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Introduction to Counselling Psychology: Nature, Scope & Emergence
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Introduction to Counselling Psychology: Nature, Scope and Emergence. PSYC302: COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY Prof. Moulika Mandal Nature Of Counselling π What is it? Counseling psychology tackles emotional, social, work, school, and health concerns people face at various life stages. π Focus Areas: Typical life stressors, Severe individual struggles Family, group, and organizational challenges π€ Beneο¬ts: Promotes well-being Supports personal growth Addresses diverse issues Strengthens relationships π Impact: Enhances mental health, fosters resilience, and contributes to a healthier society. π Source: American Psychological Association Four nature of counselling by Ford and Urban, Systems of Psychotherapy (1963): 1 Interaction between 2 people Verbal component Talking, listening Non verbal component Nods, glances, gestures, frowns, head shakes Completely confidential, unobserved by others ‘Nature of counselling’ continued.. 2 Interaction is typically verbal Counselee/ client Counsellor/ therapist Talk about themselves, thoughts, feelings, action, events Listens and responds in a certain manner, probes further responses from counselee Think Share Talk ideas ‘Nature of counselling’ continued.. Uninhibited expression and exploration of issues and concerns 3 Interaction can be prolonged Rectify cognitive distortions and unhelpful thinking patterns Adaptive and healthier thoughts and behavior ‘Nature of counselling’ continued.. 4 Goal: Change in behavior of counselee Interaction is goal based Relationship is collaborative All focus on the desired change and wellbeing of the counselee ‘Nature of counselling’ continued.. Counselling focuses problems taking account of the following following perspectives: Scope Of Counselling β Developmental (lifespan) β Environmental β Cultural β β Studying or Attending Classes Difficulties related to a particular subject, exam, presentation β Academic/ school issues β β Trouble with Concentrating/ time management Achievement conflicts Trouble adjusting with classmates or teacher ‘Scope Of Counselling’ continued.. β β Poor work-life balance β Job performance stress Communication problems β Job loss/ job stability concerns β Management related conflicts β Poor job satisfaction Workplace issues β β Poor job fit/ burnout Bullying, discrimination and harassment β Low motivation and low productivity β β Friend or Roommate Conflicts Difficulty Making or Keeping Friends β Abusive Relationships β Marital discord and/ or conflicts with in laws Interpersonal relationship issues β Relationships/Intimacy Issues β β Conflicts with parents and parenting style β Difficulties with managing children Developing and Maintaining relationships with people in general/ social skill deficit ‘Scope Of Counselling’ continued.. β β Any kind of mental or physical abuse Grief/ Bereavements/ loss of a loved one β β Sexual Assault/Rape/Abuse Trauma or major life transitions β Pregnancy/ Parenthood Loneliness/Isolation β β Parental separation/Homesickness Cultural changes ‘Scope Of Counselling’ continued.. β Panic attacks β β Anxiety/Persistent Worry Self-harm and Suicidal ideations Stress and mental disorders β Stress β Alcohol or Drug/Substance Use β β Depression and apathy Eating or Sleeping Disorders ‘Scope Of Counselling’ continued.. β β Low Self-esteem β Low confidence Identity Confusion β Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity β Body Image Concerns/ Worries about Appearance Issues with personal adjustments β β Difficulty Adjusting to Life β β Uncertainty about the Future β Dealing with and adjusting to physical disabilities, disease or injury β Learning and skill deficit Difficulty with making Decisions Anger Management ‘Scope Of Counselling’ continued.. Applications of counselling psychology β β β β β β β β β β Individual, family and group counseling and psychotherapy. Crisis intervention, disaster and trauma management. Assessment techniques for the diagnosis of psychological disorders. Programs/workshops that educate and inform the public about mental health, school, family, relationship and workplace issues so that problems can be prevented before they start or reduced before they get worse. Consulting with organizations. Program evaluation and treatment outcome (e.g., client progress). Training. Clinical supervision. Test construction and validation. Research methodologies for scientific investigations. ‘Scope Of Counselling’ continued.. What counselling is NOT! