.2. 焊
縫缺陷通過K341.4.1 和 K341.4.2中所規定一或多種檢測方法進行評估。
(b) “N/A” indicates this Chapter does not establish acceptance criteria or does not require evaluation of this kind of imperfection for this type of
weld. “N/A”表示本章未建立合格準則或不要求對此類焊縫進行此類缺陷的評定。
(c) Check (✓) indicates examination method generally used for evaluating this kind of weld imperfection. 打勾（✓）表示通常用於評估此類焊
縫缺陷的檢測方法。
(d) Ellipsis (…) indicates examination method not generally used for evaluating this kind of weld imperfection. 省略號（…）表示通常不用於評
估此類焊縫缺陷的檢測方法。
(e) Symbols A through F are explained in the table on the next page. 有關符號 A 到 F的解釋見下頁對表 K341.3.2中合格值的註釋。
NOTES:注
(1) Criteria given are for required examination. More-stringent criteria may be specified in the engineering design. 所給出的準則用於所要求的
檢測。 工程設計中可能會規定更嚴格的準則。
(2) Longitudinal welds include only those permitted in paras. K302.3.4 and K305. The criteria shall be met by all welds, including those made in
accordance with a standard listed in Table K326.1 or in Appendix K. 僅包括K302.3.4 和 K305中所允許的那些縱向焊縫 。 所有焊縫都應滿足此一
準則，包括按表 K326.1 或附錄 K 中所列標準所焊製的焊縫。
(3) Fillet welds include only those permitted in paragraph K311.2.2. 僅包括填K311.2.2 中所允許的那些填角焊縫。
(4) Branch connection welds include only those permitted in paragraph K328.5.4. 僅包括填K328.5.4中所允許的那些支管連接焊縫。
(4) Piping Erection. All piping erection shall be examined to verify dimensions and alignment. Supports,
guides, and points of cold spring shall be checked to ensure that movement of the piping under all conditions of startup,
operation, and shutdown will be accommodated without undue binding or unanticipated constraint. 管道安裝。 應檢查所有
管道的安裝以驗證尺寸和對準方式。 應檢查支承件、導向件和冷緊點，以確保管道都能夠順應在啟動、運行和停車
的所有條件下的移動，而不會受到不當約束或意外約束。
(b) Pressure-Containing Threads. 100% examination for finish and fit is required. Items with visible
imperfections in thread finish or any of the following defects shall be rejected: 承壓螺紋。 需對其粗糙度嚙合度度進行100%
的檢查。 螺紋有看缺陷或有以下任何缺陷的螺紋應被拒收：
(1) Tapered Threads. Failure to meet gaging requirements in API Spec 5B or ASME B1.20.1, as applicable.
錐形螺紋。 未能滿足 API Spec 5B 或 ASME B1.20.1（視何者適用而定）中的測量要求。
(2)
Straight Threads. Excessively loose or tight fit when gaged for light interference fit. 直螺紋。 測量轻过
盈配合時配合過鬆或過緊。
(c) Brazed Joints. 100% of all brazed joints shall be examined by in process examination in accordance with
paragraph K344.7. 釬焊接頭。 所有釬焊接頭應按K344.7進行100% 的製程檢查。
K341.4.2 Radiographic and Ultrasonic Examination射線檢測和超聲波檢測
(a) All girth, longitudinal, and branch connection welds shall be 100% radiographically examined, except as
176
permitted in (b) below. 所有環向焊縫、縱向焊縫和支管連接焊縫均應進行 100% 射線檢測，但以下 (b)允許者除外。
(b) When specified in the engineering design and with the owner’s approval, ultrasonic examination of welds
may be substituted for radiographic examination where 𝑇̅𝑤 ≥ 13 mm (1⁄2 in.). 當工程設計中有規定並經業主批准時，在𝑇̅𝑤 ≥ 13
mm (1⁄2 in.)的情況下，可用超聲波檢測來代替射線檢測。
(c) In process examination (see paragraph 344.7) shall not be substituted for radiographic or ultrasonic
examination of welds. 不應用焊縫的射線檢測或超聲波檢測來代替製程檢查（見 344.7）。
K341.4.3 Certifications and Records. Paragraph 341.4.1(c) applies. 證明和紀錄。見341.4.1(c)條款。
177
Criterion Value Notes for Table K341.3.2 表 K341.3.2 的合格值註釋
Criterion準則
Symbol符號
Measure準繩
A
Extent of imperfection缺陷程度
B
Size and distribution of internal porosity
內部氣孔的大小和分佈
C
Acceptable Value Limits [Note (1)] 合格值的範圍 [注 (1)]
Zero (no evident imperfection) 零（無明顯缺陷）
See ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 4見 ASME BPVC第
VIII-1卷附錄 4
Internal slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or linear
indication. Indications are unacceptable if the amplitude
exceeds the reference level, or indications have lengths
that exceed內部夾渣、夾鎢或線性指示。 如果振幅超
過參照為準，或指示的長度超過如下單一或累計長度
之合格準則，則指示是不可接受的
Individual length [Note (2)] 單一長度【注（2）】
6 mm (1⁄4 in.) for 𝑇̅𝑤 ≤ 19 mm (3⁄4 in.) 當管控厚度𝑇̅𝑤 ≤ 19 mm (3⁄4 in.)時
為6 mm (1⁄4 in.)
𝑇̅𝑤 /3 for 19 mm (3⁄4 in.) < 𝑇̅𝑤 ≤ 57 mm (21⁄4 in.) 當管控厚度𝑇̅𝑤 大於19 mm
(3⁄4 in.)但不超過57 mm (21⁄4 in.) 時為𝑇̅𝑤 /3
19 mm (3⁄4 in.) for 𝑇̅𝑤 > 57 mm (21⁄4 in.) 當管控厚度𝑇̅𝑤 > 57 mm (21⁄4
in.)時為19 mm (3⁄4 in.)
Cumulative length累計長度
𝑇̅𝑤 in any 12 𝑇̅𝑤 weld length指示在任意 12 𝑇̅𝑤 焊縫長度內之累計長度的
合格值上限為𝑇̅𝑤
D
Depth of root surface concavity根面凹陷深度
Wall Thickness壁厚, 𝑇̅𝑤 , mm Depth of Surface Concavity表面凹陷深度,
(in.)
mm (in.)
≤13 (1⁄2)
≤1.5 (1⁄16)
>13 (1⁄2) and ≤51 (2)
≤3 (1⁄8)
>51 (2)
≤4 (5⁄32)
and total joint thickness including weld reinforcement ≥ 𝑇̅𝑤 包括焊縫余高
在內之接頭總厚度≥ 𝑇̅𝑤
E
Surface roughness表面粗糙度
≤12.5 μm (500 μin.) 𝑅𝑎 (see ASME B46.1 for definition of roughness
average, 𝑅𝑎 ) ≤12.5 μm (500 μin.) 𝑅𝑎 （關於算術平均粗糙度𝑅𝑎 的定義
請參見 ASME B46.1）
Height of reinforcement or internal protrusion [Note (3)] in Wall Thickness壁厚, 𝑇̅ , mm External Weld Reinforcement or Internal
𝑤
any plane through the weld shall be within the limits of the
Weld Protrusion外部焊縫余高或內部焊縫
(in.)
applicable height value in the tabulation at the right. Weld
突起, mm (in.)
metal shall be fused with and merge smoothly into the
component surfaces. 通過焊縫任何平面中的余高或內部
F
突起的高度 [注 (3)] 應在右側表格中相應高度值的限度
範圍內。 焊縫金屬應熔合併平滑地融入元件表面。
≤13 (1⁄2)
>13 (1⁄2) and ≤51 (2)
>51 (2)
≤1.5 (1⁄16)
≤3 (1⁄8)
≤4 (5⁄32)
NOTES: 注
(1) Where two limiting values are given, the lesser measured value governs acceptance. 𝑇̅𝑤 is the nominal wall thickness of the thinner of two
components joined by a butt weld. 當給出兩個極限值時，合格值為較小的測量值。𝑇̅𝑤 是通過對接焊縫所連接之兩個元件中較薄元件的標稱壁
厚。
(2) For ultrasonic examination, refer to paragraph K344.6.3 for acceptable value limits. 有關超聲波檢測的可接受限值請參閱K344.6.3。
(3) For groove welds, height is the lesser of the measurements made from the surfaces of the adjacent components. For fillet welds, height is
measured from the theoretical throat; internal protrusion does not apply. Required thickness 𝑡𝑚 shall not include reinforcement or internal protrusion.
對於坡口焊縫而言，高度是相鄰元件表面之測量值中的較小者。 對於角焊縫，高度是從理論喉厚開始測量的； 內部突起不適用。 所要求
的厚度𝑡𝑚 不應包括余高或內部突起。
K341.5 Supplementary Examination
Any of the examination methods described in paragraph K344 may be specified by the engineering design to supplement the
examination required by paragraph K341.4. The extent of supplementary examination to be performed and any acceptance criteria
that differ from those specified in paragraph K341.3.2 shall be specified in the engineering design. 工程設計可規定 K344中所述
的任何檢測方法，以補充 K341.4所要求的檢測。 不同於K341.3.2規定的補充檢測程度和合格準則應在工程設計中規定。
K341.5.1 Hardness Tests. Paragraph 341.5.2 applies. 硬度測試。見341.5.2條款。
K341.5.2 Examinations to Resolve Uncertainty. 解決不確定性的檢測
Paragraph 341.5.3 applies. 見341.5.3條款。
K342 EXAMINATION PERSONNEL 檢測人員
178
Paragraph 342 applies in its entirety. 見342條款。
K343 EXAMINATION PROCEDURES 檢測工藝
Paragraph 343 applies, except that the examination methods shall comply with paragraph K344. 見343條款，但檢測方法應符合
K344之規定。
K344 TYPES OF EXAMINATION 檢測類型
K344.1 General通則
Paragraphs 344.1.1 and 344.1.2 apply. In paragraph 344.1.3, terms other than “100% examination” apply only to
supplementary examinations. 344.1.1 和 344.1.2均適用。 但在344.1.3中除100% 檢測外的其餘術語僅適用於補充檢
測。
K344.2 Visual Examination 目視檢查
Paragraph 344.2 applies in its entirety. 344.2下之各條款均適用。
K344.3 Magnetic Particle Examination 磁粉檢測
The method for magnetic particle examination shall be as specified in磁粉檢測方法應符合
(a)
paragraph K302.3.3(b) for castings K302.3.3(b)中用於鑄件的磁粉檢測方法
(b)
ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 7 for welds and other components用於焊縫和其他元件的ASME BPVC第
V 冊第 7 篇
K344.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination 液滲透檢測
The method for liquid penetrant examination shall be as specified in液滲透檢測的方法應符合
(a)
paragraph K302.3.3(b) for castings K302.3.3(b)中用於鑄件的液滲透檢測方法
(b)
ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 6 for welds and other components 用於焊縫和其他元件的ASME BPVC第
V 冊第 6篇
K344.5 Radiographic Examination 射線檢測
The method for radiographic examination shall be as specified in 射線檢測的方法應符合
(a)
paragraph K302.3.3(c) for castings K302.3.3(c)中用於鑄件的射線檢測方法
(b)
ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 2 for welds and other components 用於焊縫和其他元件的ASME BPVC第
V 冊第 2篇
K344.6 Ultrasonic Examination 超聲波檢測
K344.6.1 Castings. The method for ultrasonic examination of castings shall be as specified in paragraph K302.3.3(c). 鑄
件。 鑄件的超聲波檢測方法應符合 K302.3.3(c)的規定。
K344.6.2 Pipe and Tubing 鋼管材和管料
(a)
Method. Pipe and tubing, required or selected in accordance with Table K305.1.2 to undergo ultrasonic
examination, shall pass a 100% examination for longitudinal defects in accordance with ASTM E213, Ultrasonic Testing of Metal
Pipe and Tubing. Longitudinal (axial) reference notches shall be introduced on the outer and inner surfaces of the calibration
(reference) standard in accordance with Figure 3(c) of ASTM E213 to a depth not greater than the larger of 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) or
4% of specimen thickness and a length not more than 10 times the notch depth. 方法。 根據表 K305.1.2的要求或選擇進行超聲
波檢測的鋼管材和管料，應按 ASTM E213《金屬鋼管材和管料的超聲波檢測》通過 100% 的縱向缺陷檢測。 應按
ASTM E213圖 3(c) 在校準（參照）標準規塊的外/內表面開縱向（軸向）校準槽口，其深度不大於0.1 mm (0.004 in.)或試
樣厚度的 4%之較大者，長度不超過槽口深度的 10 倍。
(b)
Acceptance Criteria. Any indication greater than that produced by the calibration notch represents a
defect; defective pipe and tubing shall be rejected. 合格準則。 任何大於校準槽口之參照振幅的指示都表示存在著缺陷； 有
缺陷的鋼管材和管料應被拒收。
(c)
Records. For pipe and tubing that passes this examination, a report shall be prepared that contains at least
the information specified in 15.2.1 through 15.2.6 of ASTM E213. 記錄。 應對通過檢測的鋼管材和管出具具一份報告，報告
中至少包含 ASTM E213 第15.2.1 至 15.2.6條款中所規定的信息。
K344.6.3 Welds焊縫
(a)
Method. The method for ultrasonic examination of welds shall be as specified in ASME BPVC, Section V,
Article for nominal thickness, 𝑇̅𝑤 , greater than or equal to 13 mm (1⁄2 in.) but less than 25 mm (1 in.), and ASME BPVC, Section
VIII, Division 3, KE-301 and KE-302 for nominal wall thickness, 𝑇̅𝑤 , greater than or equal to 25 mm (1 in.). 方法。 焊縫的超聲
179
波檢測方法應符合ASME BPVC 第 V 節中對標稱厚度𝑇̅𝑤 ≥ 13 mm (1⁄2 in.)但小於25 mm (1 in.)之焊縫的相應條款 , 和
ASME BPVC第 VIII-3卷KE-301 和 KE-302對標稱壁厚𝑇̅𝑤 ≥ 25 mm (1 in.)之焊縫的相應條款。
(b)
Acceptance Criteria. Cracks, lack of fusion, incomplete penetration, or undercutting are unacceptable
regardless of size or length (see Table K341.3.2). In addition, for an internal slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or linear indication
合格準則。 無論裂紋、未熔合、未焊透或咬邊2k7尺寸或長度如何都是不可接受的（見表 K341.3.2）。 此外，內部夾
渣、夾鎢或線性指示應符合如下要求：
(1)
for nominal wall thickness, 𝑇̅𝑤 , greater than or equal to 13 mm (1⁄2 in.) but less than 25 mm (1 in.), the
acceptance criterion for the thickness to be examined specified in paragraph 344.6.2 applies. 標稱壁厚𝑇̅𝑤 ≥ 13 mm (1⁄2 in.)
但小於25 mm (1 in.)時，應符合344.6.2中對待檢測厚度所規定的合格準則。
(2)
for nominal wall thickness, 𝑇̅𝑤 , greater than or equal to 25 mm (1 in.), the acceptance criteria specified
in ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 3, KE-333 for the thickness to be examined apply. 標稱壁厚𝑇̅𝑤 ≥ 25 mm (1 in.)時
，應符合ASME BPVC第 VIII-3卷KE-333 中對待檢測厚度所規定的合格準則。
K344.7 In process Examination 製程中之檢測
Paragraph 344.7 applies in its entirety. 見344.7條款。
K344.8 Eddy Current Examination 渦流檢測
K344.8.1 Method. The method for eddy current examination of pipe and tubing shall follow the general guidelines of
ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 8, subject to the following specific requirements: 方法。鋼管材和管料的渦流檢測方法應遵
循 ASME BPVC 第 V冊第 8篇的通用指南，並符合以下具體要求：
(a) Cold drawn austenitic stainless-steel pipe and tubing, selected in accordance with Table K305.1.2 for eddy
current examination, shall pass a 100% examination for longitudinal defects. 按表 K305.1.2 進行渦流檢測的冷拔奧氏體不銹鋼
鋼管材和管料，應通過 100% 的縱向缺陷檢測。
(b) A calibration (reference) standard shall be prepared from a representative sample. A longitudinal (axial)
reference notch shall be introduced on the inner surface of the standard to a depth not greater than the larger of 0.1 mm (0.004 in.)
or 5% of specimen thickness and a length not more than 6.4 mm (0.25 in.). 校準（參照）標準規塊應從代試樣中製備。 縱向
（軸向）校準槽口應開在標準規塊的內表面上，其深度不大於0.1 mm (0.004 in.)或試樣厚度 5%之較大者，且長度不超過
6.4 mm (0.25 in.)。
K344.8.2 Acceptance Criteria. Any indication greater than that produced by the calibration notch represents a defect;
defective pipe or tubing shall be rejected. 合格準則。 任何大於校準槽口之參照振幅的指示都表示存在著缺陷； 有缺陷的
鋼管材和管料應被拒收。
K344.8.3 Records. For pipe and tubing that passes this examination, a report shall be prepared that includes at least the
following information: 記錄。 應對通過渦流檢測的鋼管材和管出具具至少包含以下信息的報告：
(a)
material identification by type, size, lot, heat, etc. 材料類型、規格、批號爐號號等標識
(b)
listing of examination equipment and accessories檢測設備和輔助設備
(c)
details of examination technique (including examination speed and frequency) and end effects, if any檢測技
術的詳細信息（包括檢測速度和頻率）和邊緣效應（如果有）
(d)
description of the calibration standard, including dimensions of the notch, as measured校準標準規塊的描述
，包括實際量測的槽口尺寸
(e)
examination results檢測結果
K345 LEAK TESTING 洩漏測試
K345.1 Required Leak Test 所要求的洩漏測試
Prior to initial operation, each piping system shall be leak tested. 在初始運行之前，應對每一管道系統進行洩漏測試
。
(a) Each weld and each piping component, except bolting and individual gaskets to be used during final system
assembly and pressure relief devices to be used during operation, shall be hydrostatically or pneumatically leak tested in
accordance with paragraph K345.4 or K345.5, respectively. The organization conducting the test shall ensure that during the
required leak testing of components and welds, adequate protection is provided to prevent injury to people and damage to
property from missile fragments, shock waves, or other consequences of any failure that might occur in the pressurized system. 除
了在最終系統裝配過程中所採用的螺栓連接件和各別墊片以及在操作過程中所採用的洩壓裝置外，每一焊縫和每一管道
構成元件應分別按K345.4 或 K345.5 進行液壓或氣壓洩漏測試。 進行測試的組織應確保在對元件和焊縫進行所要求的洩
漏測試期間，提供充分的安全保護，以防止因飛出之碎片、衝擊波或系統加壓環境中可能發生的任何失效的其他後果而
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造成人員傷害和財產損失。
(b) In addition to the requirements of (a) above, a leak test of the installed piping system, excluding pressure
relief devices to be used during operation, shall be conducted at a pressure not less than 110% of the design pressure to ensure
tightness, except as provided in (c) or (d) below. 除上述 (a) 的要求外，已安裝好之管道系統（不包括運行期間使用的洩壓
裝置）的洩漏測試應在不低於設計壓力之 110% 的壓力下進行，以確保密封性，但下文 (c) 或 (d)的規定除外。
(c) If the leak test required in (a) above is conducted on the installed piping system, the additional test in (b)
above is not required. 如果上述（a）所要求的洩漏測試是在已安裝好之管道系統上進行時，則無需進行上述（b）的附加
測試。
(d) with the owner’s approval, pressure relief devices to be used during operation may be included in the leak
test required in (b) above. The leak test pressure may be reduced to prevent the operation of, or damage to, the pressure relief
devices, but shall not be less than 90% of the lowest set pressure of the pressure relief devices in the system. 經業主批准，操作
期間所用洩壓裝置可包括在上述 (b) 所要求的洩漏測試中。 可以降低洩漏測試壓力以防止洩壓裝置開啟或損壞，但不應
低於系統中之洩壓裝置最低設定壓力的 90%。
(e) For closure welds, examination in accordance with paragraph K345.2.3(c) may be substituted for the leak
test required in (a) above. 按K345.2.3(c)進行檢測之封閉焊縫可免除上述 (a) 所要求的洩漏測試。
(f)
None of the following leak tests may be used in lieu of the leak tests required in paragraph K345.1: 不應利
用以下任何洩漏測試來代替K345.1中所要求的洩漏測試：
(1) initial service leak test (paragraph 345.7) 初始運行洩漏測試（見345.7條款）
(2) sensitive leak test (paragraph 345.8) 敏感洩漏測試（見345.8條款）
(3) alternative leak test (paragraph 345.9) 備選洩漏測試（見345.9條款）
K345.2 General Requirements for Leak Tests洩漏試驗之總體要求
Paragraphs 345.2.4 through 345.2.7 apply. See below for paras. K345.2.1, K345.2.2, and K345.2.3. 345.2.4 至 345.2.7
均適用。 見下文的 K345.2.1、K345.2.2 和 K345.2.3條款。
K345.2.1 Limitations on Pressure壓力限度
(a) Through-Thickness Yielding. If the test pressure would produce stress (exclusive of stress intensification) in
excess of 𝑆𝑦𝑡 at the outside surface of a component at test temperature, as determined by calculation or by testing in accordance
with paragraph K304.7.2(b), the test pressure may be reduced to the maximum pressure that will result in a stress (exclusive of
stress intensification) at the outside surface that will not exceed 𝑆𝑦𝑡 . 全厚度降服。 如果測試壓力會在測試溫度下導致元件外
表面所承受之應力超過 按K304.7.2(b)通過計算或測試所確定之𝑆𝑦𝑡 （不包括應力增強）時，則測試壓力可降低不會使外
表面所承受之應力超過𝑆𝑦𝑡 （不包括應力增強）時的最大壓力。
(b) The provisions of paras. 345.2.1(b) and 345.2.1(c) apply. 345.2.1(b) 和 345.2.1(c)的規定均適用。
K345.2.2 Other Test Requirements. Paragraph 345.2.2 applies. In addition, the minimum metal temperature during
testing shall be not less than the impact test temperature (see paragraph K323.3.4). 其他測試要求。 見345.2.2條款。 此外，試
驗期間的最低金屬溫度應不低於衝擊試驗溫度（見第 K323.3.4 段）。
K345.2.3 Special Provisions for Leak Testing. Paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) below apply only to the leak test specified
in paragraph K345.1(a). They are not applicable to the installed piping system leak test specified in paragraph K345.1(b). 洩漏測
試的特殊規定。 以下 (a)、(b) 和 (c)僅適用於 K345.1(a)中所要求的洩漏測試。 它們不適用於 K345.1(b)中對已安裝好之
管道系統所指定的洩漏測試。
(a) Piping Components and Subassemblies. Piping components and subassemblies may be leak tested either
separately or as assembled piping. 管道構成元件和局部装配件。 管道構成元件和局部装配件可以單獨或作為已組裝好之管
道的一部份來進行洩漏測試。
(b) Flanged Joints. Flanged joints used to connect piping components that have previously been leak tested, and
flanged joints at which a blank or blind flange is used to isolate equipment or other piping during the leak test, need not be leak
tested. 法蘭接頭。 用於連接之前已經過洩漏測試之管道構成元件的法蘭接頭，以及在洩漏測試期間使用盲板或盲法蘭隔
離設備或其他管道的法蘭接頭不需要進行洩漏測試。
(c) Closure Welds. Leak testing of the final weld connecting piping systems or components that have been
successfully leak tested is not required, provided the weld is examined in process in accordance with paragraph 344.7 and passes
the required 100% radiographic examination in accordance with paragraph K341.4.2. 封閉焊縫。 如果封閉焊縫是作用已成功
通過洩漏測試之管道系統或元件的最終連接焊縫，並分別已按344.7和K341.4.2進行了在製程中檢測和所要求的 100% 射
線檢測，則不要求對封閉焊縫進行洩漏測試。
K345.3 Preparation for Leak Test 洩漏測試的前置作業
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Paragraph 345.3 applies in its entirety. 345.3下之各條款均適用。
K345.4 Hydrostatic Leak Test
Paragraph 345.4.1 applies. See paras. K345.4.2 and K345.4.3 below. 見345.4.1條款，另見第下文的 K345.4.2 和
K345.4.3條款。
K345.4.2 Test Pressure for Components and Welds. Except as provided in paragraph K345.4.3, the hydrostatic test
pressure at every point in a metallic piping system shall be as follows: 元件和焊縫的測試壓力。 除 K345.4.3的規定外，金屬
管道系統中每一點的液壓試驗壓力應如下：
(a)
(b)
not less than 1.25 times the design pressure. 不低於設計壓力的1.25倍。
when the design temperature is greater than the test temperature, the minimum test pressure, at the point
under consideration, shall be calculated by eq. (38) 當設計溫度高於試驗溫度時，所考慮點的最小試驗壓力應按式(38)來計
算之。
𝑃𝑇 = 1.25PST/S
(38)
where 式(38) 中所用運算符之定義如下所述
P
= internal design gage pressure內部設計表壓
𝑃𝑇 = minimum test gage pressure最小測試表壓
S = allowable stress at component design temperature for the prevalent pipe material; see Appendix
K, Table K-1 常用鋼管材在元件設計溫度下的許用應力； 見附錄 K表 K-1
𝑆𝑇 = allowable stress at test temperature for the prevalent pipe material; see Table K-1 常用鋼管材在
測試溫度下的許用應力； 見表 K-1
(c) in those cases where the piping system may not include pipe itself, any other component in the piping system,
other than pipe-supporting elements and bolting, may be used to determine the 𝑆𝑇 /S ratio based on the applicable allowable
stresses obtained from Table K-1. In those cases where the piping system may be made up of equivalent lengths of more than one
material, the 𝑆𝑇 /S ratio shall be based on the minimum calculated ratio of the included materials. 在管道系統可能不包括鋼管材
本身的情況下，可用表 K -1對管道系統中之任何其他元件（管道支承件和螺栓除外）給出的相應適用許用應力來確定
𝑆𝑇 /S的比值。 在管道系統可能由一種以上材料之等效長度所組成的情況下，𝑆𝑇 /S的比值應基於所涉材料的最小計算比
率。
K345.4.3 Hydrostatic Test of Piping with Vessels as a System. Paragraph 345.4.3(a) applies.與容器作為一個系統之
管道的液壓試驗。 見345.4.3(a)條款
K345.5 Pneumatic Leak Test 氣壓洩漏測試
Paragraph 345.5 applies, except for paragraph 345.5.4. See paragraph K345.5.4 below. 見345.5條款，但第 345.5.4 段
除外。 請參閱如下 K345.5.4條款。
K345.5.4 Test Pressure. The pneumatic test pressure for components and welds shall be identical to that required for
the hydrostatic test in accordance with paragraph K345.4.2. 測試壓力。元件和焊縫的氣壓試驗壓力應與 K345.4.2 段中對液
壓試驗所要求的壓力相同。
K345.6 Hydrostatic–Pneumatic Leak Test for Components and Welds 元件和焊縫的液壓-氣壓洩漏測試
If a combination hydrostatic–pneumatic leak test is used, the requirements of paragraph K345.5 shall be met, and the
pressure in the liquid-filled part of the piping shall not exceed the limits stated in paragraph K345.4.2. 如果採用液壓-氣壓
組合洩漏試驗時，則應滿足 K345.5的要求，充液管段的壓力不應超過 K345.4.2的規定限值。
K346 RECORDS 記錄
K346.1 Responsibility 責任
It is the responsibility of the designer, the manufacturer, the fabricator, and the erector, as applicable, to prepare the
records required by this Chapter and by the engineering design. 設計者、製造商、加工成形商和安裝者（如適用）有責
任出具本章和工程設計所要求的記錄。
K346.2 Required Records 所需記錄
At least the following records, as applicable, shall be provided to the owner or the Inspector by the person responsible
for their preparation: 負責出具記錄者應至少向所有者或檢驗師提供以下記錄（如適用）：
(a)
the engineering designs工程設計
(b)
the written report required in paragraph K300(b)(2) K300(b)(2)條款中所要求的書面報告
(c)
material certifications材證
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(d)
procedures used for fabrication, welding, brazing, heat treatment, examination, and testing用於製造加工、焊
接、釬焊、熱處理、檢測和測試的規程
(e)
repair records of materials and piping components, including the welding procedure used for each, and
location of repairs材料和管道構成元件的維修記錄，包括每種材料和管道構成元件的焊接工藝以及維修地點
(f)
performance qualifications for welders, brazers, and welding and brazing operators焊工、釬焊工、焊接和釬
焊操作員的技能檢定
(g)
(h)
qualifications of examination personnel檢測人員的認可資格
records of examination of pipe and tubing for longitudinal defects as specified in paras. K344.6.2(c) and
K344.8.3, as applicableK344.6.2(c) 和 K344.8.3 (視何者適用而定) 對鋼管材和管料所要求之縱向缺陷檢測記錄
K346.3 Retention of Records 記錄的保存
The owner shall retain one set of the required records for at least 5 yr after they are received. 所有者應在收到一套所需
記錄後至少保存 5 年。
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Chapter X High Purity Piping 第X 章 高純管道
U300 GENERAL STATEMENTS 總體概述
(a)
Chapter X pertains to piping designated by the owner as being in High Purity Fluid Service. See also Appendix M.
第 X 章涉及所有者指定用於高純度流體工況的管道。 另見附錄 M。
(b)
The organization, content, and paragraph designations of this Chapter correspond to those of the base Code (Chapters
I through VI), Chapter VII, and Chapter VIII. The prefix U is used to designate Chapter X requirements. 本章的架構、內容和段
落名稱與基準代碼（第 I章至第VI章）、第VII章和第VIII章相對應， 只是加了前綴 U 以用於表示第 X 章的要求。
(c)
Provisions and requirements of the base Code, Chapter VII, and Chapter VIII apply only as stated in this Chapter. 僅
當本章中有提及時基準代碼、第VII章和第VIII章的規定和要求方適用。
(d)
For piping not in High Purity Fluid Service, Code requirements are found in Chapters I through IX. 對於不用於高純
度流體工況的管道，規範要求見第 I 章到第 IX 章。
(e)
High Purity Piping. Chapter X provides alternative rules for design and construction of piping designated by the
owner as being High Purity Fluid Service. 高純度管道。 第 X 章為業主指定為高純度流體工況之管道的設計和建造提供了
另一種規則。
(1)
These rules apply only when specified by the owner, and only as a whole, not in part. 這些規則僅在所有者指
定時方適用，並且僅作為一個整體而不是部分適用。
(2)
Chapter X rules do not provide for High Pressure Fluid Service. 第 X 章規則不適用於高壓流體工況。
(3)
Chapter VII applies to nonmetallic piping and piping lined with nonmetals in High Purity Fluid Service. 第七
章適用於高純度流體工況中的非金屬管道和襯有非金屬的管道。
(f)
Chapter I applies.適用範圍及適用術語之定義見第 I章
PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA 第 1 篇 條件和準則
Chapter II, Part 1 applies. See paragraph U301.3.2(b)(5). 第II 章第 1篇301.3.2(b)(5)適用。 參見 U301.3.2(b)(5)條款。
U301 DESIGN CONDITIONS 設計條件
U301.3 Design Temperature 設計溫度
U301.3.2 Uninsulated Components不保溫之元件
(b)
(5) compression, face seal, and hygienic clamped fittings and joints — 100% of the fluid temperature
壓合型、面密封和卫生级夹紧管配件和接頭為流體溫度的 100%
PART 2 PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS
第 2 篇 管道構成元件的壓力設計
Chapter II, Part 2 applies. See Figure U304.5.3 for representative configuration for metal face seal blanks. 管道構成元件的壓力
設計應符合第 II章第 2篇中的適用規定。 請參見圖 U304.5.3以了解金屬面密封盲板的代表性配置。
PART 3 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS 第 3
篇 流體工況中所用管道構成元件的要求
Chapter II, Part 3 applies. See paras. U306.6, U307.3, and U308. 第 II章第三篇中306.6、307.3 和308均適用。 見第 U306.6、
U307.3 和 U308。
U306 FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS, LAPS, AND BRANCH CONNECTIONS 管配件、彎頭、斜接彎頭、搭接
短管和支管連接件
U306.6 Tube Fittings 潔凈管配件
(a) Tube fittings not listed in Table 326.1 or Appendix A shall meet the pressure design requirements described in
paragraph 302.2.3 and the mechanical strength requirements described in paragraph 303. 未在表 326.1 或附錄 A 中列出之潔凈
管配件應滿足302.2.3中所述的壓力設計要求和303中所述的機械強度要求。
(b) Compression-type tube fittings may be used in accordance with paragraph U315.2 provided that the type of fitting
selected complies with the following: 只有在所選用之接頭類型符合以下要求和符合 U315.2《油管接箍》之規定下方可使
用壓合式潔凈管配件：
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(1)
The gripping action of the fitting shall provide vibration resistance as demonstrated by exhibiting a stress
intensity factor equal to or less than 1.5. 配件的夾緊作用應提供抗振性，如通過應力強度係數等於或小於 1.5來證明。
(2) Intermixing of components from different manufacturers is permitted only when specified in the
engineering design. 只有在工程設計中指定時，才允許混用來自不同製造商的元件。
(c) Face seal or hygienic clamp-type fittings in which the tightness of the joint is provided by a seating surface other
than the threads (e.g., a metal face-seal fitting comprising internal and external threaded components, glands, and gasket or other
constructions shown typically in Figure U335.7.1) may be used. 可以使用接頭的密封性由螺紋以外之座面提供的面密封接頭
或卫生级夹紧接頭（例如，金屬面密封接頭，包括內/外部螺紋元件、壓蓋和墊片或在圖 U335.7.1 中顯示的其他典型結
構 ）。
U307 VALVES AND SPECIALTY COMPONENTS 閥門和特殊元件
U307.3 High Purity Fluid Service Valves 用於高純度流體工況之閥門
Valves such as ball, bellows, and diaphragm valves designed for High Purity Fluid Service that are not listed in Table
326.1 shall meet the pressure design requirements described in paragraph 302.2.2 and the mechanical strength requirements
described in paragraph 303. 表 326.1 中未列出且專為高純度流體工況而設計的球閥、波紋管閥和隔膜閥等閥門應滿
足302.2.2中所述的壓力設計要求和303中所述的機械強度要求。
U308 FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, AND GASKETS法蘭、盲板、法蘭密封面和墊片
Flanges should be avoided whenever possible. When flanges are utilized, paragraph 308 applies, except expanded joint flanges
described in paragraph 308.2.2 are not permitted. 應盡可能避免使用法蘭。 當使用法蘭時，308下之各條款均適用，但不允
許採用308.2.2第 中所述的膨脹接頭法蘭。
Figure U304.5.3 Blanks盲板
(b) Metal Face Seal金屬面密封
(a) Hygienic Clamp-Type Fitting卫生级夹紧接頭
PART 4 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING JOINTS
第 4 篇 流體工況中所用管道接頭的要求
Chapter II, Part 4 applies, except expanded joints, flared tube fittings, and caulked joints, described in paras. 313, 315, and 316,
respectively, are not permitted. See paras. U311, U311.1(c), U314, and U315. 第 II章第 4 篇均適用，但不允許採用分別符合
313、315 和 316條款所述的脹接接頭、擴口管接頭和捻縫接頭。 見U311、U311.1(c)、U314 和 U315。
U311 WELDED JOINTS 焊接接頭
Paragraph 311 applies, except for paragraph 311.1(c). See paragraph U311.1(c). 311下之各條款均適用，但311.1(c)除外。 參
見 U311.1(c)。
U311.1 General通則
(c)
Examination shall be in accordance with paragraph U341.4.1. 應按U341.4.1之規定進行檢測。
U314 THREADED JOINTS 螺紋接頭
Threaded joints should be avoided whenever possible. When threaded joints are utilized, paragraph 314 applies. 應盡可能避免使
用螺紋接頭。 當使用螺紋接頭時，該接頭應符合314之規定。
U315 TUBING JOINTS油管接箍
185
Paragraph 315 applies. See paras. U315.1, U315.2(c), and U315.3. 315下315.1、315.2(c) 和 315.3均適用。 見U315.1、
U315.2(c) 和 U315.3。
U315.1 General通則
In selecting and applying compression, face seal, and hygienic clamp-type tube fittings, the designer shall consider the
possible adverse effects on the joints of such factors as assembly and disassembly, cyclic loading, vibration, shock, and
thermal expansion and contraction. See paragraph FU315. 設計者在選用壓合式、面密封式、卫生级夹紧式管件時，應
考慮裝拆、循環載荷、振動、衝擊、熱脹冷縮等因素對接頭可能產生的不利影響。 請參閱FU315。
U315.2 Joints Conforming to Listed Standards 符合表列標準之接頭
(c)
Joints using compression, face seal, hygienic clamp, and automatic welding tube fittings covered by listed
standards may be used. 可以使用表列標準所涵蓋的壓合型接頭、面密封接頭、衛生級夾緊接頭和自動焊接管配件。
U315.3 Joints Not Conforming to Listed Standards 不符合表列標準之接頭
(a)
Compression-type tube fitting joints shall be fully gageable on initial installation to ensure sufficient tightening.
壓合型潔凈管配件在初始安裝時應完全可測量，以確保充分擰緊。
(b)
Safeguarding is required for face seal or hygienic clamp-type joints used under severe cyclic conditions. 在劇烈
循環條件下所採用之面密封或衛生級夾緊接頭要求有保護措施。
PART 5 FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT 第 5 篇 可撓性和支承
Chapter II, Part 5 applies. See paragraph U319.3.6. 除見 II章第 5 篇外， 另參見U319.3.6。
U319 PIPING FLEXIBILITY 管道的可撓性
U319.3 Properties for Flexibility Analysis 可撓性分析的特性
U319.3.6 Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors. Paragraph 319.3.6 applies; however, piping components used
in high-purity applications, e.g., multiport block valves, hygienic unions, crosses, and point-of-use and adaptor fittings, often do
not have geometries similar to those in ASME B31J. U319.3.6 可撓性和應力增量係數。 見319.3.6條款； 然而，用於高純度
應用之管道構成元件 (例如多端口截止閥、衛生級接頭、四通、使用點和接套式管件)通常不具有類似於 ASME B31J 中
的幾何形狀。
PART 6 SYSTEMS 第 6 篇 系統
Chapter II, Part 6 applies. 見第 II章第六篇。
PART 7 METALLIC MATERIALS 第 7 篇 金屬材料
The provisions and requirements in Chapter III for materials apply. Materials commonly used in high purity process piping
systems include austenitic, ferritic, and duplex stainless-steels, and nickel and nickel alloys. 第III章中對材料的規定和要求亦適
用於此處的金屬材料。 高純度工藝管道系統中的常用材料包括奧氏體、鐵素體和雙相不銹鋼，以及鎳和鎳合金。
PART 8 STANDARDS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS 第 8 篇 管道構成元件之標準
Chapter IV applies. 見第IV章。
PART 9 FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND ERECTION 第 9 篇 製造加工、裝配
和安裝
U327 GENERAL 通則
Metallic piping materials and components are prepared for assembly and erection by one or more of the fabrication processes
covered in paras. U328, U330, U331, and U332. When any of these processes is used in assembly or erection, requirements are
the same as for fabrication. 金屬構成元件之材料和元件準備好 可通過U328、U330、U331 和 U332中所述一種或多種製造
方法進行進行至備，以備裝配和安裝。 當這些製造方法中的任何一個用於裝配和安裝時，其要求與製造加工相同。
U328 WELDING 焊接
Paragraph 328 applies, except for paras. 328.3.2, 328.5.4, and 328.5.5. See paras. U328.2(a), U328.2(b), U328.2(c), U328.4,
U328.4.2, U328.4.4, and U328.5.1(g) for additional requirements. 見328 條款，但328.3.2、328.5.4 和 328.5.5段除外。 額外要
求見U328.2(a), U328.2(b), U328.2(c)、U328.4、U328.4.2、U328.4.4 和 U328.5.1(g)。
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U328.2 Welding and Brazing Qualification 焊接和釬焊的評定
The welding process shall be orbital GTAW, except for the following: 焊接工藝應為軌跡焊的 GTAW，但以下情況
除外：
(a)
Tack welds made prior to orbital welding may be manual GTAW. 在軌跡焊之前所進行的點焊可以是手工
(b)
Manual GTAW may be used, with the owner’s approval, on those welds where the orbital welding equipment
GTAW。
cannot be used. 經業主批准，可在軌跡焊接設備無法使用的接縫上使用手工 GTAW。
(c)
A change in the type or nominal composition of the backing (purge) gas shall require requalification. 背襯（吹
淨）氣體的類型或標稱成分發生變化時，應重新進行評定。
U328.4 Preparation for Welding
Paragraph 328.4.1 applies. Additionally, when weld coupon examination is specified in the engineering design or in the
referencing code or standard (e.g., ASME BPE or SEMI), primary weld coupons shall be made in accordance with paragraph
U328.4.4(b)(1) and examined in accordance with paragraph U344.8 prior to the start of production welding. This will demonstrate
that the orbital welding equipment is set up properly and the weld program is sufficient to make repeatable production welds in
accordance with the qualified welding procedure specification (WPS).
U328.4.2 End Preparations
(a) Paragraph 328.4.2(a)(1) applies, with the exception that discoloration requirements shall be based on the
referencing code or standard (e.g., ASME BPE or SEMI).
(b) End preparations for GTAW are as follows:
(1) Components having nominal wall thickness of 3 mm (1/8 in.) and less shall have ends prepared in
accordance with the referencing code or standard (e.g., ASME BPE or SEMI).
(2) Pipe from 5 mm to 22 mm (3/16 in. to 7/8 in.) nominal wall thickness shall be in accordance with ASME
B16.25. “J” or bevel groove angles suitable for orbital welding are shown in Figure U328.4.2.
(3) For pipe with nominal wall thickness 5 mm to 22 mm (3/16 in. to 7/8 in.), a modified “J” end preparation
with an extended land as shown in Figure U328.4.2, illustration (a) may be used.
(4) A pipe with a modified “J” end preparation may be welded to a pipe fitting with a 37 1/2-deg bevel end as
shown in Figure U328.4.2, illustration (b).
U328.4.4 Preparation of Weld Coupons
(a) Weld coupons shall be made by qualified welding operators using the same qualified WPS and the same
variables used for production welds.
(b) Methods
(1) Primary weld coupons shall be made from two short sections of tubing selected from the same
diameter, wall thickness, and alloy as the material used for production. Sections shall be of sufficient length for fit up in the
weld head allowing for attachment of inside diameter purge apparatus outside of the weld head. The sections shall be
welded together in a square groove weld on a butt joint.
(2) Production weld coupons may be made in accordance with (1) or, at the owner’s discretion, may be cut
from actual production welds. The weld coupons shall be selected to ensure that the work product of each welding operator
doing the production welding is represented.
U328.5 Welding Requirements
U328.5.1 General通則
(g) Tack welds shall be fully consumed after completion of the weld. Tack welds shall be made by a qualified
welder or welding operator.
U330 PREHEATING
Paragraph 330 applies.
U331 HEAT TREATMENT
Paragraph 331 applies.
Figure U328.4.2 Modified Pipe End Preparations
Wall thickness = 5 mm to 22 mm, inclusive (3/16 in. to 7/8 in.)
Wall thickness = 5 mm to 22 mm, inclusive (3/16 in. to 7/8 in.)
(a) Modified “J” Preparation
(b) Modified Butt Weld Preparation
U332 BENDING AND FORMING
Paragraph 332 applies in its entirety.
U333 BRAZING AND SOLDERING
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Brazing and soldering are not permitted.
U335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION
Paragraph 335 applies, except for paras. 335.4.1, 335.5, and 335.6. See paras. U335.7 and U335.8.
U335.7 Face Seal Joints
U335.7.1 Metal Face Seal. Metal face seal joints shall be installed and assembled in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions. See Figure U335.7.1, illustration (a).
U335.7.2 Nonmetallic Face Seal. Nonmetallic face seal joints shall be installed and assembled in accordance with
manufacturer’s instructions. Care shall be taken to avoid distorting the seal when incorporating such joints into piping assemblies
by welding. See Figure U335.7.1, illustration (b).
U335.8 Hygienic Clamp Joint Assembly
Hygienic clamp joint assembly components, e.g., those shown in Figures U335.8A, U335.8B, and U335.8C, shall be
installed and assembled in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Care shall be taken to avoid distorting the seal
when incorporating such joints into piping assemblies by welding.
PART 10 INSPECTION, EXAMINATION, AND TESTING
第 10 篇 檢驗、檢測和測試
U340 INSPECTION 檢驗
Paragraph 340 applies in its entirety.
U341 EXAMINATION 檢測
Paragraph 341 applies. See paras. U341.3.2 and U341.4.1.
Figure U335.7.1 Face Seal Joints
(a) Metal Face Seal
Figure U335.8A Hygienic Clamp Joint
Assembly
(b) Nonmetallic Face Seal
U341.3 Examination Requirements
U341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria. Acceptance criteria for all coupon and production welds shall be as stated in the
engineering design or in the referencing code or standard (e.g., ASME BPE or SEMI) and shall at least meet the applicable
requirements in paragraph 341.3.2.
U341.4 Extent of Required Examination
U341.4.1 Examination. Production weld coupon examination in accordance with paragraph U344.8 may be used in lieu
of the 5% random radiography/ultrasonic examination required in paragraph 341.4.1(b)(1) when any of the following are
employed in fabrication:
(a) autogenous automatic or machine orbital welding
(b) automatic or machine orbital welding with the use of consumable inserts
(c) automatic or machine orbital welding with the use of filler wire
U341.4.5 Weld Coupon Examination. Weld coupons shall be made and examined in accordance with paragraph
U344.8 when any of the following conditions exist:
(a) beginning of shift
(b) change of purge source
(c) change of power supply
(d) change of equipment, e.g., weld head, weld-head extensions, tungsten
(e) any time there is a weld defect
U342 EXAMINATION PERSONNEL
Paragraph 342 applies in its entirety. See paragraph U342.2(a).
U342.2 Specific Requirement
(a)
For weld coupon examination
(1) the examinations shall be performed by personnel other than those performing the production work or
(2) with the owner’s approval, the personnel performing the production work shall be permitted to perform
the examination, provided the personnel meet the personnel qualification and certification requirements in paragraph 342.1
U343 EXAMINATION PROCEDURES
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Paragraph 343 applies.
Figure U335.8B Hygienic Clamp Types
(1) Two-Piece Single Pin with
Wing Nut
(2) Two-Piece Double Pin with
Wing Nu
(3) Three-Piece Double Pin with
Wing Nut
(4) Two-Bolt Heavy Duty
Figure U335.8C Hygienic Ferrules
(1) Type A: O.D. Tube Sizes 1/4 in. Through 1 in.
(2) Type B: O.D. Tube Sizes 1 in. and Above
U344 TYPES OF EXAMINATION
Paragraph 344 applies. See paras. U344.2 and U344.8.
U344.2 Visual Examination
Paragraph 344.2 applies, except that in addition to the method described in paragraph 344.2.2, borescope examination
shall be acceptable.
