■ Grade 11 Life Sciences – Quick Study Sheet
1■■ Gas Exchange
■ Difference: Breathing = air in/out | Gas exchange = O■ & CO■ swap | Respiration =
O■ + glucose → energy
■ Efficient surface (LTTMVP): Large, Thin, Transport system, Moist, Ventilated,
Protected
■ Alveoli: Thin walls, Moist, Capillaries, Many (big SA)
■ O■ → haemoglobin (oxyhaemoglobin) | CO■ → bicarbonate ions
2■■ Excretion
■ Organs: Lungs (CO■, H■O), Skin (sweat), Liver (urea, bile pigments), Kidneys (urine)
■ Kidney: Cortex, Medulla, Pelvis; Nephron = Bowman’s capsule + tubules
■ Urine steps (F-R-S): Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion
■ Water balance: ADH ↑ = concentrated urine | ADH ↓ = dilute urine
■ Salt balance: Aldosterone ↑ = more Na■ reabsorbed
3■■ Population Ecology
■ Size factors (NIME): Natality ↑, Immigration ↑, Mortality ↓, Emigration ↓
■ Growth: J-curve (exponential), S-curve (logistic)
■ Interactions: Predation (+/–), Competition (–/–), Mutualism (+/+), Commensalism
(+/0), Parasitism (+/–)
■ Sampling: Mark-recapture (animals), Quadrat (plants)
■ Pyramids: Wide base = developing, Stable = developed, Narrow base = declining