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Technium Social Sciences Journal
Vol. 66, 287-298, December, 2024
ISSN: 2668-7798
www.techniumscience.com
The Pickle Jar Theory and Effective Time Management: A
Philosophical Review
Hery Gunawan
Ph.D. Candidate, Widya Mandala Catholic University, Surabaya
managedoctor.hery.g.23@ukwms.ac.id
Abstract. The purpose of this literature review is to explore effective and efficient time
management strategies, utilizing the Pickle Jar Theory as an analogy to illustrate how time
influences our thought processes and actions in response to future challenges and changes. This
research aims to provide valuable insights into optimizing time management. The study employs
a narrative literature review focusing on theoretical frameworks and utilizes secondary data
sourced from bestselling books and other relevant time management literature published between
2015 and 2023. The study concludes that time management is a sequential process, where each
idea, decision, and action leads to the next. Effective time management is crucial for achieving
our goals. The reliance on secondary data introduces potential bias, highlighting the need for
future research to incorporate primary data. Subsequent studies should also consider external
factors such as individual backgrounds and environments. By gaining a better understanding of
time management, individuals are motivated to become punctual and reduce procrastination,
thereby enhancing their productivity and efficiency. This research uniquely combines the
concept of time management with the Pickle Jar Theory, applying this integrated approach to
behavioral contexts to provide novel insights into personal and professional time optimization.
Keywords. Time Management and Pickle Jar Theory
Introduction
Does the time actually only rotate in the clock frame? Is it real or only a decoration
which is simply hung as a signal of the start or the end of an activity? It keeps rotating and
recording everything which happens around it. It does not talk, but it is very deadly, quiet, and
ignored so that we need and call it. The concept and existence of time is not very simple like
when we look at the clock or the watch, but time is considered as a fundamental aspect of the
existence of humans which forms the way we experience and understand the world (Heidegger,
1962). Time is the entity which forms the existence of humans.
Saint Augustine emphasizes that time consists of the past, the present, and the future.
Humans can experience and remember time because there are awareness and subjective
thinking. We can only experience the present, while the past and the future only exist in the
mind or memory (Klein, 2014; Manning et al., 2013). The characteristic of time indicates that
its rotation makes us very fragile and powerless. Its rotation scrapes memories and hopes so
that it makes us down when we are trapped in it. The corelation of time and humans reflects the
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quality in managing the momentum from every event as a vital aspect in life. Some of us do not
see the time as an important part which needs to be organized well, so that no matter how far or
how fast we run, the result is always not satisfactory. The reason why we must manage time is
because of its characteristic which is mean and cold. It cannot be controlled and keeps on
moving forward although we hate it. Therefore, fighting against or ignoring its existence is a
stupidity.
Time management will increase self-regard (Suwardi, 2023). As the time is running,
we are given the opportunities to learn from every event, train our skills, and understand
ourselves. We are expected to become a new individual who is ready to face various possibilities
in reaching our dreams, and we grow to become worthy humans although we have to go through
that with various limitations or strive from even the lowest point. Aristotle mentions that the
time exists because of humans’ action (Martineau, 2021). It means that doing nothing and
waiting are not time management. In managing time, we must be encouraged to act and step
forward for an achievement which is not always about money, experience, or the level of
education but also about dedication, passion, and diligence. So, time management is related to
the actions which give meanings to ourselves and other people.
Literature review
The Pickle Jar Theory
The Pickle Jar Theory is a time management technique which prioritizes duties and
responsibilities in certain orders (Wright, 2002). According to this theory, time is a limited room
which is analogized to a container, while a stone is a crucial activity, and a gravel is an important
activity, and sand is a light activity. The duty which should be finished is symbolized as a stone,
and the duty which can be delegated is symbolized as a gravel, and the duty which can be
postponed is symbolized as sand.
This theory emphasizes prioritization as the key in doing daily activities. With this
way, we will finish the most important duties first and do the others after that. Remember that
very productive people use their resources efficiently and are not obsessed with how much they
do, but with what they do. Doing many duties at the same time does not always make us
successful. Sometimes, it even makes us overwhelmed and unproductive. Feeling burdened by
workload is something that is commonly experienced by workers. However, if we have the
ability in managing time, our energy and mind will be used optimally (Nyarko, 2018). By
integrating this theory, we are expected to control all plans and available time, and this
technique will also train us to choose which duties or activities are useful and which ones are
not (Nwabueze et al., 2018).