U344.8 Weld Coupon Examination
U344.8.1 Requirements. Weld coupon examination comprises examination of weld coupons for the following, as
applicable:
(a) prior to welding of coupons made in accordance with paragraph U328.4.4(b)(1)
(1) joint preparation and cleanliness
(2) fit-up, collet or clamp grip, and alignment in the weld head
(3) variables in the orbital welding machine specified in the WPS
(b) after welding of coupons made in accordance with paragraph U328.4.4(b)(1), and for weld coupons made in
accordance with paragraph U328.4.4(b)(2), for compliance with paragraph U341.3.2
(1) alignment
(2) weld penetration
(3) weld bead width variation
(4) weld bead meander
(5) discoloration
(6) weld defects, e.g., cracks, porosity, or sulfur stringers
To allow direct visual examination of the inside surfaces, the weld coupon may be cut or a suitable indirect visual
examination method (e.g., borescope examination) may be used.
U344.8.2 Method. A weld coupon shall be made to allow visual examination in accordance with paragraph U344.2,
unless otherwise specified in the engineering design.
U345 TESTING
Paragraph 345 applies except for paras. 345.1, 345.8, and 345.9. See paras. U345.1, U345.8, and U345.9.
U345.1 Required Leak Test
Paragraph 345.1 applies, except that, at the owner’s option, a helium mass spectrometer test in accordance with
paragraph U345.8.1 may be substituted for the hydrostatic leak test.
U345.8 Sensitive Leak Test
Paragraph 345.8 applies, except that the helium mass spectrometer test described in paragraph U345.8.1 is also an
acceptable method.
U345.8.1 Helium Mass Spectrometer Test. The test shall be one of the following methods and performed in
accordance with the following:
(a) For pressurized systems, the test shall be in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 10, Appendix
IV (Helium Mass Spectrometer — Detector Probe Technique).
(1) The test pressure shall be the lesser of 105 kPa (15 psig) gage or 25% of the design pressure.
(2) Prior to testing, the test pressure shall be held a minimum of 30 min.
(3) Unless otherwise specified in the engineering design, the system tested is acceptable when no leakage is
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detected that exceeds the allowable leakage rate of 1 × 10−4 std cc/s.
(b) For evacuated systems, the test shall be in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 10, Appendix V
(Helium Mass Spectrometer Test — Tracer Probe Technique).
(1)
The piping system shall be evacuated to an absolute pressure sufficient for connection of the helium
mass spectrometer to the system.
(2)
Unless otherwise specified in the engineering design, the system tested is acceptable when no leakage
is detected that exceeds the allowable leakage rate of 1 × 10 −5 std cc/s.
U345.9 Alternative Leak Test
Paragraph 345.9 applies, except that welds may be examined by weld coupon examination method in accordance with
paragraph U341.4.5 and the test method may be helium mass spectrometer test in accordance with paragraph U345.8.1.
U346 RECORDS
U346.2 Responsibility
It is the responsibility of the piping designer, the manufacturer, the fabricator, and the erector, as applicable, to prepare
the records required by this Code, ASME BPE, SEMI, or other industry standard as specified in the engineering design.
U346.3 Retention of Records
Paragraph 346.3 applies.
PART 11 HIGH PURITY PIPING IN CATEGORY M FLUID SERVICE
UM300 GENERAL STATEMENTS 總體概述
(a) Chapter X, Part 11 pertains to piping designated by the owner as being high purity piping in Category M Fluid
Service. See also Appendix M.
(b) The organization, content, and paragraph designations of these Parts correspond to those of Chapter VIII. The prefix
UM is used.
(c) Paragraphs M300(d), M300(e), and M300(f) apply.
(d) Provisions and requirements of Chapter VIII apply with the additional requirements in paras. UM307, UM307.2 ,
UM322 , UM322.3 , UM328 , UM335 , UM335.3.3, UM341, UM341.4(b)(1) and UM341.4(b)(2), and UM345(b).
UM307 METALLIC VALVES AND SPECIALTY COMPONENTS
Paragraph M307 applies in its entirety. See also paragraph UM307.2(a).
UM307.2 Specific Requirements具体要求
(a) For bellows or diaphragm sealed type valves, the bonnet or cover plate closure shall be secured by
a straight thread sufficient for mechanical strength, have a metal-to-metal seat, and include a secondary stem
seal.
UM322 SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS專用管道系統
Paragraph M322 applies, except for paragraph M322.3(c). See paragraph UM322.3(c).
UM322.3 Instrument Piping儀表管線
(c)
joining methods shall conform to the requirements of paragraph U315
UM328 WELDING OF MATERIALS
Welding shall be in accordance with paras. M311.1 and U328, except examination shall be in accordance with paragraph UM341.
UM335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION OF METALLIC PIPING
Paragraph M335 applies, except for paragraph M335.3.3. See paragraph UM335.3.3.
UM335.3.3 Straight-Threaded Joints. The requirements of paragraph M335.3.3 are subject to the limitations in
paragraph UM322.
UM341 EXAMINATION
Paragraph M341 applies. See UM341.4(b)(1) and UM341.4(b)(2).
UM341.4 Extent of Required Examination
(b) Other Examination
(1) The 100% radiography/ultrasonic examination required in paragraph M341.4(b) applies.
(2) The in process examination alternative permitted in paragraph 341.4.1(b)(1) applies, except a weld coupon
examination in accordance with paragraph U344.8 is also an acceptable substitute when specified in the engineering design or by
the Inspector.
UM345 TESTING
Paragraph M345(a) applies. See (b).
(b) A sensitive leak test in accordance with paragraph U345.8 shall be included in the required leak test (paragraph
U345.1).
APPENDIX A ALLOWABLE STRESSES AND QUALITY
FACTORS FOR METALLIC PIPING AND BOLTING
MATERIALS 附錄 A 金屬管道和螺栓材料的許用應力和質量系數
GENERAL NOTE: It is not practical to refer to a specific edition of each standard throughout the Code text. Instead, the approved edition references,
190
along with the names and addresses of the sponsoring organizations, are shown in Appendix E. 通注：在整個規範文本中引用每一標準之特定版本是
不切實際的。 因而所引用引用之已批准版本以及贊助組織的名稱和地址顯示在附錄 E 中。
NOTES FOR TABLES A-1, A-1M, A-1A, A-1B, A-2, AND A-2M
表 A-1、A-1M、A-1A、A-1B、A-2 和 A-2M 的註釋
GENERAL NOTES: 通注
(a)
The allowable stress values, P-Number assignments, weld joint and casting quality factors, and minimum temperatures in Tables A1, A-1A, A-1B, A-2, and A-2M, together with the referenced Notes in the stress tables, are requirements of this Code. 表 A-1、A1A、A-1B、A-2 和 A-2M 中的許用應力值、P No.的指定、焊接接頭係數、鑄件質量係數、最低溫度以及应力表中的参考注
(b)
释，均是本規範的要求。
Notes (1) through (7) are referenced in column headings and in body headings for material type and product form; Notes (8) and
following are referenced in the Notes column for specific materials. Notes marked with an asterisk (*) restate requirements found in
the text of the Code. 註解 (1) 至 (7) 在栏目标题和正文标题中引用，以说明材料类型和产品形式； 注（8）及以下內容在具體
(c)
材料的“註釋”欄中引用。 標有星號 (*) 的註釋重申了規範文本中的要求。
The stress values given in ksi as shown in Tables A-1 and A-2, and given in MPa as shown in Tables A-1M and A-2M, may be used.
The values stated in ksi are not exact equivalents to the values stated in MPa. Therefore, for any given material, the user of the Code
should use only the ksi or the MPa values. 可以採用表 A-1 和 A-2 中以 ksi 為單位給出的應力值，以及表 A-1M 和 A-2M 中所
示以 MPa 為單位給出的應力值。 以 ksi 表示的值與以 MPa 表示的值並不完全相等。 因此，對於任何給定的材料，規範用
(d)
戶應僅採用 ksi 或 MPa 值。
For copper and copper alloys, the following symbols are used in the Temper column: H = drawn; H01 = quarter hard; H02 = half
hard; H06 = extra hard; H55 = light drawn; H58 = drawn, general purpose; H80 = hard drawn; HR50 = drawn, stress relieved; M20 =
hot rolled; O25 = hot rolled, annealed; O50 = light annealed; O60 = soft annealed; O61 = annealed; WO50 = welded, annealed; and
WO61 = welded, fully finished, annealed. 對於銅和銅合金，在“狀態”列中所採用了以下符號：H = 拉製； H01 = 1/4硬； H02
= 半硬； H06 = 特硬； H55 = 光亮拉製； H58 = 拉製，一般用途； H80 = 硬化拉製； HR50 = 拉製+應力消除； M20 = 熱軋
(e)
； O25 = 熱軋+退火； O50 = 輕度退火； O60 = 軟化退火； O61 = 退火； WO50 = 焊接+退火； WO61 = 焊接+精整+退火。
For nickel and nickel alloys, the following abbreviations are used in the Class column: ann., annealed; C.D., cold worked; forg.,
forged; H.F., hot finished; H.R., hot rolled; H.W., hot worked; plt., plate; R., rolled; rel., relieved; sol., solution; str., stress; and tr.,
treated. 對於鎳和鎳合金，類別欄中採用了以下縮寫：ann. = 退火； C.D. = 冷加工； forg. = 鍛造； H.F. = 熱加工； H.R. =
(f)
熱軋； H.W. = 熱加工； plt. = 板材；R. = 滾軋； rel. = 消除； sol. = 固溶化； str. = 壓力； tr. = 處理。
In Table A-1M, the following abbreviations are used in the Product Form column: forg., forgings; ftg., fittings; pl., plate; shps.,
shapes; sht., sheet; smls., seamless; struct., structural; and wld., welded. 在表 A-1M 中，產品形式欄中採用了了以下縮寫：forg.
= 鍛件；ftg. = 管配件； pl. = 板材；shps. = 型材；sht. = 薄板；smls. = 無縫； struct. = 結構用鋼材； 和 wld. = 焊製。
NOTES:注
(1)
*The stress values in Tables A-1 and A-1M, and the design stress values in Tables A-2 and A-2M, are basic allowable stresses in
tension in accordance with paragraph 302.3.1(a). For pressure design, the stress values from Tables A-1 and A-1M are multiplied
by the appropriate quality factor E (𝐸c from Table A-1A or 𝐸𝑗 from Table A-1B). Stress values in shear and bearing are stated in
paragraph 302.3.1(b); those in compression in paragraph 302.3.1(c). 表 A-1 和 A-1M 中的應力值以及表 A-2 和 A-2M 中的設計
應力值是符合第 302.3.1(a) 條款的基本許用拉應力。用於壓力設計時，將從表 A-1 和 A-1M 中所查得的應力值乘以相應的
品質係數 E（表 A-1A 中的𝐸c 或表 A-1B 中的𝐸𝑗 ）。 剪切應力和軸重應力值見302.3.1(b) 的說明； 壓應力的說明見
(2)
302.3.1(c)。
*The quality factors for castings 𝐸c in Table A-1A are basic factors in accordance with paragraph 302.3.3(b). The quality factors
for longitudinal weld joints 𝐸𝑗 in Table A-1B are basic factors in accordance with paragraph 302.3.4(a). See paras. 302.3.3(c) and
302.3.4(b) for enhancement of quality factors. See also paragraph 302.3.1(a), footnote 1. 表 A-1A 中的鑄件質量係數 E_c 是符合
302.3.3(b)條款的基本係數。 表 A-1B 中縱向焊接接頭質量係數 E_j 是符合 302.3.4(a) 段的基本係數。 可提高的質量係數
(3)
見第 302.3.3(c) 和 302.3.4(b) 用於。 另見第 302.3.1(a)條款之腳註 1。
The stress values for austenitic stainless-steels in these Tables may not be applicable if the material has been given a final heat
treatment other than that required by the material specification or by reference to Note (30) or (31). 如果材料已進行最終熱處理
(4a)
，而不是材料規範或參考註釋 (30) 或 (31) 所要求的熱處理，則這些表中有關奧氏體不銹鋼的應力值可能不適用。
*In Table A-1, stress values printed in italics exceed two-thirds of the expected yield strength at temperature. Stress values in
boldface are equal to 90% of expected yield strength at temperature. See paras. 302.3.2(d)(3) and 302.3.2(e). 在表 A-1 中，以斜
體字印刷之應力值超過預期溫度下之降服強度的2/3。 粗體字之應力值等於在預期溫度下之降服強度的 90%。 見
(4b)
302.3.2(d)(3) 和 302.3.2(e)。
*In Table A-1M, stress values printed in italics are tensile-controlled values. Yield-controlled stress values are in normal font and
time-dependent stress values are in boldface. 在表 A-1M 中，以斜體字印刷之應力值是拉伸控制值。 降服控制的應力值以一
(5)
般字體顯示，隨時間變化之應力值以粗體顯示。
*See ASME BPVC, Section IX, QW-200.3 for a description of PNumber groupings. P-Numbers are indicated by number or by a
191
number followed by a letter (e.g., 8, 5B, or 11A). 有關 PNo.分組的說明，請參見 ASME BPVC第 IX冊QW-200.3。 P-No.號由
(6)
數字或數字後跟字母表示（例如 8、5B 或 11A）。
*The minimum temperature shown is that design minimum temperature for which the material is normally suitable without impact
testing other than that required by the material specification. However, the use of a material at a design minimum temperature
colder than −29°C (−20°F) is established by rules elsewhere in this Code, including paragraph 323.2.2 and other impact test
requirements. For carbon steels with a letter designation in the Min. Temp. column, see paragraph 323.2.2(e) and the applicable
curve and Notes in Figure 323.2.2A. 所示最低溫度是指材料通常不須進行沖擊測試 (除非材料規範要求衝擊測試)的相應設
計最低溫度。 但在低於 −29°C (−20°F) 的設計最低溫度下所使用之材料是由本規範之規則來確定之的，包括323.2.2和其
(7)
他條款對衝擊試驗的要求。在最低溫度欄中帶有字母名稱的碳鋼請參見 323.2.2(e) 和圖 323.2.2A 中的相應曲線和註釋。
The letter “a” indicates alloys that are not recommended for welding and that, if welded, must be individually qualified. The letter
“b” indicates copper base alloys that must be individually qualified. 字母“a”表示不推薦用於焊接的合金，如果焊接，則必須單
獨進行評定。 字母“b”表示必須單獨進行評定的銅基合金。
(8)
*There are restrictions on the use of this material in the text of the Code as follows: 本規範文本中對這些材料的使用有如下限制
：
(a)
See paragraph 305.2.1; temperature limits are −29°C to 186°C (−20°F to 366°F). 溫度限度為 −29°C 至 186°C（−20°F 至
366°F）；參見305.2.1。
(b)
See paragraph 305.2.2; pipe shall be safeguarded when used outside the temperature limits in Note (8a). 當在註釋 (8a) 中的
溫度限度之外使用時，應對管道保護措施；參見 305.2.2。
(9)
(c)
See Table 323.2.2, box B-2. 參見表 323.2.2中B-2欄。
(d)
See paragraph 323.4.2(a). 參見表 323.2.2中B-2欄。
(e)
See paragraph 323.4.2(b). 參見第 323.4.2(a) 條款。
(f)
See paragraph 309.2.1. 請參閱第 309.2.1條款。
(g) See paragraph 309.2.2. 請參閱第 309.2.2條款。
*For pressure–temperature ratings of components made in accordance with standards listed in Table 326.1, see paragraph 326.2.1.
Stress values in Tables A-1 and A-1M may be used to calculate ratings for unlisted components, and special ratings for listed
components, as permitted by paragraph 303. 有關按表 326.1 中所列標準製造之元件的壓力-溫度額定值請參見326.2.1。 如
(9a)
303條款所允許的那樣，表 A-1 和 A-1M 中的應力值可用於計算非表列元件的額定值，以及表列元件的具體額定值。
Component standards listed in Table 326.1 impose the following restrictions on this material when used as a forging: composition,
properties, heat treatment, and grain size shall conform to this specification; manufacturing procedures, tolerances, tests,
certification, and markings shall be in accordance with ASTM B564. 表 326.1 中所列成分標准在用作鍛件時，應受以下限制：
(10)
成分、性能、熱處理和晶粒尺寸應符合本規範； 製造工藝、公差、測試、證書和標記應符合 ASTM B564之相應規定。
*This casting quality factor is applicable only when proper supplementary examination has been performed (see paragraph
302.3.3). 此鑄件質量係數僅在進行了適當的補充檢測後才適用（參見 302.3.3 ）。
(11)
*For use under this Code, radiography shall be performed after heat treatment. 根據本規範使用時，應在熱處理後進行射線檢測
(12)
。
*Certain forms of this material, as stated in Table 323.2.2, must be impact tested to qualify for service below −29°C (−20°F).
Alternatively, if provisions for impact testing are included in the material specification as supplementary requirements and are
invoked, the material may be used down to the temperature at which the test was conducted in accordance with the specification.
如表 323.2.2 中所述，這種材料的某些形式必須經過衝擊測試才能在 −29°C (−20°F) 以下使用。 或者，如果衝擊試驗的規
定作為補充要求包含在材料規範，則材料可以在按相應規范進行試驗的溫度下使用。
(13)
Properties of this material vary with thickness or size. Stress values are based on minimum properties for the thickness listed. 這種
(14)
材料的特性隨厚度或尺寸而變化。 應力值是基於所列厚度的最小物理特定值來確定的。
For use in Code piping at the stated stress values, the required minimum tensile and yield properties must be verified by tensile test.
If such tests are not required by the material specification, they shall be specified in the purchase order. 要在所規定的應力值下用
於規範管道，則必須通過拉伸試驗來驗證所需的最小拉伸和降服特性。 如果材料規範不要求進行此類測試，則應在採購
(15)
訂單中指定。
These stress values are established from a consideration of strength only and will be satisfactory for average service. For bolted
joints where freedom from leakage over a long period of time without retightening is required, lower stress values may be
necessary as determined from the flexibility of the flange and bolts and corresponding relaxation properties. 這些應力值的制定僅
基於能滿足正常使用下之強度的考慮。 對於需要在不重新擰緊的情況下長時間不洩漏的螺栓連接而言，根據法蘭和螺栓
的撓性以及相應的鬆弛特性，可能需要較低的應力值。
(16)
DELETED. 刪除。
(17)
DELETED. 刪除。
(18)
(19)
DELETED. 刪除。
*This specification includes requirements for random radiographic inspection for mill quality control. If the 0.90 joint factor is to
be used, the welds shall meet the requirements of Table 341.3.2 for longitudinal butt welds with spot radiography in accordance
with Table 302.3.4. This shall be a matter of special agreement between purchaser and manufacturer. 本規範包括用於工廠質量控
192
制的隨機射線檢測要求。 如果要使用 0.90 的接頭係數，焊縫應滿足表 341.3.2 對縱向對接焊縫的要求，並按表 302.3.4 進
行抽樣射線檢測。 抽樣率應是買方和製造商之間的特別協議。
(20)
For pipe sizes ≥DN 200 (NPS 8) with wall thicknesses ≥Sch 140, the specified minimum tensile strength is 483 MPa (70 ksi). 對於
規格 ≥DN 200 (NPS 8) 且壁厚 ≥ Sch 140 的鋼管材而言，最小規定抗拉強度為 483 MPa (70 ksi)。
(21)
For material thickness >127 mm (5 in.), the specified minimum tensile strength is 483 MPa (70 ksi). 對於厚度 > 127 mm (5 in.)之
材料而言，最小規定抗拉強度為 483 MPa（70 ksi）。
(21a)
For material thickness >127 mm (5 in.), the specified minimum tensile strength is 448 MPa (65 ksi). 對於厚度 > 127 mm (5 in.)的
材料而言，最小規定抗拉強度為 448 MPa（65 ksi）。
(22)
The minimum tensile strength for weld (qualification) and stress values shown shall be multiplied by 0.90 for pipe having an
outside diameter less than 51 mm (2 in.) and a D/t value less than 15. This requirement may be waived if it can be shown that the
welding procedure to be used will consistently produce welds that meet the listed minimum tensile strength of 165 MPa (24 ksi).
對於外徑小於51 mm (2 in.)且 D/t 值小於 15 之鋼管材而言，所示焊縫（評定）和應力值的最小抗拉強度應乘以 0.90。 但
如能證明，所用焊接規程能始終如一地產出滿足所列最小抗拉強度[165 MPa (24 ksi)] 的焊縫，則可免除此一要求。
(23)
(24)
DELETED. 刪除。
Yield strength is not stated in the material specification. The value shown is based on yield strengths of materials with similar
characteristics. 材料規格中未規定降服強度。 所示值基於具有相似特性之材料的降服強度。
(25)
This steel may develop embrittlement after service at approximately 316°C (600°F) and higher temperature. 這種鋼材在大約
(26)
316°C (600°F) 或更高溫度下使用後可能會變脆。
This unstabilized grade of stainless-steel increasingly tends to precipitate intergranular carbides as the carbon content increases
above 0.03%. See also paragraph F323.4(c)(2). 隨著碳含量增加到 0.03% 以上，這種未經穩定化處理的不銹鋼越來越傾向析
出出晶間碳化物。 另見 F323.4(c)(2) 條款。
(27)
For temperatures above 427°C (800°F), these stress values apply only when the carbon content is 0.04% or higher. 當溫度高於
(28)
For temperatures above 538°C (1,000°F), these stress values apply only when the carbon content is 0.04% or higher. 當溫度高於
(29)
538°C (1,000°F)時，這些應力值僅適用於碳含量≥ 0.04%的情况。
The stress values above 538°C (1,000°F) listed here shall be used only when the steel’s austenitic micrograin size, as defined in
ASTM E112, is No. 6 or less (coarser grain). Otherwise, the lower stress values listed for the same material, specification, and
427°C (800°F) 時，這些應力值僅適用於碳含量 ≥ 0.04%的情况。
grade shall be used. 此處所列高於 538°C (1,000°F) 的應力值僅適用於 ASTM E112 中將鋼的奧氏體微晶尺寸規定為 6 號或
(30)
更小（較粗晶粒）的情况； 否則，應使用針對相同材料、規格和等級所列出的較低應力值。
For temperatures above 538°C (1,000°F), these stress values may be used only if the material has been heat treated by heating to a
minimum temperature of 1 093°C (2,000°F) and quenching in water or rapidly cooling by other means. 當溫度高於 538°C
(1,000°F) 時，僅當材料已通過至少加熱至1093°C (2,000°F) 並在水中淬火或通過以下方式或其他方式進行急冷的熱處理時
(31)
，才可使用這些應力值。
For temperatures above 538°C (1,000°F), these stress values may be used only if the material has been heat treated by heating to a
minimum temperature of 1 038°C (1,900°F) and quenching in water or rapidly cooling by other means. 當溫度高於 538°C
(1,000°F) 時，僅當材料已通過至少加熱到1038°C (1,900°F) 並在水中淬火或通過以下方式或其他方式進行急冷的熱處理時
(32)
，才可使用這些應力值。
Stress values shown are for the lowest strength base material permitted by the specification to be used in the manufacture of this
grade of fitting. If a higher strength base material is used, the higher stress values for that material may be used in design. 所示應
力值是針對規範允許用於製造該等級管件之最低強度的母材。 如果使用更高強度的的，則該材料的更高應力值可用於設
(33)
計。
For welded construction with work hardened grades, use the stress values for annealed material; for welded construction with
precipitation hardened grades, use the special stress values for welded construction given in the Tables. 加工硬化等級之焊接結構
的應力值可取相應退火材料的應力值； 析出硬化等級之焊接結構的應力值可取表中針對焊接結構所給出的專用應力值。
(34)
If material is welded, brazed, or soldered, the allowable stress values for the annealed condition shall be used. 如果材料經焊接、
(35)
釬焊或釬焊的，則應取退火狀態下的許用應力值。
This steel is intended for use at high temperatures; it may have low ductility and/or low impact properties at room temperature after
being used above the temperature indicated by paragraph F323.4(c)(4). 此鋼材適合在高溫下使用； 在 F323.4(c)(4)所規定的溫
(36)
度以上使用後，它在室溫下可能具有低延展性和/或低衝擊性能。
The specification permits this material to be furnished without solution heat treatment or with other than a solution heat treatment.
When the material has not been solution heat treated, the minimum temperature shall be −29°C (−20°F) unless the material is
impact tested in accordance with paragraph 323.3. 相應材料規範允許這種材料以未經固溶化熱處理或經固溶化以外之熱處理
的狀態供貨。 當材料未經固溶化熱處理時，最低溫度應為 −29°C (−20°F)，除非按第 323.3 對材料進行更低溫度的沖擊試
(37)
驗。
Impact requirements for seamless fittings shall be governed by those listed in this Table for the particular base material
specification in the grades permitted (A312, A240, and A182). When A276 materials are used in the manufacture of these fittings,
193
the Notes, minimum temperatures, and allowable stresses for comparable grades of A240 materials shall apply. 無縫管配件的衝
擊要求應受本表中所列許用等級（A312、A240 和 A182）中特定母材規範之那些要求的約束。 當 A276 材料用於製造這
些管件時，其註釋、最低溫度和許用應力應取自A240類似等級的材料。
(38)
DELETED. 刪除。
(39)
This material when used below −29°C (−20°F) shall be impact tested if the carbon content is above 0.10%.如果此材料之碳含量高
(40)
於 0.10%時且用於 -29°C (-20°F) 以下時，則該材料應進行沖擊試驗。
*This casting quality factor can be enhanced by supplementary examination in accordance with paragraph 302.3.3(c) and Table
302.3.3C. The higher factor from Table 302.3.3C may be substituted for this factor in pressure design equations. 根據302.3.3(c)和
表 302.3.3C，可以通過補充檢測來提高該鑄件的質量係數。 表 302.3.3C 中的較高係數可以替代壓力設計方程中的該係
數。
(41)
Design stresses for the cold drawn temper are based on hot rolled properties until required data on cold drawn are submitted. 在提
(42)
交所需的冷拉數據之前，冷拉狀態的設計應力是基於熱軋性能。
This is a product specification. No design stresses are necessary. Limitations on metal temperature for materials covered by this
specification are as follows: 這是不需要設計應力的制品技術規格 。 本規範所涵蓋之材料的金屬溫度限度如下：
Grade(s) 等級
1
2, 2H, and 2HM
3
6
7
7L
7M
7ML
8FA [see Note (39)]
8MA and 8TA
8, 8A, and 8CA
Metal Temperature金屬溫度, °C (°F)
−29 to 482 (−20 to 900)
−48 to 593 (−55 to 1,100)
−29 to 593 (−20 to 1,100)
−29 to 427 (−20 to 800)
−48 to 593 (−55 to 1,100)
−101 to 593 (−150 to 1,100)
−48 to 593 (−55 to 1,100)
−73 to 593 (−100 to 1,100)
−29 to 427 (−20 to 800)
−198 to 816 (−325 to 1,500)
−254 to 816 (−425 to 1,500)
(42a)
DELETED. 刪除。
(42b)
This is a product specification. No design stresses are necessary. For limitations on usage, see paras. 309.2.1 and 309.2.2. 這是不
(43)
需要設計應力的制品技術規格 。使用限制請參閱309.2.1 和 309.2.2。
*The stress values given for this material are not applicable when either welding or thermal cutting is employed [see paragraph
323.4.2(c)]. 當進行焊接或熱切割時，不能採用該材料的表列應力值 [參見第 323.4.2(c) 條款]。
(44)
DELETED. 刪除。
(45)
(46)
Stress values shown are applicable for “die” forgings only. 所示應力值僅適用於“模鍛”鍛件。
Lines of allowable stresses in Tables A-1 and A-1M for all materials in A312 include heavily cold worked (HCW) material as
defined in A312, paragraph 6.1.4. A312 中所有材料在表 A-1 和 A-1M 中的許用應力列包括ASTM A312 第 6.1.4 段中所定義
(47)
的重冷加工 (HCW) 材料。
If no welding is employed in fabrication of piping from these materials, the stress values may be increased to 230 MPa (33.3 ksi).
(48)
如果用這些材料來製造管道時不採用焊接，則應力值可能會增加到 230 MPa (33.3 ksi)。
The stress value to be used for this gray iron material at its upper temperature limit of 232°C (450°F) is the same as that shown in
the 204°C (400°F) column. 此灰鑄鐵材料使用於其溫度上限 232°C (450°F) 時，其應力值與 204°C (400°F) 欄中的所示值相
同。
(49)
If the chemical composition of this Grade is such as to render it hardenable, qualification under P-No. 6 is required. 如果此等級之
化學成分使其可硬化，則必需按 P-No. 6進行評定。
(50)
(51)
This material is grouped in P-No. 7 because its hardenability is low. 由於其低淬透性，因而此一材料歸入 P-No. 7 。
This material may require special consideration for welding qualification. See ASME BPVC, Section IX, QW/ QB-422. For use in
this Code, a qualified WPS is required for each strength level of material. 這種材料可能需要在焊接評時給予特殊考慮。 參見
ASME BPVC第 IX冊QW/QB-422。 為在本規範中使用此種材料，此材料之每一強度級別都需要有已評定認可的相應
(52)
WPS。
Copper-silicon alloys are not always suitable when exposed to certain media and high temperature, particularly above 100°C
(212°F). The user should satisfy himself/herself that the alloy selected is satisfactory for the service for which it is to be used. 當暴
露於某些介質和高溫，特別是高於 100°C (212°F) 時，銅矽合金並不總是適用。 用戶應確信所選合金滿足其使用目的。
(53)
Stress relief heat treatment is required for service above 232°C (450°F). 在高於 232°C (450°F) 的條件下使用時需要進行應力消
(54)
除熱處理。
The maximum operating temperature is arbitrarily set at 260°C (500°F) because hard temper adversely affects design stress in the
creep rupture temperature ranges. 最高工作溫度任意設定為 260°C (500°F)，因為硬回火會對蠕變斷裂溫度值域內的設計應
(55)
力有不利影響。
Pipe produced to this specification is not intended for high temperature service. The stress values apply to either nonexpanded or
cold expanded material in the as-rolled, normalized, or normalized and tempered condition. 按本規範所產製之管道不適用於高
194
溫工況。 應力值適用於處於軋製、正火或正火加回火狀態的未延展材料或冷延展材料。
(56)
Because of thermal instability, this material is not recommended for service above 427°C (800°F). 由於此材料之熱不穩定差，因
(57)
而不建議用於 427°C (800°F) 以上的溫度。
Conversion of carbides to graphite may occur after prolonged exposure to temperatures over 427°C (800°F). See para.
(58)
F323.4(b)(2). 長時間暴露於427°C (800°F)以上的溫度後，可能會發生碳化物向石墨的轉變。 參見 F323.4(b)(2)。
Conversion of carbides to graphite may occur after prolonged exposure to temperatures over 468°C (875°F). See paragraph
F323.4(b)(3). 長時間暴露於 468°C (875°F) 以上的溫度後，可能會發生碳化物向石墨的轉變。 參見 F323.4(b)(3)。
(59)
For temperatures above 482°C (900°F), consider the advantages of killed steel. See paragraph F323.4(b)(4). 當溫度高於 482°C
(60)
(900°F) 時宜考慮採用鎮靜鋼。 參見 F323.4(b)(4)。
For all design temperatures, the maximum hardness shall be Rockwell C35 immediately under the thread roots. The hardness shall
be taken on a flat area at least 3 mm (1⁄8 in.) across, prepared by removing threads. No more material than necessary shall be
removed to prepare the area. Hardness determination shall be made at the same frequency as tensile tests. 所有設計溫度下之相應
最大硬度硬度應為直接在螺紋根部所測得的洛氏 C35。 硬度應在至少為 3 mm (1⁄8 in.)寬的平面上測量，因此要去除螺紋
。 為該區域所必需的材料不應被移除。 應以與拉伸試驗相同的頻率進行硬度測定。
(61)
Annealed at approximately 982°C (1,800°F). 在大約 982°C (1,800°F)之溫度下所進行的退火。
(62)
(63)
Annealed at approximately 1 121°C (2,050°F). 在大約 1121°C (2,050°F) 之溫度下所進行的退火。
For stress relieved tempers (T351, T3510, T3511, T451, T4510, T4511, T651, T6510, T6511), stress values for material in the
listed temper shall be used. 經應力消除回火（T351、T3510、T3511、T451、T4510、T4511、T651、T6510、T6511）之材
(64)
料應取所列狀態的應力值。
The minimum tensile strength of the reduced section tensile specimen in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section IX, QW-462.1,
shall not be less than 758 MPa (110.0 ksi). 符合ASME BPVC第 IX 冊QW-462.1之縮截面拉伸試樣的最小抗拉強度不應小於
758 MPa (110.0 ksi)。表 A-1 和 A-1M 中所最低溫度適用於滿足規範中所規定之機械性能要求的最大壁厚。 較薄機壁厚的
(65)
最低溫度應如下表所示：
The minimum temperature shown in Tables A-1 and A-1M is for the heaviest wall meeting the specified mechanical property
requirements in the specification. The minimum temperature for lighter walls shall be as shown in the following tabulation:
Impact Test Temperature (°C) for Plate Thicknesses Shown所示板厚的衝擊試驗溫度(°C)
Spec. No. and Grade
Max. 51 mm
Over 51 mm to 76 mm
≤ 51 mm
規範號及等級
大於51 mm至 76 mm
A203 A
−68
−59
A203 B
−68
−59
A203 D
−101
−87
A203 E
−101
−87
Impact Test Temperature (°F) for Plate Thicknesses Shown所示板厚的衝擊試驗溫度 (°F)
Spec. No. and Grade
Max. 2 in.
Over 2 in. to 3 in.
≤ 2 in.
規範號及等級
大於2 in. 到 3 in.
A203 A
−90
−75
A203 B
−90
−75
A203 D
−150
−125
A203 E
−150
−125
(66)
(67)
Stress values shown are 90% of those for the corresponding core material. 所示應力值是相應芯材之應力值的 90%。
For use under this Code, the heat treatment requirements for pipe manufactured to A671, A672, and A691 shall be as required by
paragraph 331 for the particular material being used. 對於按本規範使用，按照ASTM A671、A672 和 A691 製造之管道的熱
(68)
處理要求應符合 331條款對所用所用材料的要求。
The tension test specimen from plate 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in.) and thicker is machined from the core and does not include the cladding
alloy; therefore, the stress values listed are those for materials less than 12.7 mm. 由於拉伸試樣是從板材厚度 ≥ 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in.)
之芯材加工而成的，不包括包層合金， 因此，表列應力值是指厚度小於12.7 mm之材料的應力值。
(69)
(70)
This material may be used only in nonpressure applications. 這種材料只能用做非承壓件。
Alloy 625 (UNS N06625) in the annealed condition is subject to severe loss of impact strength at room temperature after exposure
in the range of 538°C to 760°C (1,000°F to 1,400°F). 退火狀態下之合金 625 (UNS N06625) 在暴露於 538°C 至 760°C（
(71)
1,000°F 至 1,400°F）之溫度值後，其在室溫下的衝擊強度會顯著降低。
These materials are normally microalloyed with Cb, V, and/or Ti. Supplemental specifications agreed to by manufacturer and
purchaser commonly establish chemistry more restrictive than the base specification, as well as plate rolling specifications and
requirements for weldability (i.e., C-equivalent) and toughness. 這些材料通常含有 Cb、V 和/或 Ti 等微量合金。 製造商和採
購商所同意的補充規範通常規定比基本規範更嚴格的化學成分、板材軋製技術條件、可焊性（即碳當量）和韌性的要
求。
(72)
For service temperature >454°C (850°F), weld metal shall have a carbon content >0.05%.當使用溫度 > 454°C (850°F) 時，焊縫
金屬的碳含量應 > 0.05%。
(73)
Heat treatment is required after welding for all products of zirconium Grade R60705. See Table 331.1.1. 所有鋯牌號為R60705的
195
(74)
產品焊後均需進行熱處理。 見表 331.1.1。
Mechanical properties of fittings made from forging stock shall meet the minimum tensile requirements of one of the bar, forging,
or rod specifications listed in Table 2 of B366 for which tensile testing is required. 由鍛坯所製成之管配件的機械性能應滿足
(75)
ASTM B366表 2 中對棒材、鍛件或桿材規格要求進行拉伸試驗中的最低拉伸要求。
Stress values shown are for materials in the normalized and tempered condition, or when the heat treatment is unknown. If material
is annealed, use the following values above 510°C (950°F): 所示應力值適用於正火+回火狀態下的材料，或熱處理未知時的材
料。 如果經過退火處理之材料的應力值取下列高於510°C (950°F) 以上的相應值：
(76)
(77)
Temp., °C
S, MPa
538
55.1
566
39.3
Temp., °F
S, ksi
1,000
8.0
1,050
5.7
593
26.2
621
16.5
649
9.6
1,100
1,150
2.4
1,200
1.4
3.8
DELETED. 刪除。
The pipe grades listed below, produced in accordance with CSA (Canadian Standards Association) Z245.1, shall be considered as
equivalents to API 5L and treated as listed materials. 如下所列鋼管材之等級且是按 CSA（加拿大標準協會）Z245.1 所生產出
之鋼管材時，應被視為等同於 API 5L 並應視為表列材料。
API 5L
B
X42
X46
X52
X56
X60
X65
X70
X80
Grade Equivalents當量等級
CSA Z245.1
241
290
317
359
386
414
448
483
550
(78)
Not permitted for the P4 and P5 materials in Table 302.3.5 for Elevated Temperature Fluid Service. 表 302.3.5 中所示P4 和 P5 材
(79)
料不允許用於高溫流體工況。
For use under this Code, impact testing shall be performed in accordance with paragraph 323.3 at the design minimum temperature
but not warmer than −29°C (−20°F). 在本規範中用於高壓流體工況的ASTM A694 等級F70之鍛造管件，應根據323.3在最低
設計溫度但不高於 −29°C (−20°F) 的溫度下進行沖擊試驗。
196
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (SI Units)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Nominal
Product
Type/
Class/ Condition/
Min. Tensile
Min. Yield
Max. Use
Composition標 Form產品 Spec. No. Grade類型/
Temper級別/條件/
Min. Temp. Strgth.最低抗拉 Strgth. 最低降 Temp.最高使
Line
No.
1
Fe
2
Fe
3
Fe
4
Fe
5
Fe
6
Fe
7
Fe
8
Fe
9
Fe
10
Fe
11
Fe
12
Fe
13
Fe
14
Fe
15
Fe
16
Fe
17
Fe
18
Fe
19
Fe
20
Fe
21
Fe
22
Fe
23
Fe
24
Fe
25
Fe
26
Fe
27
Fe
28
Fe
29
Fe
30
Fe
稱成分
形式
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
規範號
A126
A48
A278
A48
A278
A48
A278
A126
A48
A278
A48
A278
A48
A278
A48
A278
A197
A126
A48
A278
A48
A278
A47
A48
A278
A48
A278
A395
A536
A571
等級
A
150
150
175
175
200
200
B
225
225
250
250
275
275
375
380
…
C
300
300
325
325
22010
350
350
400
415
60-40-18
65-45-12
D-2M
UNS No.
F11501 …
F11401 …
F11401 …
F11701 …
F11701 …
F12101 …
F12101 …
F12102 …
…
…
…
…
F12401 …
F12401 …
F12801 …
F12803 …
…
…
F13801 …
F22000 …
F12802 …
F13101 …
F13101 …
…
…
…
…
F22200 …
F13501 …
F13502 …
F14101 …
F14102 …
F32800 …
F33100 …
F43010 3
热处理
Notes
(8e) (9) (48)
(8e) (48)
(8e) (48)
(8e) (48)
(8e) (48)
(8e) (48)
(8e) (48)
(8e) (9) (48)
(8e) (48)
(8e) (48)
(8e) (9) (48)
(8e) (53)
(8e) (48)
(8e) (53)
(8e) (48)
(8e) (53)
(8e) (9)
(8e) (9) (48)
(8e) (48)
(8e) (53)
(8e) (48)
(8e) (53)
(8e) (9)
(8e) (48)
(8e) (53)
(8e) (48)
(8e) (53)
(8d) (9)
(8d) (9)
(8d)
最低溫度, °C (6)
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
強度, MPa
服強度, MPa
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
200
…
…
…
…
…
220
…
…
…
…
275
310
205
145
150
150
175
175
200
200
214
225
225
250
250
275
275
375
380
275
283
300
300
325
325
340
350
350
400
415
415
448
450
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals受拉金屬的基本許用應力(SI Units)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Line Min.Temp. to最低溫度至
No. 40
65
100
1
13.8
13.8
13.8
2
15.0
15.0
15.0
3
15.0
15.0
15.0
4
17.5
17.5
17.5
5
17.5
17.5
17.5
6
20.0
20.0
20.0
7
20.0
20.0
20.0
8
20.7
20.7
20.7
9
22.5
22.5
22.5
10 22.5
22.5
22.5
11 25.0
25.0
25.0
12 25.0
25.0
25.0
13 27.5
27.5
27.5
14 27.5
27.5
27.5
15 37.5
37.5
37.5
16 38.0
38.0
38.0
17 55.2
55.2
55.2
18 27.6
27.6
27.6
19 30.0
30.0
30.0
20 30.0
30.0
30.0
21 32.5
32.5
32.5
22 32.5
32.5
32.5
23 68.0
68.0
68.0
24 35.0
35.0
35.0
25 35.0
35.0
35.0
26 37.5
37.5
40.0
27 41.5
41.5
41.5
28 137
133
128
29 149
149
149
30 137
…
…
125
13.8
15.0
15.0
17.5
17.5
20.0
20.0
20.7
22.5
22.5
25.0
25.0
27.5
27.5
37.5
38.0
55.2
27.6
30.0
30.0
32.5
32.5
68.0
35.0
35.0
40.0
41.5
125
149
…
150
13.8
15.0
15.0
17.5
17.5
20.0
20.0
20.7
22.5
22.5
25.0
25.0
27.5
27.5
37.5
38.0
55.2
27.6
30.0
30.0
32.5
32.5
68.0
35.0
35.0
40.0
41.5
122
149
…
175
13.8
15.0
15.0
17.5
17.5
20.0
20.0
20.7
22.5
22.5
25.0
25.0
27.5
27.5
37.5
38.0
55.2
27.6
30.0
30.0
32.5
32.5
68.0
35.0
35.0
40.0
41.5
119
149
…
200
13.8
15.0
15.0
17.5
17.5
20.0
20.0
20.7
22.5
22.5
25.0
25.0
27.5
27.5
37.5
38.0
55.2
27.6
30.0
30.0
32.5
32.5
68.0
35.0
35.0
40.0
41.5
116
148
…
197
225
13.8
15.0
15.0
17.5
17.5
20.0
20.0
20.7
22.5
22.5
25.0
25.0
27.5
27.5
37.5
38.0
55.2
27.6
30.0
30.0
32.5
32.5
68.0
35.0
35.0
40.0
41.5
112
148
…
250
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.6
…
…
…
…
55.2
…
…
34.5
…
…
68.0
…
41.4
…
…
109
148
…
275
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.6
…
…
…
…
55.2
…
…
34.5
…
…
68.0
…
41.4
…
…
106
147
…
300
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.6
…
…
…
…
55.2
…
…
34.5
…
…
68.0
…
41.4
…
…
103
…
…
325
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.6
…
…
…
…
55.2
…
…
34.5
…
…
68.0
…
41.4
…
…
98.0
…
…
用溫度, °C
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
343
204
204
204
204
343
204
204
343
204
204
343
204
343
204
204
343
260
40
350
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.6
…
…
…
…
55.2
…
…
34.5
…
…
68.0
…
41.4
…
…
93.5
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Nominal
Product Form
Line Composition
標稱成分
產品形式
No.
1
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
2
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
3
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
4
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
5
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
6
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
7
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
8
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
9
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
10
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
11
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
12
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
13
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
14
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
15
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
16
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
17
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
18
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
19
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
20
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
21
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
22
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
23
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
24
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
25
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
26
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
27
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
28
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
29
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
30
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
31
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
32
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
33
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
34
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
35
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
36
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
37
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
38
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
39
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
40
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
41
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
42
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
43
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
44
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
45
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
46
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
47
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
48
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
49
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
50
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
51
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
52
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
53
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
54
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
55
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
56
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
57
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
58
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
59
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
60
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
61
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
62
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
63
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
64
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
65
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
66
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
67
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
68
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
69
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
70
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
71
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
72
Carbon steel
Pipe & tube
73
Carbon steel
Structural pipe
74
Carbon steel
Structural pipe
75
Carbon steel
Structural pipe
76
Carbon steel
Structural pipe
77
Carbon steel
Structural pipe
Spec. No. Type/ Grade類
規範號
A134
A672
API 5L
API 5L
A179
A53
A139
A587
A53
A106
A135
A369
API5 L
A134
A672
A134
A524
A333
A334
A671
A672
A672
A671
A671
A672
A672
A139
A135
A524
A53
A106
A333
A334
A369
A381
API 5L
A139
A139
API 5L
A381
A381
API 5L
A381
A381
A671
A671
A672
A672
A139
API 5L
A381
A671
A671
A672
A672
A106
A671
A672
A691
API 5L
A381
A671
A672
A691
A671
A672
A691
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
API 5L
A381
A134
A134
A134
A134
A134
型/等級
Class/Cond./
Temper热处 Size規
UNS No.
A285A
K01700 …
A45
K01700 …
A25
…
…
A25
…
…
…
K01200 …
A
K02504 …
A
…
…
…
K11500 …
A
K02504 …
A
K02501 …
A
…
…
FPA
K02501 …
A
…
…
A285B
K02200 …
A50
K02200 …
A285C
K02801 …
II
K02104 …
1
K03008 …
1
K03008 …
CA55
K02801 …
A55
K02801 …
C55
K01800 …
CC60
K02100 …
CB60
K02401 …
B60
K02401 …
C60
K02100 …
B
K03003 …
BI
K03018 …
K02104 …
B
K03005 …
B
K03006 …
6
K03006 …
6
K03006 …
FPB
K03006 …
Y35
…
…
B
…
…
C
K03004 …
D
K03010 …
X42
…
…
Y42
…
…
Y48
…
…
X46
…
…
Y46
…
…
Y50
…
…
CC65
K02403 …
CB65
K02800 …
B65
K02800 …
C65
K02403 …
E
K03012 …
X52
…
…
Y52
…
…
CC70
K02700 …
CB70
K03101 …
B70
K03101 …
C70
K02700 …
C
K03501 …
CD70
K12437 …
D70
K12437 …
CMSH-70
K12437 …
X56
…
…
Y56
…
…
CK75
K02803 …
N75
K02803 …
CMS-75
K02803 …
CK75
K02803 …
N75
K02803 …
CMS-75
K02803 …
X60
…
…
X65
…
…
X70
…
…
X80
…
…
Y60
…
…
A1011SS30
K02502 …
A1011SS33
K02502 …
A1011SS36-T1 K02502 …
A1011SS40
K02502 …
A36
K02600 …
理
198
P-No.