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Counselling is NOT an alternative to having personal support, like a ‘paid friendship’ Counselling is NOT alternative to medication Counselling is NOT an instant solution but a process to reach a goal. Counselling is NOT seeking advice and getting direct solutions to problems. Counselling is NOT about making changes magically by the counsellor. Counselling is NOT only for treat psychological illness Counselling is NOT about only happy thoughts and making one feel good about themselves in every session. Counselling is NOT mind reading or controlling and changing the environment. Counselling is NOT just about a space for talking and venting but it should also involves collaboration, interaction and reο¬ections Counselling is NOT just about scheduled hours of interactions but may involve structured inter-session activities as well ‘Scope Of Counselling’ continued.. Emergence Of Counselling The most simpliο¬ed form of counselling is helping with emotional and psychological problems. So, counselling practices are as old as human problems. Primitively, counsellors were teachers and social advocates and they were involved with public welfare, education, employment guidance and legal reform by providing relevant advice and information. Confessional where priests would act as the listener and advisor for the troubled individual Tribal communities would gather together and talk, tell stories and share dreams. Eventually various schools of psychology and forms of psychological intervention emerged, and counselling became a formal area of expertise and professionals, American Psychological Association was established by G. Stanley Hall. Furthered by Alfred Adler and Carl Jung established psychotherapy as a treatment for numerous mental health conditions based on the interactions between the conscious, unconscious and the external world — psychodynamics 1896 1892 Sigmund Freud founded ‘Psychoanalysis’ for psychological and emotional conο¬icts Late 1800s ‘Emergence Of Counselling’ continued.. The great depression became the trigger for introduction of counselling methods related to employment Post WWI, Army’s psychological testing and screening devices were introduced to civilians Frank Parsons, “Father of Guidance” started Boston 's Vocational Bureau 1913 1908 1929 Mid 1900s 1918 National Vocational Vocational Guidance Association, predecessor to American Counseling Association 1930s Abraham and Hannah Stone established the 1st marriage and family counseling centre in NYC. Maslow, May and Rogers promoted psychological practice in humanistic values ‘Emergence Of Counselling’ continued.. Carl Rogers coined the term ‘counseling’ in his book Counseling and Psychotherapy. Father of counseling Diversiο¬cation of counselling services started and different needs in the population was acknowledged [Mental health clinics, hospices, employee assistance programs and rehab centres] APA recognized Division 17, Counseling and Guidance was established and Society of Counseling Psychology got recognition. 1945 1942 1954 1980s 1946 Post WW2, Carl Rogers was invited to set up a counselling centre at the University of Chicago. The US Veterans Administration funded the training of counsellors and psychologists by offering paid internships for graduate study. 1970s Journal of Counseling Psychology was published Training and certiο¬cation procedures were standardized ‘Emergence Of Counselling’ continued.. British Psychological Society (BPS) evolved to provide counselling professional status American Counseling Association was formed 1990s 2000s 1992 1982-1994 Counselling was trying to stand as an independent practice, separate from others areas of psychology like clinical psychology. Woolfe (1990): signiο¬cance of a helping relationship, moving beyond the ‘medical model’ of professional client relationship towards a humanistic value base, facilitating wellbeing, responding to sickness and pathology More structured, distinguished and involvement of technology and globalization, boost in the client-centred approach, collaboration between medical professionals and counselors ‘Emergence Of Counselling’ continued.. Trends of counselling in India β Counseling was recognized as a crucial service in India since 1938 when Acharya Narendra Dev committee emphasized its signiο¬cance in education. β The demand for counseling services is rising due to the growing impact of stressors and increasing awareness of mental healthcare. β There's a severe shortage of mental health professionals to meet this demand. β There's a necessity for a standardized counseling psychology curriculum. β Ethical education in counseling training needs strengthening. β There's a requirement for expanding research on the effectiveness of counseling. β Multidisciplinary convergence research in counseling should be expanded. β Licensing systems should be established. β Legislation and policy regulation related to the counseling system at the national level need establishment. ‘Emergence Of Counselling’ continued.. Thank you!
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