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Lithics
Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis
Lithics, the practice of stone artifact analysis, has undergone many changes in recent years with
the development of new techniques of analysis and the assessment of older techniques. This book
is a fully updated and revised edition of William Andrefsky, Jr.’s ground-breaking manual on
lithic analysis. Designed for students and professional archaeologists, this highly illustrated
book explains the fundamental principles of the measurement, recording and analysis of
stone tools and stone tool production debris. Introducing the reader to lithic raw materials,
classification, terminology and key concepts, it comprehensively explores methods and
techniques, presenting detailed case studies of lithic analysis from around the world. It
examines new emerging techniques, such as the advances being made in lithic debitage analysis
and lithic tool analysis, and includes a new section on stone tool functional studies. An extensive
and expanded glossary makes this book an invaluable reference for archaeologists at all levels.
W I L L I A M A N D R E F S K Y , J R . is Professor of Anthropology at Washington State University.
He is the author of Lithics (First Edition, 1998) and Lithic Debitage (2001) and numerous articles
on archaeology and anthropology.
Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology
General Editor
Graeme Barker, University of Cambridge
Advisory Editors
Elizabeth Slater, University of Liverpool
Peter Bogucki, Princeton University
Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology is a series of reference handbooks designed for an
international audience of upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, and professional
archaeologists and archaeological scientists in universities, museums, research laboratories, and
field units. Each book includes a survey of current archaeological practice alongside essential
reference material on contemporary techniques and methodology.
Books in the series
Clive Orton, Paul Tyers, and Alan Vince, P O T T E R Y I N A R C H A E O L O G Y
R. Lee Lyman, V E R T E B R A T E T A P H O N O M Y
Peter G. Dorrell, P H O T O G R A P H Y I N A R C H A E O L O G Y A N D C O N S E R V A T I O N ,
2ND EDN
A. G. Brown, A L L U V I A L G E O A R C H A E O L O G Y
Cheryl Claassen, S H E L L S
Elizabeth J. Reitz and Elizabeth S. Wing, Z O O A R C H A E O L O G Y
Clive Orton, S A M P L I N G I N A R C H A E O L O G Y
Steve Roskams, E X C A V A T I O N
Simon Hillson, T E E T H , 2 N D E D N
William Andrefsky, Jr., L I T H I C S , 2 N D E D N
Lithics
Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis
SECOND EDITION
William Andrefsky, Jr. Washington State University, Pullman
camʙʀɪdɢe uɴɪveʀsɪtʏ pʀess
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cʙ2 2ʀu, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521849760
© William Andrefsky, Jr., 1998, 2005
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2005
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978-0-521-84976-0 hardback
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Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of uʀʟs
for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
To Marilyn and Claire
CONTENTS
List of figures
List of tables
Preface
Preface to second edition
Acknowledgments
page xii
xvi
xix
xxi
xxiii
1 A brief introduction to lithic analysis
The organization of the book
Early historical development
A perspective on microwear
The truth about replication
1
1
3
5
7
2 Basics of stone tool production
Basic terminology
Fracture mechanics
Stone tool morphological dynamics
Summary
11
12
24
30
38
3 Lithic raw materials
A brief review of geochemical techniques
Rock genesis
Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Summary
41
43
46
47
50
56
59
x
CONTENTS
4 Getting started in lithic analysis: identification
and classification
Attributes and attribute states
Types and typologies
A basic chipped stone typology
Summary
61
62
66
74
84
5 Flake debitage attributes
Debitage condition and termination
Debitage striking platforms
Debitage size
Debitage dorsal cortex
Debitage curvature
Summary
86
87
89
98
103
109
111
6 Approaches to debitage analysis
Typological analysis of debitage
Aggregate analysis of debitage
Dissecting debitage assemblages
Summary
113
114
131
140
141
7 Approaches to stone tool analysis
Core analysis
Flake tool analysis
Biface analysis
Tool function
Summary
143
144
160
177
195
199
8 Artifact diversity and site function
Artifact types and function
Site function models
Summary
201
202
210
221
9 Lithic analysis and prehistoric sedentism
Sedentism and archaeology
Sedentism in North America
224
224
227
CONTENTS
Occupation duration and the Mousterian
of west-central Italy
Raw-material qualities and relative sedentism
Summary
231
235
243
10 Conclusion
245
Glossary
References
Index
252
263
296
xi
FIGURES
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
Examples of detached pieces and objective pieces
page 13
Flintworking tools
14
Unidirectional core examples
15
Multidirectional core examples
17
Multidirectional cores
18
Four different examples of conchoidal flakes
19
Conchoidal flake showing common elements and terminology
19
Schematic illustration of flake termination types
21
Example of biface variability
23
Variation found in hafted bifaces
24
Three classic flake types
25
Schematic illustration of a Hertzian cone
26
Schematic diagram of three types of flake initiation
27
Schematic illustration showing a bifacial reduction sequence
32
Schematic illustration of microliths inserted as barbs for a bone point
33
Sketches of Dalton bifaces from the Brand site
35
Schematic diagram of a hafted endscraper
36
Examples of Perkiomen points
37
Igneous rock identification chart
49
Schematic diagram of quartz genesis
55
Schematic diagram of quartz particle deformation and fracture
57
Gross variability found in chipped stone artifacts
64
Dendrogram showing sixteen individuals and sixteen types
68
Unimodal distribution of blade characteristics
69
Two-dimensional plot of frequency data from Figure 4.3
72
Contingency tables for biface characteristics
73
Example of gender and age characteristics
73
LIST OF FIGURES
Generalized morphological typology for all chipped stone tools
Location of blade elements and haft elements on biface forms
Flake tool examples
Flake debitage specimens
Examples of nonflake angular shatter debitage
Flake termination examples
Shattered flake fragments observed from the ventral side
Flakes with enlarged striking platform showing variability in shape
Schematic diagram of platform surface measured for platform angle
Locations for measuring flake platform width and thickness
Schematic diagram showing four generalized flake platform types
Flake removed from a river cobble with a cortical surface
Flake length measurements
Flake width and thickness measurements
Flake size grades
Variable amounts of dorsal cortex on flakes and flake tools
Dot grid superimposed over the dorsal surface of a flake
Example of dorsal flake scar variation
Schematic diagram of a flake in cross-section
Abstract representation of flake curvature
Thickness measurements
Examples of biface thinning flakes
Example of bipolar flaking
Examples of flakes removed to retouch an endscraper
Debitage classification flow chart
Flake type frequencies from unidirectional and multidirectional cores
Bifacial reduction comparison of flake characteristics
Cumulative frequency distribution of flake sizes
Discriminant scores for archaeological samples
Frequency of flake size classes
Cumulative frequency curves for count and weight
Concentration curves showing cumulative frequency of counts and
weights
7.1 Unidirectional core showing potential technique for measuring core
length
7.2 Maximum linear dimension on two different shapes of cores
7.3 Schematic diagrams of microblade core reduction
7.4 Schematic diagram of classic Levallois core reduction
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
76
78
80
83
84
87
88
91
93
95
96
97
100
101
103
105
107
108
110
111
120
124
125
126
128
131
133
134
136
137
138
139
146
147
148
149
xiii
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