格, mm (5)
Notes
…
1
(8b) (57)
…
1
(57) (59) (67)
…
1
(8a) (77)
…
1
(57) (59) (77)
…
1
(57) (59)
…
1
(8a)
…
1
(8b)
…
1
(57) (59)
…
1
(57) (59)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57) (59)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57) (59)
…
1
(8b) (57)
…
1
(57) (59) (67)
…
1
(8b) (57)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57) (59)
…
1
(57) (59)
…
1
(59) (67)
…
1
(57) (59) (67)
…
1
(57) (67)
…
1
(57) (67)
…
1
(57) (67)
…
1
(57) (67)
…
1
(57) (67)
…
1
(8b)
…
1
(57) (59)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57) (59)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57)
…
1
…
…
1
(57) (59) (77)
…
1
(8b)
…
1
(8b)
…
1
(55) (77)
…
1
…
…
1
…
…
1
(55) (77)
…
1
…
…
1
…
…
1
(57) (67)
…
1
(57) (67)
…
1
(57) (67)
…
1
(57) (67)
…
1
(8b)
…
1
(55) (77)
…
1
…
…
1
(57) (67)
…
1
(57) (67)
…
1
(57) (67)
…
1
(57) (67)
…
1
(57)
≤64
1
(67)
≤64
1
(67)
≤64
1
(67)
…
1
(51) (55)(71) (77)
…
1
(51) (55)(71)
>25
1
(57) (67)
>25
1
(57) (67)
>25
1
(57) (67)
≤25
1
(57) (67)
≤25
1
(57) (67)
≤25
1
(57) (67)
…
1
(51) (55)(71) (77)
…
1
(51) (55)(71) (77)
…
1
(51) (55)(71) (77)
…
1
(51) (55)(71) (77)
…
1
(51) (71)
…
1
(8a) (8c)
…
1
(8a) (8c)
…
1
(8a) (8c)
…
1
(8a) (8c)
…
1
(8a) (8c)
Min.
Min. Yield Max. Use
Min.
Tensile
Temp.最
Strgth. 最 Temp.最
Strgth.
最低抗
低溫度,
低降服強度, 高使用溫
度, °C
°C (6) 拉強度, MPa
MPa
B
B
−29
B
−29
−7
A
−29
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
−29
−46
−46
A
A
C
C
B
B
C
A
B
−29
B
B
−46
−46
−29
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
B
A
A
A
B
A
A
B
B
D
D
D
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
310
310
310
310
324
331
331
331
331
331
331
331
331
345
345
379
379
379
379
379
379
379
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
427
434
434
441
448
448
448
448
455
455
455
483
483
483
483
483
483
483
483
490
490
517
517
517
517
517
517
517
531
565
621
517
338
359
365
379
400
165
165
172
172
179
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
186
186
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
221
221
221
221
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
290
317
290
290
331
317
317
345
241
241
241
241
359
359
359
262
262
262
262
276
345
345
345
386
386
276
276
276
290
290
290
414
448
483
552
414
207
228
248
276
248
482
593
204
204
593
204
149
454
593
593
593
593
593
482
593
482
538
593
593
593
593
593
538
593
593
593
149
538
538
593
593
593
593
593
593
593
149
149
204
204
343
204
204
343
538
593
593
593
149
204
204
538
593
593
593
427
371
371
371
204
204
593
593
593
371
371
371
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Nominal
Product Form
Line Composition
標稱成分
產品形式
No.
78
Carbon steel
Structural pipe
79
Carbon steel
Structural pipe
80
Carbon steel
Structural pipe
81
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
82
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
83
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
84
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
85
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
86
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
87
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
88
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
89
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
90
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
91
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
92
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
93
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
94
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
95
Carbon steel
Plate, bar, shps., sheet
96
Carbon steel
Struct. sht., strip
97
Carbon steel
Struct. sht., strip
98
Carbon steel
Struct. sht., strip
99
Carbon steel
Structural plate
100 Carbon steel
Stuct. sht., strip
101 Carbon steel
Structural steel
102 Carbon steel
Structural plate
103 Carbon steel
Struct. sht., strip
104 Carbon steel
Struct. sht., strip
105 Carbon steel
Structural shapes
106 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
107 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
108 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
109 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
110 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
111 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
112 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
113 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
114 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
115 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
116 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
117 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
118 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
119 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
120 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
121 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
122 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
123 Carbon steel
Forgings & fittings
124 Carbonsteel
Forgings & fittings
125 Carbonsteel
Forgings & fittings
126 Carbonsteel
Forgings & fittings
127 Carbonsteel
Forgings & fittings
128 Carbonsteel
Forgings & fittings
129 Carbonsteel
Forgings & fittings
130 Carbonsteel
Forgings & fittings
131 Carbonsteel
Forgings & fittings
132 Carbonsteel
Forgings & fittings
133 Carbonsteel
Forgings & fittings
134 Carbonsteel
Forgings & fittings
135 Carbonsteel
Forgings & fittings
136 Carbonsteel
Castings
137 Carbonsteel
Castings
138 Carbonsteel
Castings
139 Carbonsteel
Castings
140 Carbonsteel
Castings
Spec. No. Type/ Grade類
規範號
A134
A134
A134
A285
A285
A516
A285
A516
A515
A696
A516
A515
A516
A515
A696
A537
A299
A299
A10-11
A10-11
A10-11
A283
A10-11
A36
A283
A10-11
A10-11
A992
A350
A181
A420
A234
A694
A707
A707
A707
A860
A694
A860
A694
A707
A707
A707
A860
A350
A350
A105
A181
A234
A694
A694
A707
A707
A860
A694
A860
A694
A860
A216
A352
A352
A216
A216
型/等級
A283D
A1011SS45
A1011SS50
A
B
55
C
60
60
B
65
65
70
70
C
…
A
A
SS30
SS33
SS36-T1
C
SS40
…
D
SS45
SS50
…
LF1
…
WPL6
WPB
F42
L1
L2
L3
WPHY 42
F46
WPHY 46
F52
L1
L2
L3
WPHY 52
LF2
LF2
…
…
WPC
F56
F60
L2
L3
WPHY 60
F65
WPHY 65
F70
WPHY 70
WCA
LCB
LCC
WCB
WCC
Class/Cond./
Temper热处 Size規
UNS No.
K02702 …
K02507 …
K02507 …
K01700 …
K02200 …
K01800 …
K02801 …
K02100 …
K02401 …
K03200 …
K02403 …
K02800 …
K02700 …
K03101 …
K03200 …
K12437 1
K02803 …
K02803 …
K02502 …
K02502 …
K02502 …
K02401 …
K02502 …
K02600 …
K02702 …
K02507 …
K02507 …
…
…
K03009 …
K03502 60
K03006 …
K03006 …
K03014 …
K02302 1
K03301 1
K12510 1
…
…
K03014 …
…
…
K03014 …
K02302 2
K03301 2
K12510 2
…
…
K03011 1
K03011 2
K03504 …
K03502 70
K03501 …
K03014 …
K03014 …
K03301 3
K12510 3
…
…
K03014 …
…
…
K03014 …
…
…
J02502
…
J03003
…
J02505
…
J03002
…
J02503
…
理
199
P-No.
格, mm (5)
Notes
…
1
(8a) (8c)
…
1
(8a) (8c)
…
1
(8a) (8c)
…
1
(57) (59)
…
1
(57) (59)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57) (59)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57)
≤64
1
…
>25
1
(57)
≤25
1
(57)
…
1
(8c) (57)
…
1
(8c) (57)
…
1
(8c) (57)
…
1
(8c) (57)
…
1
(8c) (57)
…
1
(8c)
…
1
(8c) (57)
…
1
(8c) (57)
…
1
(8c) (57)
…
1
(8c) (57)
…
1
(9) (57) (59)
…
1
(9) (57) (59)
…
1
(57)
…
1
(57) (59)
…
1
(9)
…
1
(9)
…
1
(9)
…
1
(9)
…
1
…
…
1
(9)
…
1
…
…
1
(9)
…
1
(9)
…
1
(9)
…
1
(9)
…
1
…
…
1
(9) (57)
…
1
(9) (57)
…
1
(9) (57)(59)
…
1
(9) (57)(59)
…
1
(57) (59)
…
1
(9)
…
1
(9)
…
1
(9)
…
1
(9)
…
1
…
…
1
(9)
…
1
…
…
1
(9) (79)
…
1
…
…
1
(57)
…
1
(9) (57)
…
1
(9)
…
1
(9) (57)
…
1
(9) (57)
Min.
Min. Yield Max. Use
Min.
Tensile
Temp.最
Strgth. 最 Temp.最
Strgth.
最低抗
低溫度,
低降服強度, 高使用溫
度, °C
°C (6) 拉強度, MPa
MPa
−29
−29
−29
B
B
C
A
C
B
A
B
A
B
A
A
D
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
−29
A
−46
B
−29
−29
−46
−46
−46
−29
−46
−29
−29
−46
−46
−46
−46
−18
−29
A
B
−29
−29
−46
−46
−46
−29
−46
…
−46
−29
−46
−46
−29
−29
414
414
448
310
345
379
379
414
414
415
448
448
483
483
485
483
517
517
338
359
365
379
379
400
414
414
448
448
414
414
414
414
415
415
415
415
415
435
435
455
455
455
455
455
483
483
483
483
483
490
515
515
515
515
530
530
565
565
414
448
483
483
483
228
310
345
165
186
207
207
221
221
240
241
241
262
262
275
345
276
290
207
228
248
207
276
248
228
310
344
344
207
207
241
241
290
290
290
290
290
317
317
360
360
360
360
360
248
248
248
248
276
385
415
415
415
415
450
450
485
485
207
241
276
248
276
149
204
204
593
593
454
593
454
538
371
454
538
454
538
371
371
593
593
399
399
399
399
399
371
399
399
399
427
538
593
538
593
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
538
538
593
593
427
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
204
204
593
593
371
593
538
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Line No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
40
65
100
150
103
103
101
97.5
103
103
101
97.5
103
103
103
102
103
103
103
102
108
108
108
106
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
115
115
113
110
115
115
113
110
126
126
126
122
126
126
126
122
126
126
126
122
126
126
126
122
126
126
126
122
126
126
126
122
126
126
126
122
138
138
134
130
138
138
134
130
138
138
134
130
138
138
134
130
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
142
142
142
142
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
147
147
147
147
149
149
147
142
149
149
147
142
149
149
147
142
149
149
147
142
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
161
161
159
154
161
161
159
154
161
161
159
154
161
161
159
154
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
157
161
161
161
157
161
161
161
157
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
172
172
168
163
172
172
168
163
172
172
168
163
172
172
172
171
172
172
172
171
172
172
172
171
172
172
172
172
177
177
177
177
188
188
188
188
207
207
207
207
172
172
172
172
104
104
104
104
110
110
110
110
112
112
112
112
116
116
116
116
123
123
123
123
127
127
127
123
200
94.6
94.6
98.5
98.5
102
110
…
110
110
110
110
110
110
106
106
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
126
126
126
126
…
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
…
…
138
138
142
145
145
147
138
138
138
138
…
152
152
150
150
150
150
158
156
156
156
163
163
158
158
158
165
165
165
172
177
188
207
172
104
110
112
116
123
…
250
90.8
90.8
…
…
98.3
…
…
110
110
110
110
110
110
102
102
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
121
121
121
121
…
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
…
…
…
…
142
…
…
147
132
132
132
132
…
…
…
144
144
144
144
151
156
156
156
…
…
151
151
151
159
159
159
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
300
86.1
86.1
…
…
93.3
…
…
108
108
108
108
108
108
96.9
96.9
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
115
115
115
115
…
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
…
…
…
…
142
…
…
147
126
126
126
126
…
…
…
136
136
136
136
144
156
156
156
…
…
144
144
144
151
151
151
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
325
83.6
83.6
…
…
90.6
…
…
105
105
105
105
105
105
94.1
94.1
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
111
111
111
111
…
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
…
…
…
…
142
…
…
147
122
122
122
122
…
…
…
132
132
132
132
139
154
154
154
…
…
139
139
139
146
146
146
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
350
81.1
81.1
…
…
87.8
…
…
97.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
91.2
91.2
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
108
108
108
108
…
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
…
…
…
…
129
…
…
129
118
118
118
118
…
…
…
128
128
128
128
135
148
148
148
…
…
135
135
135
142
142
142
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
375
78.6
78.6
…
…
84.3
…
…
84.3
84.3
84.3
84.3
84.3
84.3
84.3
84.3
98.3
98.3
98.3
98.3
98.3
98.3
98.3
105
105
105
105
…
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
113
113
113
113
…
…
…
122
122
122
122
122
126
126
126
…
…
131
131
131
131
131
131
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
200
400
73.3
73.3
…
…
73.3
…
…
73.3
73.3
73.3
73.3
73.3
73.3
73.3
73.3
89.1
89.1
89.1
89.1
89.1
89.1
89.1
88.9
88.9
88.9
88.9
…
95.1
95.1
95.1
95.1
95.1
95.1
95.1
95.1
95.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
95.0
95.0
95.0
95.0
…
…
…
101
101
101
101
101
…
…
…
…
…
107
107
107
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
425
64.0
64.0
…
…
64.0
…
…
64.0
64.0
64.0
64.0
64.0
64.0
64.0
64.0
75.4
75.4
75.4
75.4
75.4
75.4
75.4
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
…
79.5
79.5
79.5
79.5
79.5
79.5
79.5
79.5
79.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
79.6
79.6
79.6
79.6
…
…
…
83.8
83.8
83.8
83.8
83.8
…
…
…
…
…
88.0
88.0
88.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
450
55.8
55.8
…
…
55.8
…
…
55.8
55.8
55.8
55.8
55.8
55.8
55.8
55.8
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.7
62.7
62.7
62.7
…
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
63.2
63.2
63.2
63.2
…
…
…
67.1
67.1
67.1
67.1
82.7
…
…
…
…
…
67.3
67.3
67.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
475
43.9
43.9
…
…
43.9
…
…
54.5
43.9
43.9
43.9
43.9
43.9
43.9
43.9
45.5
45.5
45.5
45.5
45.5
45.5
45.5
45.5
45.5
45.5
45.5
…
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
45.3
45.3
45.3
45.3
…
…
…
51.0
51.0
51.0
51.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
50.3
50.3
50.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
500
40.7
31.7
…
…
31.7
…
…
…
31.7
31.7
31.7
31.7
31.7
40.7
31.7
31.6
31.6
31.6
31.6
31.6
31.6
31.6
31.6
31.6
31.6
31.6
…
31.7
31.7
31.7
31.7
31.7
31.7
31.7
31.7
31.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
31.7
31.7
31.7
31.7
…
…
…
33.6
33.6
33.6
33.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
33.2
33.2
33.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
525
…
21.4
…
…
21.4
…
…
…
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
…
21.4
…
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.9
…
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.9
…
…
…
21.3
21.3
21.3
21.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.4
21.4
21.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
550
…
14.2
…
…
14.2
…
…
…
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
…
14.2
…
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
…
17.2
17.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
…
…
…
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
14.2
14.2
14.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
575
…
9.40
…
…
9.40
…
…
…
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
…
9.40
…
…
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
…
9.40
9.40
9.40
…
…
…
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.40
9.40
9.40
…
…
…
…
9.40
9.40
9.40
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.40
9.40
9.40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
600
…
6.89
…
…
6.89
…
…
…
6.89
6.89
6.89
6.89
6.89
…
6.89
…
…
6.89
6.89
6.89
6.89
6.89
…
6.89
6.89
6.89
…
…
…
6.89
6.89
6.89
6.89
6.89
6.89
6.89
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.89
6.89
6.89
…
…
…
…
6.89
6.89
6.89
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.89
6.89
6.89
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Line No.
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
40
65
100
150
127
127
127
127
137
137
137
137
103
103
101
97.5
115
115
113
110
126
126
126
122
126
126
126
122
138
138
134
130
138
138
134
130
138
138
138
138
149
149
147
142
149
149
147
142
161
161
159
154
161
161
159
154
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
157
172
172
168
163
172
172
172
171
104
104
104
104
110
110
110
110
112
112
112
112
116
116
116
112
116
116
116
116
123
123
123
123
127
127
127
123
127
127
127
127
137
137
137
137
137
137
137
137
138
130
126
122
138
130
126
122
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
161
156
151
146
161
156
151
146
161
156
151
146
161
156
151
146
161
161
161
161
163
163
163
163
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
188
188
188
188
188
188
188
188
138
130
126
122
149
149
147
142
161
161
161
161
161
156
151
146
161
161
161
161
200
127
137
94.6
106
118
118
126
126
138
138
138
150
150
158
156
158
165
104
110
112
109
116
123
120
127
137
137
118
118
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
145
145
150
150
150
150
150
142
142
142
142
158
163
172
172
172
172
177
177
188
188
118
138
158
142
158
250
…
…
90.8
102
113
113
121
121
132
132
132
144
144
151
156
151
159
104
110
112
104
116
123
115
127
137
137
113
113
132
132
137
137
137
137
137
145
145
150
150
150
150
150
136
136
136
136
151
163
172
172
172
172
177
177
188
188
113
132
151
136
151
300
…
…
86.1
96.9
108
108
115
115
125
126
126
136
136
144
156
144
151
99.4
109
112
99.4
116
119
109
127
137
137
108
108
126
126
132
132
132
132
132
144
144
150
150
150
150
150
129
129
129
129
144
163
172
172
172
172
177
177
…
…
108
126
139
129
144
325
…
…
83.6
94.1
105
105
111
111
122
122
122
132
132
139
154
139
146
96.6
106
112
96.6
116
115
106
127
137
137
105
105
122
122
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
125
125
125
125
139
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
105
122
137
125
139
350
…
…
81.1
91.2
101
101
108
108
118
118
118
128
128
135
148
135
142
89.2
89.2
89.2
92.9
114
112
102
124
124
117
101
101
118
118
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
122
122
122
122
135
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
101
118
136
122
135
375
…
…
78.6
84.3
98.3
98.3
105
105
115
113
113
122
122
131
126
131
131
77.6
77.6
77.6
90.4
96.6
99.4
99.4
104
104
105
98.3
98.3
113
113
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
118
118
118
118
122
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
98.3
113
132
118
122
201
400
…
…
73.3
73.3
89.1
89.0
88.9
88.9
…
95.0
95.0
101
101
…
…
107
107
67.9
67.9
67.9
82.4
82.4
…
88.1
88.1
88.1
87.5
95.1
95.1
95.1
95.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
101
101
101
101
101
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
95.1
95.1
…
101
101
425
…
…
64.0
64.0
75.4
75.3
75.3
75.3
…
79.6
79.6
83.8
83.8
…
…
88.0
88.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
73.2
79.5
79.5
79.5
79.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
83.8
83.8
83.8
83.8
83.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
79.5
79.5
…
83.8
83.8
450
…
…
55.8
55.8
62.6
62.1
62.7
62.7
…
63.2
63.2
67.1
67.1
…
…
67.3
67.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
58.1
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
66.8
66.8
66.8
66.8
82.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
62.6
64.4
…
66.8
66.8
475
…
…
43.9
43.9
45.5
45.0
45.5
45.5
…
45.3
45.3
51.0
51.0
…
…
50.3
50.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
50.3
50.3
50.3
50.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
45.0
47.7
…
50.3
50.3
500
…
…
31.7
31.7
31.6
31.7
31.6
31.6
…
31.7
31.7
33.6
33.6
…
…
33.2
33.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
31.7
31.7
31.7
31.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
33.2
33.2
33.2
33.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
31.7
32.5
…
33.2
33.2
525
…
…
21.4
21.4
21.9
21.4
21.9
21.9
…
21.9
21.9
21.3
21.3
…
…
21.4
21.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.4
21.4
…
21.4
21.4
550
…
…
14.2
14.2
12.7
14.2
12.7
12.7
…
12.7
12.7
12.9
12.9
…
…
14.2
14.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
17.2
14.2
17.2
14.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
17.2
17.2
14.2
14.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
14.2
14.2
…
14.2
17.2
575
…
…
9.40
9.40
…
9.40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.40
9.40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.40
…
9.40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.40
9.40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.40
9.40
…
9.40
…
600
…
…
6.89
6.89
…
6.89
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.89
6.89
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.89
…
6.89
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.89
6.89
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.89
6.89
…
6.89
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Nominal
Product
Type/Gra
Class/Condition/
Size
Composition標稱 Form產品形 Spec. No. de類型/等
Temper級別/條
規格,
Line
成分
式
規範號
級
件/热处理
No.
UNS No.
mm
1
1
1
⁄2Cr– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A335
P2
K11547
…
…
1
1
1
2
⁄2Cr– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A691
⁄2CR
K12143
…
…
3
C–1⁄2Mo
Pipe
A335
P1
K11522
…
…
1
4
C– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A369
FP1
K11522
…
…
1
1
5
⁄2Cr– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A369
FP2
K11547
…
…
1
6
1Cr– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A691
1CR
K11757
…
…
1
1
7
⁄2Cr– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A426
CP2
J11547
…
…
1
1
8
1 ⁄2Si– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A335
P15
K11578
…
…
9
C–1⁄2Mo–Si
Pipe
A426
CP15
J11522
…
…
10
1Cr–1⁄2Mo
Pipe
A426
CP12
J11562
…
…
11
5Cr–11⁄2Si–1⁄2Mo
Pipe
A426
CP5b
J51545
…
…
12
3Cr–Mo
Pipe
A426
CP21
J31545
…
…
3
13
⁄4Cr–3⁄4Ni–Cu- Al Pipe
A333
4
K11267
…
…
14
2Cr–1⁄2Mo
Pipe
A369
FP3b
K21509
…
…
15
1Cr–1⁄2Mo
Pipe
A335
P12
K11562
…
…
16
1Cr–1⁄2Mo
Pipe
A369
FP12
K11562
…
…
17
11⁄4Cr–1⁄2Mo–Si
Pipe
A335
P11
K11597
…
…
18
11⁄4Cr–1⁄2Mo–Si
Pipe
A369
FP11
K11597
…
…
19
11⁄4Cr–1⁄2Mo–Si
Pipe
A691
11⁄4CR
K11789
…
…
20
5Cr–1⁄2Mo
Pipe
A691
5CR
K41545
…
…
21
5Cr–1⁄2Mo
Pipe
A335
P5
K41545
…
…
22
5Cr–1⁄2Mo–Si
Pipe
A335
P5b
K51545
…
…
23
5Cr–1⁄2Mo–Ti
Pipe
A335
P5c
K41245
…
…
24
5Cr–1⁄2Mo
Pipe
A369
FP5
K41545
…
…
25
9Cr–1Mo
Pipe
A335
P9
K90941
…
…
26
9Cr–1Mo
Pipe
A369
FP9
K90941
…
…
27
9Cr–1Mo
Pipe
A691
9CR
K90941
…
…
28
3Cr–1Mo
Pipe
A335
P21
K31545
…
…
29
3Cr–1Mo
Pipe
A369
FP21
K31545
…
…
30
3Cr–1Mo
Pipe
A691
3CR
K31545
…
…
31
21⁄4Cr–1Mo
Pipe
A691
21⁄4CR
K21590
…
…
32
21⁄4Cr–1Mo
Pipe
A369
FP22
K21590
…
…
33
21⁄4Cr–1Mo
Pipe
A335
P22
K21590
…
…
34
2Ni–1Cu
Pipe
A333
9
K22035
…
…
35
2Ni–1Cu
Pipe
A334
9
K22035
…
…
36
21⁄4Ni
Pipe
A333
7
K21903
…
…
37
21⁄4Ni
Pipe
A334
7
K21903
…
…
1
38
3 ⁄2Ni
Pipe
A333
3
K31918
…
…
1
39
3 ⁄2Ni
Pipe
A334
3
K31918
…
…
1
40
C– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A426
CP1
J12521
…
…
1
41
C– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A672
L65
K11820
…
…
1
42
C– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A691
CM-65
K11820
…
…
1
43
2 ⁄4Ni
Pipe
A671
CFB70
K22103
…
…
1
44
3 ⁄2Ni
Pipe
A671
CFE70
K32018
…
…
1
45
C– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A672
L70
K12020
…
…
1
46
C– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A691
CM-70
K12020
…
…
1
1
47
1 ⁄4Cr– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A426
CP11
J12072
…
…
1
48
2 ⁄4Cr–1Mo
Pipe
A426
CP22
J21890
…
…
1
49
C– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A672
L75
K12320
…
…
1
50
C– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A691
CM-75
K12320
…
…
51
9Cr–1Mo–V
Pipe
A335
P91
K90901
…
≤75
52
9Cr–1Mo–V
Pipe
A691
91
K90901
…
≤75
1
53
5Cr– ⁄2Mo
Pipe
A426
CP5
J42045
…
…
54
9Cr–1Mo
Pipe
A426
CP9
J82090
…
…
55
9Ni
Pipe
A333
8
K81340
…
…
56
9Ni
Pipe
A334
8
K81340
…
…
1
1
57
⁄2Cr– ⁄2Mo
Plate
A387
2
K12143
1
…
1
58
1Cr– ⁄2Mo
Plate
A387
12
K11757
1
…
59
9Cr–1Mo
Plate
A387
9
K90941
1
…
1
1
60
1 ⁄4Cr– ⁄2Mo–Si
Plate
A387
11
K11789
1
…
1
61
5Cr– ⁄2Mo
Plate
A387
5
K41545
1
…
62
3Cr–1Mo
Plate
A387
21
K31545
1
…
1
63
2 ⁄4Cr–1Mo
Plate
A387
22
K21590
1
…
1
64
2 ⁄4Ni
Plate
A203
A
K21703
…
…
1
65
3 ⁄2Ni
Plate
A203
D
K31718
…
…
1
66
C– ⁄2Mo
Plate
A204
A
K11820
…
…
1
67
1Cr– ⁄2Mo
Plate
A387
12
K11757
2
…
1
68
2 ⁄4Ni
Plate
A203
B
K22103
…
…
1
69
3 ⁄2Ni
Plate
A203
E
K32018
…
…
1
1
70
⁄2Cr– ⁄2Mo
Plate
A387
2
K12143
2
…
1
71
C– ⁄2Mo
Plate
A204
B
K12020
…
…
1
72
Mn– ⁄2Mo
Plate
A302
A
K12021
…
…
1
73
C– ⁄2Mo
Plate
A204
C
K12320
…
…
1
1
74
1 ⁄4Cr– ⁄2Mo–Si
Plate
A387
11
K11789
2
…
1
75
5Cr– ⁄2Mo
Plate
A387
5
K41545
2
…
76
3Cr–1Mo
Plate
A387
21
K31545
2
…
1
77
2 ⁄4Cr–1Mo
Plate
A387
22
K21590
2
…
1
78
Mn– ⁄2Mo
Plate
A302
B
K12022
…
…
1
1
79
Mn– ⁄2Mo– ⁄2Ni
Plate
A302
C
K12039
…
…
1
3
80
Mn– ⁄2Mo– ⁄4Ni
Plate
A302
D
K12054
…
…
81
9Cr–1Mo–V
Plate
A387
91
K90901
2
≤75
82
8Ni
Plate
A553
II
K71340
…
…
1
83
5Ni– ⁄4Mo
Plate
A645
A
K41583
…
…
202
Min. Temp.
P-No. (5)
Notes
3
…
3
(11) (67)
3
(58)
3
(58)
3
…
4
(11) (67)
3
(10)
3
…
3
(10)
4
(10)
5B
(10)
5A
(10)
4
…
4
…
4
…
4
…
4
…
4
…
4
(11) (67)
5B
(11) (67)
5B
…
5B
…
5B
…
5B
…
5B
…
5B
…
5B
(11) (67)
5A
…
5A
…
5A
(11) (67)
5A
(11) (67) (72) (75)
5A
(72) (75)
5A
(72) (75)
9A
…
9A
…
9A
…
9A
…
9B
…
9B
…
3
(10) (58)
3
(11) (58) (67)
3
(11) (58) (67)
9A
(11) (65) (67)
9B
(11) (65) (67)
3
(11) (58) (67)
3
(11) (58) (67)
4
(10)
5A
(10) (72)
3
(11) (58) (67)
3
(11) (58) (67)
15E
…
15E
(11) (67)
5B
(10)
5B
(10)
11A
(47)
11A
…
3
…
4
…
5B
…
4
…
5B
…
5A
…
5A
(72)
9A
(12) (65)
9B
(12) (65)
3
(58)
4
…
9A
(12) (65)
9B
(12) (65)
3
…
3
(58)
3
…
3
(58)
4
…
5B
…
5A
…
5A
(72)
3
…
3
…
3
…
15E
…
11A
(47)
11A
…
Min. Yield Max. Use
Min. Tensile Str. 最低降 Temp. 最高
Str. 最低抗
最低溫度, °C
服強度,
拉強度, MPa
(6)
MPa
−29
379
207
−29
379
228
−29
379
207
−29
379
207
−29
379
207
−29
379
228
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−101
414
241
−29
414
207
−29
414
221
−29
414
221
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
241
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−73
434
317
−73
434
317
−73
448
241
−73
448
241
−101
448
241
−101
448
241
−29
448
241
−29
448
255
−29
448
255
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
517
296
−29
517
296
−29
586
414
−29
586
414
−29
621
414
−29
621
414
−196
689
517
−196
689
517
−29
379
228
−29
379
228
−29
414
207
−29
414
241
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
448
255
−29
448
255
−29
448
255
−29
448
276
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
483
310
−29
483
276
−29
517
310
−29
517
296
−29
517
310
−29
517
310
−29
517
310
−29
517
310
−29
552
345
−29
552
345
−29
552
345
−29
586
414
−171
689
586
−171
655
448
使用溫度,
°C
538
538
593
593
593
649
593
593
593
649
649
649
40
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
40
40
593
593
593
593
593
593
593
40
40
593
593
649
649
593
593
649
649
649
649
93
93
538
649
649
649
649
649
649
538
538
593
649
538
538
538
593
538
593
649
649
649
649
538
538
538
649
40
93
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Nominal
Product
Type/Gra
Class/Condition/
Size
Composition標稱 Form產品形 Spec. No. de類型/等
Temper級別/條
規格,
Line
成分
式
規範號
級
件/热处理
No.
UNS No.
mm
84
9Ni
Plate
A553
I
K81340
…
…
85
9Ni
Plate
A353
…
K81340
…
…
86
C–1⁄2Mo
Forg. & ftg. A234
WP1
K12821
…
…
1
87
1Cr– ⁄2Mo
Forg. & ftg. A182
F12
K11562
1
…
1
88
1Cr– ⁄2Mo
Forg. & ftg. A234
WP12
K12062
1
…
1
1
89
1 ⁄4Cr– ⁄2Mo–Si
Forg. & ftg. A182
F11
K11597
1
…
1
1
90
1 ⁄4Cr– ⁄2Mo–Si
Forg. & ftg. A234
WP11
K11597
1
…
1
91
2 ⁄4Cr–1Mo
Forg. & ftg. A182
F22
K21590
1
…
1
92
2 ⁄4Cr–1Mo
Forg. & ftg. A234
WP22
K21590
1
…
1
93
5Cr– ⁄2Mo
Forg. & ftg. A234
WP5
K41545
…
…
94
9Cr–1Mo
Forg. & ftg. A234
WP9
K90941
…
…
1
95
3 ⁄2Ni
Forg. & ftg. A420
WPL3
K31918
…
…
1
96
3 ⁄2Ni
Forg. & ftg. A350
LF3
K32025
…
…
1
1
97
⁄2Cr– ⁄2Mo
Forg. & ftg. A182
F2
K12122
…
…
1
98
C– ⁄2Mo
Forg. & ftg. A182
F1
K12822
…
…
1
99
1Cr– ⁄2Mo
Forg. & ftg. A182
F12
K11564
2
…
1
100 1Cr– ⁄2Mo
Forg. & ftg. A234
WP12
K12062
2
…
101 11⁄4Cr–1⁄2Mo–Si
Forg. & ftg. A182
F11
K11572
2
…
102 11⁄4Cr–1⁄2Mo–Si
Forg. & ftg. A234
WP11
K11572
2
…
103 5Cr–1⁄2Mo
Forg. & ftg. A182
F5
K41545
…
…
104 3Cr–1Mo
Forg. & ftg. A182
F21
K31545
…
…
105 21⁄4Cr–1Mo
Forg. & ftg. A182
F22
K21590
3
…
106 21⁄4Cr–1Mo
Forg. & ftg. A234
WP22
K21590
3
…
107 9Cr–1Mo
Forg. & ftg. A182
F9
K90941
…
…
108 9Cr–1Mo–V
Forg. & ftg. A182
F91
K90901
…
≤75
109 9Cr–1Mo–V
Forg. & ftg. A234
WP91
K90901
…
≤75
110 5Cr–1⁄2Mo
Forg. & ftg. A182
F5a
K42544
…
…
111 9Ni
Forg. & ftg. A420
WPL8
K81340
…
…
112 C–1⁄2Mo
Castings
A352
LC1
J12522
…
…
113 C–1⁄2Mo
Castings
A217
WC1
J12524
…
…
114 21⁄2Ni
Castings
A352
LC2
J22500
…
…
115 31⁄2Ni
Castings
A352
LC3
J31550
…
…
116 1Ni–1⁄2Cr–1⁄2Mo
Castings
A217
WC4
J12082
…
…
117 3⁄4Ni–1Mo–3⁄4Cr
Castings
A217
WC5
J22000
…
…
118 11⁄4Cr–1⁄2Mo
Castings
A217
WC6
J12072
…
…
119 21⁄4Cr–1Mo
Castings
A217
WC9
J21890
…
…
120 5Cr–1⁄2Mo
Castings
A217
C5
J42045
…
…
121 9Cr–1Mo
Castings
A217
C12
J82090
…
…
Min. Temp.
P-No. (5)
Notes
11A
(47)
11A
(47)
3
(58)
4
(9)
4
…
4
(9)
4
…
5A
(9) (72) (75)
5A
(72)
5B
…
5B
…
9B
…
9B
(9)
3
(9)
3
(9) (58)
4
(9)
4
…
4
(9)
4
…
5B
(9)
5A
(9)
5A
(9) (72)
5A
(72)
5B
(9)
15E
…
15E
…
5B
(9)
11A
(47)
3
(9) (58)
3
(9) (58)
9A
(9)
9B
(9)
4
(9)
4
(9)
4
(9)
5A
(9)
5B
(9)
5B
(9)
Min. Yield Max. Use
Min. Tensile Str. 最低降 Temp. 最高
Str. 最低抗
最低溫度, °C
服強度,
拉強度, MPa
(6)
MPa
−196
689
586
−196
689
517
−29
379
207
−29
414
221
−29
414
221
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−29
414
207
−101
448
241
−101
483
259
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
517
310
−29
517
310
−29
517
310
−29
586
379
−29
586
414
−29
586
414
−29
621
448
−196
689
517
−59
448
241
−29
448
241
−73
483
276
−101
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
483
276
−29
621
414
−29
621
414
使用溫度,
°C
93
93
593
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
343
343
538
593
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
649
93
371
593
343
343
538
593
649
649
649
649
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
Line No. 40
65
100 125 150
1
126 126 126 126 124
2
126 126 126 126 126
3
126 126 126 126 124
4
126 126 126 126 124
5
126 126 126 126 124
6
126 126 123 122 122
7
138 133 129 126 124
8
138 133 129 127 125
9
138 133 129 127 125
10
138 129 124 120 117
11
138 129 124 122 120
12
138 132 128 126 125
13
138 …
…
…
…
14
138 132 128 126 125
15
138 138 132 128 125
16
138 138 132 128 125
17
138 131 126 124 121
18
138 131 126 124 121
19
138 138 138 138 138
20
138 129 124 122 120
21
138 129 124 122 120
22
138 129 124 122 120
23
138 129 124 122 120
24
138 129 124 122 120
25
138 129 124 122 120
26
138 129 124 122 120
27
138 129 124 122 120
28
138 132 128 126 125
29
138 132 128 126 125
30
138 132 128 126 125
31
138 132 128 126 125
32
138 132 128 126 125
33
138 132 128 126 125
34
145 …
…
…
…
175
122
126
122
122
122
122
122
124
124
115
119
124
…
124
122
122
119
119
138
119
119
119
119
119
119
119
119
124
124
124
124
124
124
…
200
120
126
120
120
120
122
120
122
122
112
119
124
…
124
120
120
116
116
136
119
119
119
119
119
119
119
119
124
124
124
124
124
124
…
225
119
126
119
119
119
121
119
121
121
110
118
124
…
124
118
118
115
115
134
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
124
124
124
124
124
124
…
250
117
126
117
117
117
120
117
120
120
109
118
124
…
124
116
116
113
113
131
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
124
124
124
124
124
124
…
275
115
126
115
115
115
118
115
118
118
107
117
124
…
124
114
114
111
111
129
117
117
117
117
117
117
117
117
124
124
124
124
124
124
…
300
114
125
114
114
114
116
114
117
117
106
117
124
…
124
113
113
109
109
127
117
117
117
117
117
117
117
117
124
124
124
124
124
124
…
325
112
123
112
112
112
115
112
115
115
105
116
124
…
124
112
112
107
107
125
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
124
124
124
124
124
124
…
350
110
121
110
110
110
114
110
114
114
103
114
124
…
124
110
110
106
106
123
114
114
114
114
114
114
114
114
124
124
124
124
124
124
…
203
375
108
119
108
108
108
112
108
112
112
102
112
124
…
124
109
109
104
104
121
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
124
124
124
124
124
124
…
400
106
116
106
106
106
110
106
110
110
100
110
123
…
123
107
107
102
102
119
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
123
123
123
123
123
123
…
425
103
114
103
103
103
109
103
107
107
98.7
106
122
…
122
105
105
99.6
99.6
116
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
122
122
122
122
122
122
…
450
100
110
100
100
100
106
100
103
103
96.8
103
121
…
121
103
103
97.2
97.2
113
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
121
121
121
121
121
121
…
475
97.1
107
97.1
97.1
97.1
104
97.1
88.4
88.4
94.6
80.6
89.2
…
118
101
101
94.5
94.5
104
80.6
80.6
80.6
80.6
80.6
98.3
98.3
98.3
89.2
89.2
89.2
99.6
99.6
99.6
…
500
74.4
74.4
68.0
68.0
93.5
92.1
74.4
74.7
74.7
92.0
61.7
68.8
…
74.7
92.1
92.1
73.7
73.7
73.7
61.7
61.7
61.7
61.7
61.7
83.2
83.2
83.2
68.8
68.8
68.8
80.9
80.9
80.9
…
525
49.9
49.9
42.3
42.3
49.9
61.1
49.9
53.7
53.7
61.1
46.4
54.2
…
53.3
61.1
61.1
52.0
52.0
52.0
46.4
46.4
46.4
46.4
46.4
60.2
60.2
60.2
54.2
54.2
54.2
63.3
63.3
63.3
…
500
40.7
40.7
30.5
30.5
34.7
40.4
34.3
35.6
35.6
40.4
34.7
43.4
…
36.0
40.4
40.4
36.3
36.3
36.3
34.7
34.7
34.7
34.7
34.7
42.9
42.9
42.9
43.4
43.4
43.4
47.5
47.5
47.5
…
575
…
…
23.2
23.2
23.9
26.4
23.2
23.2
23.2
26.4
25.5
34.0
…
24.6
26.4
26.4
25.2
25.2
25.2
25.5
25.5
25.5
25.5
25.5
29.9
29.9
29.9
34.0
34.0
34.0
34.2
34.2
34.2
…
600
…
…
16.5
16.5
17.2
17.4
16.5
16.5
16.5
17.4
17.8
25.1
…
15.5
17.4
17.4
17.6
17.6
17.6
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
20.6
20.6
20.6
25.1
25.1
25.1
23.5
23.5
23.5
…
625
…
…
…
…
…
11.6
…
…
…
11.6
11.4
17.1
…
9.21
11.6
11.6
12.3
12.3
12.3
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.4
14.4
14.4
14.4
17.1
17.1
17.1
15.3
15.3
15.3
…
650
…
…
…
…
…
7.58
…
…
…
7.58
6.89
10.3
…
6.89
7.58
7.58
.27
8.27
8.27
6.89
6.89
6.89
6.89
6.89
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
9.65
9.65
9.65
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
Line No. 40
65
100 125 150
35
145 …
…
…
…
36
149 149 147 144 142
37
149 149 147 144 142
38
149 149 147 144 142
39
149 149 147 144 142
40
149 149 149 148 145
41
149 149 149 149 149
42
149 149 149 149 149
43
161 …
…
…
…
44
161 …
…
…
…
45
161 161 161 161 161
46
161 161 161 161 161
47
161 161 161 161 161
48
161 161 160 157 156
49
172 172 172 172 172
50
172 172 172 172 172
51
195 195 195 195 195
52
195 195 195 195 195
53
207 207 205 202 200
54
207 207 205 202 200
55
230 230 230 …
…
56
230 230 230 …
…
57
126 126 126 126 126
58
126 126 123 122 122
59
138 129 124 122 120
60
138 138 138 138 138
61
138 129 124 122 120
62
138 130 126 123 121
63
138 132 128 126 125
64
149 149 149 149 149
65
149 149 149 149 149
66
149 149 149 149 149
67
149 149 146 144 144
68
161 161 161 161 161
69
161 161 161 161 161
70
161 161 161 161 161
71
161 161 161 161 161
72
172 172 172 172 172
73
172 172 172 172 172
74
172 172 172 172 172
75
172 172 171 169 167
76
172 172 171 168 167
77
172 172 171 168 167
78
184 184 184 184 184
79
184 184 184 184 184
80
184 184 184 184 184
81
195 195 195 195 195
82
230 …
…
…
…
83
218 218 218 …
…
84
230 230 230 …
…
85
230 230 230 …
…
86
126 126 126 126 124
87
138 129 124 120 117
88
138 138 132 128 125
89
138 131 126 124 121
90
138 131 126 124 121
91
138 132 128 126 125
92
138 132 128 126 125
93
138 129 124 122 120
94
138 129 124 122 120
95
149 149 147 144 142
96
161 160 157 155 152
97
161 161 161 161 161
98
161 161 161 161 161
99
161 161 157 155 155
100
161 161 157 155 155
101
161 161 161 161 161
102
161 161 161 161 161
103
161 161 160 157 156
104
172 172 172 169 168
105
172 172 171 168 167
106
172 172 171 168 167
107
195 195 194 191 189
108
195 195 195 195 195
109
195 195 195 195 195
110
207 207 205 202 200
111
230 230 230 …
…
112
149 149 149 148 145
113
149 149 149 148 145
114
161 161 161 161 161
115
161 161 161 161 161
116
161 161 161 161 161
117
161 161 161 161 161
118
161 161 161 161 161
175
…
140
140
140
140
143
149
149
…
…
161
161
158
156
172
172
195
195
199
199
…
…
126
122
119
138
119
119
124
148
148
149
144
160
160
161
161
172
172
172
166
167
167
184
184
184
195
…
…
…
…
122
115
122
119
119
124
124
119
119
140
150
161
161
153
153
158
158
155
167
167
167
188
195
195
199
…
143
143
160
160
161
161
158
200
…
138
138
138
138
140
148
148
…
…
161
161
155
156
172
172
195
195
199
199
…
…
126
122
119
136
119
117
124
146
146
148
144
158
158
161
161
172
172
172
165
167
167
184
184
184
195
…
…
…
…
120
112
120
116
116
124
124
119
119
138
148
161
161
150
150
155
155
155
166
167
167
188
195
195
199
…
140
140
158
158
161
161
155
225
…
135
135
135
135
138
146
146
…
…
158
158
153
156
170
170
195
195
199
199
…
…
126
121
118
134
118
116
124
143
143
146
144
155
155
161
158
172
170
172
165
167
167
184
184
184
195
…
…
…
…
119
110
118
115
115
124
124
118
118
135
145
158
158
147
147
153
153
155
166
167
167
188
195
195
199
…
138
138
155
155
161
161
153
250
…
132
132
132
132
137
144
144
…
…
156
156
150
156
168
168
194
194
198
198
…
…
126
120
118
131
118
115
124
140
140
144
144
151
151
161
156
172
168
169
165
167
167
184
184
184
194
…
…
…
…
117
109
116
113
113
124
124
118
118
132
142
156
156
145
145
150
150
154
165
167
167
187
194
194
198
…
137
137
151
151
159
159
150
275
…
128
128
128
128
135
142
142
…
…
154
154
148
156
165
165
193
193
198
198
…
…
126
118
117
129
117
114
124
136
136
142
143
147
147
161
154
172
165
166
164
167
167
184
184
184
193
…
…
…
…
115
107
114
111
111
124
124
117
117
128
137
154
154
143
143
148
148
154
165
167
167
187
193
193
198
…
135
135
147
147
158
158
148
300
…
124
124
124
124
133
140
140
…
…
152
152
146
156
163
163
192
192
196
196
…
…
125
116
117
127
117
112
124
131
131
140
141
142
142
161
152
172
163
164
164
167
167
184
184
184
192
…
…
…
…
114
106
113
109
109
124
124
117
117
124
133
152
152
141
141
146
146
153
164
167
167
186
192
192
196
…
133
133
142
142
156
156
146
325
…
119
119
119
119
131
138
138
…
…
149
149
143
156
161
161
190
190
194
194
…
…
123
115
116
125
116
111
124
126
126
138
139
136
136
161
149
172
161
161
162
167
167
184
184
184
190
…
…
…
…
112
105
112
107
107
124
124
116
116
119
128
149
149
139
139
143
143
151
164
167
167
184
190
190
194
…
131
131
136
136
154
154
143
350
…
113
113
113
113
129
136
136
…
…
147
147
141
156
158
158
187
187
191
191
…
…
121
114
114
123
114
110
124
120
120
136
138
130
130
161
147
171
158
159
159
167
167
184
184
184
187
…
…
…
…
110
103
110
106
106
124
124
114
114
113
122
147
147
138
138
141
141
149
162
167
167
181
187
187
191
…
129
129
131
131
152
152
141
204
375
…
107
107
107
107
126
133
133
…
…
144
144
138
156
155
155
183
183
187
187
…
…
119
112
112
121
112
109
124
113
113
133
136
113
122
161
144
168
155
156
156
167
167
184
184
184
183
…
…
…
…
108
102
109
104
104
124
124
112
112
…
…
144
144
136
136
138
138
146
161
167
167
177
183
183
187
…
127
126
…
…
149
149
138
400
…
95.1
95.1
95.1
95.1
123
131
131
…
…
141
141
136
156
152
152
178
178
182
182
…
…
116
110
110
119
110
107
123
95.1
95.1
131
134
95.1
101
159
141
165
152
153
130
167
167
183
183
183
178
…
…
…
…
106
100
107
102
102
123
123
110
110
…
…
141
141
134
134
136
136
142
158
167
167
172
178
178
182
…
…
123
…
…
146
146
136
425
…
79.5
79.5
79.5
79.5
120
127
127
…
…
138
138
133
156
148
148
172
172
176
176
…
…
114
109
106
116
106
105
122
79.5
79.5
127
132
79.5
83.8
155
138
160
148
149
126
167
167
178
178
178
172
…
…
…
…
103
98.7
105
99.6
99.6
122
122
106
106
…
…
138
138
132
132
133
133
137
155
167
167
166
172
172
176
…
…
120
…
…
142
142
133
450
…
64.4
64.4
64.4
64.4
117
124
124
…
…
134
134
130
156
144
144
165
165
169
169
…
…
110
106
103
113
103
103
121
64.4
64.4
124
129
64.4
66.8
151
134
154
144
146
104
167
167
172
172
172
165
…
…
…
…
100
96.8
103
97.2
97.2
121
121
103
103
…
…
134
134
129
129
130
130
131
152
167
167
159
165
165
169
…
…
117
…
…
137
137
130
475
…
48.8
48.8
48.8
48.8
109
109
109
…
…
109
109
104
119
109
109
156
156
80.6
160
…
…
107
104
98.3
104
80.6
89.2
99.6
48.8
48.8
109
126
48.8
49.2
146
109
104
109
104
80.6
98.2
119
104
104
104
156
…
…
…
…
97.1
94.6
101
94.5
94.5
99.6
99.6
80.6
98.3
…
…
129
109
126
126
104
104
80.6
98.2
119
119
151
156
156
80.6
…
…
109
…
…
131
131
104
500
…
35.4
35.4
35.4
35.4
68.0
68.0
68.0
…
…
68.0
68.0
73.7
88.4
68.0
68.0
147
147
61.7
87.5
…
…
74.4
92.1
83.2
73.7
61.7
68.8
80.9
35.4
35.4
68.0
92.1
35.4
35.4
93.5
68.0
68.0
68.0
73.7
61.7
73.5
88.4
68.0
68.0
68.0
147
…
…
…
…
68.0
92.0
92.1
73.7
73.7
80.9
80.9
61.7
87.5
…
…
93.5
68.0
92.1
92.1
73.7
73.7
61.7
73.5
88.4
88.4
83.2
147
147
61.7
…
…
68.0
…
…
74.4
74.4
73.7
525
…
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
42.3
42.3
42.3
…
…
42.3
42.3
52.0
64.0
42.3
42.3
137
137
46.4
61.2
…
…
49.9
61.1
60.2
52.0
46.4
54.2
63.3
22.6
22.6
42.3
61.1
22.6
22.6
49.9
42.3
42.3
42.3
52.0
46.4
54.7
64.0
42.3
42.3
42.3
137
…
…
…
…
42.3
61.1
61.1
52.0
52.0
63.3
63.3
46.4
61.2
…
…
49.9
42.3
61.1
61.1
52.0
52.0
46.4
54.7
64.0
64.0
60.2
137
137
46.4
…
…
42.3
…
…
49.9
49.9
52.0
500
…
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
30.5
30.5
30.5
…
…
30.5
30.5
36.3
44.6
30.5
30.5
115
115
34.7
42.9
…
…
40.7
40.4
42.9
36.3
34.7
43.4
47.5
17.2
17.2
30.5
40.4
17.2
17.2
40.7
30.5
33.1
30.5
36.3
34.7
40.6
44.6
33.1
33.1
33.1
115
…
…
…
…
30.5
40.4
40.4
36.3
36.3
47.5
47.5
34.7
42.9
…
…
40.7
30.5
40.4
40.4
36.3
36.3
34.7
40.6
44.6
44.6
42.9
115
115
34.7
…
…
30.5
…
…
40.7
34.3
36.3
575
…
9.40
9.40
9.48
9.48
23.2
23.2
23.2
…
…
23.2
23.2
25.2
30.0
23.2
23.2
87.0
87.0
25.5
29.9
…
…
…
26.4
29.9
25.2
25.5
34.0
34.2
…
…
23.2
26.4
…
…
…
23.2
…
23.2
25.2
25.5
29.2
30.0
…
…
…
87.0
…
…
…
…
23.2
26.4
26.4
25.2
25.2
34.2
34.2
25.5
29.9
…
…
…
23.2
26.4
26.4
25.2
25.2
25.5
29.2
30.0
30.0
29.9
87.0
87.0
25.5
…
…
23.2
…
…
…
23.2
25.2
600
…
6.89
6.89
7.06
7.06
16.5
16.5
16.5
…
…
16.5
16.5
17.6
19.7
16.5
16.5
64.7
64.7
17.8
20.6
…
…
…
17.4
20.6
17.6
17.8
25.1
23.5
…
…
16.5
17.4
…
…
…
16.5
…
16.5
17.6
17.8
20.6
19.7
…
…
…
64.7
…
…
…
…
16.5
17.4
17.4
17.6
17.6
23.5
23.5
17.8
20.6
…
…
…
16.5
17.4
17.4
17.6
17.6
17.8
20.6
19.7
19.7
20.6
64.7
64.7
17.8
…
…
16.5
…
…
…
16.5
17.6
625
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.3
12.8
…
…
45.1
45.1
11.4
14.4
…
…
…
11.6
14.4
12.3
11.4
17.1
15.3
…
…
…
11.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.3
11.4
15.2
12.8
…
…
…
45.1
…
…
…
…
…
11.6
11.6
12.3
12.3
15.3
15.3
11.4
14.4
…
…
…
…
11.6
11.6
12.3
12.3
11.4
15.2
12.8
12.8
14.4
45.1
45.1
11.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.3
650
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
8.27
8.27
…
…
29.6
29.6
6.89
10.3
…
…
…
7.58
10.3
8.27
6.89
10.3
9.65
…
…
…
7.58
…
…
…
…
…
…
8.27
6.89
8.96
8.27
…
…
…
29.6
…
…
…
…
…
7.58
7.58
8.27
8.27
9.65
9.65
6.89
10.3
…
…
…
…
7.58
7.58
8.27
8.27
6.89
8.96
8.27
8.27
10.3
29.6
29.6
6.89
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
8.27
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
Line No. 40
65
100 125 150
119
161 161 160 157 156
120
207 207 205 202 200
121
207 207 205 202 200
175
156
199
199
200
156
199
199
225
156
199
199
250
156
198
198
275
156
198
198
300
156
196
196
325
156
194
194
350
156
191
191
375
156
187
187
400
156
182
182
425
156
176
176
450
156
169
169
475
119
80.6
160
500
88.4
61.7
83.2
525
64.0
46.4
60.2
500
44.6
34.7
42.9
575
30.0
25.5
29.9
600
19.7
17.8
20.6
625
12.8
11.4
14.4
650
8.27
6.89
10.3
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Class/ Condition/
Temper級別/條
Spec. No. Type/ Grade類
Product Form產品形式
Line No. Nominal Composition標稱成分
1
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. pipe
2
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. pipe
3
18Cr–8Ni
Tube
4
18Cr–8Ni
Tube
5
18Cr–8Ni
Tube
6
18Cr–8Ni
Smls. & wld. pipe
7
18Cr–8Ni
Wld. pipe
8
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Tube
9
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Tube
10
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Tube
11
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Smls. & wld. pipe
12
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Wld. pipe
13
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo–Ti
Tube
14
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. pipe
15
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. pipe
16
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. pipe
17
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. pipe
18
25Cr–12Ni
Pipe & tube
19
25Cr–20Ni
Pipe & tube
20
11Cr–Ti
Tube
21
18Cr–Ti
Tube
22
16Cr–14Ni–2Mo
Pipe & tube
23
12Cr–Al
Tube
24
13Cr
Tube
25
17Cr
Tube
26
18Cr–13Ni–3Mo
Smls. & wld. pipe
27
25Cr–20Ni
Smls. & wld. pipe
28
25Cr–20Ni
Wld. pipe
29
25Cr–20Ni
Pipe
30
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. pipe
31
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Wld. pipe
32
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Wld. pipe
33
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. pipe
34
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Wld. pipe
35
23Cr–12Ni
Smls. & wld. pipe
36
23Cr–12Ni
Wld. pipe
37
18Cr–8Ni
Pipe & tube
38
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Smls. & wld. pipe
39
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Wld. pipe
40
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Pipe
41
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Pipe
42
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Smls. & wld. pipe
43
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Wld. pipe
44
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Pipe
45
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Pipe
46
25Cr–12Ni
Pipe & tube
47
25Cr–12Ni
Pipe & tube
48
25Cr–20Ni
Smls. & wld. pipe
49
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Pipe & tube
50
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. pipe
51
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Wld. pipe
52
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Wld. pipe
53
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. pipe
54
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Wld. pipe
55
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. pipe
56
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Wld. pipe
57
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Wld. pipe
58
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. pipe
59
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Tube
60
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Tube
61
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Tube
規範號
型/等級
A312
TP321
A376
TP321
A213
TP304L
A269
TP304L
A270
TP304L
A312
TP304L
A358
304L
A213
TP316L
A269
TP316L
A270
TP316L
A312
TP316L
A358
316L
A213
TP316Ti
A312
TP321
A376
TP321
A312
TP321H
A376
TP321H
A451
CPH8
A451
CPK20
A268
TP409
A268
TP430Ti
A451
CPF10MC
A268
TP405
A268
TP410
A268
TP430
A312
TP317L
A312
TP310S
A358
310S
A409
TP310S
A312
TP321
A312
TP321
A358
321
A376
TP321
A409
TP321
A312
TP309
A358
309S
A451
CPF8
A312
TP347
A358
347
A376
TP347
A409
TP347
A312
TP348
A358
348
A376
TP348
A409
TP348
A451
CPH10
A451
CPH20
A312
TP310H
A451
CPF8C
A312
TP321
A312
TP321
A358
321
A376
TP321
A409
TP321
A312
TP321H
A312
TP321H
A358
321H
A376
TP321H
A213
TP316
A269
TP316
A270
TP316
205
件/热处理
UNS No.