The Pickle Jar theory is related to human life experience (Idowu & Bamire, 2022). In
daily life, we are faced to various duties and responsibilities which have different levels of
importance. Among various alternatives, we are urged to decide which ones should be done
first by considering factors, such as duration, impact, and our ability to finish it. Whether we
will finish our daily activities with the feeling of disappointment or pride is our choice when
we wake up. In conclusion, this theory tries to balance various human needs in any limitations
(Darrel, 2023). The Pickle Jar theory also underlies this literature review in finding out the
corelation between time management and the improvement of life quality.
The Research about Time Management
Time management is the ability to organize activities precisely, do what has been
planned and make any adjustment when it is needed (Aeon & Aguinis, 2017). Time
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management is related to the prioritization of important activities for a short or long period and
the effort to reach them. The research shows that the important thing is not how much time is
available, but how the time is used. In practice, we can use a diary to set the goals or the
timeboxing technique to measure the time which is needed in finishing an activity (Alvarez
Sainz et al., 2019). One of the important aspects in time management is the duration of an
activity (Brady et al., 2022). This is important because one activity will have an impact toward
another activity, or the next activity cannot be started if the first one has not been finished. It
means that the duration of an activity needs to be calculated so that all activities are not stalled
and cause more and worse consequences. There are myths which say that when we get older,
we will become more competent in making plans, and a good or bad plan is influenced by the
gender. Time management is comprehensive and not influenced by how much experience we
have or who is more competent between a male and a female (Aeon et al., 2021). The same
research also proves that the success in time management has an impact on prosperity, and it is
because the success in finishing duties on time is an achievement, and, in the end, that will give
a worthy reward. The same thing also happens in the academic context. Students who spend
their time with positive things are proven to have good scores, and there is a possibility that
they can graduate faster although they are not superior students than the superior students who
do not spend their time well (Trentepohl et al., 2022). In fact, not all people are aware of the
importance of time management (Alyami et al., 2021). Only some people really understand that
delaying or being late will scrape hopes and dreams little by little until they disappear forever.
Some of us manage time based on our personal wish. For example, when we wish to become
polices, we will spend and prepare the time to realize it (Reunanen, 2015). A healthy body will
support the time management skill. No matter how good we are in managing it, without physical
strength, we will become powerless and abandoned (Adams & Blair, 2019). Moreover,
intelligence also plays an important role. Brain ability will help us analyse every form of
information and decide what should be done (Romero et al., 2023). Time management tries to
create life balance (Farrell, 2017). Therefore, we are not burdened too much, and we are not
lack of burden either (Chaudhari & Porwal, 2022).
Table 1: Summary of Selected Time Management Articles (Literature Review)
Author
María
Alvarez
Sainz, Ana
M. Ferrero
and Arantza
Ugidos
Year
2018
Title
Time
management:
skills to learn
and put into
practice
Anna C.
Brady,
Christopher
A. Wolters
and Shirley
L. Yu
2022
Self-regulation
of time: The
importance of
time estimation
accuracy
Sample
304 students
enrolled during the
2015–2016
Faculty of
Economics and
Business of
the University of
the Basque
Country
Participants (N =
210, 58% male)
were
undergraduates
enrolled in a
learning to learn
course at a large
Midwestern
university
289
Conclusions
The decisive factor is not
the amount of time
available but the
management that is made
of it. In general, students
pay attention to short-term
planning and lack habits
and attitudes in the long
term.
This study underscores the
importance of time
estimation in effective
time management.
Students demonstrate
biased estimations,
influenced by both task
difficulty and anticipated
challenges.
Technium Social Sciences Journal
Vol. 66, 287-298, December, 2024
ISSN: 2668-7798
www.techniumscience.com
Brad Aeon
and Herman
Aguinis
2017
It's About Time:
New
Perspectives
and Insights on
Time
Management
Does time
management
work? A
metaanalysis
Secondary Data
Time management is
crucial for professionals,
yet literature on its impact
on well-being and
performance is scattered.
Brad Aeon,
Aïda Faber,
Alexandra
Panaccio
2020
Secondary Data
How Did It Get
So Late So
Soon? The
Effects of Time
Management
Knowledge and
Practice on
Students’ Time
Management
Skills and
Academic
Performance
Impact of TimeManagement on
the Student’s
Academic
Performance: A
Cross-Sectional
Study
The sample
consisted of N =
118 first-semester
university students
from the domain
of
civil engineering
This study provides a
detailed analysis of time
management, revealing a
moderate positive impact
on job performance and a
greater influence on wellbeing, particularly life
satisfaction
Interventions focusing on
time management practice
were more effective in
improving students' skills
and academic performance
compared to knowledgefocused interventions.