S32100 …
S32100 …
S30403 …
S30403 …
S30403 …
S30403 …
S30403 …
S31603 …
S31603 …
S31603 …
S31603 …
S31603 …
S31635 …
S32100 …
S32100 …
S32109 …
S32109 …
J93400 …
J94202 …
S40900 …
S43036 …
J92971 …
S40500 …
S41000 …
S43000 …
S31703 …
S31008 …
S31008 …
S31008 …
S32100 …
S32100 …
S32100 …
S32100 …
S32100 …
…
…
S30908 …
J92600 …
S34700 …
S34700 …
S34700 …
S34700 …
S34800 …
S34800 …
S34800 …
S34800 …
J93402 …
J93402 …
S31009 …
J92710 …
S32100 …
S32100 …
S32100 …
S32100 …
S32100 …
S32109 …
S32109 …
S32109 …
S32109 …
S31600 …
S31600 …
S31600 …
Size規格,
P-No.
mm
(5)
>10
8
>10
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
>10
8
>10
8
>10
8
>10
8
…
8
…
8
…
7
…
7
…
8
…
7
…
6
…
7
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
≤10
8
…
8
…
8
≤10
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
≤10
8
…
8
…
8
≤10
8
…
8
≤10
8
…
8
…
8
≤10
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Class/ Condition/
Type/
Grade類
Temper級別/條
Spec. No.
Product Form產品形式
Line No. Nominal Composition標稱成分
62
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Smls. & wld. pipe
63
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Wld. pipe
64
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Pipe
65
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Pipe
66
18Cr–13Ni–3Mo
Smls. & wld. pipe
67
18Cr–13Ni–3Mo
Pipe
68
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Pipe
69
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Smls. & wld. pipe
70
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Pipe
71
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Smls. & wld. pipe
72
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Wld. pipe
73
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Pipe
74
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Pipe
75
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Smls. & wld. pipe
76
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Wld. pipe
77
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Pipe
78
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Pipe
79
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Smls. & wld. pipe
80
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Smls. & wld. pipe
81
18Cr–8Ni
Tube
82
18Cr–8Ni
Tube
83
18Cr–8Ni
Tube
84
18Cr–8Ni
Smls. & wld. pipe
85
18Cr–8Ni
Wld. pipe
86
18Cr–8Ni
Pipe
87
18Cr–8Ni
Pipe
88
18Cr–8Ni
Pipe
89
18Cr–8Ni
Smls. & wld. pipe
90
18Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Pipe & tube
91
44Fe–25Ni–21Cr–Mo
Wld. tube
92
44Fe–25Ni–21Cr–Mo
Smls. & wld. pipe
93
20Cr–Cu
Tube
94
27Cr
Tube
95
12Cr
Wld. pipe
96
25Cr–8Ni–N
Pipe & tube
97
23Cr–4Ni–Mo–Cu–N
Smls. & wld. tube
98
23Cr–4Ni–Mo–Cu–N
Smls. & wld. pipe
99
23Cr–4Ni–Mo–Cu–N
Pipe & tube
100
20Cr–18Ni–6Mo
Pipe & tube
101
20Cr–18Ni–6Mo
Pipe & tube
102
13Cr
Pipe & tube
103
20Cr–18Ni–6Mo
Wld. pipe
104
20Cr–18Ni–6Mo
Wld. pipe
105
22Cr–5Ni–3Mo–N
Smls. & wld. tube
106
22Cr–5Ni–3Mo–N
Smls. & wld. pipe
107
22Cr–5Ni–3Mo–N
Pipe & tube
108
20Cr–18Ni–6Mo
Pipe & tube
109
20Cr–18Ni–6Mo
Pipe & tube
110
20Cr–18Ni–6Mo
Pipe & tube
111
20Cr–18Ni–6Mo
Pipe & tube
112
26Cr–4Ni–Mo
Smls. & wld. tube
113
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo– Cu–N Smls. & wld. pipe
114
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo– Cu–N Wld. pipe
115
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo– Cu–N Wld. pipe
116
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo– Cu–N Wld. pipe
117
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo– Cu–N Smls. & wld. pipe
118
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo– Cu–N Wld. pipe
119
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo– Cu–N Wld. pipe
120
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo– Cu–N Wld. pipe
121
21Cr–5Mn–11⁄2Ni–Cu–N
Smls. & wld. tube
122
21Cr–5Mn–11⁄2Ni–Cu–N
Smls. & wld. pipe
123
24Cr–4Ni–3Mn–1.5Mo–N
Smls. & wld. tube
124
24Cr–4Ni–3Mn–1.5Mo–N
Smls. & wld. pipe
1
125
21Cr–5Mn–1 ⁄2Ni–Cu–N
Smls. & wld. tube
126
21Cr–5Mn–11⁄2Ni–Cu–N
Smls. & wld. pipe
127
21Cr–31⁄2Ni–13⁄4Mo–N
Smls. & wld. tube
1
3
128
21Cr–3 ⁄2Ni–1 ⁄4Mo–N
Smls. & wld. pipe
129
21Cr–31⁄2Ni–13⁄4Mo–N
Pipe & tube
130
22Cr–5Ni–3Mo–N
Pipe & tube
131
21Cr–31⁄2Ni–13⁄4Mo–N
Smls. & wld. tube
132
21Cr–31⁄2Ni–13⁄4Mo–N
Smls. & wld. pipe
133
21Cr–31⁄2Ni–13⁄4Mo–N
Pipe & tube
134
24Cr–4Ni–3Mn–1.5Mo–N
Smls. & wld. tube
規範號
型/等級
A312
TP316
A358
316
A376
TP316
A409
TP316
A312
TP317
A409
TP317
A376
TP316H
A312
TP316H
A376
TP347H
A312
TP347
A358
347
A376
TP347
A409
TP347
A312
TP348
A358
348
A376
TP348
A409
TP348
A312
TP347H
A312
TP348H
A213
TP304
A269
TP304
A270
TP304
A312
TP304
A358
304
A376
TP304
A376
TP304H
A409
TP304
A312
TP304H
A451
CPF8M
A249
…
A312
…
A268
TP443
A268
TP446-1
A1053 50
A451
CPE20N
A789
…
A790
…
A928
2304
A813
…
A814
…
A426
CPCA15
A358
…
A358
…
A789
…
A790
…
A928
…
A249
…
A249
…
A312
…
A312
…
A790
…
A312
…
A358
…
A813
…
A814
…
A312
…
A358
…
A813
…
A814
…
A789
…
A790
…
A789
…
A790
…
A789
…
A790
…
A789
…
A790
…
A928
…
A928
2205
A789
…
A790
…
A928
…
A789
…
206
件/热处理
UNS No.
S31600 …
S31600 …
S31600 …
S31600 …
S31700 …
S31700 …
S31609 …
S31609 …
S34709 …
S34700 …
S34700 …
S34700 …
S34700 …
S34800 …
S34800 …
S34800 …
S34800 …
S34709 …
S34809 …
S30400 …
S30400 …
S30400 …
S30400 …
S30400 …
S30400 …
S30409 …
S30400 …
S30409 …
J92900 …
N08904 …
N08904 …
S44300 …
S44600 …
S41003 …
J92802 …
S32304 …
S32304 …
S32304 …
S31254 …
S31254 …
J91150 …
S31254 …
S31254 …
S31803 …
S31803 …
S31803 …
S31254 …
S31254 …
S31254 …
S31254 …
S32900 …
N08367 …
N08367 …
N08367 …
N08367 …
N08367 …
N08367 …
N08367 …
N08367 …
S32101 …
S32101 …
S82441 …
S82441 …
S32101 …
S32101 …
S32003 …
S32003 …
S32003 …
S32205 …
S32003 …
S32003 …
S32003 …
S82441 …
Size規格,
P-No.
mm
(5)
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
45
…
45
…
a
…
10I
…
7
…
8
…
10H
…
10H
…
10H
…
8
…
8
…
6
>5.0
8
≤5.0
8
…
10H
…
10H
…
10H
>5.00
8
≤5.00
8
>5.00
8
≤5.00
8
…
10H
>5.0
45
>5.0
45
>5.0
45
>5.0
45
≤5.0
45
≤5.0
45
≤5.0
45
≤5.0
45
>5.0
10H
>5.0
10H
≥10.0
10H
≥10.0
10H
≤5.0
10H
≤5.0
10H
>5.00
10H
>5.00
10H
>5.00
10H
…
10H
≤5.00
10H
≤5.00
10H
≤5.00
10H
<10.0
10H
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Class/ Condition/
Type/
Grade類
Temper級別/條
Spec. No.
Product Form產品形式
Line No. Nominal Composition標稱成分
135
24Cr–4Ni–3Mn–1.5Mo–N
Smls. & wld. pipe
136
25Cr–8Ni–3Mo–W–Cu–N
Smls. & wld. tube
137
25Cr–8Ni–3Mo–W–Cu–N
Smls. & wld. pipe
138
29Cr–6.5Ni–2Mo–N
Smls. & wld. tube
139
29Cr–6.5Ni–2Mo–N
Smls. & wld. pipe
140
24Cr–17Ni–6Mn–41⁄2Mo–N
Pipe & tube
141
25Cr–7Ni–4Mo–N
Smls. & wld. tube
142
25Cr–7Ni–4Mo–N
Smls. & wld. pipe
143
25Cr–7Ni–4Mo–N
Pipe & tube
144
29Cr–6.5Ni–2Mo–N
Smls. & wld. tube
145
29Cr–6.5Ni–2Mo–N
Smls. & wld. pipe
146
18Cr–11Ni
Plate & sheet
147
12Cr–Al
Plate & sheet
148
18Cr–8Ni
Plate & sheet
149
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Plate & sheet
150
18Cr–8Ni
Plate & sheet
151
12Cr–1Ni
Plate, sheet, strip
152
12Cr–1Ni
Plate, sheet, strip
153
13Cr
Plate & sheet
154
13Cr
Plate & sheet
155
15Cr
Plate & sheet
156
17Cr
Plate & sheet
157
18Cr–13Ni–3Mo
Plate & sheet
158
25Cr–20Ni
Plate & sheet
159
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Plate, sheet, strip
160
23Cr–12Ni
Plate & sheet
161
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Plate & sheet
162
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Plate & sheet
163
25Cr–20Ni
Plate & sheet
164
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Plate, sheet, strip
165
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Plate, sheet, strip
166
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Plate & sheet
167
18Cr–13Ni–3Mo
Plate & sheet
168
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Plate & sheet
169
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Plate & sheet
170
18Cr–8Ni
Plate & sheet
171
44Fe–25Ni–21Cr–Mo
Plate & sheet
172
23Cr–4Ni–Mo–Cu–N
Plate & sheet
173
22Cr–5Ni–3Mo–N
Plate & sheet
174
16Cr–4Ni–6Mn
Plate & sheet
175
20Cr–18Ni–6Mo
Plate
176
20Cr–18Ni–6Mo
Sheet
177
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo– Cu–N Plate
178
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo– Cu–N Sheet & strip
179
21Cr–5Mn–1.5Ni–Cu–N
Plate & sheet
180
24Cr–4Ni–3Mn–1.5Mo–N
Plate & sheet
181
21Cr–5Mn–1.5Ni–Cu–N
Plate & sheet
182
21Cr−31⁄2Ni–13⁄4Mo−N
Plate & sheet
183
21Cr−31⁄2Ni–13⁄4Mo−N
Plate & sheet
184
24Cr–4Ni–3Mn–1.5Mo–N
Plate & sheet
185
29Cr–6.5Ni–2Mo–N
Plate & sheet
186
29Cr–6.5Ni–2Mo–N
Plate & sheet
187
25Cr–8Ni–3Mo–W–Cu–N
Plate & sheet
188
25Cr–7Ni–4Mo–N
Plate & sheet
189
18Cr–13Ni–3Mo
Forgings & fittings
190
18Cr–8Ni
Forgings & fittings
191
18Cr–8Ni
Forgings & fittings
192
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Forgings & fittings
193
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Forgings & fittings
194
18Cr–13Ni–3Mo
Forgings & fittings
195
25Cr–20Ni
Forgings & fittings
196
25Cr–20Ni
Forgings & fittings
197
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. fittings
198
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Forgings
199
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. fittings
200
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Wld. fittings
201
23Cr–12Ni
Forgings & fittings
202
25Cr–20Ni
Forgings & fittings
203
25Cr–20Ni
Forgings & fittings
204
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Forgings & fittings
205
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Forgings & fittings
206
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Forgings & fittings
207
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Forgings & fittings
規範號
型/等級
A790
…
A789
…
A790
…
A789
…
A790
…
A358
…
A789
…
A790
2507
A928
2507
A789
…
A790
…
A240
305
A240
405
A240
304L
A240
316L
A240
302
A1010 40
A1010 50
A240
410S
A240
410
A240
429
A240
430
A240
317L
A240
310S
A240
321
A240
309S
A240
347
A240
348
A240
310H
A240
321
A240
321H
A240
316
A240
317
A240
347
A240
348
A240
304
A240
904L
A240
2304
A240
…
A240
201LN
A240
…
A240
…
A240
…
A240
…
A240
…
A240
…
A240
…
A240
…
A240
…
A240
…
A240
…
A240
…
A240
…
A240
2507
A182
F317L
A182
F304L
A403
WP304L
A182
F316L
A403
WP316L
A403
WP317L
A182
F310
A403
WP310S
A403
WP321
A182
F321
A403
WP321
A403
WP321
A403
WP309
A182
F310H
A403
WP310H
A182
F347
A403
WP347
A182
F348
A403
WP348
207
件/热处理
UNS No.
S82441 …
S32760 …
S32760 …
S32906 …
S32906 …
S34565 …
S32750 …
S32750 …
S32750 …
S32906 …
S32906 …
S30500 …
S40500 …
S30403 …
S31603 …
S30200 …
S41003 …
S41003 …
S41008 …
S41000 …
S42900 …
S43000 …
S31703 …
S31008 …
S32100 …
S30908 …
S34700 …
S34800 …
S31009 …
S32100 …
S32109 …
S31600 …
S31700 …
S34700 …
S34800 …
S30400 …
N08904 …
S32304 …
S31803 …
S20153 …
S31254 …
S31254 …
N08367 …
N08367 …
S32101 …
S82441 …
S32101 …
S32003 …
S32003 …
S82441 …
S32906 …
S32906 …
S32760 …
S32750 …
S31703 …
S30403 …
S30403 …
S31603 …
S31603 …
S31703 …
S31000 …
S31008 …
S32100 …
S32100 …
S32100 …
S32100 …
S30900 …
S31009 …
S31009 …
S34700 …
S34700 …
S34800 …
S34800 …
Size規格,
P-No.
mm
(5)
<10.0
10H
…
10H
…
10H
≥10
10H
≥10
10H
…
8
…
10H
…
10H
…
10H
<10
10H
<10
10H
…
8
…
7
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
7
…
7
…
7
…
6
…
6
…
7
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
45
…
10H
…
10H
…
8
>5.0
8
≤5.0
8
>5.0
45
≤5.0
45
>5.0
10H
≥10.0
10H
≤5.0
10H
>5.00
10H
≤5.00
10H
<10.0
10H
≥10.0
10H
≤10.0
10H
…
10H
…
10H
≤125
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
>10
8
…
8
≤10
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Class/ Condition/
Type/
Grade類
Temper級別/條
Spec. No.
Product Form產品形式
Line No. Nominal Composition標稱成分
208
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. fittings
209
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. fittings
210
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Forgings
211
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Forgings
212
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. fittings
213
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Smls. fittings
214
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Wld. fittings
215
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Wld. fittings
216
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Forgings & fittings
217
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Forgings & fittings
218
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Forgings & fittings
219
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Forgings & fittings
220
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Forgings & fittings
221
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Forgings & fittings
222
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Forgings & fittings
223
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Forgings & fittings
224
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Forgings & fittings
225
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Forgings & fittings
226
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Forgings & fittings
227
18Cr–13Ni–3Mo
Forgings & fittings
228
18Cr–8Ni
Forgings & fittings
229
18Cr–8Ni
Forgings & fittings
230
18Cr–8Ni
Forgings & fittings
231
18Cr–8Ni
Forgings & fittings
232
44Fe–25Ni–21Cr–Mo
Forgings
233
13Cr
Forgings & fittings
234
13Cr
Forgings & fittings
235
20Cr–18Ni–6Mo
Forgings
236
20Cr–18Ni–6Mo
Fittings
237
23Cr–4Ni–Mo–Cu–N
Forgings
238
22Cr–5Ni–3Mo–N
Forgings
239
22Cr–5Ni–3Mo–N
Fittings
240
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo– Cu–N Forgings
241
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo– Cu–N Fittings
242
21Cr–5Mn–11⁄2Ni–Cu–N
Fittings
243
25Cr–8Ni–3Mo–W–Cu–N
Forgings & fittings
244
25Cr–8Ni–3Mo–W–Cu–N
Forgings & fittings
245
25Cr–7Ni–4Mo–N
Forgings & fittings
246
25Cr–7Ni–4Mo–N
Forgings & fittings
247
18Cr–8Ni
Bar
248
18Cr–8Ni
Bar
249
18Cr–8Ni
Bar
250
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Bar
251
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Bar
252
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Bar
253
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Bar
254
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Bar
255
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Bar
256
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Bar
257
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Bar
258
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Bar
259
44Fe–25Ni–21Cr–Mo
Bar
260
22Cr–5Ni–3Mo–N
Bar
261
20Cr–18Ni–6Mo
Bar
262
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo–Cu–N
Bar
263
21Cr–5Mn–1.5Ni–Cu–N
Bar
264
24Cr–4Ni–3Mn–1.5Mo–N
Bar
265
22Cr–13Ni–5Mn
Bar
266
24Cr–4Ni–3Mn–1.5Mo–N
Bar
267
29Cr–6.5Ni–2Mo–N
Bar
268
25Cr–7Ni–4Mo–N
Bar
269
29Ni–20Cr–3Cu–2Mo
Castings
270
35Ni–15Cr–1⁄2Mo
Castings
271
25Cr–12Ni
Castings
272
25Cr–20Ni
Castings
273
16Cr–14Ni–2Mo
Castings
274
18Cr–8Ni
Castings
275
18Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Castings
276
18Cr–8Ni
Castings
277
25Cr–12Ni
Castings
278
25Cr–12Ni
Castings
279
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Castings
280
18Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Castings
規範號
型/等級
A403
WP321
A403
WP321H
A182
F321
A182
F321H
A403
WP321
A403
WP321H
A403
WP321
A403
WP321H
A403
WP316H
A182
F316H
A403
WP347H
A182
F347
A403
WP347
A182
F348
A403
WP348
A182
F347H
A182
F348H
A182
F316
A403
WP316
A403
WP317
A182
F304
A403
WP304
A403
WP304H
A182
F304H
A182
F904L
A182
F6a
A182
F6a
A182
F44
A403
WPS31254
A182
F68
A182
F51
A815
WPS31803
A182
F62
A403
WP6XN
A815
WPS32101
A182
F55
A815
WPS32760
A182
F53
A815
WPS32750
A479
304
A479
304H
A479
304L
A479
316
A479
316H
A479
316L
A479
321
A479
321
A479
321H
A479
347
A479
347
A479
347H
A479
904L
A479
…
A479
…
A479
…
A479
…
A479
…
A479
XM-19
A479
…
A479
…
A479
…
A351
CN7M
A351
HT30
A351
CH8
A351
CK20
A351
CF10MC
A351
CF3
A351
CF3M
A351
CF8
A351
CH10
A351
CH20
A351
CF8C
A351
CF8M
208
件/热处理
UNS No.
S32100 …
S32109 …
S32100 …
S32109 …
S32100 …
S32109 …
S32100 …
S32109 …
S31609 …
S31609 …
S34709 …
S34700 …
S34700 …
S34800 …
S34800 …
S34709 …
S34809 …
S31600 …
S31600 …
S31700 …
S30400 …
S30400 …
S30409 …
S30409 …
N08904 …
S41000 1
S41000 2
S31254 …
S31254 …
S32304 …
S31803 …
S31803 …
N08367 …
N08367 …
S32101 …
S32760 …
S32760 …
S32750 …
S32750 …
S30400 …
S30409 …
S30403 …
S31600 …
S31609 …
S31603 …
S32100 …
S32100 …
S32109 …
S34700 …
S34700 …
S34709 …
N08904 …
S31803 …
S31254 …
N08367 …
S32101 …
S82441 …
S20910 Annealed
S82441 …
S32906 …
S32750 …
N08007 …
N08603 …
J93400 …
J94202 …
…
…
J92500 …
J92800 …
J92600 …
J93401 …
J93402 …
J92710 …
J92900 …
Size規格,
P-No.
mm
(5)
>10
8
>10
8
…
8
…
8
≤10
8
≤10
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
45
…
6
…
6
…
8
…
8
…
10H
…
10H
…
10H
…
45
…
45
…
10H
…
10H
…
10H
≤50
10H
…
10H
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
45
…
10H
…
8
…
45
…
10H
≥11.0
10H
…
8
<11.0
10H
…
10H
≤50
10H
…
45
…
45
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Class/ Condition/
Type/
Grade類
Temper級別/條
Spec. No.
Product Form產品形式
Line No. Nominal Composition標稱成分
281
25Cr–20Ni–1⁄2Mo
Castings
282
25Cr–20Ni–1⁄2Mo
Castings
283
18Cr–8Ni
Castings
284
18Cr–8Ni
Castings
285
25Cr–8Ni–N
Castings
286
12Cr
Castings
287
24Cr–10Ni–4Mo–N
Castings
288
25Cr–8Ni–3Mo–W–Cu–N
Castings
289
13Cr–4Ni
Castings
規範號
型/等級
A351
HK40
A351
HK30
A351
CF3A
A351
CF8A
A351
CE20N
A217
CA15
A995
2A
A995
6A
A487
CA6NM
209
件/热处理
UNS No.
J94204 …
J94203 …
J92500 …
J92600 …
J92802 …
J91150 …
J93345 …
J93380 …
J91540 …
Size規格,
P-No.
mm
(5)
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
8
…
6
…
10H
…
10H
…
6
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
Notes
1
(28)
2
(28) (36)
3
(14) (36)
4
(14) (36)
5
(14)
6
…
7
(36)
8
(14) (36)
9
(14) (36)
10
(14)
11
…
12
(36)
13
(30)
14
(28) (30)
15
(28) (30) (36)
16
(30)
17
(30) (36)
18
(26) (28) (35)
19
(12) (28) (35) (39)
20
(35)
21
(35) (49)
22
(28)
23
(35)
24
(35)
25
(35) (49)
26
…
27
(28) (35)
28
(28) (35) (36)
29
(28) (31) (35) (36)
30
(28)
31
(28)
32
(28) (36)
33
(28) (36)
34
(28) (36)
35
(28) (35) (39)
36
(28)(31)(35)(36)
37
(26) (28)
38
…
39
(30)(36)
40
(30)(36)
41
(30)(36)
42
…
43
(30)(36)
44
(30)(36)
45
(30)(36)
46
(12) (14)(28)(35) (39)
47
(12) (14)(28)(35) (39)
48
(29)(35)(39)
49
(28)
50
(28)(30)
51
(28)(30)
52
(28)(30)(36)
53
(28)(30)(36)
54
(28)(30)(36)
55
(30)
56
(30)
57
(30)(36)
58
(30)(36)
59
(14) (26)(28)(31) (36)
60
(14) (26)(28)(31) (36)
61
(14)(26)(28)
62
(26)(28)
63
(26)(28)(31)(36)
64
(26)(28)(31)(36)
65
(26)(28)(31)(36)
66
(26)(28)
67
(26)(28)(31)(36)
68
(26)(31)(36)
69
(26)
70
(30)(36)
71
(28)
72
(28)(30)(36)
Max. Use Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度
Min. Tensile Min. Yield
Temp. 最
下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
Min. Temp. Strength最低 Strength最
高使用溫
Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
最低溫度, °C 抗拉強度, 低降服強度,
度, °C
(6)
MPa
MPa
40
65
100
125
150
175
200
−254
485
170
816
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
−254
485
170
816
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
114
110
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
114
110
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
114
110
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
114
110
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
114
110
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
113
109
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
113
109
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
113
109
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
113
109
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
113
109
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−254
485
170
816
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
−254
485
170
816
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
−198
485
170
816
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
−198
485
170
816
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
−198
448
193
816
129
129
129
129
127
125
124
−198
448
193
816
129
129
129
129
127
125
124
−29
414
207
40
138
…
…
…
…
…
…
−29
414
276
40
138
…
…
…
…
…
…
−198
483
207
40
138
…
…
…
…
…
…
−29
414
207
538
138
138
138
137
135
134
133
−29
414
207
649
138
138
138
137
135
134
133
−29
414
241
649
138
138
138
137
135
134
133
−198
517
207
454
138
138
138
138
138
136
131
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
483
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
483
207
816
138
138
138
138
137
135
134
−198
483
207
816
138
138
138
138
137
135
134
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
483
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−254
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
210
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
Notes
73
(28)(30)(36)
74
(28)(30)(36)
75
(28)
76
(28)(30)(36)
77
(28)(30)(36)
78
(28)(30)(36)
79
…
80
…
81
(14) (26)(28)(31)(36)
82
(14) (26)(28)(31)(36)
83
(14)(26)(28)
84
(26)(28)
85
(26)(28)(31)(36)
86
(20) (26)(28)(31)(36)
87
(26)(31)(36)
88
(26)(28)(31)(36)
89
(26)
90
(26)(28)
91
(26)
92
(26)
93
(7)(35)
94
(35)
95
…
96
(35)(39)
97
(25)
98
(25)
99
(25)
100
…
101
…
(10) (35)
102
…
103
…
104
(25)
105
(25)
106
(25)
107
…
108
…
109
…
110
…
111
(25)
112
(26)
113
(26)
114
(26)
115
(26)
116
(26)
117
(26)
118
(26)
119
(26)
120
(25)
121
(25)
122
(25)
123
(25)
124
(25)
125
(25)
126
(25)
127
(25)
128
(25)
129
(25)
130
(25)
131
(25)
132
(25)
133
134
(25)
135
(25)
136
(25)
137
(25)
138
(25)
139
(25)
140
(36)
141
(25)
142
(25)
143
(25)
144
(25)
Max. Use Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度
Min. Tensile Min. Yield
Temp. 最
下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
Min. Temp. Strength最低 Strength最
高使用溫
Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
最低溫度, °C 抗拉強度, 低降服強度,
度, °C
(6)
MPa
MPa
40
65
100
125
150
175
200
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−254
483
207
816
138
138
138
138
130
124
118
−198
490
220
260
143
143
143
143
141
135
130
−198
490
220
260
143
143
143
143
141
135
130
−29
483
276
538
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
−29
483
276
538
161
161
161
158
155
153
152
−29
485
350
316
162
162
162
162
162
161
159
−198
552
276
482
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
−51
600
400
316
200
200
191
185
180
175
171
−51
600
400
316
200
200
191
185
180
175
171
−51
600
400
316
200
200
191
185
180
175
171
−198
650
300
454
202
202
202
202
199
192
185
−198
650
300
454
202
202
202
202
199
192
185
−29
621
448
40
207
…
…
…
…
…
−198
655
310
475
207
207
207
207
203
196
189
−198
690
310
475
207
207
207
207
203
196
189
−51
621
448
316
207
207
207
204
199
196
193
−51
621
448
316
207
207
207
204
199
196
193
−51
621
448
316
207
207
207
204
199
196
193
−198
655
310
454
207
207
207
207
203
196
190
−198
675
310
454
207
207
207
207
203
196
190
−198
655
310
454
207
207
207
207
203
196
190
−198
675
310
454
207
207
207
207
203
196
190
−29
621
483
40
207
…
…
…
…
…
…
−198
655
310
427
207
207
207
207
206
202
198
−198
655
310
427
207
207
207
207
206
202
198
−198
655
310
427
207
207
207
207
206
202
198
−198
655
310
427
207
207
207
207
206
202
198
−198
690
310
427
207
207
207
207
207
207
205
−198
690
310
427
207
207
207
207
207
207
205
−198
690
310
427
207
207
207
207
207
207
205
−198
690
310
427
207
207
207
207
207
207
205
−29
650
450
316
215
211
206
203
199
217
217
−29
650
450
316
215
211
206
203
199
217
217
−51
680
480
316
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
−51
680
480
316
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
−29
700
530
316
231
227
222
219
215
233
233
−29
700
530
316
231
227
222
219
215
233
233
−51
655
450
343
210
203
199
197
197
218
218
−51
655
450
343
210
203
199
197
197
218
218
−51
655
450
343
210
203
199
197
197
218
218
−51
655
450
343
218
215
210
206
203
218
218
−51
690
485
343
230
230
221
214
209
207
207
−51
690
485
343
230
230
221
214
209
207
207
−51
690
485
343
230
230
221
214
209
207
207
−51
740
540
316
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
−51
740
540
316
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
−51
750
550
316
250
250
248
243
238
236
234
−51
750
550
316
250
250
248
243
238
236
234
−51
750
550
316
251
251
249
243
238
235
231
−51
750
550
316
251
251
249
243
238
235
231
−198
795
415
427
264
264
260
253
247
242
238
−51
800
550
316
267
265
264
257
251
247
243
−51
800
550
316
267
265
264
257
251
247
243
−51
800
552
316
267
265
264
257
251
247
243
−51
800
650
316
267
267
265
259
253
250
246
211
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Max. Use Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度
Min. Tensile Min. Yield
Temp. 最
下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
Min. Temp. Strength最低 Strength最
高使用溫
Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
最低溫度, °C 抗拉強度, 低降服強度,
度, °C
Line No.
Notes
(6)
MPa
MPa
40
65
100
125
150
175
200
145
(25)
−51
800
650
316
267
267
265
259
253
250
246
146
(26) (36) (39)
−198
483
172
40
115
…
…
…
…
…
…
147
(35)
−29
414
172
538
115
109
105
103
102
101
100
148
(36)
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
114
110
149
(36)
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
113
109
150
(26) (36)
−198
517
207
538
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
151
…
−29
455
275
316
152
152
152
152
152
151
149
152
…
−29
485
350
316
162
162
162
162
162
161
159
153
(35) (50)
−29
414
207
649
138
130
126
124
122
121
120
154
(35)
−29
448
207
649
138
130
126
124
122
121
120
155
(35)
−29
448
207
649
138
130
126
124
122
121
120
156
(35)
−29
448
207
649
138
130
126
124
122
121
120
157
(36)
−198
517
207
454
138
138
138
138
138
136
131
158
(28) (31) (35) (36)
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
159
(28) (31) (36)
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
160
(28) (35) (36)
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
161
(36)
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
162
(36)
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
163
(29) (35) (39)
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
164
(28) (30) (36)
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
165
(30) (36)
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
166
(26) (28) (36)
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
167
(26) (28) (36)
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
168
(28) (36)
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
169
(28) (36)
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
170
(26) (28) (36)
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
171
(26)
−198
490
220
260
143
143
143
143
141
135
130
172
(25)
−51
600
400
316
200
200
191
185
180
175
171
173
(25)
−51
620
450
316
207
207
207
204
199
196
193
174
…
−198
655
310
454
207
206
187
177
170
165
162
175
…
−254
655
310
454
207
207
207
207
203
196
190
176
…
−254
690
310
454
207
207
207
207
203
196
190
177
(26)
−198
655
310
427
207
207
207
207
206
202
198
178
(26)
−198
690
310
427
207
207
207
207
207
207
205
179
(25)
−29
650
450
316
217
217
217
211
206
203
199
180
(25)
−51
680
480
316
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
181
(25)
−29
700
530
316
233
233
231
227
222
219
215
182
(25)
−51
655
450
343
218
218
210
203
199
197
197
183
(25)
−51
690
485
343
230
230
221
214
209
207
207
184
(25)
−51
740
540
316
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
185
(25)
−51
750
550
316
251
251
249
243
238
235
231
186
(25)
−51
800
650
316
267
267
265
259
253
250
246
187
(25)
−51
750
550
316
250
250
248
243
238
236
234
188
(25)
−51
800
550
316
267
265
264
257
251
247
243
189
(9) (21a)
−198
483
172
454
115
115
115
115
115
113
109
190
(9) (21a)
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
114
110
191
(32) (37)
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
114
110
192
(9) (21a)
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
113
109
193
(32) (37)
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
113
109
194
(32) (37)
−198
517
207
454
138
138
138
138
138
136
131
195
(9) (35) (39)
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
196
(28) (32) (35) (37)
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
197
(28)
−198
485
170
816
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
198
(9) (21) (28)
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
199
(28)
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
200
(28)
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
201
(28) (32) (35) (37)(39) −198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
202
(9) (21) (29) (35) (39) −198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
203
(29) (32) (35) (37) (39) −198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
204
(9) (21)
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
205
(32) (37)
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
206
(9) (21)
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
207
(32) (37)
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
208
(28) (30)
−198
485
170
816
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
209
(30)
−198
485
170
816
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
210
(9) (21) (28) (30)
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
211
(9) (21)
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
212
(28) (30)
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
213
(30)
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
214
(28) (30)
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
215
(30)
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
216
(26) (32) (37)
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
212
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
Notes
217
(9) (21) (26)
218
(32) (37)
219
(9) (21) (28)
220
(28) (32) (37)
221
(9) (21) (28)
222
(28) (32) (37)
223
(9) (21)
224
(9) (21)
225
(9) (21) (26) (28)
226
(26) (28) (32) (37)
227
(26) (28) (32)
228
(9) (21) (26) (28)
229
(26) (28) (32) (37)
230
(26) (32) (37)
231
(9) (21) (26)
232
(26)
233
(35)
234
(35)
235
…
236
…
237
(25)
238
(25)
239
(25)
240
(26)
241
(26)
242
(25)
243
(25)
244
(25)
245
(25)
246
(25)
247
(26) (28)
248
(26)
249
…
250
(26) (28)
251
(26)
252
…
253
(28)
254
(28) (30)
255
(30)
256
…
257
(28) (30)
258
…
259
(26)
260
(25)
261
…
262
(26)
263
(25)
264
(25)
265
…
266
(25)
267
(25)
268
(25)
269
(9) (30)
270
(36) (39)
271
(9) (31)
272
(9) (27) (31) (35) (39)
273
(30)
274
(9)
275
(9)
276
(9) (26) (27) (31)
277
(27) (31) (35)
278
(9) (27) (31) (35) (39)
279
(9) (28)
280
(9) (26) (27) (30)
281
(35) (36) (39)
282
(35) (39)
283
(9) (56)
284
(9) (26) (56)
285
(35) (39)
286
(35)
287
(9)
288
(9) (25)
Max. Use Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度
Min. Tensile Min. Yield
Temp. 最
下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
Min. Temp. Strength最低 Strength最
高使用溫
Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
最低溫度, °C 抗拉強度, 低降服強度,
度, °C
(6)
MPa
MPa
40
65
100
125
150
175
200
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−198
490
220
260
143
143
143
143
141
135
130
−29
483
276
538
161
161
161
160
158
156
155
−29
586
379
649
195
195
195
194
191
190
188
−198
650
300
454
202
202
202
202
199
192
185
−198
650
300
454
202
202
202
202
199
192
185
−51
600
400
316
200
200
191
185
180
175
171
−51
620
450
316
207
207
207
204
199
196
193
−51
620
450
316
207
207
207
204
199
196
193
−198
655
310
427
207
207
207
207
206
202
198
−198
655
310
427
207
207
207
207
206
202
198
−29
650
450
316
217
217
215
211
206
203
199
−51
750
550
316
250
250
248
243
238
236
234
−51
750
550
316
250
250
248
243
238
236
234
−51
800
550
316
267
267
264
257
251
247
243
−51
800
550
316
267
265
264
257
251
247
243
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
114
110
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
134
−254
483
172
816
115
115
115
115
115
113
109
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
515
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−254
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
490
220
260
143
143
143
143
141
135
130
−51
620
450
316
207
207
207
204
199
196
193
−198
655
310
454
207
207
207
207
203
196
190
−198
655
310
427
207
207
207
207
206
202
198
−29
650
450
316
217
217
215
211
206
203
199
−51
680
480
316
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
−198
690
380
649
230
230
227
221
217
213
210
−51
740
540
316
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
−51
750
550
316
251
251
249
243
238
235
231
−51
800
550
316
267
265
264
257
251
247
243
−198
427
172
40
115
…
…
…
…
…
…
−198
448
193
40
129
…
…
…
…
…
…
−198
448
193
816
129
129
129
129
127
125
124
−198
448
193
816
129
129
129
129
127
125
124
−198
483
207
40
138
…
…
…
…
…
…
−254
483
207
427
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−254
483
207
454
138
138
138
138
138
138
133
−254
483
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−198
483
207
816
138
138
138
138
137
136
134
−198
483
207
816
138
138
138
138
137
136
134
−198
485
205
816
138
138
138
138
138
138
135
−254
483
207
816
138
138
138
138
138
134
129
−198
427
241
40
142
…
…
…
…
…
…
−198
448
241
40
149
…
…
…
…
…
…
−254
531
241
371
161
161
161
160
156
153
151
−254
531
241
371
161
161
161
160
156
153
151
−198
552
276
482
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
−29
621
448
649
207
207
207
205
203
201
199
−51
655
448
316
218
218
216
208
201
197
195
−51
689
448
316
230
230
227
221
216
212
209
213
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
Notes
289
(9) (35)
Max. Use Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度
Min. Tensile Min. Yield
Temp. 最
下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
Min. Temp. Strength最低 Strength最
高使用溫
Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
最低溫度, °C 抗拉強度, 低降服強度,
度, °C
(6)
MPa
MPa
40
65
100
125
150
175
200
−29
758
552
371
253
253
253
251
248
245
244
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
225
115
115
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
129
115
115
115
115
124
124
…
…
…
132
132
132
127
137
137
137
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
125
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
133
133
137
125
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
129
129
129
129
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
94.4
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
94.4
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
85.6
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
85.6
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
85.6
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
85.6
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
85.6
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
84.2
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
84.2
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
84.2
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
84.2
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
84.2
124
120
117
115
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
94.4
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
94.4
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
94.4
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
94.4
123
121
119
117
115
112
109
106
103
100
96.9
123
121
119
117
115
112
109
106
103
100
96.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
131
130
129
127
124
121
118
114
109
103
70.1
131
130
129
127
124
121
118
114
109
92.5
68.4
131
130
129
127
124
121
118
114
109
88.7
69.8
123
120
118
115
113
111
109
107
105
103
…
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
116
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
116
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
116
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
133
131
129
127
125
124
122
121
119
117
135
133
131
129
127
125
124
122
121
119
117
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99.1
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
131
129
128
125
123
120
117
114
111
107
104
131
129
128
125
123
120
117
114
111
107
104
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
116
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99.1
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
214
525
93.6
93.6
83.7
83.7
83.7
83.7
83.7
82.5
82.5
82.5
82.5
82.5
106
93.6
93.6
93.6
93.6
93.7
93.7
…
…
…
38.8
51.1
52.6
…
84.9
84.9
84.9
112
112
112
112
112
108
108
94.4
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
100
100
108
97.3
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
106
106
106
106
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
225
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
114
125
125
161
150
156
184
166
166
166
180
180
…
184
184
190
190
190
184
184
184
184
…
195
195
195
195
199
199
199
199
199
199
227
227
214
214
197
197
197
201
207
207
207
247
247
233
233
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
138
137
135
132
130
129
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
129
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
129
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
129
127
126
126
125
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99.1
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99.1
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99.1
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99.1
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99.1
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99.1
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99.1
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99.1
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99.1
110
107
104
102
101
99.3
98.1
97.0
95.9
94.7
93.3
120
116
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
120
116
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
161
161
161
161
97.0
84.3
73.3
64.0
55.8
43.9
31.7
149
147
145
144
141
139
136
132
128
122
116
154
152
149
146
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
161
153
143
111
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
161
153
143
111
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
161
153
143
111
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
175
171
168
165
164
162
161
160
159
158
…
175
171
168
165
164
162
161
160
159
158
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
179
175
172
169
167
165
165
164
163
161
…
179
175
172
169
167
165
165
164
163
161
…
188
187
186
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
188
187
186
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
188
187
186
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
179
175
172
169
167
166
165
164
163
161
…
179
175
172
169
167
166
165
164
163
161
…
179
175
172
169
167
166
165
164
163
161
…
179
175
172
169
167
166
165
164
163
161
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
…
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
…
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
…
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
…
194
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
…
194
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
…
194
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
…
194
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
…
199
199
199
199
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
199
199
199
199
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
227
227
227
227
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
227
227
227
227
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
214
214
214
214
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
214
214
214
214
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
197
197
197
197
197
…
…
…
…
…
…
197
197
197
197
197
…
…
…
…
…
…
197
197
197
197
197
…
…
…
…
…
…
199
197
196
196
195
…
…
…
…
…
…
207
207
207
207
207
…
…
…
…
…
…
207
207
207
207
207
…
…
…
…
…
…
207
207
207
207
207
…
…
…
…
…
…
247
247
247
247
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
247
247
247
247
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
233
233
233
233
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
233
233
233
233
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
215
525
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
91.5
…
…
21.4
109
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
225
230
230
235
241
241
241
245
245
…
99.7
106
106
125
147
156
120
120
120
120
127
137
138
138
138
138
137
138
138
129
129
138
138
125
125
166
190
160
184
184
195
199
199
227
214
197
207
247
230
245
233
241
106
106
106
106
106
127
137
137
115
138
138
138
138
137
137
138
138
138
138
115
115
138
138
138
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
228
228
228
228
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
228
228
228
228
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
234
232
231
229
228
226
223
221
218
…
…
238
237
237
236
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
238
237
237
236
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
238
237
237
236
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
243
243
242
242
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
243
243
242
242
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
99.1
98.4
97.5
96.2
94.7
92.6
90.1
87.0
83.4
79.2
70.1
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
85.6
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
84.2
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99.1
145
142
140
137
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
154
152
149
146
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
119
118
117
115
114
111
108
104
100
92.5
68.4
119
118
117
115
114
111
108
104
100
92.5
68.4
119
118
117
115
114
111
108
104
100
88.7
69.8
119
118
117
115
114
111
108
104
100
88.7
69.8
123
120
118
115
113
111
109
107
105
103
…
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
116
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
133
131
129
127
125
124
122
121
119
117
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
116
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
99.1
120
116
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
161
153
143
111
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
188
187
186
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
159
158
158
158
157
156
154
152
149
146
…
179
175
172
169
167
166
165
164
163
161
…
179
175
172
169
167
166
165
164
163
161
…
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
…
194
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
…
199
199
199
199
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
227
227
227
227
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
214
214
214
214
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
197
197
197
197
197
…
…
…
…
…
…
207
207
207
207
207
…
…
…
…
…
…
247
247
247
247
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
228
228
228
228
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
243
243
242
242
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
233
233
233
233
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
238
237
237
236
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
…
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
85.6
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
85.6
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
84.2
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
84.2
123
120
118
115
113
111
109
107
105
103
…
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
116
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
116
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
94.4
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
133
131
129
127
125
124
122
121
119
117
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
116
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
116
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
94.4
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
94.4
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
216
525
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
38.8
83.7
82.5
97.3
…
…
51.1
51.1
52.6
52.6
…
84.9
112
108
125
125
108
112
112
106
106
125
125
97.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
83.7
83.7
82.5
82.5
…
84.9
84.9
93.6
112
112
112
108
108
108
125
125
125
125
93.6
93.6
112
112
112
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
225
138
138
138
129
129
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
129
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
113
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
138
137
135
132
130
129
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
129
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
129
127
126
126
125
125
138
137
135
132
130
129
127
126
126
125
125
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
107
217
525
112
112
112
106
106
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
106
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
Line No.