Active practice and
reflection enhance selfregulated learning.
Sebastian
Trentepohl,
JuliaWaldey
er, Jens
Fleischer,
Julian
Roelle,
Detlev
Leutner
and Joachim
Wirth
2022
Adham
Alyami,
Abdulrahma
n
Abdulwahed,
Abdulrahma
n Azhar,
Abdullah
Binsaddik,
Saeed M.
Bafaraj
Tero
Reunanen
2021
Undergraduate
students. 200
population size,
50% response
distribution, and
5% margin error
were calculated to
be 132.
Students perceive
preplanning as beneficial
for academic performance,
but less than half feel
effective time
management. No clear
correlation found between
time behavior and
academic achievement.
2015
Human factor in
time
management
102 Respondent
2019
Impact of Time
Management
Behaviors on
Undergraduate
Engineering
Students
Performance
All registered
DECE
undergraduate
students (n = 289)
Time, a vital but often
neglected resource, is
examined in leadership
and management contexts.
Individual assessments are
crucial for effective time
management, emphasizing
personalized strategies for
development and goal
achievement.
This study reveals that
undergraduate engineering
students' time
management behaviors
significantly influence
academic performance.
Richelle V.
Adams and
Erik Blair
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Miriam
Romero1,
Cristina
Casadevante
1,
José
Santacreu1
2023
Time
Management,
Fluid
Intelligence and
Academic
Achievement
Tushar
Chaudhari
2022
Time
management
essentials and
importance
Maggie
Farrell
2017
Time
Management
The participants
were 120
undergraduate
students (18 males
and 102 females)
that were
examined to gain
access to a
Spanish
university.
Secondary Data
Secondary Data
Fluid intelligence may not
consistently impact
academic performance,
particularly in well-trained
tasks. Time management
behaviors, especially in
science exams, could
benefit from interventions
for improved outcomes.
It is important to manage
time so that we are neither
over-burden nor underburden. There are various
tools available for it. The
best way to manage time
is to priorities the task
Effective time
management for leaders
involves prioritization,
delegation, and setting
clear expectations.
The Practical Guide to Manage Time
According to (Covey, 1997) in the book entitled The 7 Habits of Highly Effective
People, time management can be applied by getting used to act effectively. In this research, we
chose 4 of 7 habits, which are Be proactive, Put First Things First, Synergize and Sharpen the
Saw. Those four habits indicate that time management starts from the personal initiative in
looking for the right formula for many duties or responsibilities in our daily activities, and this
formula will vary everyday depending on the available challenges. The next habit is to set the
target based on the goal which is expected to be achieved, and this will help us save energy by
not doing useless things. Then, so that all things which have been planned can be realized, we
are suggested to cooperate or collaborate. Delegation is part of time management which is
usually done to reduce any burden. The last habit tells us to arrange everything in balance and
to arrange based on ability and capacity without erasing the value of motivation.
The book entitled The Power of Habit (Duhigg, 2012) explains time management in
the individual context which is related to how a certain habit can cause a big change in life. We
are also suggested to increase good habits and decrease bad habits to stay productive and learn
certain patterns in a routine to indicate a success easily. A habit is divided into three elements,
which are cue, routine and reward. Cue is a strong motivation which forms a routine, and
routine is our action or reaction, and reward is a positive encouragement as a result of finishing
that routine. In other words, time management is triggered from a little habit which is considered
to be trivial, but it needs a concrete action, and its result can be measured.
Time management is a system. In the book entitled Atomic habit, (Clear, 2018)
emphasizes that a loser and a winner have the same target, and the difference is how both of
them try to achieve it. A winner uses a system which can make them successful, while a loser
only focuses on the target without having a clear method. Time management is part of a system
which forms our identity, while the identity is influenced by habits. In other words, who we are
in the eyes of other people depends on the habits which we build everyday.
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Research design
This qualitative research uses secondary data. The first is from scientific journals. This
literature study uses international journals from the years 2015-2023. The initial selection
process was done by looking for a suitable theme, which is time management, and 34 articles
were found. Then, those articles were selected again by choosing 24 articles from the journals
which have good reputations, and they were finally selected by choosing the articles which
contain deep discussions and clearly explain the application of time management. At the end,
11 journals were chosen, and this process lasted for 2 months. The journals in the discussion of
this article were chosen from some international journals without any limitation of the
publication years, but they are still suitable with the main topic. This literature study is also
based on some best seller books because it is indicated that the readers agree with the contents
of those books. Next, all chapters in those books were selected based on the pickle jar theory,
so that not all contents of those chapters are used in this article. 3 books and 6 chapters were
chosen, and they are Be proactive, Put First Things First, Synergize dan Sharpen the Saw from
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, The Habits of Individuals from The Power Of Habit
and Make it Obvious from Atomic Habit. This process lasted for 3 months. This article is a
Narrative Literature Review which emphasizes on a theoretical frame or focuses on the results
of previous researches (Chigbu et al., 2023). The data were collected with the help of a search
engine, and evaluated and combined in a narration (Rowley & Slack, 2004).
Discusscion
Is time management similar to being on time or multitasking?
Productive individuals often face dilemmatic situations. Apart from having a target,
we are also forced to be on time and able to do various tasks at the same time (Jackson, 2009).
As professionals or students, sometimes we need to reduce the time to take a rest, the time to
relax, or cancel some other plans to finish tasks. This thing is normal, but it will become a
problem when that routine keeps on repeating until it makes us tired or bored (Park & Park,
2019). When the result depends on physical strength or endurance rather than emotional
intelligence, or when we are haunted by failure without any effort to change it, we have been
trapped in the negative cycle of the time sequence.
The focus is efficiency and effectiveness. Do not be proud because we can finish all
tasks on one day or we are able to do double roles every time. In fact, we will feel depressed
and desperate when that routine comes back, and it will be a pity if we keep on using the same
way to finish it. We have to make everything easier, tidy and as simple as possible so that saving
can be made (Marchewka et al., 2020). Based on the same concept, we will be able to indicate
the right way so that various tasks will feel light and do not have to be done at the same time
(Mesfin & Gebremeskel, 2023). So, time management really needs the ability of being on time,
and, sometimes, the ability of multitasking may be needed, but it does not mean that both
abilities are the main factors in arranging a To do list.
When should somebody know time management?
Time management is like saving a success, and applying it makes us stay productive
and realistic (Ashar et al., 2021). But, when do we know that we need time management? When
do we have to use it? At the time when we are kids or teenagers? At the time when we got jobs?
Or at the time when we have become rich and important people? The time management concept
does not need us to be in a certain condition or have a high status, so that do not narrow or
reduce its function just because we are not able to apply it, but try to understand its characteristic
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as part of the life journey (Qureshi & Khuwaja, 2016). It means that there is no rule or special
characteristic which shows that we are ready or have to wait for the right moment. We can start
as soon as possible or keep on delaying and ignore it. There is no exact formula which can be
used by all people (Chase et al., 2013), and every person will be different, but the result will be
the same if it is really applied.
A child who has a strong ambition will probably be successful faster. He will get used
to divide the time for playing and studying. In the beginning, he will feel heavy and hesitant,
but, because of his faith in fighting for his dream, he keeps on going through it. He realizes that
his future can be formed from the present, and his sacrifice will make the difference, and that
thing will not be experienced by his friend who starts everything later. His friend will be
successful although it will happen later, but the difference is that, because he starts earlier, he
will receive more benefits than his friend. He will be readier to take a risk than his friend, who
may be afraid of starting the same thing. So, when we have a dream, we must be confident and
brave in being responsible of any result, and this is the time for us to start managing our time
as efficient and effective as possible. This is the time for us to act so that we are not left behind
(Islam et al., 2021a).
Buying Other People’s Time
Buying time happens when we hire other people. This condition makes some of us feel
powerful, and, therefore, we feel free in giving heavy tasks or making many difficult rules
(Gunawan, 2023). The employers often make the employees work with high intensity and long
working hours for the sake of productivity and ignore the balance which actually reflects the
employers’ intelligence in time management (Sani & Adisa, 2024). A director or manager does
not only give orders, but should also design a system efficiently and effectively, including the
free time for the employees when the working time is over (Sonmez Cakir & Adiguzel, 2020).