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
1
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
2
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
3
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
4
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
5
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
6
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
7
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
8
80.8
79.3
77.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
9
80.8
79.3
77.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
10
80.8
79.3
77.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
11
80.8
79.3
77.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
12
80.8
73.0
67.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
13
106
101
80.3
65.5
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.7
13.4
14
92.7
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
15
92.7
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
16
92.7
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
17
92.7
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
18
68.1
53.5
42.1
33.2
25.9
20.3
16.5
13.2
10.1
7.35
19
73.2
64.4
56.5
49.0
41.0
33.5
25.4
18.3
12.8
9.01
20
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
22
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
23
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.6
24
…
…
…
…
…
37.4
26.3
17.8
11.4
6.89
25
…
…
…
…
…
38.1
27.6
20.6
15.9
12.4
26
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27
59.0
43.5
31.9
23.6
16.9
10.7
6.10
3.90
2.99
2.36
28
59.0
43.5
31.9
23.6
16.9
10.7
6.10
3.90
2.99
2.36
29
59.0
43.5
31.9
23.6
16.9
10.7
6.10
3.90
2.99
2.36
30
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
31
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
32
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
33
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
34
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
35
83.7
64.0
48.5
36.3
27.3
21.0
15.9
12.5
9.87
7.65
36
83.7
64.0
48.5
36.3
27.3
21.0
15.9
12.5
9.87
7.65
37
75.3
60.4
49.0
40.1
32.8
27.2
23.4
19.6
16.8
14.7
38
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
39
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
40
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
41
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
42
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
43
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
44
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
45
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
46
68.1
53.5
42.1
33.2
25.9
20.3
16.5
13.2
10.1
7.35
47
68.1
53.5
42.1
33.2
25.9
20.3
16.5
13.2
10.1
7.35
48
83.7
64.0
48.5
36.3
27.3
21.0
15.9
12.5
9.87
7.65
49
95.5
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
50
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
51
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
52
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
53
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
54
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
55
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
56
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
57
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
58
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
59
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
60
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
61
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
62
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
63
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
64
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
65
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
66
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
67
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
68
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
69
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
70
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
71
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
72
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
73
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
74
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
75
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
218
800
2.75
2.75
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
7.99
7.99
7.99
7.99
7.99
10.4
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
5.89
6.59
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.73
1.73
1.73
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
5.97
5.97
12.8
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.97
5.89
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
825
1.74
1.74
6.21
6.21
6.21
6.21
6.21
6.89
6.89
6.89
6.89
6.89
8.05
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
5.52
5.52
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
5.17
5.17
11.7
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.17
5.52
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
Line No.
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
76
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
77
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
78
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
79
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
80
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
81
95.5
78.9
63.8
51.6
41.6
32.9
26.5
21.3
17.2
14.1
82
95.5
78.9
63.8
51.6
41.6
32.9
26.5
21.3
17.2
14.1
83
95.5
78.9
63.8
51.6
41.6
32.9
26.5
21.3
17.2
14.1
84
95.5
78.9
63.8
51.6
41.6
32.9
26.5
21.3
17.2
14.1
85
95.5
78.9
63.8
51.6
41.6
32.9
26.5
21.3
17.2
14.1
86
95.5
78.9
63.8
51.6
41.6
32.9
26.5
21.3
17.2
14.1
87
95.5
78.9
63.8
51.6
41.6
32.9
26.5
21.3
17.2
14.1
88
95.5
78.9
63.8
51.6
41.6
32.9
26.5
21.3
17.2
14.1
89
95.5
78.9
63.8
51.6
41.6
32.9
26.5
21.3
17.2
14.1
90
89.1
72.7
57.7
46.0
36.9
30.1
24.3
20.3
17.0
14.3
91
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
92
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
93
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
17.2
94
104
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
95
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
96
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
97
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
98
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
99
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
100
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
101
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
102
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
103
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
104
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
105
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
106
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
107
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
108
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
109
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
110
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
111
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
112
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
113
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
114
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
115
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
116
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
117
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
118
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
119
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
120
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
121
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
122
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
123
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
124
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
125
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
126
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
127
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
128
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
129
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
130
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
131
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
132
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
133
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
134
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
135
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
136
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
137
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
138
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
139
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
140
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
141
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
142
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
143
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
144
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
145
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
146
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
147
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.6
148
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
149
80.8
73.0
67.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
150
96.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
219
800
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
12.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.58
7.99
…
825
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
11.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.21
6.89
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
Line No.
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
151
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
152
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
153
…
…
…
…
…
37.4
26.3
17.8
11.4
6.89
154
…
…
…
…
…
37.4
26.3
17.8
11.4
6.89
155
…
…
…
…
…
38.1
27.6
20.6
15.9
12.4
156
…
…
…
…
…
38.1
27.6
20.6
15.9
12.4
157
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
158
59.0
43.5
31.9
23.6
16.9
10.7
6.10
3.90
2.99
2.36
159
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
160
83.7
64.0
48.5
36.3
27.3
21.0
15.9
12.5
9.87
7.65
161
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
162
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
163
83.7
64.0
48.5
36.3
27.3
21.0
15.9
12.5
9.87
7.65
164
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
165
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
166
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
167
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
168
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
169
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
170
95.5
78.9
63.8
51.6
41.6
32.9
26.5
21.3
17.2
14.1
171
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
172
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
173
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
174
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
175
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
176
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
177
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
178
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
179
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
180
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
181
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
182
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
183
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
184
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
186
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
187
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
188
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
189
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
190
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
191
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
192
80.8
73.0
67.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
193
80.8
73.0
67.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
194
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
195
59.0
43.5
31.9
23.6
16.9
10.7
6.10
3.90
2.99
2.36
196
59.0
43.5
31.9
23.6
16.9
10.7
6.10
3.90
2.99
2.36
197
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
198
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
199
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
200
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
201
83.7
64.0
48.5
36.3
27.3
21.0
15.9
12.5
9.87
7.65
202
83.7
64.0
48.5
36.3
27.3
21.0
15.9
12.5
9.87
7.65
203
83.7
64.0
48.5
36.3
27.3
21.0
15.9
12.5
9.87
7.65
204
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
205
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
206
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
207
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
208
92.7
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
209
92.7
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
210
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
211
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
212
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
213
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
214
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
215
100
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
216
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
217
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
218
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
219
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
220
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
221
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
222
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
223
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
224
125
112
90.6
69.6
53.8
41.4
31.8
24.0
18.8
14.6
225
105
97.8
80.8
65.0
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.4
13.3
220
800
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.73
2.75
5.97
5.89
5.89
5.97
9.02
9.02
10.4
10.4
10.9
10.9
11.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.58
6.58
7.99
7.99
…
1.73
1.73
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
5.97
5.97
5.97
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.89
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
10.4
10.4
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.4
825
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.38
1.74
5.17
5.52
5.52
5.17
6.83
6.83
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
9.65
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.21
6.21
6.89
6.89
…
1.38
1.38
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
5.17
5.17
5.17
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.52
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
115
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
115
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
106
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
106
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
106
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
106
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
106
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
106
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
106
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
106
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
106
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
106
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
129
124
120
117
115
113
112
111
110
109
108
115
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
115
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
115
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
115
112
109
106
104
102
100
99.0
97.0
96.3
95.3
124
123
121
119
117
115
112
109
106
103
100
124
123
121
119
117
115
112
109
106
103
100
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
132
131
130
129
127
124
121
118
114
109
103
132
131
130
129
127
124
121
118
114
109
92.5
132
131
130
129
127
124
121
118
114
109
88.7
127
123
120
118
115
113
111
109
107
105
103
137
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
137
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
137
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
133
131
129
127
125
124
122
121
119
138
135
133
131
129
127
125
124
122
121
119
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
133
131
129
128
125
123
120
117
114
111
107
133
131
129
128
125
123
120
117
114
111
107
137
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
138
138
137
135
132
130
129
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
129
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
221
500
94.4
94.4
85.6
85.6
85.6
85.6
85.6
84.2
84.2
84.2
84.2
84.2
107
94.4
94.4
94.4
94.4
96.9
96.9
…
…
…
70.1
68.4
69.8
…
116
116
116
113
113
113
113
113
117
117
99.1
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
104
104
116
99.1
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
125
125
125
125
525
93.6
93.6
83.7
83.7
83.7
83.7
83.7
82.5
82.5
82.5
82.5
82.5
106
93.6
93.6
93.6
93.6
93.7
93.7
…
…
…
38.8
51.1
52.6
…
84.9
84.9
84.9
112
112
112
112
112
108
108
94.4
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
100
100
108
97.3
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
125
125
125
125
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
129
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
129
127
126
126
125
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
114
110
107
104
102
101
99.3
98.1
97.0
95.9
94.7
125
120
116
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
125
120
116
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
161
161
161
161
161
97.0
84.3
73.3
64.0
55.8
43.9
150
149
147
145
144
141
139
136
132
128
122
156
154
152
149
146
…
…
…
…
…
…
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
166
161
153
143
111
…
…
…
…
…
…
166
161
153
143
111
…
…
…
…
…
…
166
161
153
143
111
…
…
…
…
…
…
180
175
171
168
165
164
162
161
160
159
158
180
175
171
168
165
164
162
161
160
159
158
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
184
179
175
172
169
167
165
165
164
163
161
184
179
175
172
169
167
165
165
164
163
161
190
188
187
186
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
190
188
187
186
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
190
188
187
186
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
184
179
175
172
169
167
166
165
164
163
161
184
179
175
172
169
167
166
165
164
163
161
184
179
175
172
169
167
166
165
164
163
161
184
179
175
172
169
167
166
165
164
163
161
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
195
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
195
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
195
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
195
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
199
194
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
199
194
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
199
194
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
199
194
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
199
199
199
199
199
…
…
…
…
…
…
199
199
199
199
199
…
…
…
…
…
…
227
227
227
227
227
…
…
…
…
…
…
227
227
227
227
227
…
…
…
…
…
…
214
214
214
214
214
…
…
…
…
…
…
214
214
214
214
214
…
…
…
…
…
…
197
197
197
197
197
197
…
…
…
…
…
197
197
197
197
197
197
…
…
…
…
…
197
197
197
197
197
197
…
…
…
…
…
201
199
197
196
196
195
…
…
…
…
…
207
207
207
207
207
207
…
…
…
…
…
207
207
207
207
207
207
…
…
…
…
…
207
207
207
207
207
207
…
…
…
…
…
247
247
247
247
247
…
…
…
…
…
…
247
247
247
247
247
…
…
…
…
…
…
233
233
233
233
233
…
…
…
…
…
…
233
233
233
233
233
…
…
…
…
…
…
230
228
228
228
228
…
…
…
…
…
…
230
228
228
228
228
…
…
…
…
…
…
235
234
232
231
229
228
226
223
221
218
…
241
238
237
237
236
…
…
…
…
…
…
241
238
237
237
236
…
…
…
…
…
…
241
238
237
237
236
…
…
…
…
…
…
245
243
243
242
242
…
…
…
…
…
…
245
243
243
242
242
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
99.7
99.1
98.4
97.5
96.2
94.7
92.6
90.1
87.0
83.4
79.2
106
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
222
500
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
93.3
…
…
31.7
116
…
184
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
70.1
85.6
525
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
91.5
…
…
21.4
109
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
38.8
83.7
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
106
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
147
145
142
140
137
…
…
…
…
…
…
156
154
152
149
146
…
…
…
…
…
…
120
119
118
117
115
114
111
108
104
100
92.5
120
119
118
117
115
114
111
108
104
100
92.5
120
119
118
117
115
114
111
108
104
100
88.7
120
119
118
117
115
114
111
108
104
100
88.7
127
123
120
118
115
113
111
109
107
105
103
137
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
133
131
129
127
125
124
122
121
119
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
137
134
131
129
127
125
123
122
120
119
117
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
120
116
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
166
161
153
143
111
…
…
…
…
…
…
190
188
187
186
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
160
159
158
158
158
157
156
154
152
149
146
184
179
175
172
169
167
166
165
164
163
161
184
179
175
172
169
167
166
165
164
163
161
195
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
199
194
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
199
227
214
197
207
247
230
245
233
241
106
106
106
106
106
127
137
137
115
138
138
138
138
199
227
214
197
207
247
228
243
233
238
103
103
103
103
103
123
134
134
112
135
135
135
135
199
227
214
197
207
247
228
243
233
237
100
99.9
99.9
100
100
120
131
131
109
131
131
131
133
199
227
214
197
207
247
228
242
233
237
98.1
97.7
97.7
98.1
98.1
118
129
129
106
128
128
128
131
199
227
214
197
207
247
228
242
233
236
96.1
95.7
95.7
96.1
96.1
115
127
127
104
125
125
125
129
…
…
…
197
207
…
…
…
…
…
94.3
94.1
94.1
94.3
94.3
113
125
125
102
122
122
122
127
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
92.6
92.6
92.6
92.6
92.6
111
123
123
100
120
120
120
125
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
90.9
91.3
91.3
90.9
90.9
109
122
122
99.0
119
119
119
124
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
89.3
90.0
90.0
89.3
89.3
107
120
120
97.0
117
117
117
122
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
87.6
88.7
88.7
87.6
87.6
105
119
119
96.3
115
115
115
121
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
137
137
138
138
138
138
115
115
138
138
138
138
138
138
129
129
138
138
138
134
134
138
138
138
138
112
112
135
135
135
135
135
135
125
125
138
138
138
131
131
137
137
137
137
109
109
131
131
131
131
131
131
122
122
137
137
137
129
129
135
135
135
135
106
106
128
128
128
128
128
128
119
119
135
135
135
127
127
132
132
132
132
104
104
125
125
125
125
125
125
116
116
132
132
132
125
125
130
130
130
130
102
102
122
122
122
122
122
122
114
114
130
130
130
123
123
128
128
128
128
100
100
120
120
120
120
120
120
112
112
129
128
129
122
122
127
127
127
127
99.0
99.0
119
119
119
119
119
119
111
111
127
127
127
120
120
126
126
126
126
97.0
97.0
117
117
117
117
117
117
110
110
126
126
126
119
119
126
126
126
126
96.3
96.3
115
115
115
115
115
115
109
109
126
126
126
223
500
84.2
99.1
…
…
68.4
68.4
69.8
69.8
…
116
113
117
125
125
116
113
113
107
107
125
125
99.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
525
82.5
97.3
…
…
51.1
51.1
52.6
52.6
…
84.9
112
108
125
125
108
112
112
106
106
125
125
97.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
85.9
87.3
87.3
85.9
85.9
103
117
117
95.3
114
114
114
119
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
85.6
85.6
84.2
84.2
…
116
116
94.4
113
113
113
117
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
83.7
83.7
82.5
82.5
…
84.9
84.9
93.6
112
112
112
108
117
117
125
125
125
125
95.3
95.3
114
114
114
114
114
114
108
108
125
125
125
116
116
125
125
125
125
94.4
94.4
113
113
113
113
113
113
107
107
125
125
125
108
108
125
125
125
125
93.6
93.6
112
112
112
112
112
112
106
106
125
125
125
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
129
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
129
127
126
126
125
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
120
116
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
154
153
152
150
148
145
142
137
133
125
92.5
187
186
184
182
180
176
172
167
161
125
92.5
180
175
171
168
165
164
162
161
160
159
158
180
175
171
168
165
164
162
161
160
159
158
166
161
153
143
111
…
…
…
…
…
…
190
188
187
186
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
190
188
187
186
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
195
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
195
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
199
199
199
199
199
…
…
…
…
…
…
233
233
233
233
233
…
…
…
…
…
…
233
233
233
233
233
…
…
…
…
…
…
241
238
237
237
236
…
…
…
…
…
…
241
238
237
237
236
…
…
…
…
…
…
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
106
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
106
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
120
116
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
154
153
152
150
148
145
142
137
133
125
92.5
187
186
184
182
180
176
172
167
161
125
92.5
180
175
171
168
165
164
162
161
160
159
158
180
175
171
168
165
164
162
161
160
159
158
166
161
153
143
111
…
…
…
…
…
…
190
188
187
186
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
190
188
187
186
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
195
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
195
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
199
199
199
199
199
…
…
…
…
…
…
233
233
233
233
233
…
…
…
…
…
…
233
233
233
233
233
…
…
…
…
…
…
241
238
237
237
236
…
…
…
…
…
…
241
238
237
237
236
…
…
…
…
…
…
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
106
103
99.9
97.7
95.7
94.1
92.6
91.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
110
109
108
106
103
100
98.1
96.1
94.3
92.6
90.9
89.3
87.6
85.9
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
135
131
128
125
122
120
119
117
115
114
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
138
138
137
135
132
130
128
127
126
126
125
125
120
116
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
190
188
187
186
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
184
179
175
172
169
167
166
165
164
163
161
195
192
188
184
179
176
173
170
167
166
…
199
199
199
199
199
…
…
…
…
…
…
224
500
125
125
125
125
107
107
107
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
…
68.4
68.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
99.1
99.1
85.6
107
107
84.2
113
113
113
125
125
107
107
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
…
68.4
68.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
99.1
99.1
85.6
107
107
84.2
113
113
113
125
125
125
…
…
…
…
…
525
125
125
125
125
106
106
106
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
…
51.1
51.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
97.3
97.3
83.7
106
106
82.5
112
112
112
125
125
106
106
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
…
51.1
51.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
97.3
97.3
83.7
106
106
82.5
112
112
112
125
125
125
…
…
…
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
227
227
227
227
227
…
…
…
…
…
…
207
205
204
202
201
200
199
197
195
193
191
247
247
247
247
247
…
…
…
…
…
…
230
228
228
228
228
…
…
…
…
…
…
241
238
237
237
236
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
124
123
121
119
117
115
112
109
106
103
100
124
123
121
119
117
115
112
109
106
103
100
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
…
129
125
122
119
116
114
112
111
109
108
107
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
132
131
130
128
125
123
120
117
114
110
107
132
131
130
128
125
123
120
117
114
110
107
132
130
128
127
127
126
126
126
125
125
124
125
122
119
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
101
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
146
142
138
135
132
130
127
…
…
…
…
146
142
138
135
132
130
127
…
…
…
…
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
198
197
195
193
190
187
182
120
116
105
82.1
194
194
194
194
194
…
…
…
…
…
…
207
206
205
204
204
…
…
…
…
…
…
242
240
238
236
232
228
224
…
…
…
…
500
…
188
…
…
…
…
…
96.9
96.9
…
…
…
99.1
104
104
124
99.1
…
…
…
…
184
59.9
…
…
…
525
…
183
…
…
…
…
…
93.7
93.7
…
…
…
94.4
101
101
124
97.3
…
…
…
…
…
41.8
…
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
80.8
79.3
77.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
80.8
79.3
77.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
80.8
79.3
77.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
80.8
79.3
77.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
80.8
73.0
67.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
106
101
80.3
65.5
50.4
38.6
29.6
23.0
17.7
13.4
92.7
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
92.7
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
92.7
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
92.7
76.5
58.7
46.0
36.8
28.7
23.0
18.4
14.5
11.5
68.1
53.5
42.1
33.2
25.9
20.3
16.5
13.2
10.1
7.35
73.2
64.4
56.5
49.0
41.0
33.5
25.4
18.3
12.8
9.01
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.6
…
…
…
…
…
37.4
26.3
17.8
11.4
6.89
…
…
…
…
…
38.1
27.6
20.6
15.9
12.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
59.0
43.5
31.9
23.6
16.9
10.7
6.10
3.90
2.99
2.36
59.0
43.5
31.9
23.6
16.9
10.7
6.10
3.90
2.99
2.36
59.0
43.5
31.9
23.6
16.9
10.7
6.10
3.90
2.99
2.36
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
83.7
64.0
48.5
36.3
27.3
21.0
15.9
12.5
9.87
7.65
83.7
64.0
48.5
36.3
27.3
21.0
15.9
12.5
9.87
7.65
75.3
60.4
49.0
40.1
32.8
27.2
23.4
19.6
16.8
14.7
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
225
800
2.75
2.75
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
7.99
7.99
7.99
7.99
7.99
10.4
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
5.89
6.59
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.73
1.73
1.73
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
5.97
5.97
12.8
5.89
5.89
5.89
825
1.74
1.74
6.21
6.21
6.21
6.21
6.21
6.89
6.89
6.89
6.89
6.89
8.05
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
5.52
5.52
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
5.17
5.17
11.7
5.52
5.52
5.52
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
97.6
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
68.1
53.5
42.1
33.2
25.9
20.3
16.5
13.2
10.1
7.35
68.1
53.5
42.1
33.2
25.9
20.3
16.5
13.2
10.1
7.35
800
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.89
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
83.7
95.5
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
95.5
95.5
95.5
95.5
95.5
95.5
95.5
95.5
95.5
89.1
…
…
17.2
104
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.97
5.89
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
12.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
64.0
75.9
76.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
97.8
97.8
97.8
97.8
97.8
97.8
97.8
97.8
97.8
97.8
97.8
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
78.9
78.9
78.9
78.9
78.9
78.9
78.9
78.9
78.9
72.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
48.5
57.2
58.7
58.7
58.7
58.7
58.7
58.7
58.7
58.7
58.7
80.8
80.8
80.8
80.8
80.8
80.8
80.8
80.8
80.8
80.8
80.8
90.6
90.6
90.6
90.6
90.6
90.6
90.6
90.6
90.6
90.6
90.6
63.8
63.8
63.8
63.8
63.8
63.8
63.8
63.8
63.8
57.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
36.3
40.2
46.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
65.0
65.0
65.0
65.0
65.0
65.0
65.0
65.0
65.0
65.0
65.0
69.6
69.6
69.6
69.6
69.6
69.6
69.6
69.6
69.6
69.6
69.6
51.6
51.6
51.6
51.6
51.6
51.6
51.6
51.6
51.6
46.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.3
30.3
36.8
36.8
36.8
36.8
36.8
36.8
36.8
36.8
36.8
50.4
50.4
50.4
50.4
50.4
50.4
50.4
50.4
50.4
50.4
50.4
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.8
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
36.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.0
23.2
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.7
38.6
38.6
38.6
38.6
38.6
38.6
38.6
38.6
38.6
38.6
38.6
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
32.9
32.9
32.9
32.9
32.9
32.9
32.9
32.9
32.9
30.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
226
15.9
16.2
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
31.8
31.8
31.8
31.8
31.8
31.8
31.8
31.8
31.8
31.8
31.8
26.5
26.5
26.5
26.5
26.5
26.5
26.5
26.5
26.5
24.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.5
11.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
21.3
21.3
21.3
21.3
21.3
21.3
21.3
21.3
21.3
20.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.87
8.97
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
7.65
7.08
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
14.6
14.6
14.6
14.6
14.6
14.6
14.6
14.6
14.6
14.6
14.6
14.1
14.1
14.1
14.1
14.1
14.1
14.1
14.1
14.1
14.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
825
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.17
5.52
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
11.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
800
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
825
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.6
81.4
80.8
96.4
…
…
37.4
37.4
38.1
38.1
…
59.0
88.7
83.7
97.6
97.6
83.7
100
100
105
105
125
125
95.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
40.4
73.0
…
…
…
26.3
26.3
27.6
27.6
…
43.5
59.2
64.0
75.9
75.9
64.0
76.5
76.5
97.8
97.8
112
112
78.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
33.2
67.9
…
…
…
17.8
17.8
20.6
20.6
…
31.9
44.0
48.5
57.2
57.2
48.5
58.7
58.7
80.8
80.8
90.6
90.6
63.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
26.7
58.0
…
…
…
11.4
11.4
15.9
15.9
…
23.6
32.9
36.3
40.2
40.2
36.3
46.0
46.0
65.0
65.0
69.6
69.6
51.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.9
43.6
…
…
…
6.89
6.89
12.4
12.4
…
16.9
24.5
27.3
30.3
30.3
27.3
36.8
36.8
50.4
50.4
53.8
53.8
41.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
18.2
33.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
10.7
18.3
21.0
23.2
23.2
21.0
28.7
28.7
38.6
38.6
41.4
41.4
32.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
15.0
25.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.10
12.5
15.9
16.2
16.2
15.9
23.0
23.0
29.6
29.6
31.8
31.8
26.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.4
18.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
3.90
8.49
12.5
11.4
11.4
12.5
18.4
18.4
23.0
23.0
24.0
24.0
21.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
8.87
14.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.99
6.19
9.87
8.97
8.97
9.87
14.5
14.5
17.4
17.4
18.8
18.8
17.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
7.20
10.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.36
4.28
7.65
7.08
7.08
7.65
11.5
11.5
13.3
13.3
14.6
14.6
14.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.58
7.99
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.73
2.75
5.97
5.89
5.89
5.97
9.02
9.02
10.4
10.4
10.9
10.9
11.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6.21
6.89
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.38
1.74
5.17
5.52
5.52
5.17
6.83
6.83
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
9.65
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
227
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
81.4
40.4
33.2
26.7
21.9
18.2
15.0
12.4
8.87
7.20
80.8
73.0
67.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
80.8
73.0
67.9
58.0
43.6
33.0
25.3
18.8
14.0
10.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
59.0
43.5
31.9
23.6
16.9
10.7
6.10
3.90
2.99
2.36
59.0
43.5
31.9
23.6
16.9
10.7
6.10
3.90
2.99
2.36
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
88.7
59.2
44.0
32.9
24.5
18.3
12.5
8.49
6.19
4.28
83.7
64.0
48.5
36.3
27.3
21.0
15.9
12.5
9.87
7.65
800
…
…
…
…
6.58
6.58
7.99
7.99
…
1.73
1.73
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
5.97
825
…
…
…
…
6.21
6.21
6.89
6.89
…
1.38
1.38
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
5.17
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
83.7
83.7
97.6
97.6
97.6
97.6
92.7
92.7
100
100
100
100
100
100
105
105
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
105
105
105
95.5
95.5
95.5
95.5
…
44.1
37.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
95.5
95.5
81.4
105
105
80.8
88.7
100
100
97.6
125
125
5.97
5.97
5.89
5.89
5.89
5.89
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
9.02
10.4
10.4
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.4
10.4
10.4
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
11.2
11.2
6.58
10.4
10.4
7.99
2.75
9.02
9.02
5.89
10.9
10.9
5.17
5.17
5.52
5.52
5.52
5.52
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
6.83
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.65
9.65
6.21
8.96
8.96
6.89
1.74
6.83
6.83
5.52
8.96
8.96
64.0
64.0
75.9
75.9
75.9
75.9
76.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
97.8
97.8
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
97.8
97.8
97.8
78.9
78.9
78.9
78.9
…
…
26.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
78.9
78.9
40.4
97.8
97.8
73.0
59.2
76.5
76.5
75.9
112
112
48.5
48.5
57.2
57.2
57.2
57.2
58.7
58.7
58.7
58.7
58.7
58.7
58.7
58.7
80.8
80.8
90.6
90.6
90.6
90.6
90.6
90.6
90.6
80.8
80.8
80.8
63.8
63.8
63.8
63.8
…
…
17.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
63.8
63.8
33.2
80.8
80.8
67.9
44.0
58.7
58.7
57.2
90.6
90.6
36.3
36.3
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
46.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
65.0
65.0
69.6
69.6
69.6
69.6
69.6
69.6
69.6
65.0
65.0
65.0
51.6
51.6
51.6
51.6
…
…
11.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
51.6
51.6
26.7
65.0
65.0
58.0
32.9
46.0
46.0
40.2
69.6
69.6
27.3
27.3
30.3
30.3
30.3
30.3
36.8
36.8
36.8
36.8
36.8
36.8
36.8
36.8
50.4
50.4
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.8
50.4
50.4
50.4
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
…
…
6.89
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
41.6
41.6
21.9
50.4
50.4
43.6
24.5
36.8
36.8
30.3
53.8
53.8
21.0
21.0
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.7
38.6
38.6
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.4
38.6
38.6
38.6
32.9
32.9
32.9
32.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
32.9
32.9
18.2
38.6
38.6
33.0
18.3
28.7
28.7
23.2
41.4
41.4
228
15.9
15.9
16.2
16.2
16.2
16.2
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
29.6
29.6
31.8
31.8
31.8
31.8
31.8
31.8
31.8
29.6
29.6
29.6
26.5
26.5
26.5
26.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
26.5
26.5
15.0
29.6
29.6
25.3
12.5
23.0
23.0
16.2
31.8
31.8
12.5
12.5
11.4
11.4
11.4
11.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
23.0
23.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
21.3
21.3
21.3
21.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.3
21.3
12.4
23.0
23.0
18.8
8.49
18.4
18.4
11.4
24.0
24.0
9.87
9.87
8.97
8.97
8.97
8.97
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
17.4
17.4
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
17.2
17.2
8.87
17.4
17.4
14.0
6.19
14.5
14.5
8.97
18.8
18.8
7.65
7.65
7.08
7.08
7.08
7.08
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
13.3
13.3
14.6
14.6
14.6
14.6
14.6
14.6
14.6
13.3
13.3
13.3
14.1
14.1
14.1
14.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
14.1
14.1
7.20
13.3
13.3
10.4
4.28
11.5
11.5
7.08
14.6
14.6
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1), (3), and (4b)]
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
179
174
132
83.6
56.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
68.1
53.5
42.1
33.2
25.9
20.3
16.5
13.2
10.1
7.35
73.2
64.4
56.5
49.0
41.0
33.5
25.4
18.3
12.8
9.01
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
75.3
60.4
49.0
40.1
32.8
27.2
23.4
19.6
16.8
14.7
68.2
53.7
42.1
33.2
25.9
20.3
16.4
13.3
10.2
7.25
68.2
53.7
42.1
33.2
25.9
20.3
16.4
13.3
10.2
7.25
98.3
77.2
57.7
39.9
30.0
23.2
16.3
11.2
8.93
7.08
95.5
75.9
57.2
40.2
30.3
23.2
16.2
11.4
8.97
7.08
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
28.7
20.1
14.3
9.77
6.89
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
800
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.89
6.59
…
…
…
12.8
5.74
5.74
5.77
5.89
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
825
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.52
5.52
…
…
…
11.7
5.33
5.33
5.32
5.52
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Class/ Condition/
Temper級別/條件/
Nominal Composition
Line
No. 標稱成分
1
99.95Cu–P
2
99.9Cu–P
3
99.9Cu–P
4
99.95Cu–P
5
99.95Cu–P
6
99.9Cu–P
7
99.9Cu–P
8
99.9Cu–P
9
99.9Cu–P
10
99.9Cu–P
11
99.9Cu–P
12
99.9Cu–P
13
99.9Cu–P
14
99.9Cu–P
15
85Cu–15Zn
16
90Cu–10Ni
17
90Cu–10Ni
18
90Cu–10Ni
19
90Cu–10Ni
20
90Cu–10Ni
21
70Cu–30Ni
22
70Cu–30Ni
23
80Cu–20Ni
24
99.95Cu–P
Product Form
產品形式
Pipe
Pipe
Pipe
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
Pipe
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe
Spec. No.
規範號
UNS No. 热处理
B42
C10200
O61
B42
C12000
O61
B42
C12200
O61
B75
C10200
O50
B75
C10200
O60
B75
C12000
O50
B75
C12000
O60
B75
C12200
O50
B75
C12200
O60
B68
C12200
O50
B68
C12200
O60
B88
C12200
O50
B88
C12200
O60
B280
C12200
O60
B43
C23000
O61
B467
C70600
WO50
B467
C70600
WO61
B466
C70600
Annealed
B467
C70600
WO50
B467
C70600
WO61
B467
C71500
WO50
B467
C71500
WO61
B466
C71000
Annealed
B42
C10200
H55
25
99.9Cu–P
Pipe
B42
C12000
H55
26
99.9Cu–P
Pipe
B42
C12200
H55
27
28
29
30
99.95Cu–P
99.9Cu–P
99.9Cu–P
99.9Cu–P
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
B75
B75
B75
B88
C10200
C12000
C12200
C12200
H58
H58
H58
H58
229
Size規格,
mm
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
>114 O.D.
>114 O.D.
…
≤114 O.D.
≤114 O.D.
>114 O.D.
>114 O.D.
≤114 O.D.
DN 64 thru
300
DN 64 thru
300
DN 64 thru
300
…
…
…
…
P-No.
(5)(7)
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
31
Notes
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
(24)
(24)
(24)
(24)
(24)
…
(14)
(14)
(14)
(14)
(14)
(14)
(14)
(14)
(14)(34)
Min. Yield
Min. Tensile Str. 最低降
Min. Temp.
Str. 最低抗拉
最低溫度,
服強度,
強度, MPa MPa
°C (6)
−269
207
62
−269
207
62
−269
207
62
−269
207
62
−269
207
62
−269
207
62
−269
207
62
−269
207
62
−269
207
62
−269
207
62
−269
207
62
−269
207
62
−269
207
62
−269
207
62
−269
276
83
−269
262
90
−269
262
90
−269
262
90
−269
276
103
−269
276
103
−269
310
103
−269
310
103
−269
310
110
−269
248
207
31
(14)(34)
−269
248
207
31
(14)(34)
−269
248
207
31
31
31
31
(14)(34)
(14)(34)
(14)(34)
(14)(34)
−269
−269
−269
−269
248
248
248
248
207
207
207
207
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
70Cu–30Ni
70Cu–30Ni
70Cu–30Ni
99.95Cu–P
99.9Cu–P
99.9Cu–P
99.95Cu–P
99.9Cu–P
99.9Cu–P
99.95Cu–P
99.95Cu–Ag
99.95Cu–Ag
99.95Cu–Ag
99.9Cu–P
99.9Cu–P
90Cu–10Ni
97Cu–3Si
70Cu–30Ni
90Cu–7Al–3Fe
90Cu–7Al–3Fe
99.9Cu
97Cu–3Si
60Cu–38Zn–2Pb
60Cu–37Zn–2Pb–Sn
60Cu–39Zn–Sn
59Cu–39Zn–Fe–Sn
85Cu–5Sn–5Zn–5Pb
57Cu–20Zn–12Ni–9Pb–
2Sn
64Cu–20Ni–8Zn–4Sn–
4Pb
87Cu–8Sn–4Zn–1Pb
88Cu–Sn–Zn–Pb
88Cu–Sn–Zn–Pb
88Cu–8Sn–4Zn
88Cu–10Sn–2Zn
58Cu–38Zn–1Sn–1Pb–
1Fe
66Cu–25Ni–5Sn–2Pb–
2Zn
58Cu–39Zn–1Fe–1Al–
1Mn
88Cu–9Al–3Fe
89Cu–10Al–1Fe
90Cu–7Al–3Si
85Cu–11Al–4Fe
58Cu–34Zn–2Fe–2Al–
2Mn
82Cu–11Al–4Fe–3Mn
63Cu–27Zn–4Al–3Fe–
3Mn
61Cu–27Zn–6Al–3Fe–
3Mn
75Cu–21.5Zn–3Si
75Cu–21.5Zn–3Si
75Cu–21.5Zn–3Si
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe
Pipe
Pipe
Tube
Tube
Tube
Plate & sheet
Plate & sheet
Plate & sheet
Plate & sheet
Plate & sheet
Plate & sheet
Plate & sheet
Plate & sheet
Plate & sheet
Plate & sheet
Plate & sheet
Forgings
Forgings
Forgings
Forgings
Forgings
Forgings
Castings
Castings
B466
C71500
B467
C71500
B467
C71500
B42
C10200
B42
C12000
B42
C12200
B75
C10200
B75
C12000
B75
C12200
B152 B152C10200
B152 B152C10400
B152 B152C10500
C10700
C12200
C12300
B171 B96 C70600
B171 B169C65500
B169
C71500
C61400
C61400
B283 B283C11000
B283
C65500
C37700
B283
C48500
B283
C46400
B283
C67500
B62
C83600
B584
C97300
O60
WO50
WO61
H80
H80
H80
H80
H80
H80
O25
O25
O25
O25
O25
O25
…
O61
…
O25
O60
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
34
≤114 O.D. 34
≤114 O.D. 34
DN 6 thru 5031
DN 6 thru 5031
DN 6 thru 5031
…
31
…
31
…
31
…
31
…
31
…
31
…
31
…
31
…
31
≤64 thk.
34
…
33
≤64 thk.
34
≤50 thk.
35
≤50 thk.
35
…
31
…
33
…
a
…
a
…
32
…
32
…
a
…
a
(14)
(14)
(14)
(14)(34)
(14)(34)
(14)(34)
(14)(34)
(14)(34)
(14) (34)
(14) (24)
(14) (24)
(14) (24)
(14) (24)
(14) (24)
(14) (24)
(14)
… (14)
(13)
(13)
(14)
(14)
(14)
(14)
(14)
(14)
(9)
…
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−198
−198
−254
−198
−198
−198
359
345
345
310
310
310
310
310
310
207
207
207
207
207
207
276
345
345
483
483
228
359
400
427
441
496
207
207
124
138
138
276
276
276
276
276
276
69
69
69
69
69
69
103
124
138
207
207
76
124
159
165
179
234
97
103
Castings
B584
C97600
…
…
a
…
−198
276
117
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
B584
C92300
B584 B61 C92200
B584 B584C92200
C90300
C90500
B584
C86400
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
a
a
a
b
b
a
…
… (9)
…
…
(9)
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
248
234
234
276
276
414
110
110
110
124
124
138
Castings
B584
C97800
…
…
a
…
−198
345
152
Castings
B584
C86500
…
…
b
…
−198
448
172
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
Castings
B148
B148
B148
B148
B584
C95200
C95300
C95600
C95400
C86700
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
35
35
35
35
a
(9)
(9)
…
…
…
−254
−254
448
448
−198414
−198517
−198552
172
172
193
207
221
Castings
Castings
B148
B584
C95500
C86200
…
…
…
…
35
b
…
…
−269621
−198621
276
310
Castings
B584
C86300
…
…
b
…
−198758
414
Rod
Rod
Rod
B371
B371
B371
C69300
C69300
C69300
H02
H02
H02
≤12
>12, ≤25
>25, ≤50
a
a
a
…
…
…
−198585
−198515
−198480
310
240
205
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Line No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Max. Use Temp.,
°C
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
232
Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
40
65
100
125
41.4
34.9
33.5
32.9
41.4
34.9
33.5
32.9
41.4
34.9
33.5
32.9
41.4
34.9
33.5
32.9
41.4
34.9
33.5
32.9
41.4
34.9
33.5
32.9
41.4
34.9
33.5
32.9
41.4
34.9
33.5
32.9
41.4
34.9
33.5
32.9
41.4
34.9
33.5
32.9
41.4
34.9
33.5
32.9
41.4
34.9
33.5
32.9
41.4
34.9
33.5
32.9
41.4
34.9
33.5
32.9
55.2
54.7
54.7
54.7
150
32.2
32.2
32.2
32.2
32.2
32.2
32.2
32.2
32.2
32.2
32.2
32.2
32.2
32.2
54.7
175
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
54.7
230
200
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
36.4
225
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
17.5
250
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
13.8
275
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
…
300
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
325
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
350
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
375
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
316
316
316
316
316
371
371
371
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
371
371
371
204
204
204
204
204
204
260
260
260
260
260
260
316
204
371
260
260
260
204
204
204
204
204
232
40
149
204
204
288
204
204
177
177
177
316
316
40
260
177
260
177
177
149
149
149
59.8
59.8
59.8
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
73.5
82.7
82.7
82.7
82.7
82.7
82.7
82.7
82.7
91.9
91.9
103
103
103
103
103
103
46.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
46.0
68.9
82.7
91.9
138
138
50.6
82.7
106
110
120
156
64.4
68.9
78.1
73.5
73.5
73.5
82.7
82.7
91.9
101
115
115
115
129
138
147
184
207
253
195
161
138
58.0
58.0
58.0
67.0
67.0
66.6
66.6
72.8
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
79.8
88.7
88.7
100
100
100
100
100
100
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.1
67.0
82.7
88.7
137
137
42.8
82.7
99.8
110
120
156
64.4
…
69.6
73.5
66.4
66.4
82.7
82.7
91.9
101
115
108
115
…
131
147
184
207
253
179
139
119
56.1
56.1
56.1
65.1
65.1
64.6
64.6
72.1
74.1
74.1
74.1
74.1
74.1
74.1
74.1
77.5
86.1
86.1
92.6
92.6
92.6
92.6
92.6
92.6
37.1
37.1
37.1
37.1
37.1
37.1
65.1
82.7
86.1
136
136
40.8
82.7
94.5
110
120
156
62.6
…
64.9
73.5
65.3
65.3
82.7
82.7
91.9
101
115
104
115
…
128
147
184
207
253
176
137
117
54.9
54.9
54.9
63.7
63.7
63.2
63.2
71.4
71.3
71.3
71.3
71.3
71.3
71.3
71.3
75.9
84.3
84.3
89.1
89.1
89.1
89.1
89.1
53.8
53.8
53.8
62.4
62.4
61.9
61.9
70.6
69.2
69.2
69.2
69.2
69.2
69.2
69.2
74.3
82.6
82.6
86.5
86.5
86.5
86.5
86.5
89.186.5
36.534.2
36.534.2
36.534.2
36.534.2
36.534.2
36.534.2
63.762.4
82.782.7
84.382.6
135135
135135
40.234.2
82.782.7
91.171.4
110110
120118
156156
59.155.7
……
62.560.3
73.573.5
64.663.3
64.663.3
82.782.7
82.782.7
91.991.9
101101
115115
10299.8
115115
……
128128
147147
184184
207207
253253
176176
137137
117117
52.9
52.9
52.9
61.1
61.1
60.7
60.7
69.6
67.4
67.4
67.4
67.4
67.4
67.4
67.4
72.9
81.0
81.0
84.3
84.3
84.3
84.3
84.3
84.3
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
28.0
61.1
75.4
81.0
134
134
28.0
75.4
52.8
110
118
156
53.0
…
…
73.5
61.5
61.5
82.7
82.7
91.9
101
115
98.6
115
…
128
147
184
207
253
…
…
…
52.0
52.0
52.0
60.0
60.0
59.5
59.5
68.3
65.7
65.7
65.7
65.7
65.7
65.7
65.7
71.5
79.4
79.4
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.8
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
60.0
50.8
79.4
133
133
21.7
50.8
17.0
110
20.0
156
51.2
…
…
73.5
59.6
59.6
82.7
82.7
91.9
101
115
97.8
115
…
128
147
184
207
253
…
…
…
51.2
51.2
51.2
59.1
59.1
58.4
58.4
66.6
65.3
65.3
65.3
65.3
65.3
65.3
65.3
70.2
78.0
78.0
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
59.1
31.9
78.0
131
131
16.7
31.9
13.8
110
17.2
156
50.3
…
…
73.5
58.1
58.1
82.7
82.7
…
…
…
97.5
115
…
128
…
184
…
…
…
…
…
50.4
50.4
50.4
58.3
58.3
57.4
57.4
64.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
68.9
76.6
76.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
58.3
…
76.6
130
130
12.9
…
…
…
…
…
50.1
…
…
…
…
57.5
…
…
…
…
…
97.4
115
…
101
…
184
…
…
…
…
…
49.7
49.7
49.7
51.3
51.3
56.2
56.2
62.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
67.8
75.3
75.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
51.3
…
75.3
130
130
11.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
57.5
…
…
…
…
…
97.4
115
…
95.8
…
184
…
…
…
…
…
45.1
45.1
45.1
45.1
45.1
55.5
55.5
60.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
66.8
74.2
74.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
45.1
…
74.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
57.3
…
…
…
…
…
65.9
115
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.3
54.9
54.9
56.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
65.9
73.2
73.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
39.3
…
73.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
43.7
115
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
54.3
54.3
51.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
65.3
72.5
72.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
72.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
53.8
53.8
48.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
64.8
71.7
71.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
71.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No. Nominal Composition標稱成分
1
99.0Ni–Low C
2
99.0Ni–Low C
3
99.0Ni
4
99.0Ni
5
99.0Ni–Low C
6
99.0Ni–Low C
7
99.0Ni
8
99.0Ni
9
67Ni–30Cu
10
67Ni–30Cu
Product Form產品形式
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Spec. No. Type/ Grade
Class/ Condition/ Temper Size規格,
P-No.
規範號
類型/等級
級別/條件/热处理
UNS No.
mm
(5)
B161
…
N02201
Annealed
>125
41
B725
…
N02201
Annealed
>125
41
B161
…
N02200
Annealed
>125
41
B725
…
N02200
Annealed
>125
41
B161
…
N02201
Annealed
≤125
41
B725
…
N02201
Annealed
≤125
41
B161
…
N02200
Annealed
≤125
41
B725
…
N02200
Annealed
≤125
41
B165
…
N04400
Annealed
>125
42
B725
…
N04400
Annealed
>125
42
231
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No. Nominal Composition標稱成分
11
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr
12
72Ni–15Cr–8Fe
13
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr
14
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr
15
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr–Al–Ti
16
67Ni–30Cu
17
67Ni–30Cu
18
26Ni–22Cr–5Mo–Ti
19
26Ni–22Cr–5Mo–Ti
20
99.0Ni–Low C
21
99.0Ni–Low C
22
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr
23
72Ni–15Cr–8Fe
24
72Ni–15Cr–8Fe
25
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr
26
31Ni–31Fe–29Cr–Mo
27
99.0Ni
28
99.0Ni
29
35Ni–35Fe–20Cr–Cb
30
35Ni–35Fe–20Cr–Cb
31
35Ni–35Fe–20Cr–Cb
32
42Ni–21.5Cr–3Mo–2.3Cu
33
42Ni–21.5Cr–3Mo–2.3Cu
34
42Ni–21.5Cr–3Mo–2.3Cu
35
42Ni–21.5Cr–3Mo–2.3Cu
36
42Ni–21.5Cr–3Mo–2.3Cu
37
47Ni–22Cr–19Fe–6Mo
38
47Ni–22Cr–19Fe–6Mo
39
40Ni–29Cr–15Fe–5Mo
40
40Ni–29Cr–15Fe–5Mo
41
40Ni–29Cr–15Fe–5Mo
42
72Ni–15Cr–8Fe
43
72Ni–15Cr–8Fe
44
58Ni–29Cr–9Fe
45
58Ni–29Cr–9Fe
46
37Ni–33Fe–25Cr
47
37Ni–33Fe–25Cr
48
37Ni–33Fe–25Cr
49
37Ni–33Fe–25Cr
50
61Ni–16Mo–16Cr
51
47Ni–22Cr–9Mo–18Fe
52
47Ni–22Cr–9Mo–18Fe
53
31Ni–33Fe–27Cr–6.5Mo– Cu–N
54
31Ni–33Fe–27Cr–6.5Mo– Cu–N
55
61Ni–16Mo–16Cr
56
54Ni–16Mo–15Cr
57
54Ni–16Mo–15Cr
58
54Ni–16Mo–15Cr
59
67Ni–30Cu
60
67Ni–30Cu
61
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo–Cu–N
62
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo–Cu–N
63
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo–Cu–N
64
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo–Cu–N
65
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo–Cu–N
66
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo–Cu–N
67
55Ni–21Cr–13.5Mo
68
55Ni–21Cr–13.5Mo
69
58Ni–33Cr–8Mo
70
58Ni–33Cr–8Mo
71
58Ni–33Cr–8Mo
72
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo
73
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo
74
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo
75
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo–1.6Cu
76
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo–1.6Cu
77
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo–1.6Cu
78
62Ni–22Mo–15Cr
79
62Ni–22Mo–15Cr
80
62Ni–22Mo–15Cr
81
62Ni–28Mo–5Fe
82
62Ni–28Mo–5Fe
83
65Ni–28Mo–2Fe
84
65Ni–28Mo–2Fe
Product Form產品形式
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
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Wld. tube
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Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
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Tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
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Wld. tube
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Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Spec. No. Type/ Grade
Class/ Condition/ Temper Size規格,
P-No.
規範號
類型/等級
級別/條件/热处理
UNS No.
mm
(5)
B407
…
N08800
H.F. or H.F. ann.
…
45
B167
…
N06600
H.F. or H.F. ann.
>125
43
B407
…
N08810
C.D. sol. ann. or H.F. ann. …
45
B514
…
N08810
Annealed
…
45
B407
…
N08811
C.D. sol. ann. or H.F. ann. …
45
B165
…
N04400
Annealed
≤125
42
B725
…
N04400
Annealed
≤125
42
B619
…
N08320
Sol. ann.
…
45
B622
…
N08320
Sol. ann.
…
45
B161
…
N02201
Str. rel.
…
41
B725
…
N02201
Str. rel.
…
41
B514
…
N08800
Annealed
…
45
B167
…
N06600
H.F. or H.F. ann.
≤125
43
B167
…
N06600
C.D. ann.
>125
43
B407
…
N08800
C.D. ann.
…
45
B668
…
N08028
Sol. ann.
…
45
B161
…
N02200
Str. rel.
…
41
B725
…
N02200
Str. rel.
…
41
B464
…
N08020
Annealed
…
45
B474
…
N08020
Annealed
…
45
B729
…
N08020
Annealed
…
45
B163
…
N08825
Annealed
…
45
B423
…
N08825
C.D. ann.
…
45
B474
…
N08825
Annealed
…
45
B704
…
N08825
Annealed
…
45
B705
…
N08825
Annealed
…
45
B619
…
N06007
Sol. ann.
…
45
B622
…
N06007
Sol. ann.
…
45
B619
…
N06030
Sol. ann.
…
45
B622
…
N06030
Sol. ann.
…
45
B626
…
N06030
Sol. ann.
…
45
B167
…
N06600
C.D. ann.
≤125
43
B517
…
N06600
C.D. ann.
…
43
B163
…
N06690
Annealed
≤75
43
B167
…
N06690
C.D. ann.
≤125
43
B163
…
N08120
Sol. ann.
…
45
B407
…
N08120
Sol. ann.
…
45
B514
…
N08120
Sol. ann.
…
45
B515
…
N08120
Sol. ann.
…
45
B619
…
N06455
Sol. ann.
…
43
B619
…
N06002
Sol. ann.
…
43
B622
…
N06002
Sol. ann.
…
43
B619
…
N08031
Annealed
…
45
B622
…
N08031
Annealed
…
45
B622
…
N06455
Sol. ann.
…
43
B619
…
N10276
Sol. ann.
…
43
B622
…
N10276
Sol. ann.
…
43
B626
…
N10276
Sol. ann.
…
43
B165
…
N04400
Str. rel.
…
42
B725
…
N04400
Str. rel.
…
42
B675
…
N08367
Annealed
>5
45
B690
…
N08367
Annealed
>5
45
B804
…
N08367
Annealed
>5
45
B675
…
N08367
Annealed
≤5
45
B690
…
N08367
Annealed
≤5
45
B804
…
N08367
Annealed
≤5
45
B619
…
N06022
Sol. ann.
…
43
B622
…
N06022
Sol. ann.
…
43
B619
…
N06035
Sol. ann.
…
43
B622
…
N06035
Sol. ann.
…
43
B626
…
N06035
Sol. ann.
…
43
B619
…
N06059
Sol. ann.
…
43
B622
…
N06059
Sol. ann.
…
43
B626
…
N06059
Sol. ann.
All
43
B619
…
N06200
Sol. ann.
All
43
B622
…
N06200
Sol. ann.
All
43
B626
…
N06200
Sol. ann.
All
43
B619
…
N10362
Sol. ann.
All
43
B622
…
N10362
Sol. ann.
All
43
B626
…
N10362
Sol. ann.
All
43
B619
…
N10001
Sol. ann.
…
44
B622
…
N10001
Sol. ann.
…
44
B619
…
N10665
Sol. ann.
…
44
B622
…
N10665
Sol. ann.
…
44
232
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No. Nominal Composition標稱成分
85
65Ni–29.5Mo–2Fe–2Cr
86
65Ni–29.5Mo–2Fe–2Cr
87
65Ni–29.5Mo–2Fe–2Cr
88
60Ni–22Cr–9Mo–3.5Cb
89
60Ni–22Cr–9Mo–3.5Cb
90
57Ni–22Cr–14W–2Mo–La
91
57Ni–22Cr–14W–2Mo–La
92
57Ni–22Cr–14W–2Mo–La
93
33Cr–31Ni–32Fe–1.5Mo–0.6Cu–N
94
33Cr–31Ni–32Fe–1.5Mo–0.6Cu–N
95
33Cr–31Ni–32Fe–1.5Mo–0.6Cu–N
96
99.0Ni–Low C
97
99.0Ni–Low C
98
99.0Ni
99
99.0Ni
100
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr
101
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr–Al–Ti
102
26Ni–22Cr–5Mo–Ti
103
67Ni–30Cu
104
47Ni–22Cr–19Fe–6Mo
105
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr
106
31Ni–31Fe–29Cr–Mo
107
42Ni–21.5Cr–3Mo–2.3Cu
108
35Ni–35Fe–20Cr–Cb
109
40Ni–29Cr–15Fe–5Mo
110
47Ni–22Cr–19Fe–6Mo
111
47Ni–22Cr–9Mo–18Fe
112
72Ni–15Cr–8Fe
113
72Ni–15Cr–8Fe
114
58Ni–29Cr–9Fe
115
58Ni–29Cr–9Fe
116
67Ni–30Cu
117
37Ni–33Fe–25Cr
118
31Ni–33Fe–27Cr–6.5Mo– Cu–N
119
61Ni–16Mo–16Cr
120
54Ni–16Mo–15Cr
121
60Ni–22Cr–9Mo–3.5Cb
122
57Ni–22Cr–14W–2Mo–La
123
55Ni–21Cr–13.5Mo
124
58Ni–33Cr–8Mo
125
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo– Cu–N
126
46Fe–24Ni–21Cr–6Mo– Cu–N
127
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo
128
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo–1.6Cu
129
62Ni–22Mo–15Cr
130
62Ni–28Mo–5Fe
131
62Ni–28Mo–5Fe
132
65Ni–28Mo–2Fe
133
65Ni–29.5Mo–2Fe–2Cr
134
33Cr–31Ni–32Fe–1.5Mo–0.6Cu–N
135
99.0Ni–Low C
136
99.0Ni–Low C
137
99.0Ni
138
99.0Ni
139
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr
140
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr–Al–Ti
141
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr
142
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr–Al–Ti
143
67Ni–30Cu
144
67Ni–30Cu
145
72Ni–15Cr–8Fe
146
40Ni–29Cr–15Fe–5Mo
147
40Ni–29Cr–15Fe–5Mo
148
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr
149
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr
150
35Ni–35Fe–20Cr–Cb
151
35Ni–35Fe–20Cr–Cb
152
72Ni–15Cr–8Fe
153
42Ni–21.5Cr–3Mo–2.3Cu
154
42Ni–21.5Cr–3Mo–2.3Cu
155
58Ni–29Cr–9Fe
156
37Ni–33Fe–25Cr
157
37Ni–33Fe–25Cr
158
47Ni–22Cr–9Mo–18Fe
Product Form產品形式
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe & tube
Pipe
Pipe & tube
Tube
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Plate
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Plate
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Plate
Plate
Plate
Sheet
Plate
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Plate
Pl. & sht.
Sheet
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Plate
Sheet
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Pl. & sht.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Fittings
Fittings
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Fittings
Forgings
Forgings
Fittings
Forgings
Forg. & ftg.
Spec. No. Type/ Grade
Class/ Condition/ Temper Size規格,
P-No.
規範號
類型/等級
級別/條件/热处理
UNS No.
mm
(5)
B619
…
N10675
Sol. ann.
…
44
B622
…
N10675
Sol. ann.
…
44
B626
…
N10675
Sol. ann.
…
44
B444
1
N06625
Annealed
…
43
B705
1
N06625
Annealed
…
43
B619
…
N06230
Sol. ann.
…
43
B622
…
N06230
Sol. ann.
…
43
B626
…
N06230
Sol. ann.
…
43
B619
…
R20033
Sol. ann.
…
45
B622
…
R20033
Sol. ann.
…
45
B626
…
R20033
Sol. ann.
…
45
B162
…
N02201
H.R. ann.
…
41
B162
…
N02201
H.R. as R.
…
41
B162
…
N02200
H.R. ann.
…
41
B162
…
N02200
H.R. as R.
…
41
B409
…
N08810
Annealed
All
45
B409
…
N08811
Annealed
All
45
B620
…
N08320
Sol. ann.
All
45
B127
…
N04400
H.R. ann.
…
42
B582
…
N06007
Sol. ann.
>19
45
B409
…
N08800
Annealed
All
45
B709
…
N08028
Sol. ann.
All
45
B424
…
N08825
Annealed
…
45
B463
…
N08020
Annealed
All
45
B582
…
N06030
Sol. ann.
All
45
B582
…
N06007
Sol. ann.
≤19
45
B435
…
N06002
H.R sol. ann.
All
43
B168
…
N06600
H.R. ann.
…
43
B168
…
N06600
H.R. as R.
…
43
B168
…
N06690
Annealed
≥5
43
B168
…
N06690
H.R. ann. or C.R. ann.0.5 to 6 43
B127
…
N04400
H.R. as R.
…
42
B409
…
N08120
Sol. ann.
All
45
B625
…
N08031
Annealed
All
45
B575
…
N06455
Sol. ann.
All
43
B575
…
N10276
Sol. ann.
All
43
B443
1
N06625
Annealed
All
43
B435
…
N06230
Sol. ann.
All
43
B575
…
N06022
Sol. ann.
<5
43
B575
…
N06035
Sol. ann.
All
43
B688
…
N08367
Annealed
>5
45
B688
…
N08367
Annealed
≤5
45
B575
…
N06059
Sol. ann.
All
43
B575
…
N06200
Sol. ann.
All
43
B575
…
N10362
Sol. ann.
All
43
B333
…
N10001
Sol. ann.
Sol. ann. 44
B333
…
N10001
Sol. ann.
≤5
44
B333
…
N10665
Sol. ann.
All
44
B333
…
N10675
Sol. ann.
All
44
B625
…
R20033
Sol. ann.
…
45
B160
…
N02201
Annealed
All
41
B366
…
N02201
Annealed
All
41
B366
…
N02200
Annealed
All
41
B564
…
N02200
Annealed
All
41
B564
…
N08810
Annealed
…
45
B564
…
N08811
Annealed
…
45
B366
…
N08810
Annealed
All
45
B366
…
N08811
Annealed
All
45
B564
…
N04400
Annealed
…
42
B366
…
N04400
Annealed
All
42
B366
…
N06600
Annealed
All
43
B366
…
N06030
Sol. ann.
All
45
B462
…
N06030
Sol. ann.
All
45
B366
…
N08800
C.D. ann.
All
45
B564
…
N08800
Annealed
…
45
B366
…
N08020
Annealed
All
45
B462
…
N08020
Annealed
…
45
B564
…
N06600
Annealed
All
43
B366
…
N08825
C.D. ann.
All
45
B564
…
N08825
Annealed
…
45
B564
…
N06690
Annealed
All
43
B366
…
N08120
Sol. ann.
All
45
B564
…
N08120
Sol. ann.
All
45
B366
…
N06002
Sol. ann.
All
43
233
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No. Nominal Composition標稱成分
159
31Ni–33Fe–27Cr–6.5Mo– Cu–N
160
31Ni–33Fe–27Cr–6.5Mo– Cu–N
161
54Ni–16Mo–15Cr
162
54Ni–16Mo–15Cr
163
54Ni–16Mo–15Cr
164
62Ni–28Mo–5Fe
165
55Ni–21Cr–13.5Mo
166
55Ni–21Cr–13.5Mo
167
55Ni–21Cr–13.5Mo
168
58Ni–33Cr–8Mo
169
58Ni–33Cr–8Mo
170
58Ni–33Cr–8Mo
171
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo
172
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo
173
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo–1.6Cu
174
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo–1.6Cu
175
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo–1.6Cu
176
62Ni–22Mo–15Cr
177
62Ni–22Mo–15Cr
178
62Ni–22Mo–15Cr
179
60Ni–22Cr–9Mo–3.5Cb
180
65Ni–28Mo–2Fe
181
65Ni–29.5Mo–2Fe–2Cr
182
65Ni–29.5Mo–2Fe–2Cr
183
65Ni–29.5Mo–2Fe–2Cr
184
57Ni–22Cr–14W–2Mo–La
185
57Ni–22Cr–14W–2Mo–La
186
33Cr–31Ni–32Fe–1.5Mo–0.6Cu–N
187
33Cr–31Ni–32Fe–1.5Mo–0.6Cu–N
188
33Cr–31Ni–32Fe–1.5Mo–0.6Cu–N
189
99.0Ni
190
99.0Ni
191
67Ni–30Cu
192
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr
193
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr–Al–Ti
194
33Ni–42Fe–21Cr
195
26Ni–22Cr–5Mo–Ti
196
47Ni–22Cr–19Fe–6Mo
197
42Ni–21.5Cr–3Mo–2.3Cu
198
58Ni–29Cr–9Fe
199
58Ni–29Cr–9Fe
200
47Ni–22Cr–19Fe–6Mo
201
40Ni–29Cr–15Fe–5Mo
202
31Ni–33Fe–27Cr–6.5Mo– Cu–N
203
67Ni–30Cu
Product Form產品形式
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Fittings
Forgings
Forgings
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Forg. & ftg.
Fittings
Fittings
Forgings
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
204
205
206
207
208
209
58Ni–33Cr–8Mo
37Ni–33Fe–25Cr
61Ni–16Mo–16Cr
54Ni–16Mo–15Cr
62Ni–22Mo–15Cr
60Ni–22Cr–9Mo–3.5Cb
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
60Ni–22Cr–9Mo–3.5Cb
57Ni–22Cr–14W–2Mo–La
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo
59Ni–23Cr–16Mo–1.6Cu
65Ni–29.5Mo–2Fe–2Cr
33Cr–31Ni–32Fe–1.5Mo–0.6Cu–N
59Ni–22Cr–14Mo–4Fe–3W
53Ni–17Mo–16Cr–6Fe–5W
56Ni–19Mo–18Cr–2Fe
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod & bar
Rod
Castings
Castings
Castings
Spec. No. Type/ Grade
Class/ Condition/ Temper Size規格,
P-No.
規範號
類型/等級
級別/條件/热处理
UNS No.
mm
(5)
B366
…
N08031
Sol. ann.
All
45
B564
…
N08031
Annealed H.W.
All
45
B366
…
N10276
Sol. ann.
All
43
B462
…
N10276
Sol. ann.
All
43
B564
…
N10276
Sol. ann.
All
43
B366
…
N10001
Sol. ann.
All
44
B366
…
N06022
Sol. ann.
All
43
B462
…
N06022
Sol. ann.
All
43
B564
…
N06022
Sol. ann.
All
43
B366
…
N06035
Sol. ann.
All
43
B462
…
N06035
Sol. ann.
All
43
B564
…
N06035
Sol. ann.
All
43
B366
…
N06059
Sol. ann.
All
43
B564
…
N06059
Sol. ann.
All
43
B366
…
N06200
Sol. ann.
All
43
B462
…
N06200
Sol. ann.
All
43
B564
…
N06200
Sol. ann.
All
43
B366
…
N10362
Sol. ann.
All
43
B462
…
N10362
Sol. ann.
All
43
B564
…
N10362
Sol. ann.
All
43
B564
…
N06625
Annealed
≤100
43
B366
…
N10665
Sol. ann.
All
44
B366
…
N10675
Sol. ann.
All
44
B462
…
N10675
Sol. ann.
All
44
B564
…
N10675
Sol. ann.
All
44
B564
…
N06230
Sol. ann.
All
43
B366
…
N06230
Sol. ann.
All
43
B366
…
R20033
Sol. ann.
…
45
B462
…
R20033
Sol. ann.
…
45
B564
…
R20033
Sol. ann.
…
45
B160
…
N02200
H.W.
All
41
B160
…
N02200
Annealed
All
41
B164
…
N04400
Ann. forg.
All
42
B408
…
N08810
Sol. trt. or ann.
…
45
B408
…
N08811
Annealed
…
45
B408
…
N08800
Annealed
…
45
B621
…
N08320
Sol. ann.
All
45
B581
…
N06007
Sol. ann.
>19
45
B425
…
N08825
Annealed
…
45
B166
…
N06690
H.R.
>75
43
B166
…
N06690
H.R. ann. or C.D. ann.
All
43
B581
…
N06007
Sol. ann.
≤19
45
B581
…
N06030
Sol. ann.
All
45
B649
…
N08031
Annealed
All
45
B164
…
N04400
H.W.
All except 42
hex >54
B574
…
N06035
Sol. ann.
All
43
B408
…
N08120
Sol. ann.
All
45
B574
…
N06455
Sol. ann.
All
43
B574
…
N10276
Sol. ann.
All
43
B574
…
N10362
Sol. ann.
All
43
B446
1
N06625
Annealed
>100,
43
≤250
B446
1
N06625
Annealed
≤100
43
B572
…
N06230
Sol. ann.
All
43
B574
…
N06059
Sol. ann.
All
43
B574
…
N06200
Sol. ann.
All
43
B335
…
N10675
Sol. ann.
All
44
B649
…
R20033
Sol. ann.
…
45
A494
CX2MW
N26022
…
…
43
A494
CW12MW
N30002
…
…
a
A494
CW6M
N30107
…
…
44
234
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
Notes
1
…
2
…
3
…
4
…
5
…
6
…
7
…
8
…
9
…
10
…
11
…
12
…
13
(62)
14
(62)
15
(62)
16
…
17
…
18
…
19
…
20
…
21
…
22
…
23
…
24
…
25
(61)
26
…
27
…
28
…
29
…
30
…
31
…
32
…
33
…
34
…
35
…
36
…
37
…
38
…
39
…
40
…
41
…
42
…
43
…
44
…
45
…
46
…
47
…
48
…
49
…
50
…
51
…
52
…
53
…
54
…
55
…
56
…
57
…
58
…
59
(54)
60
(54)
61
…
62
…
63
…
64
…
65
…
66
…
67
…
68
…
69
…
70
…
71
…
Max. Use Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力
Min. Yield
Temp.
最
Min. Tensile Str. 最低降
S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Min. Temp.
Str. 最低抗
高使用溫 Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
最低溫度,
服強度,
拉強度, MPa
度, °C 40
°C (6)
MPa
65
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
−198
345
69
64946.0
44.7
43.9
43.6
43.3
43.2
43.2
43.2
43.2
−198
345
69
64946.0
44.7
43.9
43.6
43.3
43.2
43.2
43.2
43.2
−198
379
83
31655.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
−198
379
83
31655.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
−198
345
83
64955.2
53.8
52.8
52.3
51.9
51.7
51.6
51.6
51.6
−198
345
83
64955.2
53.8
52.8
52.3
51.9
51.7
51.6
51.6
51.6
−198
379
103
31668.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
−198
379
103
31668.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
−198
483
172
482115
106
99.7
96.2
93.6
91.9
90.9
90.4
90.4
−198
483
172
482115
106
99.7
96.2
93.6
91.9
90.9
90.4
90.4
−198
448
172
816115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
−198
517
172
649115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
−198
448
172
899115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
−198
448
172
899115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
−198
448
172
899115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
−198
483
193
482129
119
112
108
105
103
102
101
101
−198
483
193
482129
119
112
108
105
103
102
101
101
−198
517
193
427129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
−198
517
193
427129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
−198
414
207
316138
138
138
137
137
137
137
137
136
−198
414
207
316138
138
138
137
137
137
137
137
136
−198
517
207
816138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
552
207
649138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
552
207
649138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
505
215
454143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
−198
448
276
316149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
148
−198
448
276
316149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
148
−198
552
241
427161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
552
241
427161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
552
241
427161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
585
240
538161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
585
240
538161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
585
240
538161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
585
240
538161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
585
240
538161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
621
241
538161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
621
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
161
157
154
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
161
157
154
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
161
157
154
−198
552
241
649161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
552
241
649161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
586
241
482160
160
160160
160
160
160
160
160
−198
586
240
482160
160
160160
160
160
160
160
160
−198
621
276
899184
184
184184
184
184
184
180
175
−198
621
276
899184
184
184184
184
184
184
180
175
−198
621
276
899184
184
184184
184
184
184
180
175
−198
621
276
899184
184
184184
184
184
184
180
175
−198
689
276
427184
184
184184
184
184
184
184
184
−198
689
276
816184
184
184184
184
184
184
184
178
−198
689
276
816184
184
184184
184
184
184
184
178
−198
648
276
427184
184
184184
184
177
171
166
162
−198
648
276
427184
184
184184
184
177
171
166
162
−198
689
276
427184
184
184184
184
184
184
184
184
−198
689
283
677188
188
188188
188
188
188
188
187
−198
689
283
677188
188
188188
188
188
188
188
187
−198
689
283
677188
188
188188
188
188
188
188
187
−198
586
379
260195
195
195195
195
195
195
195
195
−198
586
379
260195
195
195195
195
195
195
195
195
−198
655
310
427207
207
207207
206
202
198
195
192
−198
655
310
427207
207
207207
206
202
198
195
192
−198
655
310
427207
207
207207
206
202
198
195
192
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
206
202
198
195
192
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
206
202
198
195
192
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
206
202
198
195
192
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
204
202
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
204
202
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
154
149
144
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
154
149
144
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
154
149
144
235
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
Notes
72
…
73
…
74
…
75
…
76
…
77
…
78
…
79
…
80
…
81
…
82
…
83
…
84
…
85
…
86
…
87
…
88
(64) (70)
89
(64) (70)
90
…
91
…
92
…
93
…
94
…
95
…
96
…
97
…
98
…
99
…
100
…
101
…
102
…
103
…
104
…
105
…
106
…
107
(9)
108
…
109
…
110
…
111
…
112
…
113
…
114
…
115
…
116
…
117
…
118
…
119
…
120
…
121
(64) (70)
122
…
123
…
124
…
125
…
126
…
127
…
128
…
129
…
130
…
131
…
132
…
133
…
134
…
135
(9) (9a)
136
(32) (74)
137
(32) (74)
138
(9)
139
(9)
140
(9)
141
(9) (74)
142
(9) (74)
Max. Use Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力
Min. Yield
Temp.
最
Min. Tensile Str. 最低降
S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Min. Temp.
Str. 最低抗
高使用溫 Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
最低溫度,
服強度,
拉強度, MPa
度, °C 40
°C (6)
MPa
65
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
206
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
206
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
206
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
200
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
200
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
200
−198
725
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
204
202
199
−198
725
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
204
202
199
−198
725
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
204
202
199
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
207
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
207
−198
758
352
427234
234
234234
234
234
234
234
234
−198
758
352
427234
234
234234
234
234
234
234
234
−198
758
352
427234
234
234234
234
234
234
234
234
−198
758
352
427234
234
234234
234
234
234
234
234
−198
758
352
427234
234
234234
234
234
234
234
234
−198
827
414
649276
276
276274
273
272
270
269
267
−198
827
414
649276
276
276274
273
272
270
269
267
−198
758
310
899207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
207
−198
758
310
899207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
207
−198
758
310
899207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
207
−198
750
380
427250
231
209200
193
187
181
176
172
−198
750
380
427250
231
209200
193
187
181
176
172
−198
750
380
427250
231
209200
193
187
181
176
172
−198
345
83
64955.2
53.8
52.852.3
51.9
51.7
51.6
51.6
51.6
−198
345
83
64955.2
53.8
52.852.3
51.9
51.7
51.6
51.6
51.6
−198
379
103
31668.9
68.9
68.968.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
−198
379
138
31691.9
91.9
91.991.9
91.9
91.9
91.9
91.9
91.9
−198
448
172
899115
115
115115
115
115
115
115
115
−198
448
172
899115
115
115115
115
115
115
115
115
−198
517
193
427129
129
129129
129
129
129
129
129
−198
483
193
482129
119
112108
105
103
102
101
101
−198
586
207
538138
138
138138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
517
207
816138
138
138138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
505
215
454143
143
143143
143
143
143
143
143
−198
585
240
538161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
552
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
161
157
154
−198
621
241
538161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
655
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
156
−198
552
241
649161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
586
241
649161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
−198
586
240
482160
160
160160
160
160
160
160
160
−198
586
240
482160
160
160160
160
160
160
160
160
−198
517
276
482172
172
172171
170
168
165
164
162
−198
621
276
899184
184
184184
184
184
184
180
175
−198
648
276
427184
184
184184
184
177
171
166
162
−198
689
276
427184
184
184184
184
184
184
184
184
−198
689
283
677188
188
188188
188
188
188
188
187
−198
758
379
649253
253
253251
250
249
248
247
245
−198
758
310
899207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
207
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
204
202
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
154
149
144
−198
655
310
427207
207
207207
206
202
198
195
192
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
206
199
193
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
206
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
200
−198
725
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
204
202
199
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
207
−198
793
345
427230
230
230230
230
230
230
230
230
−198
758
352
427234
234
234234
234
234
234
234
234
−198
758
352
427234
234
234234
234
234
234
234
234
−198
750
380
427250
231
209200
193
187
181
176
172
−198
345
69
64946.0
44.7
43.943.6
43.3
43.2
43.2
43.2
43.2
−198
345
69
64946.0
44.7
43.943.6
43.3
43.2
43.2
43.2
43.2
−198
380
105
26070.0
70.0
70.070.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
−198
379
103
31668.9
68.9
68.968.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
−198
448
172
899115
115
115115
115
115
115
115
115
−198
448
172
899115
115
115115
115
115
115
115
115
−198
450
170
899115
115
115115
115
115
115
115
115
−198
450
170
899115
115
115115
115
115
115
115
115
236
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Max. Use Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力
Min. Yield
Temp.
最
Min. Tensile Str. 最低降
S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Min. Temp.
Str. 最低抗
高使用溫 Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
最低溫度,
服強度,
拉強度, MPa
度, °C 40
Line No.
Notes
°C (6)
MPa
65
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
143
(9)
−198
483
172
482115
106
99.796.2
93.6
91.9
90.9
90.4
90.4
144
(32) (74)
−198
483
172
482115
106
99.796.2
93.6
91.9
90.9
90.4
90.4
145
(32) (74)
−198
517
172
649115
115
115115
115
115
115
115
115
146
(74)
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
161
157
154
147
…
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
161
157
154
148
(74)
−198
517
207
816138
138
138138
138
138
138
138
138
149
(9)
−198
517
207
816138
138
138138
138
138
138
138
138
150
(74)
−198
552
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
151
(9)
−198
552
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
152
(9)
−198
552
241
649161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
153
(9) (74)
−198
585
240
538161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
154
(9)
−198
585
240
538160
160
160160
160
160
160
160
160
155
(9)
−198
586
241
482160
160
160160
160
160
160
160
160
156
…
−198
621
276
899184
184
184184
184
184
184
180
175
157
…
−198
621
276
899184
184
184184
184
184
184
180
175
158
(32)
−198
689
276
816184
184
184184
184
184
184
184
178
159
(74)
−198
648
276
427184
184
184184
184
177
171
166
162
160
…
−198
648
276
427184
184
184184
184
177
171
166
162
161
(74)
−198
689
283
677188
188
188188
188
188
188
188
187
162
(9)
−198
689
283
677188
188
188188
188
188
188
188
187
163
(9)
−198
689
283
677188
188
188188
188
188
188
188
187
164
(32)
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
207
165
(32) (74)
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
204
202
166
(9)
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
204
202
167
(9)
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
204
202
168
(32) (74)
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
154
149
144
169
(9)
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
154
149
144
170
(9)
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
154
149
144
171
(74)
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
206
172
…
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
206
173
(74)
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
200
174
…
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
200
175
…
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
200
176
…
−198
725
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
204
202
199
177
…
−198
725
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
204
202
199
178
…
−198
725
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
204
202
199
179
(9) (64)
−198
827
414
649276
276
276274
273
272
270
269
267
180
(74)
−198
758
352
427234
234
234234
234
234
234
234
234
181
(74)
−198
758
352
427234
234
234234
234
234
234
234
234
182
…
−198
758
352
427234
234
234234
234
234
234
234
234
183
…
−198
758
352
427234
234
234234
234
234
234
234
234
184
…
−198
758
310
899207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
207
185
(74)
−198
758
310
899207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
207
186
…
−198
750
380
427250
231
209200
193
187
181
176
172
187
…
−198
750
380
427250
231
209200
193
187
181
176
172
188
…
−198
750
380
427250
231
209200
193
187
181
176
172
189
(9)
−198
414
103
31668.9
68.9
68.968.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
190
(9)
−198
379
103
31668.9
68.9
68.968.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
191
(13)
−198
483
172
482115
106
99.796.2
93.6
91.9
90.9
90.4
90.4
192
(9)
−198
450
170
899115
115
115115
115
115
115
115
115
193
(9)
−198
450
170
899115
115
115115
115
115
115
115
115
194
(9)
−198
515
205
816138
138
138138
138
138
138
138
138
195
…
−198
517
193
427129
129
129129
129
129
129
129
129
196
…
−198
586
207
538138
138
138138
138
138
138
138
138
197
(9)
−198
585
240
538161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
198
…
−198
585
240
482160
160
160160
160
160
160
160
160
199
…
−198
586
240
482160
160
160160
160
160
160
160
160
200
…
−198
621
241
538161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
161
201
…
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
161
157
154
202
…
−198
648
276
427184
184
184184
184
177
171
166
162
203
…
−198
552
276
510184
182
177174
171
168
165
164
162
204
(9)
−198
586
241
427161
161
161161
161
161
154
149
144
205
…
−198
621
276
899184
184
184184
184
184
184
180
175
206
(9)
−198
689
276
427184
184
184184
184
184
184
184
184
207
…
−198
689
283
677188
188
188188
188
188
188
188
187
208
…
−198
725
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
204
202
199
209
(9) (64) (70) −198
758
345
649230
230
230230
230
230
230
230
230
210
(9) (64) (70) −198
827
414
649276
276
276274
273
272
270
269
267
211
…
−198
758
310
899207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
207
212
…
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
206
213
…
−198
689
310
427207
207
207207
207
207
207
207
200
237
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
Notes
214
…
215
…
216
(7) (9)
217
(7) (9)
218
(7) (9)
Max. Use Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力
Min. Yield
Temp.
最
Min. Tensile Str. 最低降
S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Min. Temp.
Str. 最低抗
高使用溫 Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
最低溫度,
服強度,
拉強度, MPa
度, °C 40
°C (6)
MPa
65
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
−198
758
352
427234
234
234234
234
234
234
234
234
−198
750
380
427250
231
209200
193
187
181
176
172
−198
550
310
260184
184
184184
184
184
184
184
184
−198
495
275
538165
165
165165
165
165
165
165
165
−198
495
275
538165
165
165165
165
165
165
165
165
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
43.2
43.2
43.1
42.942.6
42.1
41.5
40.7
33.1
27.4
43.2
43.2
43.1
42.942.6
42.1
41.5
40.7
33.1
27.4
55.2
55.2
55.2
……
…
…
…
…
…
55.2
55.2
55.2
……
…
…
…
…
…
51.6
51.6
51.6
51.551.2
50.7
49.9
41.4
33.1
27.4
51.6
51.6
51.6
51.551.2
50.7
49.9
41.4
33.1
27.4
68.9
68.9
68.9
……
…
…
…
…
…
68.9
68.9
68.9
……
…
…
…
…
…
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.489.8
89.0
88.0
79.7
59.9
55.2
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.489.8
89.0
88.0
79.7
59.9
55.2
115
115
115
115115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115115
115
115
115
115
84.8
115
115
113
110108
106
104
102
100
98.6
115
115
113
110108
106
104
102
100
98.6
115
115
113
110108
106
104
102
100
98.6
101
101
101
101100
99.6
98.6
79.7
59.9
55.2
101
101
101
101100
99.6
98.6
79.7
59.9
55.2
129
129
127
125122
121
119
119
…
…
129
129
127
125122
121
119
119
…
…
135
133
130
……
…
…
…
…
…
135
133
130
……
…
…
…
…
…
138
138
138
138138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138138
138
138
138
138
84.8
138
138
138
138138
138
138
138
138
84.8
138
138
138
138138
138
138
138
138
138
…
140
137
133
130125
122
119
116
113
146
144
141
……
…
…
…
…
…
146
144
141
……
…
…
…
…
…
161
161
161
161161
160
157
156
…
…
161
161
161
161161
160
157
156
…
…
161
161
161
161161
160
157
156
…
…
161
161
161
161161
160
159
158
157
156
161
161
161
161161
160
159
158
157
156
161
161
161
161161
160
159
158
157
156
161
161
161
161161
160
159
158
157
156
161
161
161
161161
160
159
158
157
156
160
158
156
154153
152
151
150
149
136
160
158
156
154153
152
151
150
…
…
151
148
146
143141
138
136
136
…
…
151
148
146
143141
138
136
136
…
…
151
148
146
143141
138
136
136
…
…
161
161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
84.8
161
161
161
161161
161
161
161
161
84.8
160
160
160
160160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160160
160
160
160
160
160
170
166
163
160158
156
154
153
153
152
170
166
163
160158
156
154
153
153
152
170
166
163
160158
156
154
153
153
152
170
166
163
160158
156
154
153
153
152
184
184
184
184183
180
178
178
…
…
173
169
165
162160
158
157
155
154
135
173
169
165
162160
158
157
155
154
135
158
155
152
14974.2
…
…
61.1
50.3
49.6
158
155
152
14974.2
…
…
61.1
50.3
49.6
184
184
184
184182
180
178
178
…
…
183
177
172
169165
162
159
157
156
155
183
177
172
169165
162
159
157
156
155
238
525
22.8
22.8
…
…
22.8
22.8
…
…
…
…
115
58.4
97.1
97.1
97.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
138
58.4
58.4
138
…
…
…
…
…
…
155
155
155
155
155
132
…
…
…
…
58.4
58.4
…
…
151
151
151
151
…
134
134
…
…
…
154
154
550
18.7
18.7
…
…
18.7
18.7
…
…
…
…
113
39.7
95.7
95.7
95.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
136
39.7
39.7
136
…
…
…
…
…
…
153
153
153
153
153
130
…
…
…
…
39.7
39.7
…
…
151
151
151
151
…
133
133
…
…
…
143
143
575
15.6
15.6
…
…
15.6
15.6
…
…
…
…
107
27.0
91.8
91.8
92.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
107
27.0
27.0
107
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.0
27.0
…
…
151
151
151
151
…
129
129
…
…
…
118
118
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
183
177
172
169165
162
159
157
156
155
195
…
…
……
…
…
…
…
…
195
…
…
……
…
…
…
…
…
188
183
179
176173
170
168
167
…
…
188
183
179
176173
170
168
167
…
…
188
183
179
176173
170
168
167
…
…
188
183
179
176173
170
168
167
…
…
188
183
179
176173
170
168
167
…
…
188
183
179
176173
170
168
167
…
…
197
193
189
185182
180
177
177
…
…
197
193
189
185182
180177
177
…
…
…
…
140
137
135
133132
131129
128
…
…
140
137
135
133132
131129
128
…
…
140
137
135
133132
131129
128
202
197
192
188184
180176
176
…
…
202
197
192
188184
180176
176
…
…
202
197
192
188184
180176
176
…
…
…
…
194
188
184
180177
175174
173
…
…
194
188
184
180177
175174
173
…
…
194
188
184
180177
175174
173
197
193
190
188186
184182
180
…
…
197
193
190
188186
184182
180
…
…
197
193
190
188186
184182
180
…
…
207
207
207
207207
207206
206
…
…
207
207
207
207207
207206
206
…
…
234
234
234
234234
234234
234
…
…
234
234
234
234234
234234
234
…
…
234
234
234
234234
…
…
233231
230
234
234
234
234234
…
…
233231
230
234
234
234
234234
…
…
233231
230
265
262
260
257255
252251
249
247
245
265
262
260
257255
252251
249
247
245
207
207
203
199197
196195
195
195
195
207
207
203
199197
196195
195
195
195
207
207
203
199197
196195
195
195
195
169
165
163
161159
157156
155
…
…
169
165
163
161159
157156
155
…
…
169
165
163
161159
157156
155
…
…
51.6
51.6
51.6
51.551.2
50.749.9
41.4
33.1
27.4
51.6
51.6
51.6
51.551.2
50.749.9
41.4
33.1
27.4
68.9
68.9
68.9
……
……
…
…
…
91.9
91.9
91.9
……
……
…
…
…
115
115
113
110108
105104
102
100
98.6
115
115
113
110108
105104
102
100
98.6
129
129
127
125122
121119
119
…
…
101
101
101
101100
99.698.6
79.7
59.9
55.2
138
135
134
132131
130129
128
128
127
138
138
138
138138
138138
138
138
138
…
140
137
133
130125
122119
116
113
161
161
161
161161
160159
158
157
156
161
161
161
161161
160157
156
…
…
…
…
151
148
146
143141
138136
136
160
158
156
154153
152151
150
149
136
152
148
145
142140
138137
137
…
…
161
161
161
161161
161161
161
161
84.8
161
161
161
161161
161161
161
161
84.8
160
160
160
160160
160160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160160
160160
160
160
160
161
160
159
158156
136102
63.8
33.5
27.6
170
166
163
160158
156154
153
153
152
158
155
152
149146
144141
140
…
…
184
184
184
184182
180178
176
…
…
183
177
172
169165
162159
157
156
155
243
241
238
236233
231230
228
227
225
207
207
203
199197
196195
195
195
195
197
193
189
185182
180177
177
…
…
…
…
140
137
135
133132
131129
128
188
183
179
176173
170168
167
…
…
188
183
179
176173
170168
167
…
…
202
197
192
188184
180176
176
…
…
…
…
194
188
184
180177
175174
173
197
193
190
188186
184182
180
…
…
207
207
207
207207
207206
206
…
…
230
230
230
230230
230229
229
…
…
239
525
154
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
242
242
195
195
195
…
…
…
22.8
22.8
…
…
97.1
97.1
…
…
127
138
…
155
…
…
132
…
58.4
58.4
…
…
…
151
…
…
154
222
195
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
550
143
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
215
215
195
195
195
…
…
…
18.7
18.7
…
…
95.9
96.1
…
…
126
136
…
153
…
…
130
…
39.7
39.7
…
…
…
151
…
…
143
215
195
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
575
118
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
194
194
183
183
183
…
…
…
15.6
15.6
…
…
91.8
94.1
…
…
…
107
…
…
…
…
…
…
27.0
27.0
…
…
…
151
…
…
118
194
183
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
234
234
234
234234
234234
234
…
…
234
234
234
234234
…
…
233231
230
169
165
163
161159
157156
155
…
…
43.2
43.2
43.1
42.942.6
42.141.5
40.7
33.1
27.4
43.2
43.2
43.1
42.942.6
42.141.5
40.7
33.1
27.4
70.0
…
…
……
……
…
…
…
68.9
68.9
68.9
……
……
…
…
…
115
115
113
110
108
105
104
102
100
98.6
115
115
113
110
108
105
104
102
100
98.7
115
115
113
110
108
105
104
102
100
98.6
115
115
113
110
108
105
104
102
100
98.7
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
89.8
89.0
88.0
79.7
59.9
55.2
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
89.8
89.0
88.0
79.7
59.9
55.2
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
84.8
…
…
151
148
146
143
141
138
136
136
…
…
151
148
146
143
141
138
136
136
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
161
161
161
161
161
160
157
156
…
…
161
161
161
161
161
160
157
156
…
…
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
161
84.8
161
161
161
161
161
160
159
158
157
156
160
160
160
160
160
159
158
157
156
156
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
170
166
163
160
158
156
154
153
153
152
170
166
163
160
158
156
154
153
153
152
173
169
165
162
160
158
157
155
154
135
158
155
152
149
146
144
141
141
…
…
158
155
152
149
146
144
141
141
…
…
183
177
172
169
165
162
159
157
156
155
183
177
172
169
165
162
159
157
156
155
183
177
172
169
165
162
159
157
156
155
207
207
207
207
207
207
206
206
…
…
197
193
189
185
182
180
177
177
…
…
197
193
189
185
182
180
177
177
…
…
197
193
189
185
182
180
177
177
…
…
…
…
140
137
135
133
132
131
129
128
…
…
140
137
135
133
132
131
129
128
…
…
140
137
135
133
132
131
129
128
202
197
192
188
184
180
176
176
…
…
202
197
192
188
184
180
176
176
…
…
…
…
194
188
184
180
177
175
174
173
…
…
194
188
184
180
177
175
174
173
…
…
194
188
184
180177
175174
173
197
193
190
188186
184182
180
…
…
197
193
190
188186
184182
180
…
…
197
193
190
188186
184182
180
…
…
265
262
260
257255
252251
249
247
245
234
234
234
234234
234234
234
…
…
234
234
234
234234
…
…
233231
230
234
234
234
234234
…
…
233231
230
234
234
234
234234
…
…
233231
230
207
207
203
199197
196195
195
195
195
207
207
203
199197
196195
195
195
195
169
165
163
161159
157156
155
…
…
169
165
163
161159
157156
155
…
…
169
165
163
161159
157156
155
…
…
68.9
68.9
68.9
……
……
…
…
…
68.9
68.9
68.9
……
……
…
…
…
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.489.8
89.088.0
79.7
59.9
55.2
115
115
113
110108
105104
102
100
98.6
115
115
113
110108
105104
102
100
98.7
138
138
138
138138
138138
138
138
138
129
129
127
125122
121119
119
…
…
138
135
134
132131
130129
128
128
127
161
161
161
161161
160159
158
157
156
160
160
160
160160
160160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160160
160160
160
160
160
160
158
156
154153
152151
150
149
136
…
…
151
148
146
143141
138136
136
158
155
152
149146
144141
141
…
…
161
160
159
158156
136102
63.8
33.5
17.0
…
…
140
137
135
133132
131129
128
170
166
163
160158
156154
153
153
152
240
525
…
…
…
22.8
22.8
…
…
97.1
97.1
97.1
97.1
…
…
58.4
…
…
138
138
…
…
58.4
155
154
…
151
151
134
…
…
154
154
154
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
242
…
…
…
…
195
195
…
…
…
…
…
…
97.1
97.1
137
…
127
155
…
…
132
…
…
13.0
…
151
550
…
…
…
18.7
18.7
…
…
95.9
96.1
95.9
96.1
…
…
39.7
…
…
136
136
…
…
39.7
153
151
…
151
151
133
…
…
143
143
143
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
215
…
…
…
…
195
195
…
…
…
…
…
…
95.9
96.1
131
…
126
153
…
…
130
…
…
…
…
151
575
…
…
…
15.6
15.6
…
…
91.8
94.1
91.8
94.1
…
…
27.0
…
…
107
107
…
…
27.0
…
…
…
151
151
129
…
…
118
118
118
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
194
…
…
…
…
183
183
…
…
…
…
…
…
91.8
94.1
108
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
151
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
184
184
184
184182
180178
178
…
…
183
177
172
169165
162159
157
156
155
197
193
190
188186
184182
180
…
…
230
230
230
230230
230230
228
227
225
265
262
260
257255
252251
249
247
245
207
207
203
199197
196195
195
195
195
202
197
192
188184
180176
176
…
…
…
…
194
188
184
180177
175174
173
234
234
234
234234
…
…
233231
230
169
165
163
161159
157156
155
…
…
184
…
…
……
……
…
…
…
165
165
165
165165
165165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165165
165165
165
165
165
525
…
154
…
222
242
195
…
…
…
…
…
165
165
550
…
143
…
215
215
195
…
…
…
…
…
157
157
575
…
118
…
194
194
183
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
675
700
725
750
775
800
825
600
625
650
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.9
10.0
8.27
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.9
10.0
8.27
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.9
10.0
8.27
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.9
10.0
8.27
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
83.8
63.9
44.7
29.8
15.5
11.7
8.68
7.20
6.25
5.11
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
19.2
15.0
13.8
75.7
62.6
50.6
41.2
33.6
27.7
22.6
18.3
15.0
11.9
75.7
62.6
50.6
41.2
33.6
27.7
22.6
18.3
15.0
11.9
84.5
69.5
56.7
46.8
38.5
31.5
25.5
20.7
17.0
13.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
83.8
63.9
44.7
29.8
15.5
11.7
8.68
7.20
6.25
5.11
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
19.2
15.0
13.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
19.2
15.0
13.8
83.8
63.9
44.7
29.8
15.5
11.7
8.68
7.20
6.25
5.11
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
19.2
15.0
13.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
19.2
15.0
13.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
117
96.2
79.3
65.6
54.4
45.0
37.2
30.6
25.1
20.5
117
96.2
79.3
65.6
54.4
45.0
37.2
30.6
25.1
20.5
117
96.2
79.3
65.6
54.4
45.0
37.2
30.6
25.1
20.5
117
96.2
79.3
65.6
54.4
45.0
37.2
30.6
25.1
20.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
115
94.2
77.3
64.9
54.7
44.7
36.1
29.2
23.6
20.7
241
850
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.03
9.03
11.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
16.5
16.5
16.5
16.5
…
…
875
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
7.35
7.35
9.33
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
…
…
900
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.86
5.86
7.58
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
675
700
725
750
775
800
825
600
625
650
115
94.2
77.3
64.9
54.7
44.7
36.1
29.2
23.6
20.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
99.1
81.6
67.0
54.6
42.2
…
…
…
…
…
99.1
81.6
67.0
54.6
42.2
…
…
…
…
…
99.1
81.6
67.0
54.6
42.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
156
136
91.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
156
136
91.0
153
128
107
89.7
74.7
61.9
50.8
41.1
32.6
25.2
153
128
107
89.7
74.7
61.9
50.8
41.1
32.6
25.2
153
128
107
89.7
74.7
61.9
50.8
41.1
32.6
25.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.9
10.0
8.27
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.9
10.0
8.27
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
75.7
62.6
50.6
41.2
33.6
27.7
22.6
18.3
15.0
11.9
85.5
69.3
56.8
46.8
38.6
31.5
25.5
20.6
17.1
13.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
83.8
63.9
44.7
29.8
15.5
11.7
8.68
7.20
6.25
5.11
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
19.2
15.0
13.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
19.2
15.0
13.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
117
96.2
79.3
65.6
54.4
45.0
37.2
30.6
25.1
20.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
99.1
81.6
67.0
54.6
42.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
156
136
91.0
153
128
107
89.7
74.7
61.9
50.8
41.1
32.6
25.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
242
850
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
18.9
18.9
18.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.03
10.7
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
16.5
…
…
…
…
18.9
…
…
…
875
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
13.8
13.8
13.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
7.35
7.98
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
13.0
…
…
…
…
13.8
…
…
…
900
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
10.2
10.2
10.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.86
6.20
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.8
…
…
…
…
10.2
…
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
675
700
725
750
775
800
825
600
625
650
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.9
10.0
8.27
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12.9
10.0
8.27
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
75.7
62.6
50.6
41.2
33.6
27.7
22.6
18.3
15.0
11.9
85.5
69.3
56.8
46.8
38.6
31.5
25.5
20.6
17.1
13.8
75.7
62.6
50.6
41.2
33.6
27.7
22.6
18.3
15.0
11.9
85.5
69.3
56.8
46.8
38.6
31.5
25.5
20.6
17.1
13.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
19.2
15.0
13.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
83.8
63.9
44.7
29.8
15.5
11.7
8.68
7.20
6.25
5.11
83.8
63.9
44.7
29.8
15.5
11.7
8.68
7.20
6.25
5.11
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
19.2
15.0
13.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
117
96.2
79.3
65.6
54.4
45.0
37.2
30.6
25.1
20.5
117
96.2
79.3
65.6
54.4
45.0
37.2
30.6
25.1
20.5
115
94.2
77.3
64.9
54.7
44.7
36.1
29.2
23.6
19.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
99.1
81.6
67.0
54.6
42.2
…
…
…
…
…
99.1
81.6
67.0
54.6
42.2
…
…
…
…
…
99.1
81.6
67.0
54.6
42.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
156
136
91.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
153
128
107
89.7
74.7
61.9
50.8
41.1
32.6
25.2
153
128
107
89.7
74.7
61.9
50.8
41.1
32.6
25.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
75.7
62.6
50.6
41.2
33.6
27.7
22.6
18.3
15.0
11.9
85.5
69.3
56.8
46.8
38.6
31.5
25.5
20.6
17.1
13.8
85.0
64.4
44.8
30.0
15.5
11.3
8.82
6.98
6.43
5.00
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
243
850
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.03
10.2
9.03
10.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
16.5
16.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
18.9
18.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.03
10.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
875
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
7.35
7.98
7.35
7.98
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
13.0
13.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
13.8
13.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
7.35
7.98
…
…
…
…
…
…
900
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.86
6.20
5.86
6.20
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9.8
9.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
10.2
10.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
5.86
6.20
…
…
…
…
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
675
700
725
750
775
800
825
600
625
650
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
117
96.2
79.3
65.6
54.4
45.0
37.2
30.6
25.1
20.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
99.1
81.6
67.0
54.6
42.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
156
136
91.0
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
156
136
91.0
153
128
107
89.7
74.7
61.9
50.8
41.1
32.6
25.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
850
…
…
…
…
…
16.5
…
…
…
…
…
18.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
875
…
…
…
…
…
13.0
…
…
…
…
…
13.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
900
…
…
…
…
…
9.8
…
…
…
…
…
10.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Class/
Min. Min. Tensile Min. Yield
Type/
Condition/
Temp. 最 Strength最低 Strength最
Nominal
Temper級別/
Composition
Product Form
Spec. No. Grade類型/
低溫度, 抗拉強度, 低降服強度
P-No.