Forcing other people to work from morning to evening, giving additional tasks beyond the
working time or asking them to be ready all the time are the actions of theft. We steal other
people’s rights to gather, have fun or take a rest by using their time and energy, and some
employers enjoy doing that. The aggressive characteristic will probably support the success, but
it will also make the time become narrow and short. The time will never be enough because of
our greed.
Time management should be defined as the form of self-actualization (Thomack,
2012). This is not only about arranging the time and finishing the tasks, but this also involves
the awareness of our role in creating an environment which is tidy and has a direction. By
understanding that, we not only chase efficiency or effectivity in doing activities, but we also
prove our self-potential as superior individuals (Islam et al., 2021b). Time management is not
the reason to exploit other people, and it is more than a device of productivity. It creates the
base of growth for all people who prioritize harmony and balance.
The Time Movement and the Human Life Cycle
The time movement and our growth are two things which should be remembered.
When we were kids, we dreamed some interesting things around us and started to ask whether
we would be able to have them or even surpass them. As we grow up, we get education, fill our
brains with various kinds of knowledge, listen to speeches, idolize somebody, and attend
seminars or various trainings. Parents enrol us to the best and expensive schools which have
various special programs and give us various advices all the time. Then, how about a person
who can only get education with any limitations? What happens if a person does not have
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parents who always give directions? Or what happens if that person cannot pay more to increase
his abilities? Will the time give the same opportunity to that person? Will the same opportunity
come?
Yes, the time will not reduce our hopes. It is eternal and always provides the things
which we need, and those things are chances and opportunities. The time asks us to keep on
growing and developing although it feels painful and long (Ekaterine & Natalia, 2017). The
time is the hope which is always present in every step of our lives (Dwivedi & Rastogi, 2016),
while we have the choice to reduce and change its essence. It means that when we choose to
keep on striving, the chance and opportunity will be more open than when we only do nothing
although that chance or opportunity depends on our capacity and condition (Vinichenko et al.,
2018). Both of them are still present although we deny them. The decision which is made in a
life step reflects our ability in managing and using the time (Fejoh et al., 2018), and we will
realize that when we get older. How will we enjoy the last step in our lives? Will we enjoy that
by memorizing all achievements or feeling regrets?
The Time Management Behavior
The time management behavior is reflected when we are able to remember the tasks
which have to be finished and have efficient working plans (Kaufman-Scarborough &
Lindquist, 1999), and effective ways to finish them (Ziapour et al., 2015). We make a
measurement indication for every task and give a clear limit, often by using small notes as
reminders. Then, we make an adjustment if it is needed and allocate time for ourselves,
including the time for taking a rest, recreation, and other personal activities.
The success in time management is also reflected from how we treat ourselves (Young
et al., 2024). An efficient and effective person always looks for a pattern or system which
supports an improvement (Kao Liang-hsuan Chen Tai-yue Wang Shyanjaw Kuo, 1995). They
have creative and optimistic characteristics which help them overcome any challenges which
appear (Icekson et al., 2014). Because of focusing on efficiency and effectivity, they tend to
become minimalist and simple individuals. Simplicity makes them become humble and willing
to sacrifice for their close people although they may feel tired or bored by the situation. When
we are adults, there is a motivation to perform perfectly, and that supports us to keep on learning
new things to be considered as superiors. However, sometimes, this thing can make difficulty
for us to express feelings or uncertainty when we face changes. Therefore, it is important to stay
open and communicate with ourselves honestly.
Conclusion
In the life journey, time management is not only a practical skill but also a philosophy
which inspires our ways of life. From the Pickle Jar Theory to the awareness of the value of
time, we understand that a good time management is more than just finishing daily tasks. This
is an art to empower ourselves and appreciate time as a precious asset which we cannot
repurchase. By understanding the characteristic of time deeply, we open the door to a personal
growth which is continual and a meaningful contribution to the environment around us. Time
management involves a sequence of actions which are related, and every idea, decision, and
action have some impacts which influence each other. Every choice and decision which we
make will form the future which is full of questions. So, yes, time management is really
important.
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Suggestions and limitations
Start with the things which make us motivated. After that, make a realistic target and
evaluate it in every step. Believe that what we do today will have a positive impact in the future.
If it does not have a positive impact, we can improve it again until we reach a point which is
named “Peace”.
The limitations of this research include the use of secondary data, which can influence
the interpretation of the findings, and the focus on a certain theoretical frame, which may not
include all aspects of time management. The next research can dig deeper about the external
factors which influence time management and examine the effectivity of various time
management strategies in the daily life context.
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