標稱成分
產品形式
規範號
等級
Line No.
UNS No. 條件/热处理
(5)
Notes
°C (6)
MPa
, MPa
1
Ti
Smls. & wld. tube
B338
1
R50250
Annealed
51
…
−59
240
138
2
Ti
Smls. pipe
B861
1
R50250
Annealed
51
…
−59
240
138
3
Ti
Wld. pipe
B862
1
R50250
Annealed
51
…
−59
240
138
4
Ti
Smls. & wld. tube
B338
2
R50400
Annealed
51
…
−59
345
275
5
Ti
Smls. pipe
B861
2
R50400
Annealed
51
…
−59
345
275
6
Ti
Wld. pipe
B862
2
R50400
Annealed
51
…
−59
345
275
7
Ti
Smls. & wld. tube
B338
3
R50550
Annealed
52
…
−59
450
380
8
Ti
Smls. pipe
B861
3
R50550
Annealed
52
…
−59
450
380
9
Ti
Wld. pipe
B862
3
R50550
Annealed
52
…
−59
450
380
10
Ti–Pd
Smls. & wld. tube
B338
7
R52400
Annealed
51
…
−59
345
275
11
Ti–Pd
Smls. pipe
B861
7
R52400
Annealed
51
…
−59
345
275
12
Ti–Pd
Wld. pipe
B862
7
R52400
Annealed
51
…
−59
345
275
13
Ti–0.3Mo–0.8Ni Smls. & wld. tube
B338
12
R53400
Annealed
52
…
−59
485
345
14
Ti–0.3Mo–0.8Ni Smls. pipe
B861
12
R53400
Annealed
52
…
−59
485
345
15
Ti–0.3Mo–0.8Ni Wld. pipe
B862
12
R53400
Annealed
52
…
−59
485
345
16
Ti
Plate, sheet, strip
B265
1
R50250
Annealed
51
…
−59
240
138
17
Ti
Plate, sheet, strip
B265
2
R50400
Annealed
51
…
−59
345
275
18
Ti
Plate, sheet, strip
B265
3
R50550
Annealed
52
…
−59
450
380
19
Ti–Pd
Plate, sheet, strip
B265
7
R52400
Annealed
51
…
−59
345
275
20
Ti–0.3Mo–0.8Ni Plate, sheet, strip
B265
12
R53400
Annealed
52
…
−59
485
345
21
Ti
Fittings
B363
WPT1
R50250
Annealed
51
…
−59
240
138
22
Ti
Forgings
B381
F-1
R50250
Annealed
51
…
−59
240
138
23
Ti
Fittings
B363
WPT2
R50400
Annealed
51
…
−59
345
275
24
Ti
Forgings
B381
F-2
R50400
Annealed
51
…
−59
345
275
25
Ti
Fittings
B363
WPT3
R50550
Annealed
52
…
−59
450
380
26
Ti
Forgings
B381
F-3
R50550
Annealed
52
…
−59
450
380
27
Ti–Pd
Fittings
B363
WPT7
R52400
Annealed
51
…
−59
345
275
28
Ti–Pd
Forgings
B381
F-7
R52400
Annealed
51
…
−59
345
275
29
Ti–0.3Mo–0.8Ni Fittings
B363
WPT12
R53400
Annealed
52
…
−59
485
345
30
Ti–0.3Mo–0.8Ni Forgings
B381
F-12
R53400
Annealed
52
…
−59
485
345
31
Ti
Bar
B348
1
R50250
Annealed
51
…
−59
240
138
32
Ti
Bar
B348
2
R50400
Annealed
51
…
−59
345
275
33
Ti
Bar
B348
3
R50550
Annealed
52
…
−59
450
380
34
Ti–Pd
Bar
B348
7
R52400
Annealed
51
…
−59
345
275
35
Ti–0.3Mo–0.8Ni Bar
B348
12
R53400
Annealed
52
…
−59
485
345
36
Ti
Castings
B367
C-2
R52550
…
51
(14)(44) −59
345
275
37
Ti
Castings
B367
C-3
R52550
…
52
(14)(44) −59
450
380
38
Ti–Pd
Castings
B367
C-7
R52700
…
51
(14)(44) −59
345
275
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
244
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Line No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Max. Use
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Temp. 最高使
Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
用溫度, °C
40
65
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
316
80.3
73.8
62.4
55.5
49.4
43.4
38.3
33.9
30.2
27.3
25.2
316
80.3
73.8
62.4
55.5
49.4
43.4
38.3
33.9
30.2
27.3
25.2
316
80.3
73.8
62.4
55.5
49.4
43.4
38.3
33.9
30.2
27.3
25.2
316
115
108
98.3
90.7
83.0
77.5
72.0
67.3
62.7
58.7
54.7
316
115
108
98.3
90.7
83.0
77.5
72.0
67.3
62.7
58.7
54.7
316
115
108
98.3
90.7
83.0
77.5
72.0
67.3
62.7
58.7
54.7
316
149
139
124
113
102
93.3
84.7
77.7
70.7
66.2
61.7
316
149
139
124
113
102
93.3
84.7
77.7
70.7
66.2
61.7
316
149
139
124
113
102
93.3
84.7
77.7
70.7
66.2
61.7
316
115
108
98.3
90.7
83.0
77.5
72.0
67.3
62.7
58.7
54.7
316
115
108
98.3
90.7
83.0
77.5
72.0
67.3
62.7
58.7
54.7
316
115
108
98.3
90.7
83.0
77.5
72.0
67.3
62.7
58.7
54.7
316
161
156
148
139
130
123
116
111
106
104
101
316
161
156
148
139
130
123
116
111
106
104
101
316
161
156
148
139
130
123
116
111
106
104
101
316
80.3
73.8
62.4
55.5
49.4
43.4
38.3
33.9
30.2
27.3
25.2
316
115
108
98.3
90.7
83.0
77.5
72.0
67.3
62.7
58.7
54.7
316
149
139
124
113
102
93.3
84.7
77.7
70.7
66.2
61.7
316
115
108
98.3
90.7
83.0
77.5
72.0
67.3
62.7
58.7
54.7
316
161
156
148
139
130
123
116
111
106
104
101
316
80.3
73.8
62.4
55.5
49.4
43.4
38.3
33.9
30.2
27.3
25.2
316
80.3
73.8
62.4
55.5
49.4
43.4
38.3
33.9
30.2
27.3
25.2
316
115
108
98.3
90.7
83.0
77.5
72.0
67.3
62.7
58.7
54.7
316
115
108
98.3
90.7
83.0
77.5
72.0
67.3
62.7
58.7
54.7
316
149
139
124
113
102
93.3
84.7
77.7
70.7
66.2
61.7
316
149
139
124
113
102
93.3
84.7
77.7
70.7
66.2
61.7
316
115
108
98.3
90.7
83.0
77.5
72.0
67.3
62.7
58.7
54.7
316
115
108
98.3
90.7
83.0
77.5
72.0
67.3
62.7
58.7
54.7
316
161
156
148
139
130
123
116
111
106
104
101
316
161
156
148
139
130
123
116
111
106
104
101
316
80.3
73.8
62.4
55.5
49.4
43.4
38.3
33.9
30.2
27.3
25.2
316
115
108
98.3
90.7
83.0
77.5
72.0
67.3
62.7
58.7
54.7
316
149
139
124
113
102
93.3
84.7
77.7
70.7
66.2
61.7
316
115
108
98.3
90.7
83.0
77.5
72.0
67.3
62.7
58.7
54.7
316
161
156
148
139
130
123
116
111
106
104
101
260
115
106
92.7
85.3
78.0
72.2
66.3
61.5
56.7
52.0
…
260
149
139
124
113
102
93.3
84.7
77.7
70.7
65.3
…
260
115
106
92.7
85.3
78.0
72.2
66.3
61.5
56.7
52.0
…
325
23.7
23.7
23.7
50.7
50.7
50.7
57.7
57.7
57.7
50.7
50.7
50.7
98.3
98.3
98.3
23.7
50.7
57.7
50.7
98.3
23.7
23.7
50.7
50.7
57.7
57.7
50.7
50.7
98.3
98.3
23.7
50.7
57.7
50.7
98.3
…
…
…
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Line No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Min. Tensile
Min. Yield
Max. Use
Nominal
Composition
Product Form
Spec. No.
Min. Temp. 最 Strength最低抗拉 Strength最低降服 Temp. 最高使
標稱成分
產品形式
規範號 UNS No.
低溫度, °C (6)
強度, MPa
強度, MPa
用溫度, °C
P-No. (5) Notes
99.2Zr
Smls & wld. tube
B523
R60702
61
…
−59
380
205371
99.2Zr
Smls. & wld. pipe
B658
R60702
61
…
−59
380
205371
95.5Zr + 2.5Nb
Smls. & wld. pipe
B658
R60705
62
(73)
−59
550
380371
99.2Zr
Plate, sheet, strip
B551
R60702
61
…
−59
380
205371
95.5Zr + 2.5Nb
Plate, sheet, strip
B551
R60705
62
(73)
−59
550
380371
99.2Zr
Forgings
B493
R60702
61
…
−59
380
205371
99.2Zr
Bar, wire
B550
R60702
61
…
−59
380
205371
95.5Zr + 2.5Nb
Forgings
B493
R60705
62
(73)
−59
485
380380
95.5Zr + 2.5Nb
Bar, wire
B550
R60705
62
(73)
−59
550
380371
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Line No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
40
65
100
126
119
103
126
119
103
184
169
149
126
119
103
184
169
149
126
119
103
126
119
103
161
148
130
125
92.4
92.4
139
92.4
139
92.4
92.4
122
150
82.5
82.5
130
82.5
130
82.5
82.5
114
175
73.6
73.6
123
73.6
123
73.6
73.6
108
200
65.7
65.7
116
65.7
116
65.7
65.7
101
245
225
58.8
58.8
111
58.8
111
58.8
58.8
97.1
250
52.8
52.8
106
52.8
106
52.8
52.8
92.7
275
47.8
47.8
101
47.8
101
47.8
47.8
88.4
300
43.7
43.7
97.6
43.7
97.6
43.7
43.7
85.4
325
40.4
40.4
94.6
40.4
94.6
40.4
40.4
82.8
350
37.8
37.8
92.4
37.8
92.4
37.8
37.8
80.8
375
36.1
36.1
91.0
36.1
91.0
36.1
36.1
79.6
9
184
169
149
139
130
123
116
111
106
101
97.6
94.6
92.4
91.0
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Nominal Composition
Product Form
標稱成分
產品形式
Line No.
1
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
2
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
3
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
4
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
5
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
6
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
7
99.60Al
Smls. pipe & tube
8
99.60Al
Smls. pipe & tube
9
99.60Al
Smls. pipe & tube
10
99.60Al
Smls. pipe & tube
11
99.60Al
Smls. pipe & tube
12
99.60Al
Smls. pipe & tube
13
99.60Al
Smls. pipe & tube
14
99.0Al–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
15
99.0Al–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
16
99.0Al–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
17
99.0Al–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
18
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
19
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
20
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
21
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
22
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
23
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
24
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
25
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
26
Al–Mn–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
27
Al–2.5Mg
Smls. pipe & tube
28
Al–2.5Mg
Smls. pipe & tube
29
Al–2.5Mg
Smls. pipe & tube
30
Al–2.5Mg
Smls. pipe & tube
31
Al–4.4Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
32
Al–4.4Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
33
Al–4.4Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
34
Al–4.4Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
35
Al–4.0Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
36
Al–4.0Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
37
Al–4.0Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
38
Al–4.0Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
39
Al–4.0Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
40
Al–4.0Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
41
Al–3.5Mg
Smls. pipe & tube
42
Al–3.5Mg
Smls. pipe & tube
43
Al–2.7Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
44
Al–2.7Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
45
Al–5.1Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
46
Al–5.1Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
47
Al–5.1Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
48
Al–5.1Mg–Mn
Smls. pipe & tube
49
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
50
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
51
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
52
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
53
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
54
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
55
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
56
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Smls. pipe & tube
57
Al–Mg–Si
Smls. pipe & tube
58
Al–Mg–Si
Smls. pipe & tube
59
Al–Mg–Si
Smls. pipe & tube
60
Al–Mg–Si
Smls. pipe & tube
61
Al–Mg–Si
Smls. pipe & tube
62
Al–Mg–Si
Smls. pipe & tube
63
Al–Mg–Si
Smls. pipe & tube
64
Al–Mg–Si
Smls. pipe & tube
65
Al–Mg–Si
Smls. pipe & tube
66
Al–Mg–Si
Smls. pipe & tube
67
Al–Mg–Si
Smls. pipe & tube
68
Al–Mn–Cu
Structural tube
69
Al–Mn–Cu
Structural tube
70
99.0Al
Structural tube
71
99.0Al
Structural tube
Spec. No. Type/ Grade類型/
Class/ Condition/ Temper Size規格,
規範號
等級
級別/條件/热处理
UNS No.
mm
B210
Alclad 3003
A83003O
…
B210
Alclad 3003
A83003H112
…
B241
Alclad 3003
A83003O
…
B241
Alclad 3003
A83003H112
…
B210
Alclad 3003
A83003H14
…
B210
Alclad 3003
A83003H18
…
B210
1060
A91060O
…
B210
1060
A91060H112
…
B210
1060
A91060H113
…
B241
1060
A91060O
…
B241
1060
A91060H112
…
B241
1060
A91060H113
…
B210
1060
A91060H14
…
B241
1100
A91100O
…
B241
1100
A91100H112
…
B210
1100
A91100H113
…
B210
1100
A91100H14
…
B210
3003
A93003O
…
B210
3003
A93003H112
…
B241
3003
A93003O
…
B241
3003
A93003H112
…
B491
3003
A93003O
…
B491
3003
A93003H112
…
B210
3003
A93003H14
…
B210
3003
A93003H18
…
B241
3003
A93003H18
…
B210
5052
A95052O
…
B241
5052
A95052O
…
B210
5052
A95052H32
…
B210
5052
A95052H34
…
B210
5083
A95083O
…
B210
5083
A95083H112
…
B241
5083
A95083O
…
B241
5083
A95083H112
…
B210
5086
A95086O
…
B210
5086
A95086H112
…
B241
5086
A95086O
…
B241
5086
A95086H112
…
B210
5086
A95086
H32
…
B210
5086
A95086
H34
…
B210
5154
A95154
0
…
B210
5154
A95154
H34
…
B241
5454
A95454
O
…
B241
5454
A95454
H112
…
B210
5456
A95456
O
…
B210
5456
A95456
H112
…
B241
5456
A95456
O
…
B241
5456
A95456
H112
…
B210
6061
A96061
T4 wld.
…
B210
6061
A96061
T6 wld.
…
B241
6061
A96061
T4 wld.
…
B241
6061
A96061
T6 wld.
…
B241
6061
A96061
T4
…
B210
6061
A96061
T4
…
B241
6061
A96061
T6
…
B210
6061
A96061
T6
…
B210
6063
A96063
T4 wld.
…
B210
6063
A96063
T5 wld.
…
B210
6063
A96063
T6 wld.
…
B241
6063
A96063
T4 wld.
…
B241
6063
A96063
T5 wld.
…
B241
6063
A96063
T6 wld.
…
B241
6063
A96063
T4
≤13
B210
6063
A96063
T4
…
B241
6063
A96063
T5
≤13
B241
6063
A96063
T6
…
B210
6063
A96063
T6
…
B221
Alclad 3003
A83003
O
…
B221
Alclad 3003
A83003
H112
…
B221
1060
A91060
O
…
B221
1060
A91060
H112
…
246
P-No. (5)
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
22
22
22
22
25
25
25
25
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
21
21
21
21
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Nominal Composition
Product Form
標稱成分
產品形式
Line No.
72
99.0Al–Cu
Structural tube
73
99.0Al–Cu
Structural tube
74
Al–Mn–Cu
Structural tube
75
Al–Mn–Cu
Structural tube
76
Al–2.5Mg
Structural tube
77
Al–4.4Mg–Mn
Structural tube
78
Al–4.0Mg–Mn
Structural tube
79
Al–3.5Mg
Structural tube
80
Al–2.7Mg–Mn
Structural tube
81
Al–5.1Mg–Mn
Structural tube
82
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Structural tube
83
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Structural tube
84
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Structural tube
85
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Structural tube
86
Al–Mg–Si
Structural tube
87
Al–Mg–Si
Structural tube
88
Al–Mg–Si
Structural tube
89
Al–Mg–Si
Structural tube
90
Al–Mg–Si
Structural tube
91
Al–Mg–Si
Structural tube
92
Al–Mn–Cu
Plate & sheet
93
Al–Mn–Cu
Plate & sheet
94
Al–Mn–Cu
Plate & sheet
95
Al–Mn–Cu
Plate & sheet
96
Al–Mn–Cu
Plate & sheet
97
Al–Mn–Cu
Plate & sheet
98
Al–Mn–Cu
Plate & sheet
99
Al–Mn–Mg
Plate & sheet
100
Al–Mn–Mg
Plate & sheet
101
Al–Mn–Mg
Plate & sheet
102
Al–Mn–Mg
Plate & sheet
103
Al–Mn–Mg
Plate & sheet
104
Al–Mn–Mg
Plate & sheet
105
Al–Mn–Mg
Plate & sheet
106
Al–Mn–Mg
Plate & sheet
107
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Plate & sheet
108
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Plate & sheet
109
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Plate & sheet
110
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Plate & sheet
111
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Plate & sheet
112
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Plate & sheet
113
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Plate & sheet
114
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Plate & sheet
115
99.60Al
Plate & sheet
116
99.60Al
Plate & sheet
117
99.60Al
Plate & sheet
118
99.60Al
Plate & sheet
119
99.0Al–Cu
Plate & sheet
120
99.0Al–Cu
Plate & sheet
121
99.0Al–Cu
Plate & sheet
122
99.0Al–Cu
Plate & sheet
123
Al–Mn–Cu
Plate & sheet
124
Al–Mn–Cu
Plate & sheet
125
Al–Mn–Cu
Plate & sheet
126
Al–Mn–Cu
Plate & sheet
127
Al–Mn–Mg
Plate & sheet
128
Al–Mn–Mg
Plate & sheet
129
Al–Mn–Mg
Plate & sheet
130
Al–Mn–Mg
Plate & sheet
131
Al–1.5Mg
Plate & sheet
132
Al–1.5Mg
Plate & sheet
133
Al–1.5Mg
Plate & sheet
134
Al–1.5Mg
Plate & sheet
135
Al–2.5Mg
Plate & sheet
136
Al–2.5Mg
Plate & sheet
137
Al–2.5Mg
Plate & sheet
138
Al–2.5Mg
Plate & sheet
139
Al–4.4Mg–Mn
Plate & sheet
140
Al–4.4Mg–Mn
Plate & sheet
141
Al–4.0Mg–Mn
Plate & sheet
142
Al–4.0Mg–Mn
Plate & sheet
143
Al–4.0Mg–Mn
Plate & sheet
144
Al–4.0Mg–Mn
Plate & sheet
145
Al–3.5Mg
Plate & sheet
Spec. No. Type/ Grade類型/
規範號
等級
UNS No.
B221
1100
A91100
B221
1100
A91100
B221
3003
A93003
B221
3003
A93003
B221
5052
A95052
B221
5083
A95083
B221
5086
A95086
B221
5154
A95154
B221
5454
A95454
B221
5456
A95456
B221
6061
A96061
B221
6061
A96061
B221
6061
A96061
B221
6061
A96061
B221
6063
A96063
B221
6063
A96063
B221
6063
A96063
B221
6063
A96063
B221
6063
A96063
B221
6063
A96063
B209
Alclad 3003
A83003
B209
Alclad 3003
A83003
B209
Alclad 3003
A83003
B209
Alclad 3003
A83003
B209
Alclad 3003
A83003
B209
Alclad 3003
A83003
B209
Alclad 3003
A83003
B209
Alclad 3004
A83004
B209
Alclad 3004
A83004
B209
Alclad 3004
A83004
B209
Alclad 3004
A83004
B209
Alclad 3004
A83004
B209
Alclad 3004
A83004
B209
Alclad 3004
A83004
B209
Alclad 3004
A83004
B209
Alclad 6061
A86061
B209
Alclad 6061
A86061
B209
Alclad 6061
A86061
B209
Alclad 6061
A86061
B209
Alclad 6061
A86061
B209
Alclad 6061
A86061
B209
Alclad 6061
A86061
B209
Alclad 6061
A86061
B209
1060
A91060
B209
1060
A91060
B209
1060
A91060
B209
1060
A91060
B209
1100
A91100
B209
1100
A91100
B209
1100
A91100
B209
1100
A91100
B209
3003
A93003
B209
3003
A93003
B209
3003
A93003
B209
3003
A93003
B209
3004
A93004
B209
3004
A93004
B209
3004
A93004
B209
3004
A93004
B209
5050
A95050
B209
5050
A95050
B209
5050
A95050
B209
5050
A95050
B209
5052
A95052
B209
5052
A95052
B209
5052
A95052
B209
5052
A95052
B209
5083
A95083
B209
5083
A95083
B209
5086
A95086
B209
5086
A95086
B209
5086
A95086
B209
5086
A95086
B209
5154
A95154
247
Class/ Condition/ Temper
級別/條件/热处理
O
H112
O
H112
O
O
O
O
O
O
T4 wld.
T6 wld.
T4
T6
T4 wld.
T5 wld.
T6 wld.
T4
T5
T6
O
O
H112
H12
H12
H14
H14
O
O
H112
H112
H32
H32
H34
H34
T4 wld.
T6 wld.
T4
T451
T451
T6
T651
T651
O
H112
H12
H14
O
H112
H12
H14
O
H112
H12
H14
O
H112
H32
H34
O
H112
H32
H34
O
H112
H32
H34
O
H32
O
H112
H32
H34
O
Size規格,
mm
P-No. (5)
…
21
…
21
…
21
…
21
…
22
…
25
…
25
…
22
…
22
…
25
…
23
…
23
…
23
…
23
…
23
…
23
…
23
≤13
23
≤13
23
…
23
≥0.15, <13 21
≥13, ≤75 21
≥13, ≤50 21
≥0.43, <13 21
≥13, ≤50 21
≥0.23, <13 21
≥13, ≤25 21
≥0.15, <13 22
≥13, ≤75 22
≥6, <13
22
≥13, ≤75 22
≥0.43, <13 22
≥13, ≤50 22
≥0.23, <13 22
≥13, ≤25 22
…
23
…
23
…
23
≥6, <13
23
≥13, ≤75 23
…
23
≥6, <13
23
≥13, ≤10023
…
21
≥13, ≤2521
…
21
…
21
…
21
≥13, ≤5021
…
21
…
21
…
21
≥13, ≤5021
…
21
…
21
…
22
…
22
…
22
…
22
…
21
…
21
…
21
…
21
…
22
≥13, ≤7522
…
22
…
22
≥1.3, ≤3825
≥5, ≤3825
…
25
≥13, ≤2525
…
25
…
25
…
22
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Nominal Composition
Product Form
標稱成分
產品形式
Line No.
146
Al–3.5Mg
Plate & sheet
147
Al–3.5Mg
Plate & sheet
148
Al–3.5Mg
Plate & sheet
149
Al–3.5Mg
Plate & sheet
150
Al–3.5Mg
Plate & sheet
151
Al–3.5Mg
Plate & sheet
152
Al–3.5Mg
Plate & sheet
153
Al–2.7Mg–Mn
Plate & sheet
154
Al–2.7Mg–Mn
Plate & sheet
155
Al–2.7Mg–Mn
Plate & sheet
156
Al–2.7Mg–Mn
Plate & sheet
157
Al–5.1Mg–Mn
Plate & sheet
158
Al–5.1Mg–Mn
Plate & sheet
159
Al–2.5Mg
Plate & sheet
160
Al–2.5Mg
Plate & sheet
161
Al–2.5Mg
Plate & sheet
162
Al–2.5Mg
Plate & sheet
163
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Plate & sheet
164
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Plate & sheet
165
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Plate & sheet
166
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Plate & sheet
167
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Plate & sheet
168
Al–Mn–Cu
Forgings & fittings
169
Al–Mn–Cu
Forgings & fittings
170
99.60Al
Forgings & fittings
171
99.60Al
Forgings & fittings
172
99.0Al–Cu
Forgings & fittings
173
99.0Al–Cu
Forgings & fittings
174
Al–Mn–Cu
Forgings & fittings
175
Al–Mn–Cu
Forgings & fittings
176
Al–Mn–Cu
Forgings & fittings
177
Al–Mn–Cu
Forgings & fittings
178
Al–Mn–Cu
Forgings & fittings
179
Al–Mn–Cu
Forgings & fittings
180
Al–Mn–Cu
Forgings & fittings
181
Al–4.4Mg–Mn
Forgings & fittings
182
Al–4.4Mg–Mn
Forgings & fittings
183
Al–3.5Mg
Forgings & fittings
184
Al–3.5Mg
Forgings & fittings
185
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Forgings & fittings
186
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Forgings & fittings
187
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Forgings & fittings
188
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Forgings & fittings
189
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Forgings & fittings
190
Al–Mg–Si–Cu
Forgings & fittings
191
Al–Mg–Si
Forgings & fittings
192
Al–Mg–Si
Forgings & fittings
193
Al–Mg–Si
Forgings & fittings
194
Al–Mg–Si
Forgings & fittings
195
Al–Si–Mg
Castings
196
Al–Si–Mg
Castings
197
Al–Si
Castings
Spec. No. Type/ Grade類型/
規範號
等級
UNS No.
B209
5154
A95154
B209
5154
A95154
B209
5154
A95154
B209
5254
A95254
B209
5254
A95254
B209
5254
A95254
B209
5254
A95254
B209
5454
A95454
B209
5454
A95454
B209
5454
A95454
B209
5454
A95454
B209
5456
A95456
B209
5456
A95456
B209
5652
A95652
B209
5652
A95652
B209
5652
A95652
B209
5652
A95652
B209
6061
A96061
B209
6061
A96061
B209
6061
A96061
B209
6061
A96061
B209
6061
A96061
B361
WP Alclad 3003 A83003
B361
WP Alclad 3003 A83003
B361
WP1060
A91060
B361
WP1060
A91060
B361
WP1100
A91100
B361
WP1100
A91100
B247
3003
A93003
B247
3003
A93003
B361
WP3003
A93003
B361
WP3003
A93003
B247
5083
A95083
B247
5083
A95083
B247
5083
A95083
B361
WP5083
A95083
B361
WP5083
A95083
B361
WP5154
A95154
B361
WP5154
A95154
B247
6061
A96061
B361
WP6061
A96061
B361
WP6061
A96061
B361
WP6061
A96061
B247
6061
A96061
B361
WP6061
A96061
B361
WP6063
A96063
B361
WP6063
A96063
B361
WP6063
A96063
B361
WP6063
A96063
B26
356.0
A03560
B26
356.0
A03560
B26
443.0
A04430
Class/ Condition/ Temper
級別/條件/热处理
Size規格,
mm
P-No. (5)
≥13, ≤7522
…
22
…
22
…
22
≥13, ≤7522
…
22
…
22
…
22
≥13, ≤7522
…
22
…
22
≥1.3, ≤3825
≥5, <1325
…
22
≥13, ≤7522
…
22
…
22
…
23
…
23
…
23
…
23
≥6, ≤10023
…
21
…
21
…
21
…
21
…
21
…
21
…
21
…
21
…
21
…
21
…
25
…
25
…
25
…
25
…
25
…
22
…
22
…
23
…
23
…
23
…
23
…
23
…
23
…
23
…
23
…
23
…
23
…
26
…
26
…
…
H112
H32
H34
O
H112
H32
H34
O
H112
H32
H34
O
H32
O
H112
H32
H34
T4 wld.
T6 wld.
T4
T6
T651
O
H112
O
H112
O
H112
H112
H112 wld.
O
H112
O
H112
H112 wld.
O
H112
O
H112
T6 wld.
T4 wld.
T6 wld.
T4
T6
T6
T4 wld.
T6 wld.
T4
T6
T71
T6
F
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应
Min. Yield
Min. Temp.
Max. Use
Min. Tensile Strength最低 Temp. 最高
力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Strength最低抗
Line No.
Notes
1
(14) (33)
2
(14) (33)
3
(14) (33)
4
(14) (33)
5
(14) (33)
6
(14) (33)
7
(14) (33)
8
(14) (33)
9
(14) (33)
10
(14) (33)
最低溫度,
降服強度, 使用溫度, Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
拉強度, MPa
40
65
100
°C (6)
MPa
°C
−269
90
31
204
20.7
19.9
19.3
−269
90
31
204
20.7
19.9
19.3
−269
90
31
204
20.7
19.9
19.3
−269
90
31
204
20.7
19.9
19.3
−269
131
110
204
43.7
43.7
43.7
−269
179
159
204
59.8
59.8
59.8
−269
59
17
204
11.5
11.5
10.9
−269
59
17
204
11.5
11.5
10.9
−269
59
17
204
11.5
11.5
10.9
−269
59
17
204
11.5
11.5
10.9
248
125
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
41.7
57.0
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
150
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
29.0
29.0
8.8
8.8
8.8
8.8
175
13.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
21.1
21.1
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
200
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
16.7
16.7
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
225
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
16.1
16.1
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应
Min. Yield
Min. Temp.
Line No.
Notes
11
(14) (33)
12
(14) (33)
13
(14) (33)
14
(14) (33)
15
(14) (33)
16
(14) (33)
17
(14) (33)
18
(14) (33)
19
(14) (33)
20
(14) (33)
21
(14) (33)
22
(14) (33)
23
(14) (33)
24
(14) (33)
25
(14) (33)
26
(14) (33)
27
(14)
28
(14)
29
(14) (33)
30
(14) (33)
31
(33)
32
(33)
33
(33)
34
(33)
35
(33)
36
(33)
37
(33)
38
(33)
39
(33)
40
(33)
41
…
42
(33)
43
(33)
44
(33)
45
(33)
46
(33)
47
(33)
48
(33)
49
(22) (63)
50
(22) (63)
51
(22) (63)
52
(22) (63)
53
(33) (63)
54
(33)
55
(33) (63)
56
(33)
57
…
58
…
59
…
60
…
61
…
62
…
63
(33)
64
(33)
65
(33)
66
(33)
67
(33)
68
(33) (69)
69
(33) (69)
70
(33) (69)
71
(33) (69)
72
(33) (69)
73
(33) (69)
74
(33) (69)
75
(33) (69)
76
(69)
77
(69)
78
(69)
79
(69)
80
(69)
81
(69)
82
(22) (63) (69)
Max. Use
力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Min. Tensile Strength最低 Temp. 最高
最低溫度,
°C (6)
Strength最低抗
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
59
59
83
76
76
76
110
97
97
97
97
97
97
138
186
186
172
172
214
234
269
269
269
269
241
241
241
241
276
303
207
269
214
214
283
283
283
283
165
165
165
165
179
207
262
290
117
117
117
117
117
117
131
152
152
207
228
90
90
59
59
76
76
97
97
172
269
241
207
214
283
165
拉強度, MPa
降服強度,
MPa
17
17
69
21
21
24
97
34
34
34
34
34
34
117
165
165
69
69
159
179
110
110
110
110
97
97
97
97
193
234
76
200
83
83
131
131
131
131
…
…
…
…
110
110
241
241
…
…
…
…
…
…
69
69
110
172
193
31
31
17
17
21
21
34
34
69
110
97
76
83
131
…
使用溫度, Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
40
65
°C
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
204
204
65
65
65
65
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
65
65
65
204
65
204
11.5
11.5
27.6
13.8
13.8
16.1
36.8
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
46.0
62.1
62.1
46.0
46.0
71.2
78.1
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
64.4
64.4
64.4
64.4
91.9
101.1
50.6
89.6
55.2
55.2
87.3
87.3
87.3
87.3
55.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
59.8
68.9
87.3
96.5
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.1
43.7
46.0
50.6
68.9
75.8
20.7
20.7
11.5
11.5
13.8
13.8
23.0
23.0
46.0
73.5
64.4
50.6
55.2
87.3
55.2
249
11.5
11.5
27.6
13.8
13.8
16.1
36.8
22.1
22.1
22.1
22.1
22.1
22.1
46.0
62.1
62.1
46.0
46.0
71.2
78.1
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
64.4
64.4
64.4
64.4
91.9
101.1
50.6
89.6
55.2
55.2
87.3
87.3
87.3
87.3
55.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
59.8
68.9
87.3
96.5
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.1
43.7
45.8
50.6
68.9
75.8
19.9
19.9
11.5
11.5
13.8
13.8
22.1
22.1
46.0
73.5
64.4
50.6
55.2
87.3
55.2
100
10.9
10.9
27.6
13.7
13.7
16.0
36.1
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
46.0
60.3
60.3
46.0
46.0
71.2
78.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
55.2
55.2
…
…
…
…
55.2
55.2
55.2
55.2
59.8
68.9
87.3
96.5
37.9
37.9
37.9
37.9
37.9
37.9
43.7
45.8
48.7
67.7
74.8
19.3
19.3
10.9
10.9
13.7
13.7
21.4
21.4
46.0
…
…
…
55.2
…
55.2
125
9.8
9.8
26.6
13.2
13.2
15.6
33.1
20.5
20.5
20.5
20.5
20.5
20.5
43.9
52.1
52.1
45.9
45.9
71.0
78.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
48.9
48.9
…
…
…
…
54.3
54.3
54.3
54.3
58.9
67.8
83.6
92.5
35.9
35.9
35.9
35.9
35.9
35.9
43.7
45.5
46.6
59.0
64.0
18.4
18.4
9.8
9.8
13.2
13.2
20.5
20.5
45.9
…
…
…
48.9
…
54.3
150
8.8
8.8
18.1
11.8
11.8
11.8
19.0
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
29.0
36.1
36.1
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
37.5
37.5
…
…
…
…
52.0
52.0
52.0
52.0
56.3
64.8
72.3
79.9
32.1
32.1
32.1
32.1
32.1
32.1
43.7
45.5
41.4
45.9
49.2
17.3
17.3
8.8
8.8
11.8
11.8
18.2
18.2
41.6
…
…
…
37.5
…
52.0
175
7.5
7.5
12.7
9.3
9.3
9.3
13.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
21.1
24.5
24.5
28.8
28.8
28.8
28.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
28.6
28.6
…
…
…
…
46.3
46.3
46.3
46.3
50.2
57.9
57.2
63.1
25.7
25.7
25.7
25.7
25.7
25.7
35.8
41.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
13.6
13.6
7.5
7.5
9.3
9.3
13.6
13.6
28.8
…
…
…
28.6
…
46.3
200
5.8
5.8
8.4
7.2
7.2
7.2
8.5
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
16.7
18.0
18.0
17.6
17.6
17.6
17.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.7
21.7
…
…
…
…
35.3
35.3
35.3
35.3
38.3
40.2
40.2
40.2
17.6
17.6
17.6
17.6
17.6
17.6
23.9
27.7
15.3
15.3
15.3
10.9
10.9
5.8
5.8
7.2
7.2
10.9
10.9
17.6
…
…
…
21.7
…
35.3
225
5.5
5.5
7.8
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.8
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
16.1
17.0
17.0
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
20.7
20.7
…
…
…
…
34.8
34.8
34.8
34.8
35.9
35.9
35.9
35.9
13.8
13.8
13.8
13.8
13.8
13.8
10.3
12.0
13.8
49.3
13.8
10.5
10.5
5.5
5.5
6.9
6.9
10.5
10.5
16.1
…
…
…
20.7
…
34.8
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应
Min. Yield
Min. Temp.
Line No.
Notes
83
(22) (63) (69)
84
(33) (63) (69)
85
(33) (63) (69)
86
(69)
87
(69)
88
(69)
89
(13) (33) (69)
90
(13) (33) (69)
91
(33) (69)
92
(66)
93
(68)
94
(33) (66)
95
(33) (66)
96
(33) (68)
97
(33) (66)
98
(33) (68)
99
(66)
100
(68)
101
(33) (66)
102
(33) (68)
103
(33) (66)
104
(33) (68)
105
(33) (66)
106
(33) (68)
107
(22) (63)
108
(22) (63)
109
(33) (66)
110
(33) (66)
111
(33) (68)
112
(33) (66)
113
(33) (66)
114
(33) (68)
115
…
116
(13) (33)
117
(33)
118
(33)
119
…
120
(13) (33)
121
(33)
122
(33)
123
…
124
(13) (33)
125
(33)
126
(33)
127
…
128
(33)
129
(33)
130
(33)
131
…
132
(33)
133
(33)
134
(33)
135
…
136
(13) (33)
137
(33)
138
(33)
139
(13)
140
(13) (33)
141
…
142
(13) (33)
143
(33)
144
(33)
145
…
146
(13) (33)
147
(33)
148
(33)
149
…
150
(13)(33)
151
(33)
152
(33)
153
…
154
(13)(33)
Max. Use
力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Min. Tensile Strength最低 Temp. 最高
最低溫度,
°C (6)
Strength最低抗
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
−269
165
179
262
117
117
117
131
152
207
90
97
103
110
117
131
138
145
152
152
159
186
193
214
221
165
165
186
186
207
262
262
290
55
69
76
83
76
83
97
110
97
103
117
138
152
159
193
221
124
138
152
172
172
172
214
234
276
303
241
241
276
303
207
207
248
269
207
207
248
269
214
214
拉強度, MPa
降服強度,
MPa
…
110
241
…
…
…
69
110
172
31
34
41
76
83
110
117
55
59
59
62
138
145
165
172
…
…
97
97
110
221
221
241
17
34
62
69
24
34
76
97
34
41
83
117
59
62
145
172
41
55
110
138
65
65
159
179
124
214
97
110
193
234
76
76
179
200
76
76
179
200
83
83
使用溫度, Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
40
65
°C
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
204
204
55.2
59.8
87.3
39.1
39.1
39.1
43.7
50.6
68.9
20.7
23.0
27.6
36.8
39.1
43.7
46.0
36.8
39.1
39.1
41.4
62.1
64.4
71.2
73.5
55.2
55.2
62.1
62.1
68.9
87.3
87.3
96.5
11.5
23.0
25.3
27.6
16.1
23.0
32.2
36.8
23.0
27.6
39.1
46.0
39.1
41.4
64.4
73.5
27.6
36.8
50.6
57.5
43.7
43.7
71.2
78.1
82.7
101.1
64.4
73.5
91.9
101.1
50.6
50.6
82.7
89.6
50.6
50.6
82.7
89.6
55.2
55.2
250
55.2
59.8
87.3
39.1
39.1
39.1
43.7
50.6
68.9
19.9
22.2
26.6
36.8
39.1
43.7
46.0
36.8
39.1
39.1
41.4
62.1
64.4
71.2
73.5
55.2
55.2
62.1
62.1
68.9
87.3
87.3
96.5
11.5
21.8
25.3
27.6
16.1
23.0
32.2
36.8
22.1
26.6
39.1
46.0
39.1
41.4
64.4
73.5
27.6
36.7
50.6
57.5
43.7
43.7
71.2
78.1
82.7
101.1
64.4
73.5
91.9
101.1
50.4
50.4
82.7
89.6
50.4
50.4
82.7
89.6
55.2
55.2
100
55.2
59.8
87.3
37.9
37.9
37.9
43.7
48.7
67.7
19.3
21.3
25.6
35.9
39.1
43.7
46.0
36.8
39.1
39.1
41.4
62.1
64.4
71.2
73.5
55.2
55.2
62.1
62.1
68.9
87.3
87.3
96.5
10.9
19.1
23.1
27.6
16.0
22.7
31.3
36.1
21.4
25.6
38.1
46.0
39.1
41.4
64.4
73.5
27.5
36.7
50.6
57.5
43.7
43.7
71.2
78.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
55.2
55.2
125
54.3
58.9
83.6
35.9
35.9
35.9
43.7
46.6
59.0
18.4
20.4
24.4
33.7
39.1
41.7
43.9
36.8
39.1
39.1
41.4
60.4
60.4
71.2
73.5
54.3
54.3
61.0
61.0
67.8
83.8
83.8
92.5
9.8
17.0
21.0
26.6
15.6
21.6
25.2
33.1
20.5
24.4
35.8
43.9
39.0
41.4
60.4
73.5
27.5
36.6
50.6
57.5
43.6
43.6
71.0
78.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
48.9
48.9
150
52.0
56.3
72.3
32.1
32.1
32.1
43.7
41.4
45.9
17.3
18.2
18.2
29.0
29.0
29.0
29.0
36.8
38.9
38.9
38.9
38.9
38.9
38.9
38.9
52.0
52.0
58.3
58.3
64.8
72.3
72.3
79.9
8.8
15.0
18.1
18.1
11.8
16.3
19.0
19.0
18.2
18.2
29.0
29.0
38.9
38.9
38.9
38.9
27.5
35.8
35.8
35.8
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
37.5
37.5
175
46.3
50.2
57.2
25.7
25.7
25.7
35.8
27.5
27.5
13.6
13.6
13.6
21.1
21.1
21.1
21.1
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
46.3
46.3
52.1
52.1
57.9
57.2
57.2
63.1
7.5
11.8
12.7
12.7
9.3
11.8
13.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
21.1
21.1
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
20.1
20.1
20.1
20.1
28.8
28.8
28.8
28.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
28.6
28.6
200
35.3
38.3
40.2
17.6
17.6
17.6
23.9
15.3
15.3
10.9
10.9
10.9
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
35.3
35.3
39.7
39.7
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
5.8
7.5
8.4
8.4
7.2
7.5
8.5
8.5
10.9
10.9
16.7
16.7
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
17.6
17.6
17.6
17.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
21.7
21.7
225
34.8
35.9
35.9
13.8
13.8
13.8
10.3
13.8
49.3
10.5
10.5
10.5
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
34.8
34.8
35.9
35.9
35.9
35.9
35.9
35.9
5.5
5.9
7.8
7.8
6.9
6.9
7.8
7.8
10.5
10.5
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
20.7
20.7
Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (SI Units) (Cont’d) 受拉金屬的基本許用應力 (續) (SI 單位)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
括號中的數字請參考附錄 A 表的註釋； 除非另有說明，否則規格為 ASTM
Basic Allowable Stress, S, MPa, at Metal Temperature金属温度下的基本许用应
Min. Yield
Min. Temp.
最低溫度,
Line No.
Notes
°C (6)
155
(33)
−269
156
(33)
−269
157
(13)
−269
158
(13)(33)
−269
159
…
−269
160
(13)(33)
−269
161
(33)
−269
162
(33)
−269
163
(22)(63)
−269
164
(22)(63)
−269
165
(33)(63)
−269
166
(33)
−269
167
(13)(33)
−269
168
(13) (14) (32)(33) −269
(66)
169
(13) (14) (32)(33) −269
(66)
170
(13) (14) (32)(33) −269
171
(13) (14) (32)(33) −269
172
(13) (14) (32)(33) −269
173
(13) (14) (32)(33) −269
174
(9)(45)
−269
175
(9)(45)
−269
176
(13) (14) (32)(33) −269
177
(13) (14) (32)(33) −269
178
(9)(32) (33)
−269
179
(9)(32) (33)
−269
180
(9)(32) (33)
−269
181
(13) (32) (33)
−269
182
(13) (32) (33)
−269
183
(32) (33)
−269
184
(32) (33)
−269
185
(9) (22)
−269
186
(22) (32) (63)
−269
187
(22) (32) (63)
−269
188
(13) (32) (33)
−269
189
(9) (33)
−269
190
(13) (32) (33) (63) −269
191
(32)
−269
192
(32)
−269
193
(13) (32) (33)
−269
194
(13) (32) (33)
−269
195
(9) (43)
−269
196
(9) (43)
−269
197
(9) (43)
−269
Max. Use
力S, °C [Notes (1) and (4b)]
Min. Tensile Strength最低 Temp. 最高
Strength最低抗
拉強度, MPa
降服強度,
MPa
使用溫度, Min. Temp. to最低溫度至
40
65
°C
248
269
290
317
172
172
214
234
165
165
207
290
290
90
179
200
131
228
65
65
159
179
…
…
110
241
241
31
204
204
65
65
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
82.7
89.6
87.3
105.7
43.7
43.7
71.2
78.1
55.2
55.2
68.9
96.5
96.5
20.7
82.7
89.6
87.3
105.7
43.7
43.7
71.2
78.1
55.2
55.2
68.9
96.5
96.5
19.9
100
82.7
89.6
…
…
43.7
43.7
71.2
78.1
55.2
55.2
68.9
96.5
96.5
19.3
125
49.5
49.5
…
…
43.6
43.6
71.0
78.1
54.3
54.3
67.8
92.5
92.5
18.4
150
37.5
37.5
…
…
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
52.0
52.0
64.8
79.9
79.9
17.3
175
28.6
28.6
…
…
28.8
28.8
28.8
28.8
46.3
46.3
57.9
63.1
63.1
13.6
200
21.7
21.7
…
…
17.6
17.6
17.6
17.6
35.3
35.3
40.2
40.2
40.2
10.9
225
20.7
20.7
…
…
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
34.8
34.8
35.9
35.9
35.9
10.5
90
31
204
20.7
19.9
19.3
18.4
17.3
13.6
10.9
10.5
55
55
76
76
97
97
97
97
268
268
268
269
269
207
207
165
165
165
179
262
262
117
117
124
207
172
207
117
17
17
21
21
34
34
34
34
110
110
110
110
110
76
76
…
…
…
110
241
241
…
…
62
172
124
138
48
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
121
204
11.5
11.5
13.8
13.8
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
50.6
50.6
55.2
55.2
55.2
59.8
87.3
87.3
39.1
39.1
41.4
68.9
57.5
68.9
32.0
11.5
11.5
13.8
13.8
22.1
22.1
22.1
22.1
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
50.6
50.6
55.2
55.2
55.2
59.8
87.3
87.3
39.1
39.1
41.3
68.9
57.5
68.9
32.0
10.9
10.9
13.7
13.7
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
55.2
55.2
55.2
59.8
87.3
87.3
37.6
37.6
41.3
67.7
57.5
68.9
32.0
9.8
9.8
13.2
13.2
20.5
20.5
20.5
20.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
54.3
54.3
54.3
58.9
83.6
83.6
36.0
36.0
41.0
59.0
55.0
57.9
32.0
8.8
8.8
11.8
11.8
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
52.0
52.0
52.0
56.3
72.3
72.3
32.0
32.0
41.0
45.9
49.8
…
32.0
7.5
7.5
9.3
9.3
13.6
13.6
13.6
13.6
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
46.3
46.3
46.3
50.2
57.2
57.2
24.7
24.7
33.9
27.5
38.6
…
32.0
5.8
5.8
7.2
7.2
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
35.3
35.3
35.3
38.3
40.2
40.2
15.3
15.3
22.6
15.3
18.9
…
32.0
5.5
5.5
6.9
6.9
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
34.8
34.8
34.8
35.9
35.9
35.9
13.8
13.8
9.8
13.8
16.5
…
24.1
251
Table A-1A Basic Casting Quality Factors基準鑄件質量係數, Ec
These quality factors are determined in accordance with paragraph 302.3.3(b). See also paragraph 302.3.3(c) and Table 302.3.3C for increased quality factors
applicable in special cases. Specifications are ASTM. 這些質量係數是根據第 302.3.3(b)條款所確定的。 用於特殊條件的可提高質量係數另請參閱302.3.3(c)
和表 302.3.3C，表中規範是指ASTM
Spec. No. 規範號
Iron鐵
A47
Description描述
Appendix A Notes
附錄 A之 註釋號
Ec [Note (2)]
Malleable iron castings可鍛鑄鐵件
1.00
(9)
A48
Gray iron castings灰鑄鐵件
1.00
(9)
A126
Gray iron castings灰鑄鐵件
1.00
(9)
A197
Cupola malleable iron castings沖天爐可鍛鑄鐵件
1.00
(9)
A278
Gray iron castings灰鑄鐵件
1.00
(9)
Ductile and ferritic ductile iron castings球墨鑄鐵件和鐵素
0.80
(9), (40)
A395
體球墨鑄鐵件
A536
Ductile iron castings球墨鑄鐵件
0.80
(9), (40)
A571
Austenitic ductile iron castings奧氏體球墨鑄鐵件
0.80
(9), (40)
Carbon steel castings碳鋼鑄件
0.80
(9), (40)
Ferritic steel castings鐵素體鋼鑄件
0.80
(9), (40)
0.80
(9), (40)
Ferritic steel castings鐵素體鋼鑄件
0.80
(9), (40)
Centrifugally cast pipe離心鑄造管
1.00
(10)
Austenitic steel castings奧氏體鑄鋼件
0.80
(9), (40)
Centrifugally cast pipe離心鑄造管
0.90
(10), (40)
Steel castings鑄鋼件
0.80
(9), (40)
Carbon Steel碳素鋼
A216
A352
Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel低中合金鋼
A217
Martensitic stainless and alloy castings馬氏體不銹鋼及合
金鑄件
A352
A426
Stainless Steel不銹鋼
A351
A451
A487
Copper and Copper Alloy銅及銅合金
B61
Steam bronze castings船用青銅鑄件
0.80
(9), (40)
B62
Composition bronze castings復合青銅鑄件
0.80
(9), (40)
B148
Al–bronze and Si–Al–bronze castings鋁青銅和矽鋁青銅
0.80
(9), (40)
Copper alloy castings銅合金鑄件
0.80
(9), (40)
Nickel and Nickel Alloy鎳及鎳合金
A494
Nickel and nickel alloy castings鎳及鎳合金鑄件
0.80
(9), (40)
Aluminum Alloy鋁合金
B26, Temper F
Aluminum alloy castings鋁合金鑄件
1.00
(9), (10)
Aluminum alloy castings鋁合金鑄件
0.80
(9), (40)
0.80
(9), (40)
鑄件
B584
B26, Temper T6, T71
Titanium and Titanium Alloy鈦及鈦合金
B367
Titanium and titanium alloy castings鈦及鈦合金鑄件
Table A-1B Basic Quality Factors for Longitudinal Weld Joints in Pipes and Tubes鋼管材中之縱向焊縫的基準質量係數, Ej
These quality factors are determined in accordance with paragraph 302.3.4(a). See also paragraph 302.3.4(b) and Table 302.3.4 for increased quality factors
applicable in special cases. Specifications, except API, are ASTM. 這些質量係數是根據第 302.3.4(a)條款確定的。 用於特殊條件的可提高質量係數另請參
閱302.3.3(b) 和表 302.3.4。 除 API 外，表中規範均指ASTM。
Spec. No. Class (or Type) 級別（
規範號
或類型）
Carbon Steel碳素鋼
API 5L
…
A53
Type S
Type E
Type F
Description描述
Seamless pipe
Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed
Electric resistance welded pipe
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
Continuous welded (furnace butt welded) pipe
Seamless pipe
Electric resistance welded pipe
Furnace butt welded pipe
252
Ej [Note (2)]
Appendix A Notes
附錄 A之 註釋號
1.00
1.00
0.85
0.95
0.60
1.00
0.85
0.60
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Table A-1B Basic Quality Factors for Longitudinal Weld Joints in Pipes and Tubes鋼管材中之縱向焊縫的基準質量係數, Ej
These quality factors are determined in accordance with paragraph 302.3.4(a). See also paragraph 302.3.4(b) and Table 302.3.4 for increased quality factors
applicable in special cases. Specifications, except API, are ASTM. 這些質量係數是根據第 302.3.4(a)條款確定的。 用於特殊條件的可提高質量係數另請參
閱302.3.3(b) 和表 302.3.4。 除 API 外，表中規範均指ASTM。
Spec. No. Class (or Type) 級別（
規範號
或類型）
Description描述
A106
…
Seamless pipe
A134
…
Electric fusion welded pipe, single butt, straight or spiral (helical) seam
A135
…
Electric resistance welded pipe
A139
…
Electric fusion welded pipe, straight or spiral (helical) seam
A179
…
Seamless tube
A333
…
Seamless pipe
Electric resistance welded pipe
A334
…
Seamless tube
A369
…
Seamless pipe
A381
…
Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed
Electric fusion welded pipe, spot radiographed
Electric fusion welded pipe, as manufactured
A524
…
Seamless pipe
A587
…
Electric resistance welded pipe
A671
12, 22, 32, 42, 52
Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed
13, 23, 33, 43, 53
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
A672
12, 22, 32, 42, 52
Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed
13, 23, 33, 43, 53
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
A691
12, 22, 32, 42, 52
Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed
13, 23, 33, 43, 53
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel低中合金鋼
A333
…
Seamless pipe
Electric resistance welded pipe
A334
…
Seamless tube
A335
…
Seamless pipe
A369
…
Seamless pipe
A671
12, 22, 32, 42, 52
Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed
13, 23, 33, 43, 53
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
A672
12, 22, 32, 42, 52
Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed
13, 23, 33, 43, 53
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
A691
12, 22, 32, 42, 52
Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed
13, 23, 33, 43, 53
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
Stainless Steel不銹鋼
A249
…
Electric fusion welded tube, single butt seam
A268
…
Seamless tube
Electric fusion welded tube, double butt seam
Electric fusion welded tube, single butt seam
A269
…
Seamless tube
Electric fusion welded tube, double butt seam
Electric fusion welded tube, single butt seam
A270
…
Seamless tube
Electric fusion welded tube, double butt seam
Electric fusion welded tube, single butt seam
A312
…
Seamless pipe
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
Electric fusion welded pipe, single butt seam
Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed
A358
1, 3, 4
Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed
5
Electric fusion welded pipe, spot radiographed
2
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
A376
…
Seamless pipe
A409
…
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
Electric fusion welded pipe, single butt seam
A789
…
Seamless tube
Electric fusion welded tube, 100% radiographed
Electric fusion welded tube, double butt
Electric fusion welded tube, single butt
A790
…
Seamless pipe
Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt
Electric fusion welded pipe, single butt
A813
DW
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt
SW
Electric fusion welded pipe, single butt
A814
DW
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt
SW
Electric fusion welded pipe, single butt
A928
1, 3, 4
Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed
5
Electric fusion welded pipe, spot radiographed
2
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
Copper and Copper Alloy銅及銅合金
B42
…
Seamless pipe
B43
…
Seamless pipe
253
Appendix A Notes
Ej [Note (2)] 附錄 A之 註釋號
1.00
…
0.80
…
0.85
…
0.80
…
1.00
…
1.00
…
0.85
…
1.00
…
1.00
…
1.00
…
0.90
(19)
0.85
…
1.00
…
0.85
…
1.00
…
0.85
…
1.00
…
0.85
…
1.00
…
0.85
…
1.00
0.85
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.85
1.00
0.85
1.00
0.85
…
(78)
…
…
…
…
(78)
…
(78)
…
(78)
0.80
1.00
0.85
0.80
1.00
0.85
0.80
1.00
0.85
0.80
1.00
0.85
0.80
1.00
1.00
0.90
0.85
1.00
0.85
0.80
1.00
1.00
0.85
0.80
1.00
1.00
0.85
0.80
0.85
0.80
0.85
0.80
1.00
0.90
0.85
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
(46)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1.00
1.00
…
…
Table A-1B Basic Quality Factors for Longitudinal Weld Joints in Pipes and Tubes鋼管材中之縱向焊縫的基準質量係數, Ej
These quality factors are determined in accordance with paragraph 302.3.4(a). See also paragraph 302.3.4(b) and Table 302.3.4 for increased quality factors
applicable in special cases. Specifications, except API, are ASTM. 這些質量係數是根據第 302.3.4(a)條款確定的。 用於特殊條件的可提高質量係數另請參
閱302.3.3(b) 和表 302.3.4。 除 API 外，表中規範均指ASTM。
Spec. No. Class (or Type) 級別（
Appendix A Notes
規範號
或類型）
Description描述
Ej [Note (2)] 附錄 A之 註釋號
B68
…
Seamless tube
1.00
…
B75
…
Seamless tube
1.00
…
B88
…
Seamless water tube
1.00
…
B280
…
Seamless tube
1.00
…
B466
…
Seamless pipe and tube
1.00
…
B467
…
Electric resistance welded pipe
0.85
…
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
0.85
…
Electric fusion welded pipe, single butt seam
0.80
…
Nickel and Nickel Alloy鎳及鎳合金
B161
…
Seamless pipe and tube
1.00
…
B163
…
Seamless tube
1.00
…
B165
…
Seamless pipe and tube
1.00
…
B167
…
Seamless pipe and tube
1.00
…
B407
…
Seamless pipe and tube
1.00
…
B444
…
Seamless pipe and tube
1.00
…
B464
…
Welded pipe
0.80
…
B474
1, 3, 4
Welded pipe, 100% radiographed
1.00
…
2
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
0.85
…
B514
…
Welded pipe
0.80
…
B515
…
Welded tube
0.80
…
B619
…
Electric resistance welded pipe
0.85
…
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
0.85
…
Electric fusion welded pipe, single butt seam
0.80
…
B622
…
Seamless pipe and tube
1.00
…
B626
All
Electric resistance welded tube
0.85
…
Electric fusion welded tube, double butt seam
0.85
…
Electric fusion welded tube, single butt seam
0.80
…
B668
All
Seamless pipe and tube
1.00
…
B675
All
Welded pipe
0.80
…
B690
…
Seamless pipe and tube
1.00
…
B704
…
Welded tube
0.80
…
B705
…
Welded pipe
0.80
…
B725
…
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
0.85
…
Electric fusion welded pipe, single butt seam
0.80
…
B729
…
Seamless pipe and tube
1.00
…
B804
1, 3, 5
Welded pipe, 100% radiographed
1.00
…
2, 4
Welded pipe, double fusion welded
0.85
…
6
Welded pipe, single fusion welded
0.80
…
Titanium and Titanium Alloy鈦及鈦合金
B338
…
Seamless tube
1.00
…
Electric fusion welded tube, 100% radiographed
1.00
…
Electric fusion welded tube, double butt seam Electric fusion welded tube, single butt 0.85
…
seam
0.80
…
B861
…
Seamless pipe
1.00
…
B862
…
Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed
1.00
…
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam
0.85
…
Electric fusion welded pipe, single butt seam
0.80
…
Zirconium and Zirconium Alloy鋯及鋯合金
B523
…
Seamless tube
1.00
…
Electric fusion welded tube
0.80
…
B658
…
Seamless pipe
1.00
…
Electric fusion welded pipe
0.80
…
Aluminum Alloy鋁合金
B210
…
Seamless tube
1.00
…
B241
…
Seamless pipe and tube
1.00
…
254
Table A-2M Design Stress Values for Bolting Materials (SI Units) 螺栓材料的設計應力值（SI 單位）
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM括號中的數字是本附錄 A的註釋號； 表中規範為
ASTM
Class/
Condition/
Temper等級/
Notes附錄 A
Nominal Composition
Spec. No. Type/ Grade類型/
Line
Size Range,
標稱成分
Product Form產品形式 規範號
等級
條件/狀態
之 註釋號
No.
UNS No.
Dia., mm
1 Carbon steel
Bolts
A67545
D40450 …
…
(8f) (8g)
2 Carbon steel
Bolts
A67550
D40500 …
…
(8f) (8g)
3 Carbon steel
Bolts
A67555
D40550 …
…
(8f) (8g)
4 Carbon steel
Bolts
A307B
…
…
…
(8f) (8g)
5 Carbon steel
Bolts
A67560
D40600 …
…
(8f) (8g)
6 Carbon steel
Bolts
A67565
D40650 …
…
(8g)
7 Carbon steel
Bolts
A67570
D40700 …
…
(8g)
8 Carbon steel
Bolts
A67580
D40800 …
…
(8g)
9 Carbon steel
Bolts
F3125A325
K02706 …
…
(8g)
10 Carbon steel
Nuts
A1941
K01503 …
…
(42)
11 Carbon steel
Nuts
A1942, 2H
K04002 …
…
(42)
12 Carbon steel
Nuts
A1942HM
K04002 …
…
(42)
13 Carbon steel
Nuts
A563A, hvy. hex
K05802 …
…
(42b)
14 Cr–0.2Mo
Bolts
A193B7M
G41400 …
≤100
…
15 Cr–0.2Mo
Bolts
A320L7M
G41400 …
≤64
…
16 5Cr
Bolts
A193B5
S50100 …
≤100
(15)
17 Cr–Mo–V
Bolts
A193B16
K14072 …
>64, ≤100 (15)
18 Alloy steel
Bolts
A354BC
…
…
>64, ≤100 (15)
19 Cr–Mo
Bolts
A193B7
G41400 …
>64, ≤100 (15)
20 Ni–Cr–Mo
Bolts
A320L43
G43400 …
≤100
(15)
21 Cr–Mo
Bolts
A320L7
G41400 …
≤64
(15)
22 Cr–Mo
Bolts
A320L7A
G40370 …
≤64
(15)
23 Cr–Mo
Bolts
A320L7B
G41370 …
≤64
(15)
24 Cr–Mo
Bolts
A320L7C
G87400 …
≤64
(15)
25 Cr–Mo
Bolts
A193B7
G41400 …
≤64
…
26 Cr–Mo–V
Bolts
A193B16
K14072 …
≤64
(15)
27 Alloy steel
Bolts
A354BC
…
…
≤64
(15)
28 Alloy steel
Bolts
A354BD
…
…
≤100
(15)
29 5Cr
Nuts
A1943
S50100 …
…
(42)
30 Cr–Mo
Nuts
A1947
G41400 …
…
(42)
31 Cr–Mo
Nuts
A1947L
G41400 …
…
(42)
32 Cr–Mo
Nuts
A1947M
G41400 …
…
(42)
33 Cr–Mo
Nuts
A1947ML
G41400 …
…
(42)
34 16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Bolts
A193B8M
S31600 2
>32, ≤38
(15) (60)
35 16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Bolts
A320B8M
S31600 2
>32, ≤38
(15) (60)
36 18Cr–8Ni
Bolts
A193B8
S30400 2
>32, ≤38
(15) (60)
37 18Cr–8Ni
Bolts
A320B8
S30400
2
>32, ≤38
(15) (60)
38 18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Bolts
A193B8C
…2
>32, ≤38
(15) (60)
39 18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Bolts
A320B8C
S34700
2
>32, ≤38
(15) (60)
40 18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Bolts
A193B8T
S32100
2
>32, ≤38
(15) (60) (60)
41 18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Bolts
A320B8T
S32100
2
>32, ≤38
(15) (60)
42 18Cr–9Ni
Bolts
A320B8F
S30300
1
…
(8f) (15) (39)
43 19Cr–9Ni
Bolts
A453651B
……
>75
(15) (35)
44 19Cr–9Ni
Bolts
A453651B
……
≤75
(15) (35)
45 19Cr–9Ni
Bolts
A453651A
……
>75
(15) (35)
46 19Cr–9Ni
Bolts
A453651A
……
≤75
(15) (35)
47 16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Bolts
A193B8M
S31600
2
>25, ≤32
(15) (60)
48 16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Bolts
A320B8M
S31600
2
>25, ≤32
(15) (60)
49 18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Bolts
A193B8C
…2
>25, ≤32
(15) (60)
50 18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Bolts
A320B8C
S34700
2
>25, ≤32
(15) (60)
51 18Cr–8Ni
Bolts
A193B8
S30400
2
>25, ≤32
(15) (60)
52 18Cr–8Ni
Bolts
A320B8
S30400
2
>25, ≤32
(15)
53 18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Bolts
A193B8T
S32100
2
>25, ≤32
(15) (60)
54 18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Bolts
A320B8T
S32100
2
>25, ≤32
(15) (60)
55 18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Bolts
A193B8T
S32100
1
…
(8f) (15) (28)
56 18Cr–8Ni
Bolts
A193B8
S30400
1
…
(8f) (15) (28)
57 18Cr–8Ni
Bolts
A320B8
S30400
1
…
(8f) (15) (28)
58 18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Bolts
A193B8C
…1
…
(8f) (15) (28)
59 16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Bolts
A193B8M
S31600
1
…
(8f) (15) (28)
60 16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Bolts
A193B8M
S31600
2
>19, ≤25
(15) (60)
61 16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Bolts
A320B8M
S31600
2
>19, ≤25
(15) (60)
62 18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Bolts
A193B8C
…2
>19, ≤25
(15) (60)
63 18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Bolts
A320B8C
S34700
2
>19, ≤25
(15) (60)
64 18Cr–8Ni
Bolts
A193B8
S30400
2
>19, ≤25
(15) (60)
65 18Cr–8Ni
Bolts
A320B8
S30400
2
>19, ≤25
(15) (60)
66 18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Bolts
A193B8T
S32100
2
>19, ≤25
(15) (60)
67 18Cr–10Ni–Ti
Bolts
A320B8T
S32100
2
>19, ≤25
(15) (60)
68 12Cr
Bolts
A437B4C
S42200
…
…
(35) (60)
69 13Cr
Bolts
A193B6
S41000
…
≤100
(15) (35)
70 14Cr–24Ni
Bolts
A453660
S66286
A
…
(15) (35)
71 14Cr–24Ni
Bolts
A453660
S66286
B
…
(15) (35)
72 16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
Bolts
A193B8M
S31600
2
≤19
(15)
255
73 16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
74 18Cr–10Ni–Cb
75 18Cr–10Ni–Cb
76 18Cr–8Ni
77 18Cr–8Ni
78 18Cr–10Ni–Ti
79 18Cr–10Ni–Ti
80 12Cr
81 12Cr
82 18Cr–9Ni
83 16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
84 18Cr–10Ni–Ti
85 18Cr–8Ni
86 18Cr–8Ni
87 18Cr–10Ni–Cb
88 Naval brass
89 Naval brass
90 Naval brass
91 Cu
92 Cu
93 Cu
94 Cu
95 Cu–Si
96 Cu–Si
97 Cu–Si
98 Cu–Si
99 Cu–Si
100 Cu–Si
101 Cu–Si
102 Cu–Si
103 Cu–Si
104 Cu–Si
105 Al–Si–bronze
106 Al–Si–bronze
107 Al–Si–bronze
108 Al–bronze
109 Al–bronze
110 Al–bronze
111 Al–bronze
112 Al–bronze
113 Al–bronze
114 Al–bronze
115 Low C–Ni
116 Ni
117 Ni
118 Ni
119 Ni–Cu
120 Ni–Cu
121 Ni–Cu
122 Ni–Cu
123 Ni–Cu
124 Ni–Cu
125 Ni–Cu
126 Ni–Cu
127 Ni–Cr–Fe
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Nuts
Nuts
Nuts
Nuts
Nuts
Nuts
Nuts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Rod
Hex
All except hex
Rod
128 Ni–Cr–Fe
129 Ni–Cr–Fe
130 Ni–Cr–Fe
131 Ni–Mo
132 Ni–Mo–Cr
133 Aluminum alloy
134 Aluminum alloy
135 Aluminum alloy
136 Aluminum alloy
137 Aluminum alloy
138 Aluminum alloy
139 Aluminum alloy
Rod
Bolts
Rod
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
Bolts
S34700
S30400
S30400
S32100
S32100
S42225
S41000
S30300
S31600
S32100
S30400
S30400
S34700
C46400
C48200
C48500
C10200
C11000
C12000
C12200
C65100
C65500
C66100
C65500
C66100
C65500
C66100
C65100
C65100
C65100
C64200
C64200
C64200
C61400
C61400
C61400
C63000
C63000
C63000
C63000
N02201
N02200
N02200
N02200
N04400
N04405
N04400
N04400
N04405
N04405
N04400
N04400
N06600
2
…2
2
2
2
2
2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
O60
O60
O60
O60
O60
O60
O60
O60
O60
O60
H01
H01
H02
H02
H06
H06
H06
HR50
HR50
HR50
HR50
HR50
HR50
HR50
M20
HR50
HR50
Hot fin./ ann.
Hot fin.
Annealed
Cold drawn
C.D./str. rel.
Cold drawn
Cold drawn
Annealed
Annealed
Hot fin.
Hot fin.
Hot fin.
Cold drawn
≤19
≤19
≤19
≤19
≤19
≤19
≤19
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
≤50
≤50
>25, ≤38
>13, ≤25
≤13
>25, ≤50
>13, ≤25
≤13
>25, ≤50
>13, ≤25
≤13
>50, ≤75
>75, ≤100
>25, ≤50
≥13, ≤25
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
≤75
≥54, ≤100
>54
≤75
N06600
N06600
N06600
N10001
N10276
A96061
A96061
A92024
A92024
A92024
A92024
A92014
Hot fin.
Annealed
Hot fin.
Annealed
Sol. ann.
T6, T651
T6, T651
T4
T4
T4
T4
T6, T651
≤75
…
>75
…
…
≥3, ≤200
≥3, ≤200
>165, ≤200
>114, ≤165
>13, ≤114
≥3, <13
≥3, ≤200
A320B8M
A193B8C
A320B8C
A193B8
A320B8
A193B8T
A320B8T
A437B4B
A1946
A1948FA
A1948MA
A1948TA
A1948
A1948A
A194
8CA
B21
…
B21
…
B21
…
B187
…
B187
…
B187
…
B187
…
B98
…
B98
…
B98
…
B98
…
B98
…
B98
…
B98
…
B98
…
B98
…
B98
…
B150
…
B150
…
B150
…
B150
…
B150
…
B150
…
B150
…
B150
…
B150
…
B150
…
B160
…
B160
…
B160
…
B160
…
B164
…
B164
…
B164
…
B164
…
B164
…
B164
…
B164…
B164…
B166…
S31600
B166…
B166…
B166…
B335…
B574…
B2116061
B2116061
B2112024
B2112024
B2112024
B2112024
B2112014
256
(15) (60)
(15) (60)
(15) (60)
(15) (60)
(15) (60)
(15) (60)
(15) (60)
(35)
(35) (42)
(42)
(42)
(42)
(42)
(42)
(42)
(8f)
(8f)
(8f)
(8f)
(8f)
(8f)
(8f)
(8f) (52)
(8f) (52)
(8f) (52)
(8f)
(8f)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
(8f)
(8f)
(8f)
…
(54)
(54)
(54)
(8f)
(8f)
…
(8f)
…
(41)
(54)
…
…
…
…
…
(8f) (43) (63)
(43) (63)
(43) (63)
(43) (63)
(43) (63)
(43) (63)
(43) (63)
Table A-2M Design Stress Values for Bolting Materials (SI Units)
Line
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
Min.
Temp.,°C
(6)
-29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−29
−48
−48
−29
−48
−73
−29
−29
−18
−40
−101
−101
−101
−101
−101
−48
−29
−18
−29
−29
−48
−101
−48
−73
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−29
−29
−29
−29
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−254
−254
−254
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−29
−29
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM
Design Stress, MPa, at Metal Temperature, °C [Note (1)]
Min. Yield
Max. Use
Min. Temp.to
Min. Tensile Strength,
Temp.,
40
65
100
125
150
175
200
Strength, MPa
MPa
°C
310
155
482
77.6
77.6
77.6
77.6
77.6
77.6
77.6
345
172
482
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
379
190
482
94.8
94.8
94.8
94.8
94.8
94.8
94.8
414
…
260
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
414
207
482
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
448
224
538
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
483
241
538
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
552
276
343
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
825
635
343
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
…
…
40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
689
552
538
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
689
552
538
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
689
552
649
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
758
655
593
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
793
683
343
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
793
655
538
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
862
724
371
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
862
724
371
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
862
724
343
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
862
724
343
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
862
724
343
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
862
724
538
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
862
724
593
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
862
752
343
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
1034
896
343
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
…
…
40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
593
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
593
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
593
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
593
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
621
345
538
129
126
118
112
107
103
99.1
621
345
538
129
126
118
112
107
103
99.1
689
345
538
129
123
113
108
103
99.0
95.6
689
345
538
129
123
113
108
103
99.0
95.6
689
345
538
129
129
122
117
113
110
108
689
345
538
129
129
122
117
113
110
108
689
345
538
129
129
121
118
114
110
106
689
345
538
129
129
121
118
114
110
106
517
207
427
129
123
113
108
103
99.0
95.6
655
345
538
164
164
160
156
152
149
147
655
414
538
164
164
160
156
152
149
147
689
414
538
164
164
160
156
152
149
147
689
483
538
164
164
160
156
152
149
147
724
448
538
129
126
118
112
112
112
112
724
448
538
129
126
118
112
112
112
112
724
448
538
129
129
122
117
113
112
112
724
448
538
129
129
122
117
113
112
112
724
448
538
129
123
113
112
112
112
112
724
448
538
129
123
113
112
112
112
112
724
448
538
129
129
121
118
114
112
112
724
448
538
129
129
121
118
114
112
112
517
207
816
129
129
121
118
114
110
106
517
207
816
129
123
113
108
103
99.0
95.6
517
207
816
129
123
113
108
103
99.0
95.6
517
207
816
129
129
122
117
113
110
108
517
207
816
129
126
118
112
107
103
99.1
689
552
538
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
689
552
538
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
793
552
538
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
793
552
538
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
793
552
538
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
793
552
538
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
793
552
538
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
793
552
538
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
793
586
371
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
758
586
482
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
896
586
538
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
896
586
538
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
758
655
538
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
758
655
538
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
862
689
538
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
862
689
538
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
862
689
538
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
257
225
77.6
86.2
94.8
103
103
112
121
138
159
…
…
…
…
138
138
138
152
159
159
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
207
…
…
…
…
…
95.8
95.8
92.7
92.7
105
105
103
103
92.7
145
145
145
145
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
103
92.7
92.7
105
95.8
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
147
147
147
147
152
152
172
172
172
Table A-2M Design Stress Values for Bolting Materials (SI Units)
Line
No.
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM
Design Stress, MPa, at Metal Temperature, °C [Note (1)]
Min.
Min. Yield
Max. Use
Min. Temp.to
Temp.,°C Min. Tensile Strength,
Temp.,
40
65
100
125
150
175
200
(6)
Strength, MPa
MPa
°C
−198
862
689
538
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
−198
862
689
538
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
−198
862
689
538
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
−29
1000
724
343
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
−29
…
…
40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
−29
…
…
40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
−198
…
…
40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
−198
…
…
40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
−254
…
…
40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
−254
…
…
40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
−254
…
…
40
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
−198
345
138
149
86.2
86.2 86.2
86.2
86.2
…
…
−198
345
138
149
86.2
86.2 86.2
86.2
86.2
…
…
−198
345
138
149
86.2
86.2 86.2
86.2
86.2
…
…
−198
207
69
149
46.0
38.8 37.2
36.5
34.2
…
…
−198
207
69
149
46.0
38.8 37.2
36.5
34.2
…
…
−198
207
69
149
46.0
38.8 37.2
36.5
34.2
…
…
−198
207
69
149
46.0
38.8 37.2
36.5
34.2
…
…
−198
276
83
149
55.2
55.2 55.2
54.0
48.3
…
…
−198
359
103
149
68.9
68.9 68.9
68.9
68.8
…
…
−198
359
103
149
68.9
68.9 68.9
68.9
68.8
…
…
−198
379
165
149
68.9
68.9 68.9
68.9
68.8
…
…
−198
379
165
149
68.9
68.9 68.9
68.9
68.8
…
…
−198
483
262
149
68.9
68.9 68.9
68.9
68.8
…
…
−198
483
262
149
68.9
68.9 68.9
68.9
68.8
…
…
−198
517
276
149
68.9
68.9 68.9
68.9
68.9
…
…
−198
517
310
149
77.6
77.6 77.6
77.6
77.6
…
…
−198
586
379
149
94.8
94.8 94.8
94.8
94.8
…
…
−198
552
290
316
115
100 95.2
93.6
92.1
89.1 76.9
−198
586
290
316
115
100 95.2
93.6
92.1
89.1 76.9
−198
621
290
316
115
100 95.2
93.6
92.1
89.1 76.9
−198
483
221
260
121
121 121
121
121
121 119
−198
517
241
260
121
121 121
121
121
121 119
−198
552
276
260
124
124 124
124
124
124 122
−198
586
293
371
147
147 147
146
145
144 143
−198
586
293
371
138
137 134
133
132
131 130
−198
621
310
371
155
155 155
155
155
155 155
−198
689
345
371
155
155 155
155
155
155 155
−198
345
69
649
46.0
44.8 44.0
43.6
43.3
43.1 43.0
−198
414
103
316
68.9
68.9 68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9 68.9
−198
379
103
316
68.9
68.9 68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9 68.9
−198
448
276
316
68.9
68.9 68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9 68.9
−198
579
345
316
115
106 99.7
96.2
93.6
91.9 90.9
−198
586
345
260
115
106 99.7
96.2
93.6
91.9 90.9
−198
586
379
260
115
106 99.7
96.2
94.8
94.8 94.8
−198
483
172
482
115
106 99.7
96.2
93.6
91.9 90.9
−198
483
172
482
115
106 99.7
96.2
93.6
91.9 90.9
−198
517
241
482
115
106 99.7
96.2
93.6
91.9 90.9
−198
517
207
482
115
106
99.7
96.2
93.6
91.9
90.9
−198
552
276
482
115
106
99.7
96.2
93.6
91.9
90.9
−198
724
552
260
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
−198
621
276
649
115
112
109
107
105
103
101
−198
552
241
649
115
112
109
107
105
103
101
−198
586
241
649
115
112
109
107
105
103
101
−198
689
317
427
172
172
172
172
172
171
170
−198
689
283
538
172
172
170
164
158
153
148
−269
165
…
204
33.1
33.1
33.1
33.1
33.1
33.1
26.4
−269
290
241
204
57.9
57.9
57.9
57.9
57.9
47.3
34.9
−269
400
262
204
65.5
65.5
65.5
65.5
65.5
43.1
29.3
−269
427
276
204
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
46.1
31.3
−269
427
290
204
72.4
72.4
72.4
72.4
70.2
46.2
31.2
−269
427
310
204
77.6
77.6
77.6
77.6
70.2
46.2
31.2
−269
448
379
204
89.6
89.6
89.6
89.6
84.2
46.9
26.2
225
172
172
172
181
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
57.7
57.7
57.7
115
115
118
140
128
153
153
43.0
68.9
68.9
68.9
90.4
90.4
94.8
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
138
99.0
99.0
99.0
169
143
16.1
21.1
29.3
31.3
31.2
31.2
20.2
Table A-2M Design Stress Values for Bolting Materials (SI Units)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Design Stress, MPa, at Metal Temperature, °C
[Note (1)]
Line
No.
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
1
77.6
77.6
77.6
77.6
76.0
73.7 71.5
64.0
55.8
43.9
31.7
…
2
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
84.5
81.9 73.3
64.0
55.8
43.9
31.7
…
3
94.8
94.8
94.8
94.8
92.9
90.1 87.4
75.3
62.1
45.0
31.7
…
4
103
103
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
258
Table A-2M Design Stress Values for Bolting Materials (SI Units)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Design Stress, MPa, at Metal Temperature, °C
[Note (1)]
Line
No.
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
5
103
103
103
103
101
98.3 95.1
79.5
62.6
45.0
31.7
…
6
112
112
112
112
110
106
95.1
79.5
64.4
47.7
32.5
21.4
7
121
121
121
121
118
115
101
83.8
66.8
50.3
33.2
21.4
8
138
138
138
138
135
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
9
159
159
159
159
159
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
10
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
11
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
12
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
13
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
14
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
115
92.3
67.3
41.6
15
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
115
92.3
67.3
41.6
16
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
80.6
61.7
46.4
17
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
148
132
113
88.3
18
159
159
159
159
159
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
19
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
116
92.3
67.3
41.6
20
172
172
172
172
172
172
…
…
…
…
…
…
21
172
172
172
172
172
172
…
…
…
…
…
…
22
172
172
172
172
172
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
23
172
172
172
172
172
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
24
172
172
172
172
172
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
25
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
121
93.4
67.3
41.6
26
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
166
146
121
90.1
27
172
172
172
172
172
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
28
207
207
207
207
207
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
29
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
30
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
31
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
32
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
33
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
34
92.8
90.3
88.1
86.2
86.2
86.2 86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
35
92.8
90.3
88.1
86.2
86.2
86.2 86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
36
90.1
87.9
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2 86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
37
90.1
87.9
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2 86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
38
104
102
99.9
98.0
96.4
95.2 94.2
93.5
93.0
92.7
92.6
92.4
39
104
102
99.9
98.0
96.4
95.2 94.2
93.5
93.0
92.7
92.6
92.4
40
100
97.2
94.7
92.6
90.8
89.2 87.8
86.6
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
41
100
97.2
94.7
92.6
90.8
89.2 87.8
86.6
86.2
86.2
86.2
86.2
42
90.1
87.9
85.8
84.0
82.3
80.6 79.1
77.6
76.2
…
…
…
43
144
143
142
141
141
140
139
138
136
134
131
128
44
144
143
142
141
141
140
139
138
136
134
131
128
45
144
143
142
141
141
140
139
138
136
134
131
128
46
144
143
142
141
141
140
139
138
136
134
131
128
47
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
48
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
49
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
50
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
51
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
52
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
53
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
54
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
55
99.9
97.2
94.7
92.6
90.8
89.2 87.8
86.6
85.6
84.7
84.0
83.2
56
90.1
87.9
85.8
84.0
82.3
80.6 79.1
77.6
76.2
74.8
73.4
72.1
57
90.1
87.9
85.8
84.0
82.3
80.6 79.1
77.6
76.2
74.8
73.4
72.1
58
104
102
99.9
98.0
96.4
95.2 94.2
93.5
93.0
92.7
92.6
92.4
59
92.8
90.3
88.1
86.2
84.6
83.3 82.2
81.2
80.4
79.7
79.0
78.4
60
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
61
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
62
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
63
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
64
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
65
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
66
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
67
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
68
147
147
147
147
147
147
…
…
…
…
…
…
69
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
141
133
…
70
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
71
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
72
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
73
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
74
172
171
170
170
169
169
169
169
169
168
167
166
75
172
171
170
170
169
169
169
169
169
168
167
166
76
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
168
77
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
168
78
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
79
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
80
181
181
181
181
181
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
259
Table A-2M Design Stress Values for Bolting Materials (SI Units)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Design Stress, MPa, at Metal Temperature, °C
[Note (1)]
Line
No.
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
81
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
82
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
83
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
84
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
85
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
86
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
87
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
88
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
89
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
90
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
91
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
92
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
93
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
94
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
95
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
96
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
97
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
98
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
99
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
100
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
101
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
102
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
103
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
104
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
105
40.9
24.1
14.5
10.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
106
40.9
24.1
14.5
10.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
107
40.9
24.1
14.5
10.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
108
111
108
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
109
111
109
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
110
115
112
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
111
136
126
97.2
73.9
54.4
39.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
112
124
117
97.2
73.9
54.4
39.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
113
148
126
97.2
73.9
54.4
39.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
114
148
126
97.2
73.9
54.4
39.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
115
43.0
43.0
43.0
43.0
42.9
42.7
42.2
41.6
40.7
33.1
27.4
22.8
116
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
117
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
118
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
119
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
120
90.4
90.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
121
94.8
94.8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
122
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
89.8
89.0
88.0
87.0
86.4
75.6
…
123
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
89.8
89.0
88.0
87.0
86.4
75.6
…
124
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
89.8
89.0
88.0
87.0
86.4
75.6
…
125
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
89.8 89.0
88.0
87.0
86.4
75.6
…
126
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
90.4
89.8 89.0
88.0
87.0
86.4
75.6
…
127
138
138
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
128
97.3
95.6
94.0
92.6
91.2
89.9 88.7
87.7
86.7
85.8
75.6
58.4
129
97.3
95.6
94.0
92.6
91.2
89.9 88.7
87.7
86.7
85.8
75.6
58.4
130
97.3
95.6
94.0
92.6
91.2
89.9 88.7
87.7
86.7
85.8
75.6
58.4
131
168
166
164
162
160
158
157
156
155
…
…
…
132
139
135
131
128
125
122
120
118
117
115
115
114
133
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
134
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
135
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
136
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
137
138
139
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Table A-2M Design Stress Values for Bolting Materials (SI Units)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Design Stress, MPa, at Metal Temperature, °C
[Note (1)]
Line
No.
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
800
825
1
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
5
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
6
14.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
7
14.2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
8
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
260
Table A-2M Design Stress Values for Bolting Materials (SI Units)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Design Stress, MPa, at Metal Temperature, °C
[Note (1)]
Line
No.
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
800
825
9
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10
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11
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12
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13
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14
23.5
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15
23.5
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16
34.7
25.5
17.8
11.4
6.7
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17
59.3
33.0
15.9
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18
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19
23.5
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
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25
23.5
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26
59.3
33.0
15.9
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27
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28
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29
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30
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31
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32
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33
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34
86.2
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35
86.2
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36
86.2
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37
−198
689
345
538
129
123
113
108
103
99.0
95.6
92.7
38
−198
689
345
538
129
129
122
117
113
110
108
105
39
−198
689
345
538
129
129
122
117
113
110
108
105
40
−198
689
345
538
129
129
121
118
114
110
106
103
41
−198
689
345
538
129
129
121
118
114
110
106
103
42
−198
517
207
427
129
123
113
108
103
99.0
95.6
92.7
43
−29
655
345
538
164
164
160
156
152
149
147
145
44
−29
655
414
538
164
164
160
156
152
149
147
145
45
−29
689
414
538
164
164
160
156
152
149
147
145
46
−29
689
483
538
164
164
160
156
152
149
147
145
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−198
−254
−254
−254
−198
−198
86.2
92.2
92.2
86.2
86.2
…
124
124
124
124
724
724
724
724
724
724
724
724
517
517
517
517
517
689
…
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448
448
448
448
448
448
448
448
207
207
207
207
207
552
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538
538
538
538
538
538
538
538
816
816
816
816
816
538
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129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
138
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126
126
129
129
123
123
129
129
129
123
123
129
126
138
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118
118
122
122
113
113
121
121
121
113
113
122
118
38
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112
112
117
117
112
112
118
118
118
108
108
117
112
138
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112
112
113
113
112
112
114
114
114
103
103
113
107
138
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112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
110
99.0
99.0
110
103
138
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112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
106
95.6
95.6
108
99.1
138
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112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
103
92.7
92.7
105
95.8
138
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47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
112
82.4
70.7
70.7
92.2
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59.2
69.4
69.4
75.9
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44.0
63.8
63.8
57.2
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32.9
51.6
51.6
40.2
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24.5
41.6
41.6
30.3
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18.3
32.9
32.9
23.2
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12.5
26.5
26.5
16.2
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8.5
21.3
21.3
11.4
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6.2
17.2
17.2
9.0
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4.3
14.1
14.1
7.1
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2.8
11.2
11.2
5.9
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1.7
8.8
8.8
5.3
261
Table A-2M Design Stress Values for Bolting Materials (SI Units)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Design Stress, MPa, at Metal Temperature, °C
[Note (1)]
Line
No.
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
800
825
59
77.7
76.9
75.9
65.0
50.5
39.2
30.4
23.6
18.4
14.3
11.1
8.6
60
138
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61
138
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62
138
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63
138